Part 13

_August 11th._--Nothing to record of the night and early morning, save that both were fine, and that the capstan took in the iron fishing-line easily till 5·20 a.m., ship’s time, when the grapnel came up to the bows. The cause of the failure was at once explained: the grapnel could not have caught the Cable, because in going down, or in dragging at the bottom, the chain of the shank had caught round one of the flukes. From the condition of the rope it was calculated that we were in only 1,950 fathoms of water, for nearly 500 fathoms of it were covered with the grey ooze of the bottom. The collectors scraped away at the precious gathering all the morning, and for a time forgot their sorrows.

It was now a dead calm, and Mr. Canning mustered his forces for another attempt for the Cable! He overhauled the wire rope, and exorcised hawsers out of crypts all over the ship.

“Hope lives eternal in the human breast.”

Although the previous trials, with better gear, had proved unsuccessful; although the tackle now used was a thing of shreds and patches; although Mr. Canning and others said, “We are going to make this attempt because it is our duty to exhaust every means in our power,” and thereby implied they had little or no confidence of success; there was scarcely a man in the ship who did not think “there is just a chance,” and who would not have made the endeavour had the matter been left to his own decision. It was some encouragement to ascertain that there were only 1,950 fathoms of water below us. It was argued that, if the Cable could be broken at the bight, another drift about a mile from the loose end would be certain to succeed, as the loose end would twist round the eastward portion of the Cable, and come up at a diminished strain to the surface. A grapnel with a shorter shank was selected for the next trial. The cablemen were set to work to coil down the new rope and hawsers between a circular enclosure, formed by uprights on the deck behind the capstan. Ropemakers and artificers examined the rope which had been already used. They served the injured strands with yarn, renewed portions chafed to death, tested bolts and shackles and swivels, and bent on new lengths of rope and hawser, whilst the ship was proceeding to take up her position for another demonstration against the Cable. The line now employed, the last left in the ship, was a thing of shreds and patches. It consisted of 1,600 fathoms of wire rope, 220 fathoms of hemp, and 510 fathoms of Manilla hawser, of which 1,760 fathoms could be depended upon, the rest being “suspicious.” The morning was not very fine; but the wind was light, and on the whole favourable, and the only circumstance to cause doubt or uneasiness was the current, the influence of which could not be determined. The observations of the officers rendered it doubtful whether the buoy No. 2 had drifted, and it was rather believed that in the interval between the breaking of the grapnel and the letting-go of the buoy, the Great Eastern herself had drifted from the place, and thus caused the apparent discrepancy in position. At 7·45 a.m. the ship was alongside buoy No. 2 once more, and thence proceeded to an advantageous bearing for drifting down on the Cable with her grapnel. The Terrible kept about two miles away, regarding our operations with a melancholy interest. At 11·30 a.m., ship’s time, the Great Eastern signalled “We are going to make a final effort,” and soon afterwards, “We are sorry you have had such uncomfortable waiting.” At 1·56 p.m., Greenwich time, when buoy No. 2 was bearing E. by N. about two miles, the ship’s head being W. and by S., the grapnel was let go, and soon reached the bottom, as the improvements in the machinery and capstan enabled the men to pay it out at the rate of fifty fathoms a minute. The fore-and-aft canvas was set, to counteract the force of the current, and the Great Eastern drifted to N.E, right across the Cable, before a light breeze from S.W. At first there was only a strain of 42 cwt. shown, and the ship went quite steadily and slowly towards the Cable. At 3·30 p.m. the strain increased, and then the Great Eastern gave some little sign of feeling a restraint on her actions from below, her head describing unsteady lines from W.N.W. to W. by S. The screw engines were gently brought into play to keep her head to the wind. The machinery and capstan, which had been put in motion some time previously to haul in the grapnel cable, now took it in easily and regularly, except when a shackle or swivel jarred it for a moment. Every movement of the ship was most keenly watched, till the increasing strain on the dynamometer showed that the same grip on the bottom which had twice turned the head of the Great Eastern, was again placed on the grapnel she was dragging along the bottom of the Atlantic. The index of the dynamometer rose: it marked 60 cwt., then it jerked up to 65 cwt., then it reached 70 cwt., then 75 cwt.: at last its iron finger pointed to 80 cwt. It was too much to stand by and witness the terrible struggle between the crisping, yielding hawser, which was coming in fast, the relentless iron-clad capstan, and the fierce resolute power in the black sea, which seemed endued with demoniacal energy as it tugged and swerved to and fro on the iron hook. But it was beyond peradventure that the Atlantic Cable had been hooked and struck, and was coming up from its oozy bed. What alternations of hope and fear--what doubts, what sanguine dreams, dispelled by a moment’s thought, only to revive again! What need to say how men were agitated on board the ship? There was in their breasts, those who felt at all, that intense quiet excitement with which we all attend the utterance of a supreme decree, final and irrevocable. Some remained below in the saloons--fastened their eyes on unread pages of books, or gave expression to their feelings in fitful notes from piano or violin. Others went aft to the great Sahara of deck where all was lifeless now, and whence the iron oasis had vanished. Some walked to and fro in the saloon; others paced the deck amidships. None liked to go forward, where every jar of the machinery, every shackle that passed the drum, every clank, made their hearts leap into their mouths. Captain Anderson, Mr. Canning, Mr. Clifford, and the officers and men engaged in working the ship and taking in the grapnel, were in the bows of course, and shared in the common anxiety. At dinner-time 500 fathoms of grapnel rope had been taken in, and the strain was mounting beyond 82 cwt. Nothing else could be talked of. The boldest ventured to utter the words “Heart’s Content” and “Newfoundland” once more. All through the unquiet meal we could hear the shrill whistle through the acoustic tube from the bow to the bridge, which warned the quartermasters to stop, reverse, or turn ahead the screw engines to meet the exigencies of the strain on the grapnel rope. The evening was darkling and raw. At 6·30 I left the saloon, and walked up and down the deck, under the shelter of the paddle-box, glancing forward now and then to the bow, to look at the busy crowd of engineers, sailors, and cablemen gathered round the rope coming in over the drum, which just rose clear of one of the foremasts, and listening to the warning shouts as the shackles came inboard, and hurtled through the machinery till they floundered on the hurricane deck.

