Chapter 15

The saddest thing at the close of the war was the murder of President Lincoln by a madman named Booth. Not only the people of the North but many of those at the South shed tears at his death, because they felt that they had an equal place in his great heart. He loved both, as a true American must ever love his whole country.

262. Summary.--Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, became President of the United States in 1861. He was elected by a party in the North that was determined that slaves should not be taken into free states or territories, and that no more slave states should be made. On this account most of the slave-holding states of the South resolved to withdraw from the Union. A great war followed, and President Lincoln gave the slaves their freedom. The North succeeded in the war, and the Union was made stronger than ever, because the North and the South could no longer have any dispute over slavery. Both sides now shook hands and became friends.

Who was the tall man in Congress from Illinois? What did the people of his state like to call him? When was Abraham Lincoln born? Where was he born? To what state did his father move? Tell about "Abe's" new home. Tell about the new cabin and its furniture. Tell about "Abe's" bed. What is said about the boy's mother? What did "Abe" do? What did he say after he became a man? What did Thomas Lincoln's new wife say about "Abe"? Tell about "Abe's" going to school; about his new teacher; about his books. What did he use to write on? What is said of Abraham Lincoln at seventeen? What about him when he was nineteen? Tell about his voyage to New Orleans.

Tell about his moving to Illinois. What did Abraham Lincoln and John Hanks do? Tell about the hunting frolics. Tell how Lincoln chopped in the woods. What kind of a bargain did he make for a new pair of trousers? What did Abraham Lincoln hire out to do in New Salem? Tell about the gang of ruffians. What is said of Jack Armstrong? Why did Lincoln get the name of "Honest Abe"? Tell about the Black Hawk War. What did Lincoln do in that war.

After he returned from the Black Hawk War, what did Lincoln do? Tell how he used to read law. What did people think of him after he began to practise law? Tell about the Armstrong murder trial. Tell about Lincoln and the pig. To what did the people of Illinois elect Lincoln? Did they ever elect him to the state legislature again? Then where did they send him? Was he going any higher?

Tell about the great meeting in one of the towns of Illinois in 1860. Can any one in the class repeat what was on the banner? What happened at Chicago? What the next November? What happened in the spring of 1861? Who fired the first gun in the war? What was done then?

Tell why so many people in the South wished to leave the Union? What is said about negro slaves at the time of the Revolution? What happened in the course of eighty years? What had the North and the South come to be like? How did most of the people at the South feel about slavery? How did most of the people at the North feel about it? What did the people who held slaves at the South want to do? What did most of the people at the North think about this? What is said about Abraham Lincoln and his party? How did most of the people of the slave states feel when Lincoln became President?

What is said about the North and the South in the war? How long did the war last? What is said about it? What did President Lincoln do for the slaves? After a time what general got the command of all the armies of the North? Who became the chief defender of the South? Where were the last battles fought? What did the South do at last? What happened then? What did the success of the North do? What is said about slavery? What could the North and the South do? What was the saddest thing which happened at the close of the war? How did the North and the South feel about President Lincoln?

SINCE THE WAR.

263. How the North and the South have grown since the war; the great West.--Since the war the united North and South have grown and prospered[1] as never before. At the South many new and flourishing towns and cities have sprung up. Mines of coal and iron have been opened, hundreds of cotton-mills and factories have been built, and long lines of railroads have been constructed.

At the West changes equally great have taken place. Cities have risen up in the wilderness, mines of silver and gold have been opened, and immense farms and cattle ranches[2] produce food enough to feed all America. Three great lines of railroads have been built which connect with railroads at the East, and stretch across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Into that vast country beyond the Mississippi hundreds of thousands of industrious people are moving from all parts of the earth, and are building homes for themselves and for their children.

[Footnote 1: Prospered: to prosper is to succeed, to get on in life, to grow rich.]

[Footnote 2: Ranches (ran'chez): farms at the West for raising horses and cattle, or sheep.]

[Footnote 3: The last spikes (one of gold from California, one of silver from Nevada, and one made of gold, silver, and iron from Arizona) were driven just as the clock struck twelve (noon) on May 10th, 1869, at Promontory Point, near Salt Lake, Utah. Every blow of the hammer was telegraphed throughout the United States.]

264. Celebration of the discovery of America by Columbus; the unfinished pyramid; making history.--Four hundred years have gone by since the first civilized man crossed the ocean and found this new world which we call America. We are now about to celebrate that discovery made by Columbus, not only in the schools throughout the country, but by a great fair--called the "World's Columbian Exposition"--to be held at Chicago; and we shall invite all who will to come from all parts of the globe and join us in the celebration.

