mm. The external and internal surfaces of the tooth are about equally
convex and somewhat rugose without distinct furrows. The root is thicker than the remainder of the tooth and very rugose. It is entirely closed below, and the inferior outline is convex. Posterior tooth much compressed, conical above the root, nearly flat internally and slightly convex externally. Cement coating very thick and extending to within about 5 mm. of the dentine apex, which latter is acute and very slightly curved inward and backward. The root is very unsymmetrical, the posterior portion being much longer than the anterior. The surface is very rugose, and there is no opening whatever below. The inferior border is convex, with an emargination near the center. (Pl. 39, figs. 7, 8.)
In the adult skull from Bering Island, which has been mounted and placed on exhibition, the teeth are fixed in the alveoli so that their entire length and the peculiarities of the basal portion can not be determined. In general form, however, they resemble those of the preceding specimen very closely. The anterior teeth are placed obliquely—that is, so that the anterior margins of the two teeth are nearer together than the posterior margins. The teeth are also somewhat inclined forward. The posterior teeth are strongly inclined forward and a little outward.
The anterior teeth are rather concave along the middle internally and convex externally. The portion above the alveoli is quite smooth.
The posterior teeth are moderately rugose above the alveoli. The whitish tips of denture are conical, compressed, and rather acute. They extend 6 mm. above the denture, and are 11 mm. long at their base, and 6 mm. thick.
The anterior teeth protrude about 45 mm. above the alveolus (internally); their base at the alveolus is from 73 to 76 mm. long, and from 33 to 35 mm. thick. The posterior teeth extend about 18 mm. above the alveoli (measured vertically from the alveolus), and the base of the visible portion (measured along the alveolus) is from 30 to 34 mm. long and from 18 to 20 mm. thick. These teeth have an antero-external angular enlargement of the cement, so that they are somewhat triangular in horizontal section. (Pl. 30, fig. 3; pl. 31, fig. 5.)
The data available are insufficient to enable one to determine satisfactorily whether the teeth differ materially in size in the two sexes, but it appears probable that they do not.
SKELETON.
While the skeleton of _Berardius bairdii_ (Pl. 42, fig. 4) resembles that of _B. arnuxii_ very closely in most particulars, it presents differences which may properly be regarded as specific. The vertebral formula of _B. arnuxii_ as given by Flower is as follows: C. 7, Th. 10, L. 12, Ca. 19 = 48.[58] The same formula is given for another specimen of _B. arnuxii_ by Van Beneden and Gervais, except that the caudals are 17, two being apparently lacking.[59]
Doctor Hector, however, gives a different formula for a third specimen of this species, namely, C. 7, Th. 10, L. 13, Ca. 17 = 47. He remarks that “extreme care was taken to secure the whole of the small tail bones.”[60] The discrepancy here shown can not be accounted for at present, but, at all events, none of the formulas of _B. arnuxii_ corresponds to that of _B. bairdii_, as derived from the three skeletons in the National Museum, namely, C. 7, Th. 11, L. 12, Ca. 16+ = 46+.
The number of thoracic vertebræ can be determined positively from the youngish male from St. George Island (Cat. No. 49727), in which ten pairs of ribs are present, together with one rib belonging to the eleventh pair. This last is much shorter than the tenth pair, and there can be no doubt that it really belongs to a terminal pair. In this skeleton the transverse processes of the eleventh thoracic vertebra are thick at the free end like those of the tenth thoracic vertebra.
In the adult male from Centerville beach, California, only ten pairs of ribs are present, but as the tenth is quite as long as the ninth, there is little doubt that an eleventh pair was present originally. The eleventh thoracic vertebra, however, has transverse processes longer and more flattened at the free end than those of the tenth thoracic. It is possible, of course, that the real eleventh thoracic is lacking, and that this individual had thirteen lumbar vertebræ, but of this there is no positive evidence.
Only a few of the ribs accompany the skeleton of the adult female from St. George Island, Alaska (Cat. No. 49726), but there are eleven thoracic vertebræ, the transverse processes of the eleventh being short and thick, like those of the tenth, with a distinct facet for the rib at the free end. This facet, however, is directed obliquely backward and occupies only the posterior half of the free margin.
There is no doubt in my mind that the number of thoracic vertebræ in _B. bairdii_ is normally 11 and in _B. arnuxii_, 10. This would ordinarily be of little importance, as in nearly all kinds of cetaceans a variation of one, or even two, in the number of thoracic and lumbar vertebræ in different individuals of the same species is commonly met with. In the present family, however, the number of thoracic vertebræ shows little variation, and as all known skeletons of _B. bairdii_ have eleven thoracics and all known skeletons of _arnuxii_ appear to have ten thoracics, it seems probable that this difference is specific. At all events, it is correlated with a difference in the form of the vertebræ themselves. As is well known, the transverse processes of the thoracics in this family undergo a sudden change of form and position near the end of the series, the elevated processes on the anterior thoracics being replaced on the posterior vertebræ by others at a lower level on the sides of the centra. This change takes place differently and on different vertebræ in the two species under consideration.
VERTEBRÆ.
In _B. arnuxii_ the eighth thoracic has no facet at the posterior end of the centrum for the articulation of the head of a ninth rib and no distinct transverse process, the tubercle of the rib articulating with a facet on the side of the metapophysis. In _B. bairdii_ the eighth thoracic is similar, but there is a distinct facet at the posterior end of the centrum. (Pl. 32, fig. 1.)
In _B. arnuxii_ the ninth thoracic has a very distinct transverse process on the side of the centrum, while in _B. bairdii_ the ninth thoracic has a short, slender process attached to the side of the metapophysis and no facet at the posterior end of the centrum. (Pl. 32, fig. 1.)
