CHAPTER XXVI.

CAMEO PRINTS.

At one time there was a rage amongst photographers to produce cameos, and, for this purpose, a special piece of apparatus was required to produce the embossing. The figure will explain it.

The print, after mounting, was enamelled by coating a plate with collodion--as described above--and a thin film of liquid gelatine applied. In some cases the carte itself was gelatinized, dried, and damped, and placed in contact with the collodion film. The carte was placed face downwards on the gelatine, and placed under pressure till quite dry. It was then removed, and bore on its surface a high gloss caused by the collodion. It was then ready for embossing, which was effected by placing it in the above apparatus.

Some people like the style; and it will be seen that great variety in it may be made by printing sufficient depth of border round the cameo; but, for our own part, we think that, in an art point of view, they are decidedly vulgar; and besides which, the surface of the cameo is readily scratched, since it is raised. We only give a brief account of what has been done in this direction, not to encourage its adoption, but rather to caution the photographer.

APPENDIX.

REDUCTION OF OVER-EXPOSED PRINTS.

Mr. England writes as follows to the Photographic Journal, and we can unhesitatingly say that the method of reducing an over-printed proof is excellent.

"A simple and certain method of reducing over-printed proofs has been one of the wants long felt by all photographers. It is well known that in every photographic establishment even the most careful printers cannot always be sure of getting the exact depth of tone required, and proofs occasionally get over-printed. Of course prevention is better than cure; but, when a remedy is necessary, the method I am about to describe answers admirably. I tried a great many experiments before I succeeded to my satisfaction. I found that cyanide of potassium totally destroyed the print, even when used moderately strong. By using a weaker solution it was well under control, and the exact depth could be readily obtained; but during the washing to remove the cyanide the action of the latter continued, and spoiled every proof. I then tried several methods to arrest the action of the cyanide, but without success. It then occurred to me to use the cyanide in such a weak state that but little should be held in the paper, only sufficient to reduce the print to the required depth; for this purpose I made a bath of only four drops of saturated solution of cyanide to a pint of water. The prints immersed at first showed no signs of getting lighter, but after about an hour the most perfect results had been obtained with prints considerably over-printed. With lighter pictures a less time is required. Proofs treated in this way lose nothing of their tone during the after-washing, which should be thoroughly done, and, when dry, retain all the brilliancy of an ordinary print."

The plan of using cyanide has, we know, often been proposed, but with no success until, we believe, Mr. W. Brooks gave a formula which worked successfully with him.

Another plan, proposed by Mr. L. Warnerke, for effecting the same thing is the use of ferric sulphate. A weak solution is prepared, and the print immersed in it. The reduction takes place rapidly, but evenly.

We need scarcely say that it is better not to have to use either of these remedies, by avoiding over-printing; but as mistakes will occur, it is evident that the above will be of use at times.

UTILIZATION OF SILVER RESIDUES.

All paper or solutions in which there is silver should be saved, as it has been proved by experience that from 50 to 75 per cent. of the whole of the silver used can be recovered by rigid adherence to the careful storage of "wastes."

1. All prints should be trimmed, if practicable, before toning and fixing; in all cases these clippings should be collected. When a good basketful of them is collected, these, together with the bits of blotting-paper attached to the bottom end of sensitized paper during drying, and that used for the draining of plates, should be burnt in a stove, and the ashes collected. These ashes will naturally occupy but a small space in comparison with the paper itself. Care should be taken that the draught from the fire is not strong enough to carry up the ashes.

2. All washings from prints, waters used in the preparation of dry plates, all baths, developing solutions (after use), and old toning baths, should be placed in a tub, and common salt added. This will form silver chloride.

3. The old hyposulphite baths used in printing should be placed in another tub. To this the potassium sulphide of commerce may be added. Silver sulphide is thus formed.

4. To No. 1 nitric acid may be added, and the ashes boiled in it till no more silver is extracted by it. The solution of silver nitrate thus produced is filtered off through white muslin, and put aside for further treatment, when common salt is added to it to form chloride, and added to No. 2.

5. The ashes may still contain silver chloride. This may be dissolved out by adding a solution of sodium hyposulphite, and adding the filtrate No. 3.