On one of the two great seals[4] of the United States a pyramid is represented partly finished. That pyramid stands for our country. It shows how much has been done and how much still remains to be done. The men whose lives we have read in this little book were all builders. Little by little they added stone to stone, and so the good work grew. Now they have gone, and it is for us to do our part and make sure that the pyramid, as it rises, shall continue to stand square, and strong, and true.

[Footnote 4: Seals: the first great seal, having the eagle and the Latin motto "_E Pluribus Unum_," meaning "_Many in One_,"--or one nation made up of many states,--was adopted June 20, 1782. The spread eagle signifies strength; the thirteen stars above his head, and the thirteen stripes on the shield on his breast, represent the thirteen original states; the olive branch, held in the eagle's right talon, shows that America seeks peace, while the bundle of arrows in his left talon shows that we are prepared for war. This seal is used in stamping agreements or treaties made by the United States with other nations, and also for other important papers.

The second great seal, adopted at the same time, was never used. It was intended for stamping the wax on a ribbon attached to a treaty or other important paper, thus making a hanging seal. The Latin motto "_Annuit Coeptis_," above the all-seeing eye looking down with favor on the unfinished pyramid, means "_God has favored the Work_." The date MDCCLXXVI, or 1776, marks the Declaration of Independence. The Latin motto at the bottom, "_Novus Ordo Seclorum_," means "_A New Order of Ages_"--or a new order of things, such as we have in this New World of America.]

What is said about the North and the South since the war? Tell about the growth of the South. What is said about the West? What about railroads? What about people going west?

How long is it since Columbus discovered America? What is said about the celebration of that discovery? What is said about one of the great seals of the United States? What does the unfinished pyramid stand for? What does it show us? What is said of the men whose lives we have read in this book? Is anything left for us to do?

A SHORT LIST OF BOOKS OF REFERENCE (_For the Use of Teachers._)

This brief list is arranged alphabetically. It consists, with a few exceptions, of small, one-volume biographies; all of which are believed to be of acknowledged merit.

A much fuller reference list will be found in the appendix to the author's larger work, entitled _The Leading Facts of American History_.

Balboa: Irving's Companions of Columbus, and Winsor's America, Vol. II.

Baltimore, Lord: William H. Browne's Lords Baltimore;[3] G. W. Burnap's Baltimore.[1]

Boone, Daniel: C. B. Hartley's Boone (including Boone's autobiography); J. M. Peck's Boone;[1] and see the excellent sketch of Boone's life in Theodore Roosevelt's The Winning of the West, Vol. I.

Cabot (John and Sebastian): J. F. Nicholls's Cabot; C. Hayward's Cabot.[1]

Clark, George Rogers: see Theodore Roosevelt's The Winning of the West, Vol. II.

Columbus: Irving's Columbus, abridged edition; Charles K. Adams's Columbus;[3] Edward Everett Hale's Columbus.

De Leon: Irving's Companions of Columbus, and Winsor's America, Vol. II.

De Soto: see Winsor's America, Vol. II.

Franklin, Benjamin: D. H. Montgomery's Franklin (autobiography and continuation of life);[2] John T. Morse's Franklin.[7]

Fulton, Robert: J. Renwick's Fulton;[1] R. H. Thurston's Fulton;[3] Thos. W. Knox's Fulton.[4]

Gray, Robert: see H. H. Bancroft's Pacific States, Vol. XXII.

Harrison, William Henry: H. Montgomery's Harrison; S. J. Burr's Harrison.

Houston, Sam: Henry Bruce's Houston;[3] C. E. Lester's Houston.

Hudson, Henry: H. R. Cleveland's Hudson.[1]

Jackson, Andrew: James Parton's Jackson; W. G. Sumner's Jackson.[7]

Jefferson, Thomas: James Schouler's Jefferson;[3] John T. Morse, Jr.'s Jefferson.[7]

Lincoln, Abraham: Carl Schurz's Lincoln; Isaac N. Arnold's Lincoln; Noah Brooks's Lincoln;[4] J. G. Holland's Lincoln; F. B. Carpenter's Six Months at the White House with Lincoln.

Morse, Samuel F. B.: S. I. Prime's Morse; Denslow and Parke's Morse (Cassell).

Oglethorpe, James Edward: Bruce's Oglethorpe;[3] W. B. O. Peabody's Oglethorpe.[1]

Penn, William: G. E. Ellis's Penn;[1] W. H. Dixon's Penn; J. Stoughton's Penn.

Philip, King: H. M. Dexter's edition of Church's King Philip's War (2 vols.); Richard Markham's King Philip's War.