In _B. arnuxii_ the tenth thoracic is the second one having a distinct transverse process, and the latter is broad distally and has the articular facet on the posterior portion of the free margin. In _B. bairdii_ the tenth thoracic is the first having a distinct transverse process on the side of the centrum. (Pl. 32, fig. 1.)
There are only ten thoracics in _B. arnuxii_, as already mentioned, but in _B. bairdii_ there are eleven, and the eleventh is that which bears the second transverse process on the side of the centrum.
The foregoing differences amount to this: That in _B. bairdii_ the commencement of the lower series of transverse processes is pushed back one vertebra, as compared with _B. arnuxii_, and that in the ninth thoracic of the former species, which corresponds to the eighth of the latter species, the metapophysis has a short process on the side for the articulation of the tubercle of the rib, instead of merely a sessile facet. Although in other genera of ziphioids these differences would perhaps be looked upon as individual, since they are constant here they may be considered specific, at least provisionally.
SCAPULA.
In _B. bairdii_ the anterior border of the scapula is narrower than in _B. arnuxii_, the anterior ridge coming close to it and lying parallel with it. The acromion is directed more upward, so that the angle between it and the body of the scapula is more acute, and the process itself is rather more expanded distally. The coronoid is inclined a little more downward. The whole surface of the scapula is very uneven. (Pl. 33, fig. 2.)
HUMERUS AND ULNA.
The humerus is shorter than in _B. arnuxii_ and broader distally, and much more recurved on the ulnar side. The ulna is much broader distally and its whole shape is different. (Pl. 33, figs. 3 and 4.)
CHEVRONS.
As the skeleton of the typical form _arnuxii_ has been described in considerable detail and accurately figured by Flower and by Van Beneden and Gervais, it is not considered necessary to give a complete description of that of _bairdii_ in this place. The entire skeleton and many of the separate bones are figured in Pls. 42, 32, and 33. The phalanges are lacking altogether, or are incompletely represented, in the various skeletons of _bairdii_, and for that reason the phalangeal formula can not be given. The chevrons number ten in the skeleton from Centerville beach, California (Cat. No. 49725). Both Flower and Van Beneden and Gervais give nine chevrons as the number for the skeleton of _arnuxii_ in the Hunterian Museum, London, but the latter authors have added a tenth in outline in the figure of the skeleton of that species which is in the Paris Museum. Ten are mentioned by Hector as the correct number for the skeleton of _arnuxii_ from Wellington Harbor examined by him.[61]
STERNUM.
The sternum of _bairdii_ (Pl. 32, fig. 2) consists of five segments and does not offer characters by which to distinguish it from that of _arnuxii_. In the former species the first eight pairs of ribs possess distinct heads and tubercles; the tubercle is rudimentary in the ninth pair and absent in the tenth and eleventh.
The dimensions of the three skeletons of _bairdii_ and of that of _arnuxii_ described by Flower are as follows:
_Dimensions of one skeleton of Berardius arnuxii and three skeletons of B. bairdii._
Column Headings: _B. arnuxii._ B: New Brighton, New Zealand, 1868, (Flower). No. 3. _B. bairdii._ C: 49726 St. George Island, Alaska, female adult. D: 49725 Centerville, California, male(?) adult. E: 49727 St. George Island, Alaska, male young.
B C D E mm. mm. mm. mm. Length of centra of seven cervicals 254 375 310 250 (inferior) Atlas: Breadth 292 362 341 280 Height ... 339 321 270 Fourth cervical: Greatest height ... [a]254 [a]249 [a]191 Greatest breadth ... [b]243 [b]197 [b]173 Length of centrum 36 47 34 30 Seventh cervical: Greatest height ... 310 270 198 Greatest breadth 241 257 235 177 Length of centrum 46 58 49 42 First thoracic: Greatest height ... 391 390 255 Greatest breadth ... 310 290 240 Length of centrum 58 84 68 51 Ninth thoracic: Greatest height ... 508 478 333 Greatest breadth ... 318 [c]218 198 Length of centrum 152 190 176 128 First lumbar: Greatest height ... 585 540 359 Greatest breadth ... 626 575 340 Length of centrum 163 228 215 150 Sixth lumbar: Greatest height ... 713 642 427 Greatest breadth ... 590 572 362 Length of centrum 206 273 243 172 First caudal: Greatest height ... 800 [d]658 427 Greatest breadth ... 577 [d]511 360 Length of centrum 246 338 [d]280 200 Ninth caudal: Greatest height ... 422 335 288 Greatest breadth ... 243 194 191 Length of centrum 168 241 194 160 Eleventh caudal, length of centrum 104 180 156 142 Length of scapula 503 710 670 395 Height of scapula 356 490 445 280 Length of humerus 274 ... 340 248 Breadth of humerus at distal end 109 ... 170 115 Length of radius 295 ... [a]380 220 Breadth of radius at distal end 84 ... 140 88 Length of ulna (incl. olecranon) 323 ... ... 241 Breadth of ulna at distal end 79 ... ... 71 Length of sternum 1,143 1,455 1,530 ... Breadth of first segment of sternum 325 375 495 ... Length of first rib (straight) 457 543 505 323 Length of fifth rib (straight) 991 ... ... ... Length of tenth rib (straight) 737 ... ... ...
[a] Median. [b] Inferior. [c] Process aborted on one side. [d] Second.
Genus HYPEROÖDON Lacépède.
HYPEROÖDON AMPULLATUS (Forster).
