Chapter 21

ADOWAH AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

The dolorous history of the defeat at Adowah, the decisive event in the decline of Italy, is an epitome of all the tendencies and weaknesses of the Italian nation; and, as I was more or less intimately informed of all the causes of it, the intrigues and treachery which made it possible, and as no Italian who knows the story will, for very shame, tell it, I will leave the record of what I learned and what I believe to be the indisputable facts.

When Lord Salisbury came to power in 1895, he renewed a compact with Italy and Austria which had been made when Crispi was in office in his first premiership, about 1888, for a common action in all questions concerning the Turkish Empire; and on the occasion of the Armenian massacres he called for the execution of its provisions, sending the English fleet to Turkish waters and making a requisition on Austria and Italy for the support of their fleets. Crispi, who saw in the measure the longed-for opportunity of action in league with England, ordered the fleet to follow that of England, and prepared the mobilization of an army corps to coöperate by land. He had already revived the ancient hostility of France by the rejection of an offer of the French government, made at his accession to office, of all desirable friendly offices, a treaty of commerce, financial facilities, etc., if he would withdraw from the understanding with England as to Mediterranean questions. The entry into the plans of England for the Armenian question, which were diametrically opposed to those of Russia, provoked the active enmity of that power, with which Italy had until then been on friendly terms. Thenceforward Russia united her influence with that of France in creating difficulties for Italy in Abyssinia as the punishment of Crispi, and at the same time the means of paralyzing one of the members of the Triple Alliance. Lord Salisbury, vacillating, as is his way, and under persuasion of the powers opposed to his action, consented to delay and negotiate, thus giving the Sultan time to prepare the defenses of the Dardanelles, making the _coup de main_, possible at first, then impossible, and necessitating serious naval operations, which were likely to involve considerable losses if the pressure at Constantinople were to be successful.

The abandonment of the inconsiderate scheme, initiated in obedience to a religious agitation and far too daring for a statesman of Lord Salisbury's nervelessness, having drawn Italy into such difficulties as the result of her obedience to his call, the least that Crispi could expect was that he would be supported by all the moral if not by the military power of England, whose influence in Abyssinia was very great. During the government of Lord Rosebery that influence had been distinctly exercised in favor of Italy, in opposition to that of France, and, when Crispi asked for the privilege of landing troops at Zeila, the English port for Abyssinia, in case of war, it had been accorded, giving Italy the advantage of a menace on the rear of all the positions of Menelek, which had in the early stages of the trouble been efficient. The Italian government had no intention of sending an expedition through Zeila to attack Harrar in any contingency foreseen, but the possibility of such a movement compelled Menelek to keep a strong force in Harrar and prevented the concentration which ultimately proved so disastrous at Adowah. The French government protested against the concession, but the English ministry refused to recognize the right of France to protest. Lord Salisbury withdrew the privilege, enabling the French agents to convince Menelek that England was hostile to Italy, and thus decided the question of peace or war between Abyssinia and Italy.

That the occupation of Abyssinia had been a folly had always been the opinion of Crispi, who, in the outset, opposed it in a speech which proved a prophecy of all the disasters which followed; and on his return to power I very strongly, in one of the two cases in which I attempted to exercise any influence on him, urged him to withdraw from Africa, but the old man's patriotic pride was too intense for him to consent to an abandonment of an undertaking in which Italian blood had been shed. "The flag cannot retreat," he said, and in fact public opinion was at that moment so strongly in favor of the maintenance of the colony that no ministry could have carried a proposal to abandon it. It has been the habit of the Italians since the disaster to throw the blame for it on Crispi, but I, who was always opposed to the undertaking, can testify that at the outbreak of war, and especially after the brilliant if slight victories won by the Italian troops in Africa, Crispi would have been defeated in the Chamber if he had proposed withdrawing. In the Chamber there was only the extreme Left which opposed the war policy, and the order of the day which was accepted by the government as the war programme was presented by the Marquis di Rudiní, then head of the opposition, and carried by an enormous majority. As I was present at the sitting of the Chamber at which the vote was taken I do not speak uncertainly.

Baratieri had been recalled to Rome on the suspicion that he was intending to extend the conquest unduly, and I met him at a breakfast arranged by the Minister of Foreign Affairs to enable me to discuss the subject with the general. He then made the most unqualified declarations that he was opposed to all extension of operations, and that he did not ask for a man or a lira more than had been accorded to him by Crispi. Baratieri was a Garibaldian general, a daring and brilliant commander of a brigade at most, without a proper military education, but with some experience. He was a political general, however, a partisan of Zanardelli, who had been the most insistent rival of Crispi at the formation of a ministry in 1893, and he had been Zanardelli's candidate for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, his nomination having been protested against by Austria on the well understood ground that he was an Irredentist, that is, in favor of taking the Tyrol from Austria. In the battle of Coatit, which inaugurated the hostilities, he had shown brilliant qualities as a partisan commander and had become very popular, so that to remove him, as Crispi had intended when he was recalled to Rome, was very difficult, the more as he protested his strict adherence to the defensive policy imposed on him by the ministry; but on his return it soon became evident that he cherished more ambitious plans than he had owned up to when in Rome, and Crispi soon saw that his recall was necessary. But Baratieri had now the support, not only of the common public favor, but of the entire court circle, which saw in him a convenient weapon against Crispi, and of the military party, and, through these, of the King, who refused to assent to the recall of the general when Crispi finally demanded it.