About 20 minutes had elapsed when I heard the whistle sound on the bridge, and at the same time saw one of the men running aft anxiously. “There’s a heavy strain on now, sir,” he said. I was going forward, when the whistle blew again, and I heard cries of “Stop it!” or “Stop her!” in the bows, shouts of “Look out!” and agitated exclamations. Then there was silence. I knew at once all was over. The machinery stood still in the bows, and for a moment every man was fixed, as if turned to stone. There, standing blank and mute, were the hardy constant toilers, whose toil was ended at last. Our last bolt was sped. Just at the moment the fracture took place, Staff-Commander Moriarty had come up from his cabin to announce that he was quite certain, from his calculations, that the vessel had dragged over the Cable in a most favourable spot. It was 9·40 p.m., Greenwich time, and 765 fathoms had been got in, leaving little more of the hempen tackle to be recovered, when a shackle came in and passed through the machinery, and at the instant the hawser snapped as it was drawn to the capstan, and, whistling through the air like a round shot, would have carried death in its course through the crowded groups on the bows, but for the determination with which the men at the stoppers held on to them, and kept the murderous end straight in its career, as it sped back to the Atlantic. It was scarcely to be hoped that it had passed harmlessly away. Mr. Canning and others rushed forward, exclaiming, “Is any one hurt?” ere the shout “It is gone!” had subsided. The battle was over! Then the first thought was for the wounded and the dead, and God be thanked for it, there were neither to add to the grief of defeat. Nigh two miles more of iron coils, and wire, and rope were added to the entanglement of the great labyrinth made by the Great Eastern in the bed of the ocean. In a few seconds every man knew the worst. The bow was deserted, and all came aft and set about their duties. Mr. Clifford, with the end of a hempen hawser in his hand, torn in twain as though it were a roll of brown paper--Mr. Canning already recovered from the shock, and giving orders to stow away what had come up from the sea--Captain Anderson directing the chief engineer to get up steam, and prepare for an immediate start.

The result was signalled to the Terrible, which came down to us, and as she was bound to St John’s to take in coals to enable her to return to England, all who had business or friends in America prepared their dispatches for her boat. The wind and sea were rising, as if anxious to hurry us from the scene of the nine days’ struggle. The Great Eastern’s head was already turned westwards. All were prompt to leave the spot which soon would bear no mark of the night and day long labours--for the buoys which whirled up and down and round in the seaway would probably become waifs and strays on the ocean, and all that was left of the expedition for a time were the entries in log books--“Lat. 51° 24´ Long. 38° 59´; end of Cable down N. 50 W. 1¾ mile”--and such memories as animate men who, having witnessed brave fights with adverse fortune, are encouraged thereby to persevere, in the sure conviction that the good work will in the end be accomplished. It was wild and dark when Lieutenant Prowse set off to regain his ship. The flash of a gun from the Terrible to recall her cutter lighted up the gloom, and the glare of an answering blue light, burned by the boat, revealed for an instant the hull of the man-of-war on the heaving waters. There was a profound silence on board the Big Ship. She struggled against the helm for a moment as though she still yearned to pursue her course to the west, then bowed her head to the angry sea in admission of defeat, and moved slowly to meet the rising sun. The signal lanterns flashed from the Terrible, “Farewell!” The lights from our paddle-box pierced the night, “Good-by! Thank you,” in sad acknowledgment. Then each sped on her way in solitude and darkness.