_Balæna ampullatus_ Forster, Kalm’s Linnean Travels, vol. 1, 1770, p. 18, footnote. _Balæna rostrata_ Müller, Zool. Dan. Prodrom., 1776, p. 7. _Hyperoödon butskopf_ Lacépède, Hist. Nat. des Cétacés, 1803-4, pp. XLIV and 319. _Hyperoödon rostratum_ Wesmael, Nouv. Mém. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, vol. 12, 1840, pls. 1, 2. _Hyperoödon ampullatus_ Rhoads, Science, new ser., vol. 15, 1902, p. 756.
The National Museum has one skeleton of this well-known species, somewhat imperfect, which is labeled as having been obtained on the coast of Norway, and was received about the year 1875. Its catalogue number is 14499. This skeleton is about 19 feet long and has the following vertebral formula: C. 7; Th. 9; L. 9; Ca. 19 (+1?) = 44 (or 45). Eight chevrons are attached to the caudal vertebræ, and at least two more were present originally. The fifth thoracic vertebra has no facet on the centrum for the head of the sixth rib, but the latter articulates with a small facet on the side of the centrum of the sixth thoracic vertebra. The seventh thoracic has a well-developed transverse process on the side of the centrum. The ninth rib is shorter and more slender than the others. None of the transverse processes of the caudal vertebræ are perforated by foramina. These processes end on the eighth caudal, and the neural spines on the tenth caudal. The free ends of the neural spines of the thoracic and lumbar vertebræ are all more or less rounded. The pectoral limbs are incomplete.
So far as I am aware, only three examples of _Hyperoödon_ have been taken on the coasts of the United States, as mentioned in the list on page 2. The skeleton of one of these (from North Dennis, Massachusetts) is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the skull of the second (from Newport, Rhode Island), which was a female, is in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.[62] This skull is represented in Pl. 32, fig. 3.
LIST OF SPECIES OF EXISTING ZIPHIOID WHALES.
Genus MESOPLODON Gervais. MESOPLODON BIDENS (Sowerby). North Atlantic Ocean; northern France to Norway and Sweden; Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. MESOPLODON EUROPÆUS (Gervais). North Atlantic Ocean; English Channel; New Jersey. MESOPLODON GRAYI Haast. New Zealand and Chatham Islands; Bahia Nueva, Patagonia (Moreno). MESOPLODON DENSIROSTRIS (Blainville). Indian Ocean and South Seas; Lord Howe Island; Seychelles Islands; South Africa; Massachusetts(?). MESOPLODON HECTORI (Gray). New Zealand. MESOPLODON BOWDOINI Andrews. New Zealand. MESOPLODON LAYARDI (Gray). South Seas; New Zealand, Chatham Islands; Australia; Cape of Good Hope. MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI True. North Pacific Ocean; Bering Island and Oregon.
Genus ZIPHIUS Cuvier. ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS Cuvier. Cosmopolitan.
Genus BERARDIUS Duvernoy. BERARDIUS ARNUXII Duvernoy. New Zealand. BERARDIUS BAIRDII Stejneger. North Pacific Ocean; Bering Island and St. George Island, Bering Sea, to Kiska Harbor, Alaska, and Centerville, California.
Genus HYPEROÖDON Lacépède. HYPEROÖDON AMPULLATUS Forster. Arctic and North Atlantic oceans; Mediterranean Sea; southern France; New York Bay, Newport, Rhode Island, and Cape Cod, Massachusetts. HYPEROÖDON PLANIFRONS Flower. Indian and Pacific oceans; Lewis Island, Australia; Province of Buenos Ayres, Argentina, and territories of Chubut and Santa Cruz, Patagonia.
FOOTNOTES
[1]As this species is well known, the skeleton is not described in this paper.
[2]Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, p. 366.
[3]Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, 1866-68, p. 318.
[4]Idem, vol. 29, 1899, p. 9.
[5]Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, p. 357.
[6]Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, 1866-68, p. 318.
[7]One of the teeth of Sowerby’s specimen is figured by Lankester in Trans. Roy. Micr. Soc., new ser., vol. 15, 1867, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2.
[8]Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., vol. 1, 1869, p. 205.
[9]Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 26, 1872, p. 771.
[10]Zoologist, ser. 3, vol. 17, Feb., 1893, p. 42; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 11, 1893, p. 275.
[11]Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 7, 1804, p. 310.
[12]Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1904, no. 3.
[13]The external margin is broken at this point.
[14]Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 11, 1893, p. 277.
[15]Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1904, No. 3, pp. 27, 28.
[16]Trans. Zoöl. Soc. London, vol. 10, 1878, p. 418.
[17]Second ed., plate 40, fig. 4.
[18]Plate 25, fig. 2.
[19]Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1896, pp. 363-370, fig. 3 (tooth, nat. size); fig. 4 (sternum).
[20]Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. 10, 1866, p. 177.
[21]Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, vol. 41, 1888, p. 117.
[22]Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, p. 359.
[23]Ostéographie, plate 24.
[24]Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1904, No. 3, p. 32, fig. 12.
[25]Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 10, 1888-89, p. 13.
[26]Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, p. 357.
[27]Journ. Anat. Phys., vol. 20, pl. 4, figs. 2 and 3, Oct. 1885.
[28]Idem, pl. 4, fig. 1.
[29]Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, ser. 6, vol. 1, pp. 216-225, pls. 1, 2 (skull); two text-figs. (tooth).
[30]“The slight differences pointed out by Mr. True appear to be individual or local rather than specific.” (Van Beneden, Les Ziphioïdes des mers d’Europe, 1888, p. 100.) See also James A. Grieg, Bergens Museums Aarbog, 1897, No. 5, p. 19.
[31]Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 8, 1885, p. 585.
[32]Trans. Roy. Micr. Soc., vol. 15, 1867, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2.
[33]Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1904, No. 3, p. 26, fig. 10.