The premier was not supported in his insistence and pressure on the King by the whole of the cabinet, and the only practical method of getting rid of Baratieri was by increasing the forces in Africa to the number at which, by the regulations, a superior officer was necessary to command. The general chosen, Baldissera, a safe and competent commander, was already in Africa, at Massowah, when Baratieri, warned of his supersession in spite of all the precautions to keep secrecy, precipitated hostilities against the distinct orders of Crispi never to attack a force superior to his own, so as to force the issue before he should be deprived of the command. A court-martial sat to try Baratieri, nominally, but its sentence simply concealed all the facts and covered the responsibility, which there was good evidence to show was morally if not technically divided between Baratieri and certain parties in the court and army cliques more desirous of overthrowing Crispi than of securing a victory. The mystery that hid all the details of the investigation that could fix the disgrace where it belonged, and allowed only unimportant transactions to appear, will never be dispelled.

Crispi was disposed to renew the struggle, for there was within a march of a day or two a larger Italian force than that which had been defeated, under a competent commander, and the losses of the Abyssinians had been so heavy that they were unable to advance, while the season of rain was so close on them that they must have retreated in a few days, even if not attacked, and if attacked in their retreat they must have abandoned all the fruits of their previous victory. But to do this it was necessary to prorogue the Chamber until the operations were concluded, and this course was opposed in the cabinet; Saracco, the Minister of Public Works, threatening to resign if a further prorogation was decreed. The public panic was such that a partial crisis would have been the signal for an outbreak of disorders on the part of the parties opposed to the African policy, headed by the extreme Left in the Chamber,--a risk which several of the ministers were indisposed to face,--and the ministry resigned without waiting to meet the Parliament.

Civic courage in Italy is so low that any grave military or civil disaster, no matter on whom should fall the responsibility, entails a change of ministry, and in this case even the King abandoned Crispi, though the chief responsibility for the disastrous result of the campaign rested on himself. Humbert always retreated before any popular commotion. He never understood that the duty of the sovereign was to lend his moral support to his ministers so long as no constitutional question was involved, or until there had been the expression of the will of the nation, deliberately formulated, and not by the accidental votes which in the Italian Chamber are oftener the result of conspiracies or panics than of any question involving a political measure. Parliamentary government in Italy is a caricature of the form, demanding for its safe working the most conservative influence of the Crown to control its action. But Humbert, by yielding to every gust of excitement in the Chamber which, even by a surprise, menaced the ministry, encouraged and developed the disorderly tendency and the strength of the subversive party which always profited by the disorders. Victor Emmanuel in a similar case quelled the anarchy by dissolving the Chamber; Humbert had never that degree of courage even when he knew that the disorder was directed against the monarchy, not merely against a ministry; and he is, more than any other person, the cause of the decline and anarchy in parliamentary government in Italy.

In the succeeding ministry the King had the unprecedented courage to refuse to accept Rudiní and his programme, but admitted his inclusion in the ministry of General Ricotti, an old and admirable soldier and military organizer, who was resolved to begin his administration by a long desired and needed reorganization of the army, reducing its numbers and increasing its efficiency. On this point the King was inflexible, for he always refused to allow the army to be reduced organically, though he never refused to accept such a diminution of the rank and file as made it utterly inefficient for an emergency, so long as the _cadres_ and the number of officers were not diminished. He sent a message to some senators who were in his confidence to the effect that the measure of Ricotti must be defeated there, as he could not count on its being rejected by the popular assembly. The senate rejected it, and Ricotti, unsupported by his colleagues, resigned. The régime of half measures and little men returned. The accession of Victor Emmanuel III. may bring about a change, if the new King has statesmen to fall back on, but I do not see them amongst the old men. The only man competent to assume an effective reconstitution of the state is Sidney Sonnino, the Secretary of the Treasury with Crispi, but he is not a popular man, and, if he attempts to govern by the strong measures necessary, he will meet the same hostility which always assailed Crispi. Nothing less than the courage and abilities of a Cromwell could reform government in Italy, and, in the opinion of some of the wisest and most patriotic Italians I know, the task is hopeless and the decay inevitable.

Fully convinced of this myself, I could but lose that interest in the future of Italy which had always made residence there so attractive to me. Moreover, I had arrived at an age which rendered the proper performance of the duties of my position on the "Times" impossible. Accordingly, I sent in my resignation and returned to England, where in such condition of social and intellectual activity as my years and circumstances permit, I hope to end my days, no longer a participant in political affairs and content simply to live.

INDEX

A., Miss, spiritualistic medium A'ali Pasha Abyssinia, Italians in Adams, Charles Francis, minister to England during the Civil War Adirondack Club Adirondacks, life in the _Adirondacs, The_, poem by Emerson Adowah, defeat at, the decisive event in the decline of Italy circumstances which led to it results _After the Burial_ Agassiz, Louis is pleased with one of Stillman's pictures first meets Stillman makes excursion with the Adirondack Club his scientific work personal character brief mentions of Agios Rumeli Aiguille de Varens Alabama, the Confederate cruiser Albania, Stillman's travels in Albanians, character and customs of intellectual capacity Albert, Prince, his attitude towards the United States in the Civil War Alcott, A. Bronson Aldrich, T.B., contributes to _The Crayon_ Ali Saib Pasha Alps, _See_ Switzerland. Aluga American Archaeological Institute, Stillman undertakes expedition for American Art Union "American Pre-Raphaelite," Stillman so called Ames, Mr., Stillman's companion on voyage to England Ampersand Pond Anakim, procession of the Anti-rent war in New York Antivari Antonelli, Cardinal, character of Appleton, Thomas Gold, contributes to _The Crayon_ his character Appleton, William H. Arethusa, English frigate, at Crete Arkadi, convent of Arkadi, the blockade runner Armenian massacres, action of England and Italy in regard to Armitage, Mr., fellow art-student with Stillman Art in America in Stillman's youth Art instruction in France and England compared Art Union of New York buys a picture by Stillman Arthur, Chester A., school and college friend of Stillman Askyphó Associateship of Design, Stillman elected to, 140. Assurance, English vessel, at Crete Atlantic, the steamer, 139. _Auf Wiedersehen_