6. No. 2, after thoroughly drying, may be reduced to metallic silver in a reducing crucible[30] by addition of two parts of sodium carbonate and a little borax to one of the silver chloride. These should be well mixed together, and placed in the covered crucible in a coke fire, and gradually heated. If the operator be in possession of one of Fletcher's gas furnaces he can employ it economically, and with far less trouble than using the fire. (It is supplied with an arrangement for holding crucibles, which is useful for the purpose.) After a time, on lifting off the cover, it will be found that the silver is reduced to a metallic state. After all seething has finished, the crucible should be heated to a white heat for a quarter of an hour. The molten silver should be turned out into an iron pan (previously rubbed over with plumbago to prevent the molten metal spirting), and immersed in a pail of water. The washing should be repeated till nothing but the pure silver remains.

The silver hyposulphite, having been reduced to the sulphide by the addition of the potassium sulphide, is placed in a crucible, and subjected to a white heat; the sulphur is driven off, and the silver remains behind.

Another method of reducing silver chloride to the metallic state is by placing it in water slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid together with granulated zinc. The zinc is attacked, evolving hydrogen, which, in its turn, reduces the silver chloride to the metallic state, and forming hydrochloric acid. After well washing, the silver may be dissolved up in nitric acid.

Yet another method is to take sugar of milk and a solution of crude potash, when the silver is rapidly reduced. This requires careful washing, and it is well to heat the metal to a dull red heat to get rid of any adherent and insoluble organic matter which may have been formed, before dissolving it in nitric acid.

TO PRINT FROM WEAK AND HARD NEGATIVES.

Should a negative be found very hard, a slight modification of the sensitizing solution will be found beneficial, supposing the ordinary paper is to be used.

Silver nitrate 30 grains Water 1 ounce

The negative should in this case be printed in the sun. The more intense the light, the less contrast there will be in the print, as the stronger light more rapidly effects a change in the albuminate than if subjected to weaker diffused light. The reason for the reduction in quantity of the silver nitrate in the solution is given on page 15.

To print from a weak negative, the sensitizing solution should be:--

Silver nitrate 80 grains Water 1 ounce

The printing should take place in the shade; the weaker the negative, the more diffused the light should be.

If a negative be dense, but all the gradations of light and shade be perfect, the strong bath, and, if, possible, a strongly-salted paper, should be used. The printing should take place in sunlight.

TO MAKE GOLD TRI-CHLORIDE [AU CL_{3}].

Place a half-sovereign (which may contain silver as well as copper) in a convenient vessel; pour on it half a drachm of nitric acid, and mix with it two-and-a-half drachms of hydrochloric acid; digest at a gentle heat, but do not boil, or probably the chlorine will be driven off. At the expiration of a few hours add a similar quantity of the acids. Probably this will be sufficient to dissolve all the gold. If not, add acid the third time; all will have been dissolved by this addition, excepting, perhaps, a trace of silver, which will have been deposited by the excess of hydrochloric acid as silver chloride. If a precipitate should have been formed, filter it out, and wash the filter paper well with distilled water. Take a filtered solution of ferrous sulphate (eight parts water to one of iron) acidulated with a few drops of hydrochloric acid, and add the gold solution to it; the iron will cause the gold alone to deposit as metallic gold, leaving the copper in solution. By adding the gold solution to the iron the precipitate is not so fine as if added _vice versa_. Let the gold settle, and pour off the liquid; add water, and drain again, and so on till no acid is left, testing the washings by litmus paper. Take the metallic gold which has been precipitated, re-dissolve in the acids as before, evaporate to dryness on a water bath (that is, at a heat not exceeding 212° F.) The resulting substance is the gold tri-chloride. To be kept in crystals this should be placed in glass tubes hermetically sealed. For non-commercial purposes it is convenient to dissolve it in water (one drachm to a grain of gold). Ten grains of gold dissolved yield 15.4 grains of the salt. Hence if ten grains have been dissolved, 15.4 drachms of water must be added to give the above strength.

TO MAKE SILVER NITRATE.