[34]Sci. Results of the Voy. of the _Challenger_, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 4, Bones of Cetacea, 1880, p. 13.
[35]See the following:
Turner, W.—Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 26, 1872, p. 769. Flower, W. H.—Proc. Zoöl. Soc. London, 1876, p. 477. Fischer, P.—Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 35, 1881, p. 113. Van Beneden, P. J.—Les Ziphioïdes des Mers d’Europe, 1888, p. 82.
[36]An immature male might, of course, present the characters of the female, but in the former case the teeth would be open at the roots and but slightly, if at all, coated with cement.
[37]As to reasons for assigning sexes thus, see p. 55.
[38]Cope’s original description of this species was as follows:
“Hyperodon semijunctus, sp. nov. The question whether a Hyperodon visits this side of the Atlantic, has at length been solved by the description which I have received through Dr. Alexander Wilcocks of this city, of a species taken in Charleston Harbor. This is well drawn up by Gabriel Manigault, who set up the specimen, which adorns the Charleston Museum. The points wherein it evidently differs from its congeners, the _H. bidens_ and _latifrons_, are, first, the separation of the four posterior cervical vertebræ, the three anterior only being solidly anchylosed, instead of the seven, as in the known species, even in the young, according to Dr. J. E. Gray. Second, the possession of one or more pairs of ribs added to the flying series, and of two more vertebræ, including ten dorsal instead of nine. (Nine are given by Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, viii, 188; and Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 419, for the _bidens_.) Five ribs are connected with the sternum, of which the anterior articulates with the seventh cervical by its inferior head.
“I extract the following from Gabr. Manigault’s description:
“‘The superior maxillary bones are quite pointed in front and widen out toward the base of the snout. Their lateral edges become developed on each side into a prominent vertical ridge, which is slightly convex on the outer surface, and the reverse on the inner. These bones, after having widened out upon approaching the orbits, ascend vertically along with the occipital (the two together holding the frontal, which is quite perceptible, between them) and form at the back of the head a transverse ridge, which is quite high and very thick. From my not knowing by what name it was known, I did not satisfy myself concerning the presence of palatine tubercles. Another peculiarity of the head consists in the lower maxillary bones being provided each at its point with a single small and very sharp tooth. These were not noticed during the dissection, owing to their being too much imbedded in the integuments; they are now, however, quite visible. In the cavity of the skull is a septum of bone separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum (_i. e._, the tentorium). The first rib is very wide and short, and presents a marked contrast to the others. The sternum is quite flat and wide. The pectoral fins are small, and have been carefully preserved, with the various carpal and phalangeal bones kept together by their natural ligaments. As the skeleton stands, the fins consist only of the scapula, the humerus, the radius, and the ulna, with but few phalanges.
“‘The length of this specimen is between twelve and thirteen feet.’” (_Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila._, 1865, p. 15.)
[39]The Buenos Ayres specimen is not included here, as I am uncertain as to its proper interpretation.
[40]Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 5, 1873, p. 164, pls. 4-5.
[41]Hector also figures a tooth from a specimen found at Manawatu beach in pl. 5, fig. 3, which is like those of the Chatham Island specimen in size and shape (diameter 34 mm.), and should belong to a male, but as he does not figure or describe the skull this can not be used in the present discussion.
[42]Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 9, 1876, p. 430, pl. 24, figs. A and C; pl. 26, fig. 4.
[43]Idem, p. 440, pl. 24, fig. B; pl. 26, fig. 3.
[44]Zool. et Paléontol. franç., 2d ed., 1859, p. 287, pl. 39, figs. 2-7.
[45]Anal. Mus. Pub. Buenos Aires, vol. 1, 1868, pp. 301-366, pls. 15-20.
[46]Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 15.
[47]Forest and Stream, vol. 65, 1905, p. 452.
[48]Trans. Zoöl. Soc. London, vol. 8, 1871, pp. 203-234, pls. 27-29.
[49]See Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc, 1886, No. 4, p. 328.
[50]There is, or was formerly, in the museum of the Alaska Commercial Company in San Francisco a skull of _Berardius_ 3 feet 6 inches long. The locality in which it was obtained is unknown to me.
[51]Science, new ser., vol. 20, 1904, p. 888.
[52]At the time this was written it was not known that there were really four teeth in the lower jaw, but it is interesting to note that when the mandible was covered by the integuments none of the teeth was visible in the male, although the individual was 25 feet long, and that only two teeth were visible in the adult female.
[53]Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 6, pp. 75-77, June 22, 1883.
[54]Duvernoy, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, Zoöl., vol. 15, 1851, p. 52, footnote.
[55]Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 6, October, 1870, p. 348.
[56]Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 10, 1878, p. 338.
[57]Ostéographie des Cétacés, pl. 23^bis.
[58]Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 8, 1872, p. 223.
[59]Ostéographie des Cétacés, p. 615, pl. 23^_bis_.
[60]Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 10, 1878, p. 339.
[61]Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 10, 1878, p. 339. Hector remarks that in the skeleton studied by Flower there were twelve caudals with facets for chevrons, but I do not find it so stated in the original account.
[62]Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Dec. 1869, pp. 191, 192.
INDEX.
A Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 76 Agassiz, L., 3 description of _Mesoplodon bidens_ by, 4 Alaska, _Ziphius_ from, 1 Allen, Dr. G. M., 3 American Museum of Natural History, 2, 3 _ampullatus_ (_Balæna_), 76 (_Hyperoödon_), 76 _arnuxii_ (_Berardius_), 68
B _bairdii_ (_Berardius_), 60 _Balæna ampullatus_, 76 _rostrata_, 76 _Berardius_, 60, 77 from California, 1 from Pribilof Islands, 1 specimens of, in National Museum, 1 _Berardius arnuxii_, chevron bones of, 74 coloration of, 66 distribution of, 77 external dimensions of, 67 size of, 66 skeleton, dimensions of, 75 skull, dimensions of, 68 teeth, dimensions of, 70 vertebræ of, 73, 74 vertebral formula of, 72 _Berardius bairdii_, 2, 60 chevron bones of, 74 coloration of, 66 description of a young, from Bering Id., 64 distribution of, 77 earbones of, 69, 83 external dimensions of, 64, 67 from Bering Island, 1, 60 from Centerville Beach, Cal., history of, 2, 63 from St. George Island, Alaska, 2 external dimensions of specimens, 62 history of, 61, 62 from Trinidad, Cal., 2 humerus of, 74 original description of, 65 scapula of, 74 size of, 66 skeleton of, 72 skeleton, dimensions of, 75 skull of, 68 skull, dimensions of, 68 sternum of, 74 teeth of, 70 teeth, description of, 70 teeth, dimensions of, 70 ulna of, 74 vertebral formula of, 72 _Berardius vegæ_, 60 Bering Island, _Mesoplodon stejnegeri_ from, 24 Ziphiidæ from, 1 _bidens_ (_Mesoplodon_), 4, 76 (_Physeter_), 4 Boston Society of Natural History, 3 _bowdoini_ (_Mesoplodon_), 3, 77 Brasil, L., account of type-skull of _Mesoplodon europæus_ by, 24 _butskopf_ (_Hyperoödon_), 76
C California, _Berardius_ from, 1 _cavirostris_ (_Ziphius_), 30, 77 Clark, Maj. Ezra W., 61 Cope, E. D., 35 Crawford, J. G., 3, 25 account of _Mesoplodon stejnegeri_ by, 24
D _Delphinorhynchus_, 4 _Delphinus densirostris_, 9 _sowerbensis_, 4 _sowerbyi_, 4 _densirostris_ (_Delphinus_), 9 (_Mesoplodon_), 9, 76 _Dioplodon europæus_, 11 _gervaisi_, 11
E East coast of United States, Ziphiidæ from, 2 Egbert, Dr. J. H., 59 _europæus_ (_Dioplodon_), 11 (_Mesoplodon_), 11, 76
G _gervaisi_ (_Dioplodon_), 11 _gervaisii_ (_Hyperoödon_), 30 (_Ziphius_), 30, 54 _grayi_ (_Mesoplodon_), 3, 76 Grebnitzki, Nicholas, 1, 31, 60 _grebnitzkii_ (_Ziphius_), 30
H _hectori_ (_Mesoplodon_), 77 Hyatt, A., 3 _Hyperoödon_, 76, 77 _Hyperoödon ampullatus_, 2, 76 distribution of, 77 from Newport, R.I., 2 from New York bay, 2 from North Dennis, Mass., 2 skeleton of, in National Museum, 76 specimens of, from coasts of United States, 76 vertebral formula of, 76 _Hyperoödon butskopf_, 76 _Hyperoödon gervaisii_, 30 _Hyperoödon planifrons_, distribution of, 77 _Hyperoödon rostratum_, 76 _Hyperoödon semijunctus_, 30 original description of, 35 type-skeleton of, 31
J Jordan, Dr. D. S., 24, 63 Judge, James, 61
K Kigan agalusoch, 66
L _layardi_ (_Mesoplodon_), 3, 77
M Manigault, G. E., 35 Mearns, Dr. E. A., 32 L. di Z., 32 _Mesoplodon_, 3 _Mesoplodon bidens_, 2, 3, 4, 11 distribution of, 76 external dimensions of, 23 from Nantucket, Mass., 2, 3, 4 mandible of, 6 phalangeal formula of, 18 skull of, 4 skull, dimensions of, 8, 15 teeth of, 6 vertebral formula of, 15 _Mesoplodon bowdoini_, 3 distribution of, 77 _Mesoplodon densirostris_, 2, 9, 28 description of exterior of, 10 distribution of, 76 earbones of, 83 external dimensions of, 23 from Annisquam, Mass., 2, 3, 4 skull, dimensions of, 8 _Mesoplodon europæus_, 2, 11 color of, 22 distribution of, 76 external characters of, 21 external dimensions of, 20, 23 first record of, 11 from Atlantic City, N. J., 2, 3, 11 history of, 20 from North Long Branch, N. J., 2, 3, 11 lungs of, 22 mandible of, 14 pectoral limb of, 18 phalangeal formula of, 18 ribs of, 17 scapula of, 18 skeleton, dimensions of, 18 skull of, 13 specific characters of, 12 sternum of, 18 stomach of, 22 teeth of, 15 tongue of, 22 type-skull of, description of, by L. Brasil, 24 Van Beneden’s opinion regarding, 12 vertebræ of, 15, 16 vertebral formula of, 15 _Mesoplodon grayi_, 3 distribution of, 76 _Mesoplodon hectori_, distribution of, 77 _Mesoplodon layardi_, 3 distribution of, 77 teeth of, 28 _Mesoplodon stejnegeri_, 2, 24 distribution of, 77 earbones of, 83 external characters of, 29 from Bering Island, 1, 3 from Oregon, 1, 2, 3 mandible of, 28 skull of, 25 skull, dimensions of, 29 teeth of, 28 teeth, dimensions of, 29 Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, 2, 3, 76
O Oregon, _Mesoplodon stejnegeri_ from, 1, 3
P _Physeter bidens_, 4 _planifrons_ (_Hyperoödon_), 77 Pla-un, 66 Pribilof Islands, _Berardius_ from, 1
R Ring, J. H., 63 _rostrata_ (_Balæna_), 76 _rostratum_ (_Hyperoödon_), 76
S St. George Island, Alaska, _Berardius_ from, 1 Scollick, J. W., 32 _semijunctus_ (_Hyperoödon_), 30 (_Ziphius_), 30 _seychellensis_ (_Ziphius_), 9 Soderman, Captain, 32 _sowerbensis_ (_Delphinus_), 4 _sowerbyi_ (_Delphinus_), 4 Stejneger, Leonhard, 1, 3, 24, 31, 60, 64, 65 _stejnegeri_ (_Mesoplodon_), 24, 77
W Wellander, Capt. Otto, 25 West coast of United States, Ziphiidæ from, 2
Y Yaquina Bay, Oregon, _Mesoplodon stejnegeri_ from, 24