NOTE.--The story of Colonel Goffe's appearance at Hadley during the Indian attack on that town rests on tradition. Some authorities reject it; but Bryant and Gay say (History of the United States, II., 410): "There is no reason for doubting its essential truth."

Putnam, Rufus: see H. B. Carrington's Battles of the Revolution, Rufus King's History of Ohio, and Bancroft's United States.

Raleigh, Walter: L. Creighton's Raleigh; E. Gosse's Raleigh; W. M. Towle's Raleigh.[8]

Robertson, James: see Theodore Roosevelt's The Winning of the West, Vol. I.

Sevier John: see Theodore Roosevelt's The Winning of the West, Vol. I.

Smith, John: G. S. Hillard's Captain John Smith;[1] C. D. Warner's Smith.[6]

NOTE.--The truth of the story of Pocahontas has been denied by Mr. Charles Deane and some other recent writers; but it appears never to have been questioned until Mr. Deane attacked it in 1866 in his notes to his reprint of Captain John Smith's _True Relation or Newes from Virginia_. Professor Edward Arber discusses the question in his Introduction (pp. cxv.-cxviii.) to his excellent edition of Smith's writings. He says, "To deny the truth of this Pocahontas incident is to create more difficulties than are involved in its acceptance." See, too, his sketch of the life of Captain Smith in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_.

Standish, Myles: see J. A. Goodwin's Pilgrim Republic, and Alexander Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrims.

Sutter, John A.: see H. H. Bancroft's Pacific States, Vol. XVIII.

Washington, George: John Fiske's Irving's Washington and his Country;[2] E. E. Hale's Washington;[4] Horace E. Scudder's Washington.[5]

Whitney, Eli: Denison Olmsted's Whitney.

Williams, Roger: W. R. Gammell's Williams;[1] H. M. Dexter's Williams.

Winthrop, John: Joseph H. Twichell's Winthrop.[3]

[Footnote 1: In Sparks's _Library of American Biography_: Little, Brown & Co., Boston.]

[Footnote 2: In _Classics for Children Series_: Ginn & Co., Boston.]

[Footnote 3: In _Makers of America Series_: Dodd, Mead & Co., New York.]

[Footnote 4: In _Boys' and Girls' Library of American Biography_: G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.]

[Footnote 5: In the _Riverside Library for Young People_: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston.]

[Footnote 6: In _Lives of American Worthies_: Henry Holt & Co., New York.]

[Footnote 7: In _The American Statesmen Series_: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston.]

[Footnote 8: In _The Heroes of History Series_: Lee & Shepard, Boston.]

INDEX.

(_With pronunciation of difficult words._) The numbers refer to paragraphs.

Admiral (Ad'mi-ral) (note), 7.

Alamance (Al'a-mance), battle of, 156.

Alamo (Al'a-mo), battle of, 230.

Alaska purchased, 240.

America, Northmen discover (note), 21. Columbus discovers, 12. Cabot's voyage to, 21. name of, given, 26. Spaniards settle in, 30. English settle in, 33, 37. independence of, declared, 137. See United States.

Americans, name of, 133.

Amerigo (A-ma-ree'go), see Vespucci, 26.

Apprentice (note), 111.

Armstrong, Jack, 251, 255. murder trial, 255.

Arnold, Benedict, 141.

Atlantic called the "Sea of Darkness," 8. crossed by the Northmen (note), 21. crossed by Columbus, 8.

Augustine, St. (Aw'gus-teen'), founded, 30.

Bacon's war in Virginia, 49.

Balboa (Bal-bo'ah) discovers the Pacific, 28.

Baltimore founded, 80. in the Revolution, 80.

Baltimore, Lord, in Newfoundland, 76. Maryland granted to, 77. power of, 77. son of, settles Maryland, 78. grants religious liberty in Maryland, 79. is persecuted, 80. summary of, 81.

Battle, playing at, 210.

Battle of Alamance (Al'a-mance), 156. Alamo (Al'a-mo), 230. Bunker Hill, 134. Camden, 212. Concord, 134. Cowpens, 140, 210. Fort Moultrie, 140. Lexington, 134. Long Island, 137. New Orleans, 217. Princeton, 139. Saratoga, 139. Tippecanoe, 203. Trenton, 138. Vincennes (Vin-senz'), 167. Yorktown, 142.

Battles of the Civil War, 260. with Indians, see Indians and War.

Bees, the, and the "Red-Coats," 208.

Berkeley, governor of Virginia, 49.

Black Hawk War, 253.

"Blazing" trees, 105.

