Chapter 10

THE STARRY HEAVENS 373

The Moon 377 The Sun 382 The Planets 387 Mercury 388 Venus 390 The Earth 391 Mars 392 The Minor Planets 393 Jupiter 394 Saturn 395 Uranus 396 Neptune 397 Origin of the Planetary System 398 Comets 401 Shooting Stars 406 The Stars 410 Nebulae 425

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE

1. Larva of Choerocampa porcellus 53

2. Bougainvillea fruticosa; natural size. (After Allman) 107

3. Do. do. magnified 108

4. Do. do. Medusa-form 109

5. Medusa aurita, and progressive stages of development. (After Steenstrup) 110

6. White Dead-nettle 124

7. Do. 125

8. Do. 125

9. Salvia 127

10. Do. 127

11. Do. 127

12. Primrose 131

13. Do. 131

14. Arum 135

15. Twig of Beech 140

16. Arrangement of leaves in Acer platanoides 142

17. Diagram to illustrate the formation of Mountain Chains 216

18. Section across the Jura from Brenets to Neuchatel. (After Jaccard) 219

19. Section from the Spitzen across the Brunnialp, and the Maderanerthal. (After Heim) 221

20. Glacier of the Bluemlis Alp. (After Reclus) 228

21. Cotopaxi. (After Judd) 237

22. Lava Stream. (After Judd) 239

23. Stromboli, viewed from the north-west, April 1874. (After Judd) 242

24. Upper Valley of St. Gotthard 257

25. Section of a river valley. The dotted line shows a slope or talus of debris 260

26. Valley of the Rhone, with the waterfall of Sallenches, showing a talus of debris 261

27. Section across a valley. _A_, present river valley; _B_, old river terrace 262

28. Diagram of an Alpine valley, showing a river cone. Front view 263

29. Diagram of an Alpine valley, showing a river cone. Lateral view 265

30. Map of the Valais near Sion 266

31. View in the Rhone Valley, showing a lateral cone 267

32. Do. showing the slope of a river cone 268

33. Shore of the Lake of Geneva, near Vevey 269

34. View in the district of the Broads, Norfolk 271

35. Delta of the Po 273

36. Do. Mississippi 274

37. Map of the Lake District 281

38. Section of the Weald of Kent, _a, a_, Upper Cretaceous strata, chiefly Chalk, forming the North and South Downs; _b, b_, Escarpment of Lower Greensand, with a valley between it and the Chalk; _c, c_, Weald Clay, forming plains; _d_, Hills formed of Hastings Sand and Clay. The Chalk, etc., once spread across the country, as shown in the dotted lines 283

39. Map of the Weald of Kent 284

40. Sketch Map of the Swiss Rivers 291

41. Diagram in illustration of mountain structure 296

42. Sketch Map of the Aar and its tributaries 299

43. River system round Chur, as it used to be 308

44. River system round Chur, as it is 309

45. River system of the Maloya 311

46. Final slope of a river 317

47. Do. do. with a lake 318

48. Diagrammatic section of a valley (exaggerated). _R R_, rocky basis of a valley; _A A_, sedimentary strata; _B_, ordinary level of river; _C_, flood level 329

49. Whitsunday Island. (After Darwin) 359

50. A group of Lunar volcanoes; Maurolycus, Barocius, etc. (After Judd) 380

51. Orbits of the inner Planets. (After Ball) 388

52. Relative distances of the Planets from the Sun. (After Ball) 389

53. Saturn, with the surrounding series of rings. (After Lockyer) 395

54. The Parallactic Ellipse. (After Ball) 413

55. Displacement of the hydrogen line in the spectrum of Rigel. (After Clarke) 416

PLATES

BURNHAM BEECHES _Frontispiece_

WINDSOR CASTLE. (From a drawing by J. Finnemore) _To face page_ 13

AQUATIC VEGETATION, RIO. (Published by Spooner and Co.) 145

TROPICAL FOREST, WEST INDIES. (After Kingsley) 179

SUMMIT OF MONT BLANC 203

THE MER DE GLACE, MONT BLANC 229

RYDAL WATER. (From a photograph by Frith and Co., published by Spooner and Co.) 247

WINDERMERE 253

VIEW IN THE VALAIS BELOW ST. MAURICE 264

VIEW UP THE VALAIS FROM THE LAKE OF GENEVA 268

THE LAND'S END. (From a photograph by Frith and Co., published by Spooner and Co.) 334

VIEW OF THE MOON NEAR THE THIRD QUARTER. (From a photograph by Prof. Draper) 371