Z Ziphiidæ from east coast of United States, 2 from west coast of United States, 2 list of existing species of, 76 specimens of, available for study, 1 in National Museum, 1 _Ziphius_, 30, 77 fossil, 4 species of, 30 _Ziphius cavirostris_, 2, 30 Argentine specimen of, 36 caudal vertebræ of, 42 cervical vertebræ of, 38 chevron bones of, 44 color of, 33, 34 comparison of skeletons of, 36 dimensions of, 32 distribution of, 77 earbones of, 83 external characters of, 59 external dimension of, 32, 33, 34 from Argentina, 55, 57 from Barnegat City, N. J., 2, 31 from Barnegat City, N. J., history of, 33 from Bering Island, 1, 31 from Charleston, S. C., 2, 31 from Kiska harbor, Alaska, 1, 2, 31 from Newport, R. I., 2, 31, 32 from St. Simon Island, Ga., 2, 31 lumbar vertebræ of, 41 pectoral limb of, 46 phalangeal formula of, 46, 49 scapula of, 45 sex characters of, 54 skeleton, dimensions of, 47 skeleton of, from Bering Island, 58 skull, age variations in, 50 dimensions of, 53 sternum of, 45 teeth, description of, 55 dimensions of, 55 thoracic vertebræ of, 40 skeleton, variations in, 49 vertebræ of, 37 vertebral column of, 36 vertebral formula of, 36 _Ziphius gervaisii_, 30, 54 _Ziphius grebnitzkii_, 30 external characters of, 59 from Bering Island, 31 skull, dimensions of, 53 skeleton of, from Bering Island, 58 _Ziphius semijunctus_, 30, 35 from Charleston, S. C., 2 type-skull, dimensions of, 53 _Ziphius seychellensis_, 9
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Skull. Nantucket, Mass. Mus. Comp. Zoölogy, No. 1727. Female, adult. Dorsal aspect. About ¼ nat. size.
Extremity of beak defective.
2. _Mesoplodon densirostris_? Skull. Annisquam, Mass. Female, young. Boston Society of Natural History. Dorsal aspect. ¼ nat. size.
Defective on the left side.
Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Skull. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Male, young. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ¼ nat. size.
2. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Skull. North Long Branch, New Jersey. Female, adult. Mus. Comp. Zoölogy. Dorsal aspect. ¼ nat. size.
Distal portion of beak lacking and right frontal region defective.
3. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Tooth. Nantucket, Mass. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., No. 1727. Nat. size.
Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Type-skull. Bering Island. Immature. Cat. No. 21112, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ¼ nat. size.
Edges abraded; distal end of beak defective.
2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Skull. Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Adult. Cat. No. 143132, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ¼ nat. size.
Proximal end of premaxillæ defective and right nasal lacking.
Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Skull. Nantucket, Mass. Female, adult. Mus. Comp. Zoöl. No. 1727. Ventral aspect. About ¼ nat. size. Tip of beak, left pterygoid, and malars defective.
2. _Mesoplodon densirostris_? Skull. Annisquam, Mass. Female, young. Boston Society of Natural History. Ventral aspect. ¼ nat. size.
Left frontal region defective.
Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Skull. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Male, young. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. ¼ nat. size.
2. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Skull. North Long Branch, New Jersey. Female, adult. Mus. Comp. Zoölogy. Ventral aspect. ¼ nat. size.
Distal portion of beak lacking, pterygoids, malars, and left frontal and temporal regions defective.
Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Type-skull. Immature. Cat. No. 21112, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. ¼ nat. size.
Edges abraded; tip of beak, pterygoids, zygomatic processes, etc., defective.
2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Skull. Adult. Cat. No. 143132, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. About ¼ nat. size.
Pterygoids and left malar defective.
Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Skull. Nantucket, Massachusetts. Female, adult. Mus. Comp. Zoöl. No. 1727. Lateral aspect. ¼ nat. size.
Tip of beak, left pterygoid and malar defective.
2. _Mesoplodon densirostris_? Skull. Annisquam, Massachusetts. Female, young. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Lateral aspect. ¼ nat. size.
Distal portion of beak defective and warped.
Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Skull. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Male, young. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. About ¼ nat. size.
2. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Skull. North Long Branch, New Jersey. Female, adult. Mus. Comp. Zoöl. Lateral aspect. About ¼ nat. size.
Distal portion of beak lacking.
Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Type-skull. Bering Island. Immature. Cat. No. 21112, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. About ¼ nat. size.
Premaxillæ, maxillæ, frontals, zygomatic process, etc., defective. On account of these defects and the immaturity of the individual the forward inclination of the supraoccipital is much greater than in the skull shown in fig. 2.
2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Skull. Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Adult. Cat. No. 143132, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. ¼ nat. size.
Proximal end of premaxillæ defective.
Skulls of _Mesoplodon_.
Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Nantucket, Massachusetts.
2. _Mesoplodon densirostris_? Annisquam, Massachusetts.
3. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Atlantic City, New Jersey.