Boone, Daniel, birth and boyhood of, 146. how he could handle a gun, 147. his bear tree, 147. goes to Kentucky, 148. makes the "Wilderness Road," 150. builds a fort, 150. his daughter stolen by Indians, 151. he is captured and adopted by Indians, 152. his escape, 153. how he used tobacco dust, 153. his old age, 154. goes to Missouri, 154. Kentucky helps him, 154. grave of, 154. summary of, 155.

Boston founded, 73. name of, 73. "Tea Party," 132. port of, closed, 133. British driven from, 136, 169.

Bowie (Bow'e), Colonel, 230.

Braddock's defeat, 130.

Bradford, William, caught in trap, 65.

Bradford, Governor, 65. and Canonicus, 70.

Brewster, Elder, 67.

British, the name, 133.

Brookfield burnt by Indians, 90.

"Brother Jonathan," 241. origin of name (note), 241.

Brush (note), 245.

Cabot (Cab'ot), John and Sebastian, 21. discover continent of America, 21. take possession of, for England, 22. return to Bristol, 23. what they carried back, 24. second voyage of, 25. how much of America they discovered, 25. summary of, 27.

California, Captain Sutter in, 236. gold discovered in, 237. effects of discovery of gold, 239. acquisition of, 239. emigration to, 239.

Camden, battle of, 212.

Canal, Erie, opened, 220.

Candidate (note), 258.

Canonchet (Ka-non'chet) braves death, 93.

Canonicus (Ka-non'i-kus) sends challenge to Bradford, 70. and Roger Williams, 84, 85.

Cape Cod, arrival of Pilgrims at, 64. explored by Pilgrims, 65.

Capitol, the, burned, 204. rebuilt, 204.

Carolina, North, Governor Tryon in, 156. battle of Alamance in, 156. the Revolution in, 207. South, see Charleston.

Carver chosen governor, 64. his kindness to the sick, 67. makes treaty with Massasoit, 69.

Catholics cruelly treated in England, 76. colony of, in Newfoundland, 76. colony of, in Maryland, 77. give equal religious rights to Protestants, 78, 79. persecuted in Maryland, 80. first English Church of, in America, 78.

Charles II. and Penn, 96, 98.

Charleston helps Georgia, 104. in the Revolution, 140. secedes, 259. begins the Civil War, 259.

Chicago, Columbian Exposition at, 264.

Church, Captain Benjamin, 93.

Church, the first English Protestant, in America, 39. first English Catholic, in America, 78.

Civil War, the, 259, 260. causes of the, 259. battles of the, 260. Grant and Lee in the, 260. Lincoln in the, 260. result of the, 261.

Clark, George Rogers, birth of (note), 162. expedition against Fort Kaskaskia, 162. march against, 163. takes the fort, 163. is helped by a Catholic priest, 164. gets Fort Vincennes, 164. loses the fort, 164. Vigo offers help to, 164. marches against Fort Vincennes, 165. in the "Drowned Lands," 165. wading to victory, 166. takes Fort Vincennes, 167. results of the victory, 167. grave of, 167. summary of, 168.

Clearing (note), 250.

Coloma (Ko-lo'ma), gold discovered at, 237.

Colonel (kur'nel) (note), 91.

Colonies, the thirteen (note), 102.

Colony (note), 73.

Columbian Exposition, the, 264.

Columbus, birth and boyhood of, 1. becomes a sailor, 2. has a sea-fight, 3. goes to Lisbon, 3. his maps of the world, 4. plan for reaching Indies, 5. goes to Spain for help, 7. his reception at the convent, 6. leaves his son at the convent, 7. gets help for his voyage, 7. sails from Palos, 8. voyage of, 9-11. discovers land, 12. names it, 13. discovers large islands, 15. returns to Spain, 16. his reception in Spain, 16. last voyages of, 17. his sorrowful old age, 18. sent back to Spain in chains, 18. his letter to Ferdinand and Isabella, 18. death and burial, 19. summary of, 20. celebration of his discovery of America, 264.

Compass, Smith's use of the, 41. Roger Williams', 84. Washington's use of, 129.

Concord, battle of, 134.

Congress, meeting of the first, 100, 133. makes Washington commander-in-chief, 135. declares independence, 100, 137. meaning of word (note), 133, 225. votes money for first telegraph lines, 226.

Convent of St. Mary at Palos, 6.

Convent (note), 6.

Cornwallis, Lord, in the Revolution, 137-142. his pursuit of Washington, 137. and Arnold, 141. surrender of, 142.

Cotton, how it grows, 179. seeds of, 179. price of, 181. effect of cotton-gin on, 181. export of, 183. size of bales (note), 183.

Cotton-gin, invention of, 180. effect of the, 181.