Silver coins are mostly alloyed with tin or copper. In both cases the coin should be dissolved in nitric acid diluted with twice its bulk of water. If tin be present there will be an insoluble residue left of stannic oxide. The solution should be evaporated down to dryness, re-dissolved in water, filtered, and again evaporated to dryness. It will then be fit for making up a bath. If copper be present, the solution must be treated with silver oxide.

The silver oxide thus formed is added, little by little, till the blue or greenish colour has entirely disappeared. This will precipitate the copper oxide from the copper nitrate, setting free the nitric acid, which, in its turn, will combine with the silver oxide. The copper will fall as a black powder mixed with any excess of silver oxide there may be. Take one or two drops of the solution in a measure, and add a drachm of water, and then add ammonia to it till the precipitate first formed is re-dissolved. If no blue colour is apparent, the substitution of the silver for the copper is complete; if not, more silver oxide must be added till the desired end is attained. Distilled water must next be added till the strength of the bath is that required. This can be tested by the argentometer.

If to a solution of silver nitrate a solution of potash be added, a precipitate will be formed. This is the silver oxide. The potash should be added till no further precipitation takes place. The oxide should be allowed to settle, the supernatant fluid be decanted off (a syphon arrangement is very convenient), and fresh distilled water added to it. This, in its turn, after the oxide has been well stirred, should be decanted off. The operation should be repeated five or six times, to ensure all nitrate of potash being absent, though its presence does not matter for a printing bath, since this or some other nitrate is formed when the paper is floated.

THE END.

FOR Photographic Stock and Apparatus, Artists' Materials, etc.,

_Send your orders to the_

MAMMOTH STOCK HOUSE _OF_ W. R. REID,

352 & 354 Euclid Avenue, CLEVELAND, OHIO.

Entrekin's Enamellers, Weston's Burnishers, Magee's Nitrate Silver, and other Chemicals, Photo-Chrome Outfits, Convex Glass, oval and square, Card size to 10 x 12, Webster's Transparent Water Colors, Parlor Paste, Velvet Frames, Square and Oval Walnut Frames, Mouldings and Linings. SOLAR PRINTING.

MANUFACTURER OF

_Reid's New Negative and Ferrotype Collodion, Reid's New Negative and Ferrotype Varnish, Reid's Brilliant and Extra Brilliant Non-blistering Albumen Paper._

No charge for packing boxes. Write for price-list.

Special prices to large buyers and cash customers.

JAS. H. SMITH

_Wholesale Dealer in_

PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS, Picture Frames, Mouldings.

Albums, Brackets, Mats, Picture Cord, Glass, Patent Window Cornices, etc.

OUTFITS A SPECIALTY.

Second-hand Apparatus, Lenses etc., Bought, Sold or Exchanged.

_BEST GOODS AT LOWEST PRICES._

26 SOUTH FIFTH STREET, QUINCY, ILL.

Send for Price-Lists.

A. M. COLLINS, SON & CO.

Manufacturers of all kinds of CARDS AND CARDBOARDS FOR PHOTOGRAPHERS

WAREHOUSE: No. 527 Arch Street PHILADELPHIA

28,000 square feet of Floor room. The largest force of Employees. Largest Stock in the United States.

HIRAM J. THOMPSON, JOBBER IN PICTURE FRAMES, MOULDINGS, MIRRORS, ALBUMS, PICTURES, AND PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS.

No. 259 Wabash Ave., CHICAGO.

Send for my late Catalogue.

Photographic Enlargements BY THE PLATINOTYPE PROCESS. DONE WITH THE Electric Light.

The Platinotype Prints are characterized by a _Beautiful Tone, Perfection of Detail, Pure Whites, and ABSOLUTE PERMANENCE._

By the use of the Electric Light we are enabled to proceed without regard to the weather, and can fill orders _promptly_ without the delays usually attending Solar Printing.

Send for Price-Lists.

THOS. H. McCOLLIN, _631 ARCH STREET_, (Dealer in all Photographic Supplies.) PA. PHILADELPHIA, PA.

_THE OLD RELIABLE!_

P. SMITH & CO., NO. 121 WEST FIFTH STREET, CINCINNATI, OHIO. AND BRANCH AT NO. 6 EAST BROAD STREET, COLUMBUS, OHIO.

WHERE _The Amateur and the Professional Photographer_ WILL FIND EVERYTHING

=Requisite for either the WET or the DRY PLATE PROCESS.=

_Dry Plates and Outfits in Great Variety._

_Velvet Frames, etc., etc., etc._

MULLETT BROS., DEALERS IN Photographic Supplies. 518 WALNUT ST., KANSAS CITY, MO.