4. _Mesoplodon europæus._ North Long Branch, New Jersey.
5. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Type-skull. Bering Island.
6. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon.
Posterior aspect. All figures ¼ nat. size.
Mandibles of _Mesoplodon_.
Figs. 1, 2, and 5. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Nantucket, Massachusetts.
3 and 6. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Atlantic City, New Jersey.
4. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon.
All figures ⅕ nat. size.
Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Mandible and tooth. ¼ nat. size.
2. The same. Left mandibular tooth. Outer surface.
3. The same. Right mandibular tooth. Inner surface.
All figures a little more than ⅗ nat. size.
_Mesoplodon europæus._ Atlantic City, New Jersey. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M.
Fig. 1. Vertebræ, from right to left as follows: 7th thoracic, 8th thoracic, 1st lumbar, 1st caudal. Scale, 1/3.7 nat. size.
2. Sternum. Anterior aspect.
3. Left scapula. External surface. Scale 1/3.6 nat. size.
4. Right pectoral limb. External surface. Scale 1/3.7 nat. size.
5. Lungs. Dorsal aspect. About 1/8 nat. size.
_Ziphius cavirostris._
Fig. 1. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina. Female, young. Cat. No. 21975, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.
Tip of beak slightly defective.
2. Skull. Barnegat City, New Jersey. Female, adult. Cat. No. 20971, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.
_Ziphius cavirostris._
Fig. 1. Skull. Bering Island. (Topotype of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_.) Female (?), adult, Cat. No. 22069, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.
2. Skull. Bering Island. (Topotype of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_.) Dorsal aspect. Cat. No. 21246. ⅙ nat. size.
_Ziphius cavirostris._
Fig. 1. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Bering Island. Male (?). Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.
2. Skull. (Topotype of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_.) Bering Island. Adult. Cat. No. 21245, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.
_Ziphius cavirostris._
Fig. 1. Skull. (Topotype of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_.) Bering Island. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 21248, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.
2. Skull. Newport, Rhode Island. Male, adult. Cat. No. 49599, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.
_Ziphius cavirostris._
Fig. 1. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina. Ventral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.
2. Skull. Barnegat City, New Jersey. Ventral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.
_Ziphius cavirostris._
Fig. 1. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_.) Bering Island. Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.
2. Skull. Newport, Rhode Island. Ventral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.
_Ziphius cavirostris._
Fig. 1. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina. Cat. No. 21975, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.
2. Skull. Barnegat City, New Jersey. Lateral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.
3. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Bering Island. Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.
_Ziphius cavirostris._
Fig. 1. Skull. Newport, Rhode Island. Lateral aspect. 1/7 nat. size.
2. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina. Posterior aspect. 1/7 nat. size.
3. Skull. Barnegat City, New Jersey. Posterior aspect. 1/7 nat. size.
4. Skull. (Topotype of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Posterior aspect. 1/7 nat. size.
5. Skull. Newport, Rhode Island. Posterior aspect. 1/7 nat. size.
Mandibles of _Ziphius cavirostris_.
Fig. 1. Charleston, South Carolina. (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).)
2. Newport, Rhode Island.
3. Bering Island. Cat. No. 22069, U.S.N.M.
4. Bering Island. Cat. No. 21248, U.S.N.M.
All figures about ⅕ nat. size.
Mandibles of _Ziphius cavirostris_.
Fig. 1. Bering Island. (Type of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. About ⅕ nat. size.
2. Newport, Rhode Island. Symphysis. Dorsal aspect.
3. The same. Ventral aspect.
Mandibles and vertebræ of _Ziphius cavirostris_.
Fig. 1. (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina. Cat. No. 21975, U.S.N.M. ⅕ nat. size.
2. (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Bering Island. Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. About ⅕ nat. size.
3. Barnegat, New Jersey. About ⅕ nat. size.
4. Vertebræ. (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) From right to left, as follows: 1-3 cervicals, 1st thoracic, 7th thoracic, 8th thoracic, 1st lumbar, 1st caudal. About ¼ nat. size.
_Ziphius cavirostris_ (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).)
Fig. 1. Atlas. Anterior surface. Defective on left side.
2. Sternum. Ventral aspect.
3. Right pectoral limb. Scapula somewhat defective.
About ࡩ nat. size.
_Berardius bairdii._
Fig. 1. Type-skull. Bering Island. Immature. Cat. No. 20992, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. About 1/10 nat. size.
Frontals and zygomatic processes somewhat defective.
2. Skull. St. George Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. About 1/10 nat. size.
3. Skull. Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect.
All figs. about 1/10 nat. size.
_Berardius bairdii._
Fig. 1. Type-skull. Bering Island. Immature. Cat. No. 20992, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect.
2. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect.
3. Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect.
All figs. about 1/10 nat. size.
_Berardius bairdii._
Fig. 1. Skull. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect.
2. Skull. Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect.
3. The same skull. Posterior aspect.
4. Type-skull. Bering Island. Cat. No. 20992, U.S.N.M. Posterior aspect.
All figs. about 1/10 nat. size.
_Berardius bairdii._
Figs. 1-4. Bering Island. Young. Cat. No. 142118, U.S.N.M.
5. Skull. St. George Island, Alaska. Male, immature. Cat. No. 29727, U.S.N.M. Posterior aspect. 1/10 nat. size.
Mandibles of _Berardius bairdii_.
Fig. 1. Bering Island. Young. Cat. No. 142118, U.S.N.M.
2. St. George Island, Alaska. Male, immature. Cat. No. 49727, U.S.N.M.
3. Bering Island. Adult. (From mounted skull.)
Dorsal aspect, 1/10 nat. size.
Mandibles of _Berardius bairdii_.