The progress of the undertaking excited the utmost interest, not only in Great Britain, but over all the civilised world. Twice a day the telegraph at Foilhummerum spread to all parts of the earth a brief account of the doings of the Great Ship. Almost as soon as one of the unexpected impediments which marred the successful issue of the enterprise arose, the public were informed of it, and could mark on the map the spot where sailor, engineer, and electrician were engaged in their work on the bosom of the wide Atlantic ere their labours were over. The Great Eastern’s position could be traced on the chart, and the course of the Cable, in its unseen resting-place, could be followed from day to day. The “faults” caused more surprise perhaps on shore than on board, because those engaged in paying-out the Cable were re-assured by the certainty with which the faults were detected, and the comparative facility with which the Cable was taken up from the sea. Although the various delays which occurred produced some discouragement and uneasiness among those who had worked so hard and embarked so much in the grand project, the ease with which communication was restored as often as it was injured or interrupted by faults and dead earth, inspired confidence in the eventual success of the attempt. But only those actually witnesses of the wonderful facility with which the Cable was paid out felt the conviction that the Cable could be laid. The public only knew the general results, and did not appreciate properly the nature of the difficulties to which the frustration of their hopes was due. When the last fault occurred, the electricians at Valentia were left without any precise indications of the nature of the obstruction, or of the proceedings of those on board; but they actually calculated within a few fathoms the exact locality of the injury; and when the end of the Cable sank into the depths of the ocean, the practical wizards of Foilhummerum could tell where it was to be found, though they could not see and could not hear. When all communication ceased with the Great Eastern no uneasiness was excited, because a similar event had occurred before for many hours, and the ship spoke after all. But hour after hour passed away on leaden wings, and day followed day, and the needle was still, and the light moved not in the darkened chamber at Foilhummerum. It may be conceived with what solicitude the men, in whose watchfulness all the sleeping and waking world were interested, looked out for some sign of the revival of the current in the dull veins of the subtle mechanism.

The directors and shareholders of the two companies represented something more than the enormous stake they had put in the undertaking. Their feelings were shared by the mass of the people, and Her Majesty was animated by the same solicitude as her subjects. For there had been prophets of evil before the expedition sailed, and now their voices were raised again, and found credence among those who distrusted the magnificent ship which was then calmly breasting the billows of the Atlantic--the envy of her guardians--as well as among the class whose normal condition is despair of every scheme, good, useful, novel, or great. The newspapers began to admit speculations and argumentative letters into their columns, and although the original articles did not indicate any apprehension of a catastrophe, it was evident the public mind was becoming uneasy. The feeling increased. The correspondence augmented in volume, and, let it be said, in wildness of conjecture and unsoundness of premises and conclusions. Those who were inclined to believe that the Great Eastern had gone to the bottom were comforted by the reflection that the two men-of-war would save those who were on board. Had they known that the Sphinx had disappeared, and that the Great Eastern was much better able to help the Terrible, in a time of watery trouble, than the Terrible would be to aid her, they would have despaired indeed.

All the while those on board engaged in their work--grappling and lifting, drifting and sailing--were enjoying themselves as far as the uncertainty attendant on their work would allow them, and were in a state of repose barely disturbed, as the time wore on, by surmises that people at home might begin to entertain doubts as to what had become of the expedition. Even these speculations would have had no agitating influence had the electricians on board communicated with the shore before they cut the end of the Cable on the last occasion. It would have surprised and amused officers and crew if they could have known that the vessel, which they were never tired of praising and admiring, was pronounced by eminent engineers to need strengthening; that she had sunk in the middle, or had fagged; or if they could have read confident assertions that the grand fabric in which they were so comfortably lodged and entertained and borne was unsafe and radically faulty; that good authorities had declared she was hogged. Undoubtedly there were grounds of anxiety, but none for anticipations and predictions of the worst. It would not be fair to omit to mention that in some instances the most correct and close conjectures were made concerning the position of the ship and the work in which she was engaged, as well as the causes of the long-continued silence. Several letters appeared, in which the writers tried, with singular justice of reasoning, to stem the current of alarm. The press generally abstained from any adverse speculations; but it was rather behind the public feeling in that respect. It cannot be denied that the news-agent who hailed the Great Eastern at Crookhaven with the words, “We did not know what to make of you. Many think you went down,” expressed the conviction of a great number of persons all over the kingdom, on the 17th August.