Western Photographers! look to your interests, and purchase your stock and apparatus at the Kansas City Stock House, thereby avoiding heavy freight bills and a great loss of time.

_In addition to a full line of Photo. Supplies, we have also a large variety of_

ALBUMS, SILK VELVET FRAMES, PICTURE CORD AND NAILS, CONVEX GLASS, MATTS, ETC., ETC.

Photographers in the East contemplating moving West will find it to their interests to purchase their goods here, thereby saving a great expense in shipping.

Having more than doubled our capital and room, we are now able to compete in _price_ and _variety_ of goods with _any_ house West of N. Y. Send a trial order and be convinced.

Prompt and careful attention to all orders.

MILWAUKEE.

GUSTAVUS BODE, Northwestern Photographic Warehouse and Chemical Laboratory, 11 Spring St., Milwaukee, Wis.

A FULL LINE OF PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS AND ARTISTS' MATERIALS,

--EMBRACING--

_Apparatus, Chemicals, Glass, Albumenized Papers, Frames, Albums, Views, etc._

English, German and American Oil Colors, and all Materials used in the Fine Arts.

SPECIALTY.

Nitrate of Silver and Chloride of Gold made for photographic purposes. Gold and Silver Wastes refined. Satisfaction guaranteed.

SEND FOR PRICE-LIST.

BUFFALO PHOTOGRAPHIC WAREHOUSE. David Tucker & Co. Photographers' Supplies.

410 MAIN ST. BUFFALO, N. Y. DAVID TUCKER. S. B. BUTTS

_1860 National Photographic Emporium. 1881_

205 W. Baltimore Street, BALTIMORE, MD.

RICHARD WALZL, Proprietor.

Dry Plate Outfits a Specialty,

All the latest novelties in connection with the improved Dry-plate Processes furnished at the shortest notice.

_Any Photographer_ who wants _Lenses_, _Cameras_, _Camera Stands_, _Backgrounds_, _Chemicals_, _Glass_, _Albumen Paper_ or in fact _any Photographic Goods_, should send for our price-list and be convinced that it is to their interest to send their orders to us direct. A trial order will convince the most skeptical.

Photography in all its Branches for the Trade.

Expert Artists employed on the premises enable us to make this branch a great feature, and we can always guarantee satisfaction.

Our Practical Photographic Publications are unequalled. See testimonials in _Photographer's Friend._ Price-list sent free to any photographer.

OUR NEW LENSES ARE THE SENSATION OF THE DAY--and the prices are so moderate they will astonish you. You can try our lenses before you buy them. If you want anything in the photographic line, address

RICHARD WALZL, BALTIMORE, MD.

PA. PITTSBURGH, PA.

JOHN I. SHAW, _Successor to J. W. Morrison_,

MANUFACTURER AND DEALER IN _Photographic Materials, Cameras, etc., etc._,

Nos. 10 & 12 Sixth Street, PITTSBURGH, PA.

_Mouldings, Albums, Oval, Square and Arch Top Frames, Velvet and Combination Frames._

Photographic Dry Plates and Outfits for Amateurs and Professionals.

Everything required in the practice of Photography in all its forms.

JOHN I. SHAW, PITTSBURGH, PA.

W. J. HAZENSTAB'S NEW PHOTOGRAPHIC STOCK HOUSE, 406 Market Street, St. Louis, Mo.

Is now opened and prepared to fill all orders for

PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS, _At Bed Rock Prices for Cash._ _General Outfits for Galleries a Specialty._

_Remember I Carry in Stock_:

Am. Opt. Co's Camera Boxes and Stand, Success Camera Boxes, Sam. Peck & Co.'s Camera Boxes, Voigtlander & Son's Portrait Lenses, Darlot's Portrait Lenses, Darlot's Quick-Working Portrait Lenses, Darlot's View Lenses, Also the Celebrated Peerless Portrait Lenses, known for their Rapidity and Depth.