Fig. 1. Bering Island. Young. Cat. No. 142118, U.S.N.M.
2. St. George Island, Alaska. Male, immature. Cat. No. 49727, U.S.N.M.
3. Bering Island. (From type-skull.) Immature. Cat. No. 20992, U.S.N.M.
4. Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M.
5. Bering Island. Adult. (From mounted skull.)
Lateral aspect. 1/10 nat. size.
_Berardius bairdii._
Fig. 1. Vertebræ. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. The vertebræ from left to right are as follows: 1-3 cervicals, 1st thoracic, 8th thoracic, 9th thoracic, 10th thoracic, 1st lumbar, 1st caudal.
2. The same specimen. Sternum. Ventral aspect. About 1/7 nat. size.
3. _Hyperoödon ampullatus._ Newport, Rhode Island. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia.
Fig. 1. _Berardius bairdii._ Atlas. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. Anterior surface. 1/7 nat. size.
2. The same specimen. Right scapula. 1/7 nat. size.
3. The same specimen. Humerus. 1/7 nat. size.
4. _Berardius bairdii._ St. George Island, Alaska. Left pectoral limb. Cat. No. 49727. Male, immature. ⅕ nat. size.
Tympanic bones of _Mesoplodon_, _Ziphius_, and _Berardius_.
Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon densirostris_ (?). Annisquam, Massachusetts.
2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon.
3. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina.
4. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Bering Island.
5. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Barnegat City, New Jersey.
6. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Newport, Rhode Island.
7. _Berardius bairdii._ Centerville, California.
Ventral aspect. Nat. size.
Tympanic bones of _Mesoplodon_, _Ziphius_, and _Berardius_.
Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon densirostris_ (?). Annisquam, Massachusetts.
2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon.
3. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina.
4. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger). Bering Island.
5. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Barnegat City, New Jersey.
6. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Newport, Rhode Island.
7. _Berardius bairdii._ Centerville, California.
External surface. Nat. size.
Right periotic bones of _Mesoplodon_, _Ziphius_, and _Berardius_.
Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon densirostris._ (?) Annisquam, Massachusetts.
2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon.
3. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina.
4. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Bering Island.
5. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Barnegat City, New Jersey.
6. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Newport, Rhode Island.
7. _Berardius bairdii._ Centerville, California.
Inner aspect. Nat. size.
Right periotic bones of _Mesoplodon_, _Ziphius_, and _Berardius_.
Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon densirostris._ (?) Annisquam, Massachusetts.
2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon.
3. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina.
4. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger). Bering Island.
5. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Barnegat City, New Jersey.
6. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Newport, Rhode Island.
7. _Berardius bairdii._ Centerville, California.
Outer aspect. Nat. size.
Teeth of _Ziphius cavirostris_.
Fig. 1. Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope). Charleston, South Carolina. Cat. No. 21112, U.S.N.M. Left tooth. Inner surface.
2. The same. Right tooth. Outer surface.
3-4. Barnegat City, New Jersey. The two large teeth.
5. The same. One of the rudimentary teeth.
6. Topotype of _Z. grebnitzkii_. Cat. No. 22069, U.S.N.M. Bering Island. Left tooth. Outer surface.
7. The same. Right tooth. Inner surface.
8. Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger. Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. Bering Island. Left tooth. Inner surface.
9. The same. Right tooth. Outer surface.
10. Newport, Rhode Island. Cat. No. 49599, U.S.N.M. Left tooth. Inner surface.
11. The same. Right tooth. Outer surface.
Teeth of _Berardius bairdii_.
Fig. 1. Bering Island. Young. Cat. No. 142118, U.S.N.M. Left anterior tooth. Inner surface.
2. The same. Left posterior tooth. Inner surface.
3. St. George Island, Alaska. Male, immature. Cat. No. 49727, U.S.N.M. Right anterior tooth. Inner surface.
4. The same. Left anterior tooth. Outer surface.
5. Centerville, California. Male, adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. Left anterior tooth. Inner surface.
6. The same. Right posterior tooth. Outer surface.
7. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726. Left anterior tooth. Inner surface.
8. The same. Right posterior tooth. Outer surface.
9. The same. Left posterior tooth. Inner surface.
All figures natural size.
Fig. 1. Stomach of _Mesoplodon europæus_. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. About ¼ nat. size.
2. The same. Dorsal aspect. About ¼ nat. size.
3. The same. Perineum. _a_, penis. _b_, rudimentary mammary slits. _c_, anus. About ¼ nat. size.
4. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Cat. No. 143132, U.S.N.M. Head, showing teeth in natural position.
Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Atlantic City, New Jersey. Male, young. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M. Length 12½ feet.
2. The same. Dorsal aspect.
3. _Ziphius cavirostris_ (?). Kiska Harbor, Alaska, 1904.
4. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Newport, Rhode Island. Male, adult. Length 20 feet 1 inch. Cat. No. 49599, U.S.N.M.
Fig. 1. _Berardius bairdii._ St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Length 40 feet 2 inches. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M.
Ventral aspect.
2, 3. _Berardius bairdii._ Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. Length about 41 feet. Head from in front and from below.
4. The same. Skeleton. About ⅙ nat. size.
The pectoral fin is modeled from another specimen. It is on the wrong side in this figure.
Transcriber’s Notes
--Retained publisher information from the printed copy (the electronic edition is in the public domain in the country of publication).
--Corrected some palpable typos.
--Reformatted column headings of tables for readable display on smaller windows (even so, some tables are up to 80 characters wide, and one takes 100 characters).
--Resized images from original 8½×11 plates (thus, scale indications in captions are relative).
--Created an original cover image for free, unrestricted use with this eBook.
--In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.