Bacevich, Maxime Backwoods experiences. _See_ Adirondacks, life in the. Bailey, Philip James Baldissera, General, appointed to command of Italian forces in Africa Ball, Daniel Banovich, Mitrofan Baptists, Seventh-Day. _See_ Seventh-Day Baptists. Baratieri, General, commanding Italian forces in Africa Barbieux, French officer in Herzegovina Baring, Sir Evelyn Barnum, P.T. Basil, St., Herzegovinian bishop Bath, Marquis of Beaconsfield, Lord, his Aylesbury speech comment on Montenegrin affairs discussed by Stillman and Gladstone Beaulieu, M. Le Hardy de, Stillman's meeting with Beaver Brook _Bed of Ferns_, Stillman's picture Buskin's criticism of, rejected by the Academy _Being a Boy_ Bennett, James Gordon Berdas, the, Stillman's journey into invasion by the Turks Berlin, Treaty of Bigelow, John, managing editor of the _Evening Post_ _Biglow Papers_, edited by Thomas Hughes Bilek Binney, Dr. Amos Binney, Mrs. Amos Bismarck, Herbert Black, Rev. William Blair, Mr., engineer Blanc, Baron Bliss, Elder, ancestor of W.J. Stillman anecdotes of his family Bodichon, Barbara Borthwick, Colonel Boston Boutakoff, Captain Boyce, Mr., artist, visits Stillman Boyle, Mr., artist Brett, Mr., artist, Rossetti's aversion for Brigandage in Rome Briggs, C.F. Brin, Sig., Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs "Brooklyn School," Brown, Mr., consular agent at Civita Vecchia Brown, Ford Madox Stillman's judgment of, and his influence on Rossetti Brown, H.K., the sculptor Brown, Mrs. H.K. Browning, Mrs., mother of the poet Browning, Robert, father of the poet Browning, Robert, the poet Browning, Sariana, sister of the poet Bruno, Giordano Bryant, William Cullen Stillman's association with, on the _Evening Post_ contributes to _The Crayon_ feeling towards Lowell Buchanan, Robert, his criticism of Rossetti Buchanan, James, his influence on English public opinion Bulgaris Burne-Jones, Sir Edward Burnside, General Ambrose E. Burr, Aaron Butler, Benjamin F., his influence in Massachusetts at opening of the Civil War

Calvin, doctrines of, held by Ruskin Cambridge, Mass., life at Camp life. _See_ Adirondacks, life in the. Camp Maple, _See_ Adirondack Club. Canandaigua, U.S. corvette, at Crete Candanos, collision between Mussulmans and Christians at serious fight at relief of Cass, Major Castellani, Sig. Cattaro Cattaro, Gulf of Cattermole, George, Turner's liking for Cavallotti, Sig. Crispi's opponent Cemeteries, prehistoric _Century, The. See Scribner's Monthly._ Cettinje Chabot, Charles, the handwriting expert Chalons, Alfred, miniature painter Chalons, Edward, miniature painter Chamois-hunting Chamounix Chase, Salmon P. _Childhood of the Virgin Mary_, Rossetti's picture Children's Crusade, referred to Cholera _Christ in the Carpenter's Shop_, picture by Millais Church, F.E., artist and teacher of Stillman Civil War in the United States, Stillman returns to America on account of English attitude concerning Clermont, Fulton's steamer Clough, Arthur Hugh, Norton gives Stillman letter to intercourse with Col des Fours Cole, Thomas, landscape painter Collegiate education, discussion of Collins line of steamers Colucci, Sig., Italian consul at Crete Comoundouros, Greek prime minister his character brief references to Coney Island "Conscious mind in creation," Constable, John, artist Constantinople Consular service abroad, weakness of Conversion, Baptist views concerning _See, also_, Revival meetings. Corfu _Cornhill Magazine_, Stillman contributes article to, on architectural restorations in Florence.

Coroneos, Colonel, his action in the Cretan insurrection Corot, Jean Baptiste, comparison of his work with that of Rousseau Cortina Cosmopolitan Club, London Coutet, Alpine guide Couture, Thomas Coxe family, traveling companions and friends of Stillman _Crayon, The_, Stillman's art journal Creswick, Thomas, artist Cretan committee of Athens assists Stillman Cretan committee of Boston Cretan insurrection Stillman writes history of Cretan women, beauty of Crete, Stillman made consul in consular life in plan for its annexation to Egypt later visit to survival of ancient superstitions horrible history of Crete Crispi, Francesco, Italian premier, Stillman's association with, and estimate of his relations with King Humbert with Sir Evelyn Baring his overthrow its consequences his second ministry review of his conduct of Italian affairs in Abyssinia Crispi, Signora Cromer, Lord. _See_ Baring, Sir Evelyn. Cunard line of steamers Curialism Cushman, Charlotte, in Rome Cuvier, Baron Georges