_And a Large Assortment of_ CARD STOCK.

ALSO AGENT FOR _CRAMER & NORDEN'S DRY PLATES, EASTMAN'S DRY PLATES, CARBUTT'S DRY PLATES_.

Large Assortment of Frames and Mats at very low prices.

Small Expense in carrying on my business enables me to sell for less money.

--> _I Attend to All Orders Personally._ <--

Send for Trial Order. Price-lists sent on Application.

WM. J. HAZENSTAB, _Photographers' Supply House_,

406 Market Street, St. Louis, Mo.

_N. B.--Remember I give 5 per cent. discount for cash on all orders of $10 00 or over._

E. Weiskopf, Manufacturer of Optical Lenses,

Specialties: Condensers, Cosmorama Lenses, and Magnifying Mirrors,

No. 182 Centre Street, New York.

NEW YORK, Oct. 10, 1881.

_In view of the fact that the undersigned has aided in the production of many of the most artistic photographic pictures produced in this country during the last ten years, pictures which have received gold and silver medals at Philadelphia, London, Paris, Amsterdam and other cities of the world, he feels warranted in soliciting the patronage of photographers unacquainted with his works._

--> _My recently introduced Backgrounds comprise those suitable for the stocking of a New Gallery, as well as several suitable for making special Exhibition pictures._

No. ---- =Vienna Tapestry=. No. 439. =New Eastlake=. No. 440. =The Villa=, (_Summer_). No. 435. =The Winter Road=, No. 433. =The Rustic Wall=. No. 426. =The Palisades=.

My Three-Quarter Length Backgrounds are, viz:

_Nos. 435, 437, 438._

_For Special Pictures_ I recommend my new _Portrait Plaques_--an entirely new article in Portraiture. Several Designs.

_For suspending on Backgrounds_, ornamenting Fireplaces and Sideboards, my _Imitation Dutch Plaques_ are desirable and very popular.

MY LATE ACCESSORIES ARE:

No. 396. =The Gambier Rock=. No. 399. =Eastlake Fireplace and Cabinet Combined=, (_very rich_), =several movable parts=. No. 397. =The Couch and set piece=. No. 414. =Seavey's Eastlake Cottage and Balcony=. No. 441. =The Garden Wall=, (_3 parts_). No. ---- =The New Garden Seat=, (_3 changes_).

* . Ye Monthlie Bulletin . A.D. of L. W. Seavey his Workeshop. 1881

Under the foregoing heading, in the "Specialty" columns of the several Photographic Journals of America, will appear from month to month brief announcements of my new productions.

LAFAYETTE W. SEAVEY, _No. 8 Lafayette Place, NEW YORK, U. S. A._

PHOTOGRAPHERS' SUPPLIES.

FRAMES, ALBUMS, _VELVET GOODS._

LOWEST PRICES.

Send For Our Bargain List.

EUREKA. CRAMER & NORDEN AND EASTMAN'S DRY PLATES.

AMERICAN OPT. CO.

DRY PLATE CAMERAS, AND _GENERAL APPARATUS._

J. C. SOMERVILLE, 1009 OLIVE STREET, _Near Scholten's Gallery_, ST. LOUIS, MO.

WILSON'S PHOTOGRAPHICS.

A Partial Photographic Encyclopedia.

_By_ E. L. WILSON, _Editor "Phila. Photographer," "Photo. Mosaics," etc._

_A STANDARD BOOK for ALL Workers in Photography._

CONTENTS.

LESSON A. Treatment of the Subject--B. The Needful Apparatus--C. The Objective or Lens--D. The Dark-Room--E. Preparation of the Glass--F. Chemicals and Solutions--G. The Manipulations--H. Manipulatory Miseries--I. Retouching the Negative--J. The Glass Studio--K. Accessories and Light--L. Managing the Model--M. Printing on Albumen Paper--N. Printing on Plain Paper--O. General Remarks on Printing--P. Printing on Various Surfaces--Q. Printing Perplexities--R. Art in Printing--S. Mounting and Finishing--T. Photography Outside--U. Bromo-Gelatine Emulsion Work--V. Vogel's Collodion Emulsion--W. Enlargements and Lantern Slides--X. Phototypes, Platinotypes, and Collodion Transfers--Y. Wastes and Their Worth--Z. Metrical Measuring--&. Concluding Confab--Index (Six Pages.)