Cowpens, battle of, 140, 210.

Crockett, David, motto of, 230.

Declaration of Independence made, 100, 137. written by Jefferson, 186. Franklin has part in, 121. sent throughout the country, 186.

De Leon, pronunciation of name (note), 28. discovers Florida, 28.

De Soto, pronunciation of name (note), 28. discovers the Mississippi, 29.

Detroit, Fort, 161.

Discovery, right of (note), 234.

"Drowned Lands," the, 165.

Earthquake, great, of 1811, 198.

Ebenezer (Eb-e-ne'zer), settlement of, 105. name of, 105.

Electricity, Franklin's experiments in, 118, 119.

Eliot, Rev. John, 89.

Elizabeth, Queen, names Virginia, 33.

Ellsworth, Miss Annie, 226, 227.

Elm, the treaty, at Philadelphia, 99. the Washington, at Cambridge, 135.

Emigrants (note), 33.

Experiments (note), 118.

Explorer (note), 2.

Fable of the Frog (note), 247.

Fairfax estate, 126. Lord, and Washington, 126. his land, 127. hires Washington to survey, 127. death of, 143.

Father Gibault (Zhe-bo'), 164. White, 78, 80.

Ferdinand and Isabella, 6, 7, 16.

Flag, first American, 135. the British (note), 142. torn down at New York, 144. U.S., origin of (note), 142. carried round the world, 233. "Star Spangled Banner" (note), 181. of Texas, 230. Jasper saves the, 140.

Flint and steel, 84.

Florida, discovery of, 28. name of (note), 28. settlement of, 30. Indian war in, 218. purchase of, 30, 218.

Fort, Boone's, 150. Detroit, 161. Indian, 93. Jamestown, 38. Kaskaskia, 161-163. Manhattan, 59. McHenry (note), 181. Moultrie, 140. Necessity, 130. Plymouth, 70. St. Augustine, 30. Sutter's, 236. Vincennes, 161, 164-167.

Fortifications on Dorchester Heights, 169. at New Orleans, 217.

Forts, British, at the West, 161. French, at the West, 128.

Founds (note), 73.

Fountain, the magic, 28.

Franklin, Benjamin, boyhood of, 111. works for his father, 111. is apprenticed to his brother, 111. boards himself, 111. is badly treated, 111. runs away, 112. his walk across New Jersey, 112. lands in Philadelphia, 113. buys some rolls, 113. sees Miss Read, 113. goes to a Quaker meeting, 113. gets work in a printing-office, 114. goes to Boston on a visit, 114. learns to stoop, 114. returns to Philadelphia, 115. goes to London, 115. called the "Water American," 115. returns to Philadelphia, 116. sets up a newspaper, 110, 116. his "sawdust pudding," 116. his almanac, 110. his sayings, 110. his plan of life, 117. what he did for Philadelphia, 109, 117. experiments with electricity, 118, 119. his electrical picture, 118. his electrical kite, 119. his discoveries in electricity, 119. invents the lightning-rod, 120. receives title of Doctor, 120. services in the Revolution, 121. thinks we must fight with bows and arrows, 136. gets help for us from France, 121. his funeral, 121. counties named for him, 121. summary of, 122.

Friends (or Quakers), religion of, 97. persecuted in England, 97. go to Pennsylvania, 98. friendly relations with the Indians, 99. See William Penn.

Fulton, Robert, birth and boyhood of, 193. his paddle-wheel scow, 193. care of his mother, 193. goes to England and France, 194. builds iron bridges, 194. his diving-boat, 194. torpedo experiments in France, 194. torpedo experiments in England, 195. England's offer of money, 195. his reply, 195. builds his first steamboat, 196. returns to America, 197. builds steamboat here, 197. trip up the Hudson, 197. builds steamboat for the West, 198. what he did for Western emigration, 199. his grave, 199. summary of, 200.

Gadsden Purchase, the, 240.

Gage, General, in Boston, 133, 134. his nose, 136. leaves Boston, 136.

Genoa (Jen'o-ah) (note), 1.

George II. and Georgia, 102.

George III., resolves to tax Americans, 131. sends over taxed tea, 132. closes port of Boston, 133. hires German soldiers, 134. his statue pulled down, 137. his character, 161.

Georgia, name of, 102. settlement of, 102. Savannah, 104. Ebenezer, 105. silk raised in, 106. keeps out Spaniards, 107. in the Revolution, 107. summary of, 108.

Gibault (Zhe-bo'), Father, 164.

Gin, the cotton, 180, 181. name of (note), 180.

Goffe, Colonel, at Hadley, 91, and note in A Short List of Books.