_Daily News_, Stillman is placed on staff of Dalmatia, journeys and correspondence in, attitude of the people towards the Herzegovinian insurrection Dana, R.H. Dancing, disapproved of by Stillman's father Danilo, Prince of Montenegro Danilograd Danish Effendi Darwin, Charles R., his evolutionary hypothesis Davidson, Charles, gives Stillman lessons in art _Dead House, The_ Delacroix, Eugène, artist Delane, Mr., of the London _Times_ Delaroche, Paul Delf, Mr. Deliyanni, Greek premier Delos Dendrinos, Russian consul at Crete Depretis, Agostino Derché, M., French consul at Crete De Ruyter, N.Y., school at Dervish Pasha Diamond, the steamer Dickson, Charles H., English consul at Crete Dickson, Mrs. T.G., cares for Stillman's children Didot, Mlle. Didot, Firmin, Stillman's meeting with, in Paris Diplomatic service, American Dobrilovina, convent of, Stillman's visit to Dormitor, Mt. Dossi, Count Alberto Pisani, Crispi's secretary Doughty, Thomas, artist Drobniak, province of Duby, secretary of the Prince of Montenegro Dufferin, Lord, succeeds to the Embassy at Rome Dulcigno Duprés, the Durand, A.B., artist, contributes to _The Crayon_ Durand, John, partner of Stillman in publishing _The Crayon_ Dusseldorf, visited by Stillman "Dutch courage"

_Echo_, English paper, prints letter from Stillman Edhem Pasha Edmonds, Judge Edmunds, Senator Elliott, Sir Henry, English ambassador at Crete Emerson, Edward W. Emerson, R.W., his estimate of Alcott Stillman's first meeting with his relations with Longfellow excursion with the Adirondack Club visits Stillman in England influence on Stillman England, first visit to second visit her attitude during the American Civil War later visits and residences in English church in Rome Enneochoria, valley of Ennosis, blockade runner Ense, Varnhagen von Epirus, invasion of Erie Canal Eshref Pasha Estee, Elder Evans, Mr., archaeologist _Evening Post, The_ Evolution, theory of Eyoub Pasha

_Fable for Critics_ Father's influence in forming character of children Fenian organization _Festus_, Bailey's Fielding, Copley _First Snow-Fall, The_ Fish, Hamilton, urges Stillman's dismissal from Crete Fleming, Colonel, of Florida Florence Florida, Stillman's trip to Fogg, George G., American minister at Berne Follansbee Pond. _See, also_, Adirondack Club. Forbes, Archibald Forbes, J.M., gives Stillman a commission for a picture France, relations with Italy Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria "Franco, Harry" (pseudonym). _See_ Briggs, C.F. Freeborn, Mr., English banker and friend of Stillman Freeman, Professor Edward A Freemasons in Rome Froude, James Anthony, Stillman's friendship for Fuller, George, Stillman's companion on voyage to England

Gallenga, Mr., Rome correspondent of the _Times_ Garibaldi, Giuseppe Garrick, the ship Garrison, William Lloyd Geissler Pasha, German officer, in Crete General-Admiral, Russian frigate at Crete Geneva, Stillman's visit to "Geodesy," nickname of a professor at Union College George, King of Greece, his character his weakness of action and unpopularity calls Tricoupi to form a ministry Gérôme, the artist Gettysburg, battle of Ghost at Chamounix Gibson, John Gifford, S.R., artist Gilder, Richard Watson Giolitti, Sig., Italian minister Girtin, Thomas, artist Gladstone, W.E., his satisfaction with himself Beaconsfield's banter of Stillman's intercourse with Mr. Walter's dislike of Gnossus Goldsborough, Rear-Admiral "Good Americans, when they die ...," Görgey, Arthur, treason of Gosdanovich, Montenegrin interpreter and traveling companion of Stillman Gray, Judge Gray, Asa Gray, H.P., artist Greece, political affairs in Greek Church, influence of Greeley, Horace, opposes coercion of the South Greene, Colonel W.B. Greene, Mr., English consul at Scutari Greenleaf, Dora Greenough, Horatio, contributes to _The Crayon_ Griffiths, Mr., London picture dealer

Halbherr, Federico, archaeologist Halford, Mr., his collection of pictures Hall, S.C., editor of the _Art Journal_ Hamilton, Alexander _Hamlet and Ophelia_, Rossetti's picture Hamley, General Hancock, Mass Harding, James Duffield, artist Haynes, Mr., accompanies Stillman on his archaeological expedition

_Hector_, Rossetti's picture _Herald_, the New York, correspondence of, from Vienna, during the Exposition; further correspondence. Herzegovina, Stillman's journey to, as _Times_ correspondent; condition of the country during the insurrection; battle at Muratovizza _See also_, Dalmatia _and_ Montenegro. Hibernia, Fla. Hoar, Judge E.R., joins the Adirondack Club; Grant's attorney-general. Hobart Pasha, English admiral at Crete. Hohenlohe, Cardinal. Holland, J.G. Holmes, John. Holmes, Oliver Wendell; Stillman's estimate of. Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. Holmes, Sir William, English consul at Mostar, Herzegovina. Hooker, Mr., secretary of legation at Rome. Hosmer, Harriet. House of the Four Winds. Houssein, Hadji. Howe, Dr. Estes. Howe, Dr. S.G. Howells, William Dean, Stillman's first meeting with; consul at Venice. Hubbard, Richard W., artist. Hudson and Mohawk Railroad, opening of. Hughes, Thomas, Lowell gives Stillman letter to; intercourse with. Humbert, King of Italy, character of his rule and relations with Crispi. Hungarian crown jewels, concealed by Kossuth; schemes for their removal; recovered by the Austrian government. Hungarian politics. _See_ Kossuth, Louis. Hunt, Holman. Hunt, William M. Huntington, Daniel, contributes to _The Crayon_. Hussein Avni.