Early on the morning of that day the Great Eastern came in sight of land, and soon after 7 o’clock a.m. steamed into Crookhaven, to land a few passengers and to communicate with the telegraph station at that solitary and romantic spot. Ere noon the news of the safety of the ship relieved many an anxious thought, silenced many a tongue and pen, and dissipated many a gloomy apprehension. It may be said that the return of the Great Eastern was a subject of national rejoicing. Every newspaper in the kingdom contained articles on the topic. The narrative of the voyage, which was written on board, and sent to all the principal journals before the Great Eastern arrived at the Nore, so that the public were at once placed in possession of every fact connected with the proceedings, almost simultaneously, was read with the utmost avidity, and when the facts were known, all men concurred in the justice of the leading articles which, without exception of note, drew fresh hopes of success from the record of the causes which led to the interruption of the enterprise. The energy, skill, and resolution displayed in the attempt to recover the Cable were admitted and praised on all hands. But what most excited attention was the fact that the Cable had actually been hooked three times at a depth of two nautical miles, and carried up halfway to the top. The most sceptical were convinced when they became aware of the hard material evidence on that point. Next in point of interest perhaps was the conduct of the Great Eastern herself. A great revulsion of sentiment took place in favour of the vessel which had hitherto been unfortunate in her management, or in the conditions under which she had been tried.

Whilst the most profound ignorance respecting the fate of the Great Eastern prevailed, an Extraordinary General Meeting of the Atlantic Telegraph Company was held on 8th August, in pursuance of a notice issued on 24th July previous, to consider the expediency of converting into Consolidated Eight per Cent. Preferential Stock the Eight per Cent. Preferential Capital of the Atlantic Telegraph Company, consisting of 120,000 shares of 5_l._ each, and of converting into Ordinary Consolidated Stock the whole of the Ordinary Share Capital, consisting of 350 shares of the par value of 1000_l._, and 5,463 shares of the par value of 20_l._, and to issue either in ordinary stock or in shares the sum of 137,140_l._ of ordinary capital, authorised at the Extraordinary General Meeting of March 31st, 1864, and agreed to be issued in instalments fully paid up, to the contractors from time to time after the successful completion of their contract.

The directors also gave notice that they intended to seek authority from the shareholders to issue such amounts of new capital as may be required for the construction and laying of a second Atlantic Telegraph Cable under powers of their Act of Parliament, and to attach to such capital such privileges and such advantages and conditions as might be determined. The Right Hon. J. S. Wortley, chairman, who has exhibited unshaken confidence and untiring energy in the post he occupies, had a difficult task before him, but even then he could exhort his hearers to courage and perseverance. As he well said, “But there are two things from which we may derive considerable consolation. This great enterprise has been the subject of discussion in every civilised nation in the world. The eyes of science have been fixed upon it; and the acuteness of criticism has been brought to bear on it. We have had our detractors, and there have been sceptics; and what are the two main points on which they have founded their scepticism? One is, that the great depth of nearly three miles must bring extraordinary pressure on the Cable, must injure it by perforating the covering, and must in fact destroy the insulation. The other point was the impossibility, as they contended, of communicating intelligible signals through so great a length, or ‘leap’ as they term it, as 1,600 miles. But we had a scientific committee, who made experiments, and who assured themselves that there was nothing in either of those objections; and now we have in addition the much more practical and valuable proof of experience. What are the facts? Some days before the interruption of the messages the Great Eastern passed over the deepest portion of the ocean (with one slight exception) which we have to traverse between Europe and America. She passed safely over a depth of 2,400 fathoms, telegraphing perfect signals. This entirely disproves and refutes the first objection and doubt which existed in the minds of those sceptical gentlemen, because the Cable was laid in great depths, varying from 1,500 to 2000, fathoms, and even in 2,400 fathoms; and so far from the great pressure at that depth injuring the Cable, the Company’s signals appear from their telegrams to have improved every yard they went; and the signals through 2,400 fathoms of water were as perfect as, if not more perfect than, those at a less depth. That is in confirmation of the old Cable having worked at those depths. Then I say that our scientific committee, and those who said that the pressure would not have an injurious effect, have been fully borne out; and that the result has proved that, so far from injuring it, pressure improves the Cable. In spite of these facts, I see here a communication from a gentleman to one of the public journals only yesterday, in which he says, that looking at the pressure of a column of water equal to so many atmospheres, it must destroy the Cable; and he adds with confidence, that the Cable must be at the present moment a perfect wreck! And then he says that the Company never made experiments to satisfy themselves what this number of atmospheres would do to the Cable. He writes in perfect ignorance, that the scientific committee has the means afforded them by this Company of applying a weight of 6000lb. to the square inch; but after having proceeded to a certain extent with that experiment, and tried a very large amount of pressure, and finding that the Cable, so far from deteriorating, was improved by the compression of its elements, they thought it unnecessary to carry the experiments further. And now we have the result to corroborate their views.”