Ignatieff, General. "Indian Chiefs" of the anti-rent war. Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique. Inman, Henry, artist. International copyright. Ioannides, Dr., in the Cretan insurrection. Irby, Miss. Isle of Wight. Ismael Pasha, Stillman's relations with, during his consulate at Crete; character of his rule; action during the insurrection; his dismissal. Italian politics. Italian prisoners murdered at New Orleans. Ivanovich, General.

Jacque, Charles, artist. "Jack-hunting," James, Henry, father of the novelist, contributes to _The Crayon_ Jay, John, American minister at Vienna. Jesuits. Jews in Newport, R.I. Johnson family, in the Adirondacks. Jonine, Russian agent. _Juliet and her Nurse_, Turner's picture.

Kalepa. Karam, Joseph, prince of the Lebanon. Kaulbach, Wilhelm von. Kestrel, the yacht, Stillman makes use of, about Crete; hired for the voyage "on the track of Ulysses." King, John A. King, Rufus. Kingsley, Charles. Kingsley, Henry. Knapp, Mr., revival preacher. Kolashin. Kossuth, Louis, his tour in America; his intercourse with Stillman. Koumani Kovachevich, Slavonic patriot

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de _Landscape Element, The, in American Poetry_, series of articles by Stillman in _The Crayon_ Landscape in America, lack of picturesqueness in Larcom, Lucy, contributes to _The Crayon_ _Lark, The, and her Young_, fable of Lasithe Laufenburg Lausanne Leighton, Sir Frederick, visits Stillman Lemaître, Frédéric, actor Lenox, James his attempts to obtain Turner's _Téméraire_ possession of another work by Turner Leslie, Sir Charles R., artist _Levant Herald_, Stillman's work upon Leys, Baron Lincoln, Abraham, at the outbreak of the Civil War his understanding of the North in the Mason and Slidell case brief mentions of his assassination Lind, Jenny, fellow-passenger with Stillman from England Linnell, John, artist Ljubibratich, Herzegovinian leader _Llanthony Abbey_, Turner's picture Lloyd, Mr., English consul at Syra Lockwood, Le Grand Longfellow, H.W. Stillman's intercourse with his spiritualism comparison with Emerson Longfellow, Mrs. H.W. Lowell, James Lowell, Charles Lowell, James Russell assists Stillman with _The Crayon_ is appointed a professor at Harvard complimentary dinner to comparison with Holmes Stillman's personal association with and judgment of brief mentions of Lowell, Mrs. James Russell Lumley, Sir John Saville. _See_ Saville, Lord, of Burford. Lyons, Lord, English ambassador at Constantinople

MacDonald, Captain MacDonald, Mr., manager of the _Times_, Stillman's association with Mack, Dr. David Mack, Laura, of Cambridge. _See_ Stillman, Laura, wife of W.J. Mackail, J.W., his life of Morris Macmillan's, evenings at _Magdalene_, Rossetti's picture Mahmoud Pasha, Hungarian general, in Turkish army Mahommed the Arabian, bricabrac dealer Mantz, Paul, French correspondent of _The Crayon_ Marsh, George P., American minister to Italy Marshall, John, surgeon Martins, Professor, French scientist "Mason and Dixon's line" Mason and Slidell, capture of Matanzas, Fla. Maxson, Mr., grandfather of W.J. Stillman Maxson, Eliza Ward. _See_ Stillman, Eliza Ward Maxson Maxson, John, ancestor of W.J. Stillman Maxson, William B., uncle of W.J. Stillman Mayor, Edmond, Crispi's secretary Mazzini, Giuseppe Medun Mehmet Ali, governor-general of Crete Mehmet Pasha Meissonier, Jean Louis Ernst Melos. _See_ Milo Menelek Meskla Metellus, his siege of Canea Milan Millais, Sir John his picture _The Proscribed Royalist_ Stillman meets his facility of execution his influence compared with Rossetti's Millet, J.F., Stillman's meeting with, at Barbizon his work his personal relations with Rousseau appreciation by Americans Millianoff, Marko, Kutchian chief Milnes, Monckton, Stillman makes acquaintance of Milo, Montenegrin hero Milo, the island of Mirko, father of Prince Nicholas _Modern Painters_ Mohawk River Monson, Sir Edward Mont Blanc Montenegro, Princess of Montenegro, Stillman's journey to, as _Times_ correspondent condition and character of the people incidents of travel participation in the Herzegovinian insurrection declaration of war and military operations Russian intervention campaign of 1877 siege of Niksich later visit to the country _See, also_, Herzegovina. Montenegrin women, courage of Monteverde, Colonel Moratsha, Stillman's journey to scene of defeat of Mehemet Ali Pasha Morley, Lord Morris, E. Joy, American minister at Constantinople Morris, William; character of his work and Rossetti's influence upon him Mosier, Joseph Mostar, visit to Mother's influence in forming character of children Moustier, Marquis de Mukhtar Pasha, commands Turkish troops in the Herzegovinian insurrection is replaced by Suleiman Pasha Müller, Max, quoted reviews _The Cretan Insurrection_ with Mrs. Müller, meets Lowell at Stillman's house in London Muratovizza, battle of Murnies Murray, Captain Patrick, commander of the Wizard Mussulman honesty Mustapha Kiritly Pasha, his campaign in Crete his relations with Stillman his recall his execution of Cretans in 1837

Naples, Congress of Naples, King of Napoleon III. Natural selection, theory of Neuchâtel Nevius brothers, missionaries New Orleans, murder of Italian prisoners in New York city the schools of description of, in Stillman's boyhood artist life and journalism in New York politics Newport, R.I., "Seventh-Day Baptists" in Niagara Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro, opposes Herzegovinian insurrection in its early stages Stillman's first audience with his character and appearance his civil list incidents in Stillman's intercourse with unwillingness to take responsibility of a war his conditions refused by Turks relations with Austria his gratitude to Stillman for sympathy aroused by his _Times_ correspondence his opposition to Russian suggestions movements during the war brief mentions of Nicotera, Sig. Niksich, siege of Njegush _Nooning, The_, plan of Norich, Mr. Normandy North Conway, N.H. Norton, Charles Eliot, first meets Stillman contributes to _The Crayon_ friendship with Stillman brief mentions of Nott, Mrs., wife of President Nott Nott, Eliphalet, President of Union College

_Ode to Happiness_ Ogle, Mr., _Times_ correspondent, killed by Turkish troops Omalos Omar Pasha succeeds Mustapha Kiritly in Crete his campaign his recall _On the Track of Ulysses_ Orealuk Orzovensky, Dr. Osman Pasha Ostrog convent of fighting near Owen, Richard Owen, Robert Dale

Page, William, portrait painter, contributes to _The Crayon_ Paget, Admiral Lord Clarence Paget, H.M., accompanies Stillman "on the track of Ulysses" _Palinode_ _Pall Mall Gazette_, Stillman contributes to is dropped from Palmerston, Lord Paris, visits to Parnell case, Stillman's search for evidence connected with Parrot, a pet Parthenios Kelaides, in the Cretan insurrection Pashley, Robert Paul Smith's Hotel Pavlovich, Peko, commands Montenegrin troops in Herzegovinian insurrection, Peirce, Professor Benjamin Pesth Petropoulaki, Grecian officer in Crete Petrovich, "Bozo" (Bozidar) Phi Beta Kappa Society Phoenix Park murders Photiades Pasha, Turkish minister at Athens governor of Crete Photographs of Athenian views, taken by Stillman _Pictures from Appledore_, first part appears in _The Crayon_ Pierce, Franklin Pigeons, immense flocks of Pigott, Mr., his connection with the Parnell case Piperski Celia, convent of Pius IX. Plainfield, N.J. Plamenaz, Montenegrin minister of war Podgoritza Poe, Edgar A., Stillman meets at Church's studio Pope, the, office of Post, Mr., artist Preveli, convent of Princeton, N.Y. Prinsep, Valentine C., visits Stillman Protestant chapel in Rome Protracted meetings. _See_ Revival meetings Psyche, English dispatch boat, at Crete Public School Society in New York Pulzsky, Franz, Kossuth's colleague Puritans, rigor of their rule in Massachusetts Putnam, G.P. Pym, commander of the Assurance Pyne, J.B. his work as a painter influence on Stillman

Quarantine in the Levant

Rachel, the actress Ragusa, affairs in and about during the Herzegovinian insurrection _Rain Dream, A_, first published in _The Crayon_ Randall, Alexander W. Raouf Pasha Raquette River Rarey, John S., impostor using his name Red Cross Society Regnault, Henri Reid, Whitelaw Reinhart, Benjamin F. Reschid Effendi Retimo, Stillman's trip to Revival meetings "Rhode Island and Providence Plantations" Ricotti, General, Italian minister Rieka _Riforma, La_, Crispi's journal Ritchie, Anne Thackeray Robertsbridge, residence at Robilant, General, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Rodich, Baron, governor of Dalmatia Rogers, Mr., ex-officer of the English army Rogers, Randolph Roman Campagna Roman Catholic Church and the public schools character and influence of, in Italy Rome residences in description of civil and political condition immorality in the Catholic Church Pius IX. abolition of American legation at Rosebery, Lady Rosebery, Lord in Rome attitude of his government toward Italy Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, Dante Gabriel Stillman's intercourse with and judgment of Rossetti, Maria Rossetti, Mrs. Gabriele Rossetti, William, English correspondent of _The Crayon_ Stillman's later intercourse with Rossetti family, Stillman's intercourse with Rousseau, Théodore, Stillman's meeting with, at Barbizon his work compared with Turner's Rowse, S.W. his portrait of Emerson remark about Ruskin Rudiní, Marquis di, Italian statesman his action in regard to murder of Italian prisoners in New Orleans fall of his ministry brief mentions Ruggles, Dr. Edward, artist Ruskin, John Stillman's first meeting with further intercourse influence summer in Switzerland with Ruskin, Mrs. John Russia coöperates in Montenegrin affairs declares war against Turkey the campaign unites with France in creating difficulties for Italy in Abyssinia Russian influence in Cretan affairs in Herzegovina in Europe generally Russians, characteristics of the

Sabbatarians. _See_ Seventh-Day Baptists. Sabbath, the St. Augustine, Fla. St. Martin Salisbury, Lord orders withdrawal from negotiations with Italy in reference to occupation of Kassala acknowledges Crispi's services to the cause of European peace renews compact with Italy and Austria vacillation of Sandown Sandwith, T. Humphrey, English consul at Crete Sapunzaki, General Saracco, Sig., Italian Minister of Public Works, Saturday Club Stillman's first attendance at Emerson as a member of Judge Hoar as a member of Sauer, Mr., correspondent of the New York _Herald_ at Vienna Saville, Lord, of Burford Savoy, annexation of Schahin Pasha Schenectady commercial importance of, in early part of the 19th century Stillman's early life and education in Schmidt, Madam, a German refugee Scotch Cameronians in Princeton, N.Y. Scott, General Winfield, urges peaceful separation of North and South Scott, Mrs. Winfield, dies in Rome _Scribner's Monthly_, Stillman's connection with Scutari Sectarian persecution, freedom from, in Rhode Island Seemann, Dr. Selim Pasha Selinos Server Effendi Servia negotiations with Montenegro revolt against Turkey Seventh-Day Baptists Severn, Arthur Seward, William H. his relations with Dr. Nott his influence in New York at the opening of the Civil War position in the Mason and Slidell case sustains Stillman in matter of passports his manner of making appointments dispatch from, to Stillman at Crete consents to Stillman's recall, which, however, is revoked Sexton, Samuel, portrait painter, teacher and friend of Stillman Shawnik Shefket Pasha, inaugurator of the "Bulgarian atrocities" defeated by Lazar Socica recalled Sheridan, Irish patriot Sigourney, Mrs., contributes to _The Crayon_ "Six Greeks, seven captains" Slavery in Florida, as seen by Stillman Small-pox hospital, Newport, R.I. Smalley, E.V., assists Stillman in _Tribune_ correspondence at Vienna Smalley, G.W., European manager of the New York _Tribune_ Socica, Lazar defeats Shefket Pasha at Muratovizza quarrels with Peko Pavlovich joins Peiovich his method of attacking towers Societies, secret, at Union College Sonnino, Sidney, Italian Minister of the Treasury Southerners in Rome Spartali, Marie. _See_ Stillman, Marie, wife of W.J. Spartali, Michael, Greek consul general at London Spelling-matches Sphakia Spiritism, Stillman's investigation of Spuz Stagecoaches, between Albany and Schenectady _Star, The_, John Bright's paper Stead, William T. Stebbing, William Stebbins, Emma Steedman, Commodore Stefan Nemanides, founder of the convent of Moratsha Stephen, Leslie, Stillman's acquaintance with, in London Stephen, Mrs. Leslie Stillman, Alfred, brother of W.J. Stillman, Bella, daughter of W.J. Stillman, Charles H., brother of W.J. Stillman, Effie, daughter of W.J. Stillman, Eliza Ward Maxson, mother of W.J. her early life marriage residence in Schenectady, N.Y. strong religious nature ambitions for her children charity family discipline general character old age death Stillman, George, ancestor of W.J. Stillman, Dr. Jacob, brother of W.J. teaches in De Ruyter, N.Y. takes part in séances Stillman, Joseph, father of W.J. marriage residence in Schenectady, N.Y. opposes his sons' going to college family discipline character death Stillman, Laura, first wife of W.J. engagement marriage winter in Paris return to America remains in Cambridge while Stillman goes to his consulate at Rome rejoins husband life in Crete death Stillman, Lisa, daughter of W.J. Stillman, Marie, second wife of W.J. Stillman, Mrs., sister-in-law of W.J. Stillman, Paul, brother of W.J. Stillman, Russie, son of W.J. his illness his death Stillman, Thomas B., brother of W.J. Stillman, William James early life and training religious experience intellectual slowness love of nature and struggles of conscience runs away from home returns attends school in New York city, living with his eldest brother goes to a school at De Ruyter, N.Y. mental slowness disappears college education decided on by the family continues preparation in Schenectady enters Union College tries teaching a "district school" conflict of will with his father returns to college college life, religious doubts, renewal of acquaintance with a former teacher at De Ruyter begins serious study of art voyage to England life in London visit to Paris returns to America continues painting from nature enlists under Kossuth, and goes to Hungary to carry off the crown jewels studies art in Paris returns to America and continues painting investigates spiritism spends much time in the Adirondacks curious mental experiences takes a studio in New York obtains position of fine-art editor of the _Evening Post_ relations with Bryant with Mr. and Mrs. H.K. Brown conducts _The Crayon_ breaks down in health life in Cambridge and vacations in the Adirondacks betrothal to Miss Mack of Cambridge formal organization of the Adirondack Club, and purchase of tract of land severe illness trip to Florida returns to Cambridge in the Adirondacks goes again to England life in London, conversion to the theory of evolution summer in Switzerland with Ruskin marriage to Miss Mack and winter in Paris, acquaintance with the Browning family excursion to Normandy returns to the United States on account of the Civil War is appointed consul at Rome goes to England, thence to Italy life in Rome journey to America for wife and child dissatisfaction with the Roman consulate transference to Crete journey thither consular life trips about the island journey to and from Rome for wife and children death of T.B. Stillman to Athens on leave of absence photographic work is dismissed from Cretan consulate death of Mrs. Stillman returns to Crete to make consignment of the consulate in accordance with wish of Mehmet Ali, the new governor-general, goes to Constantinople to discuss condition of Crete illness of Russie Stillman, journey to London, and thence to America death of his mother publication of book of photographs undertakes painting again takes position on _Scribner's Monthly_ returns to London,--association with Rossetti and other English artists second marriage literary work for various periodicals continued ill health of Russie Stillman copyright controversy goes to Vienna as correspondent of the _Tribune_ reports Beaconsfleld's Aylesbury speech for the _Herald_ makes journey to America with Russie death of Russie goes to Herzegovina and Montenegro, as correspondent of the _Times_, to report the insurrection there journey through Montenegro and Albania stay at Ragusa goes to England returns to Montenegro goes again to England false reports against his character as a correspondent receives assurance of Gladstone's confidence again returns to Montenegro following the war journey into the Berdas witnesses the taking of Niksich lost in the forest with the prince excursion to Moratsha returns to find that Antivari and Dulcigno have been taken spends the winter in Corfu removes to Florence intercourse with the Brownings and Gladstone exploration of the "track of Ulysses" undertakes expedition for the American Archaeological Institute revisits Crete goes to Athens as _Times_ correspondent returns to Florence is interested in preservation of old buildings letters to London journals pleasures of life in Florence gives up residence on account of prevalence of fevers Mrs. Stillman and younger children return to England, Stillman spends next year in New York, on staff of the _Evening Post_ is appointed representative of the _Times_ for Italy and Greece, with residence at Rome goes to Athens, finding political affairs there in a critical condition breaks down in health and returns to Rome relations with Crispi is sent by the _Times_ to America in quest of evidence connected with the Parnell case revisits the Adirondacks résumé of his connection with the _Times_, to 1889 revisits Montenegro rumor of his assassination in Rome as _Times_ correspondent evolution his religious ideal resigns his position on the _Times_, and settles permanently in England Story, W.W. Suleiman Pasha Sultan, the Sumner, Charles Swedenborg Swinburne, A.C. Switzerland, Stillman's journeyings in Szemere, Bartholomew, colleague of Kossuth

Tanlongo, Sig., director of the Banca Romana Taylor, Bayard, contributes to _The Crayon_ assists Stillman in _Tribune_ correspondence at Vienna Taylor, Tom Tcherniaieff, Russian general, commands Servian army Tennyson, Alfred, writes a sonnet on Montenegrin affairs Theriso Thoemel, Colonel _Three Fishermen_ Tilton, John Rollin, American landscape painter _Times_, prints letter from Stillman on copyright matters correspondence from Herzegovina and Montenegro from Florence from Athens from Rome from New York on the Parnell case résumé of Stillman's connection with his resignation from Tintoret Trebinje "Tree of Judgment" _Tribune_, the New York, Stillman correspondent for, at Vienna Exposition Tricou, M., French consul at Crete Tricoupi, Charilaos, Greek Minister of Foreign Affairs his friendship with Stillman his character and ability course as prime minister Tricoupi family Triple Alliance Trollope, Mrs. Trollope, T. Adolphus, defends Stillman in copyright discussion Trout, Stillman's first capture in Montenegrin streams Troyon, Constant Turkey, her treatment of Crete condition of the empire after the Cretan affair. _See, also_, Herzegovina _and_ Montenegro. Turkish maladministration Turner, Joseph Mallord William Stillman's meeting with criticism of his works his influence on Stillman comparison of his work with Rousseau's appearance through a spiritualist medium scenes painted by him in the Alps his power of composition Tynan, Irish patriot

Union College, Schenectady Utovu, battle of

Vafé Valide, Sultana Van Buren, General, chief commissioner for America at the Vienna Exposition Varnhagen von Ense, Carl August Veloudaki, Costa, Cretan chief Victor Emmanuel II., King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III., King of Italy Victoria, Queen, her attitude towards the United States during the Civil War her visit to Florence Vienna, Stillman visits, as Kossuth's agent Exhibition of 1873 Villari, Pasquale Virchow, Rudolf, Stillman sends skull of Albanian chieftain to Volo Von Keudall, German ambassador at Rome Vrysis Vucidol, battle of Vucotich, father-in-law of Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro Vucovich, the village Vucovich, Voivode, chief of the Wassoivich

Walter, John, of the London _Times_ Ward, Samuel, of Rhode Island Ward, Samuel G., of Boston "Ward schools" Warner, Charles Dudley, early friend of Stillman Washington monument, stone for, sent from Rome Wassiltchikoff, Russian friend of Stillman Waterloo, battlefield of Watts, G.F., Stillman's first meeting with Waverley Oaks Wehnert, Edward, artist and friend of Stillman in London Wells, Mrs. Whipple, E.P. _White Lady_, Rossetti's picture White Mountains Whittier, John G. Williams, Roger, his colony in Rhode Island Wilson, John, artist and teacher of phonography, gives Stillman drawing lessons. _Wind Harp, The_ Winsor, Justin, contributes to _The Crayon_ Wizard, English gunboat, at Crete Woodley, Mr., American consul at Corfu Woodman, Horatio Wyman, Jeffries

Yates, Edmund, correspondent of the New York _Herald_ at Vienna Yewell, Mr., Stillman takes studio with, in Paris Young, John Russell, correspondent of the New York _Herald_ at Vienna Yvon, Adolphe Stillman enters studio of his work

Zanardelli, rival of Crispi in 1893 Ziem, Félix Zimbrakaki, commander of Greek volunteers in Crete Zschokke, Johann H.D. Zupa, monastery of