It is believed that this is the most valuable work ever offered to the working photographer.

It contains 352 pages; 7 x 8-3/4 inch cover, and is 1-1/2 inches thick. More than 100 illustrations. It gives full details of all practical

Processes, Old and New, Public and Secret.

Among the latter are the "Phototype," sometimes called the "Artotype" process, with examples; many of the "Lightning" processes; the "Platinotype" process; the "Collodion Transfer" or "Megatype" process, and many others.

58 pages are devoted to Posing and Lighting; 37 pages give instructions in Emulsion "Dry" Work; 29 pages show how to Build and Use Skylights; 108 pages furnish instructions for Manipulating Negatives; 37 pages are applied to Printing Formula and Dodges; 175 pages gives Notes from Authors all over the world.

It is printed on fine white paper, made especially for it, and sold at the low price of

$4 00 POST-PAID $4 00.

For the beginner, for the amateur, for the photographic worker, it is believed to be most complete. No live photographer should fail to get it soon, before his neighbor is ahead.

_EDWARD L. WILSON, Publisher and Proprietor_, Nos. 912 & 914 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

DOUGLASS, THOMPSON & CO., Merchants in all Requisites pertaining to the Art-Science of Photography,

Photographers' Booksellers, Stationers & Newsdealers,

229 & 231 STATE STREET, CHICAGO, ILL.

A practical knowledge of the Art-Science of Photography gives us a special advantage in meeting the demands of the Profession.

_Everything used in_ Silver Printing _selected with greatest care and guaranteed of the highest order of excellence._ =PRICES LOW=.

All the STANDARD BRANDS of ALBUMEN PAPER we furnish under _genuine_ marks and at lowest prices.

It will pay you to send for our Catalogues, Bureau of Information, Hints on Burnishing, etc,

GAYTON A. DOUGLASS. } ALL FREE. HENRY G. THOMPSON. }

ATTENTION PHOTOGRAPHERS!

_Brooklyn's Head-Quarters_

--FOR--

Photographic Stock Of Every Description, _At the LOWEST possible C. O. D. Prices._

Sent all over the United States at the shortest notice.

All the best Brands of Albumen Papers and Card Stock, etc., etc., kept constantly on hand.

--_Send a Trial Order and be Convinced._--

L. H. WILCOX, _236 Fulton Street_, BROOKLYN, N. Y.

The BEST is the CHEAPEST.

Listen not to the cries of venders of worthless imitations, but buy the _genuine_, and receive FULL VALUE for your money.

_Dallmeyer Lenses, Success Cameras, Climax Cameras, E. A., G. C. and Platyscope Lenses, Handy Head-Rests._

_Genuine N. P. A. & S. & M. Albumen Papers_,

=With The WATER-MARK=

_Brilliant Swiss Albumen Papers, A. D. Swiss Albumen Papers, Hovey's, Morgan's, Peerless, Clemons' & Hail Columbia Albumen Papers._

RAPID PRINTING PAPER, EASTMAN'S DRY PLATES, ANTHONY'S DRY PLATE OUTFITS. Chemicals of Guaranteed Purity and Strength.

_Every Requisite for the Studio and Field._

SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND PRICE-LIST.

The Most Extensive Line of Velvet, Plush and Ebony Frames, Easels, Albums, Stereoscopes, Graphoscopes, Portraits of Celebrities, Stereo. Views, etc., on this Continent.

E. & H. T. ANTHONY & CO., 591 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY. 591

H. EXTRA BRILLIANT.

H. EXTRA AND MORGAN'S Albuminized PAPERS

Fully 2,500 reams of Morgan's Paper has been made and sold within the last year--equal to twenty million cabinet size pictures. We expect to increase its sale the coming year to almost double the above, judging from the demand of the last few months. The pearl tint is used in greater quantities than the other tints. Send your orders for this brand of paper to

J. HAWORTH,

_DEALER IN PHOTO. SUPPLIES._

626 Arch Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

EASTMAN'S Gelatino-Bromide DRY PLATES.

RELIABLE, RAPID, INSTANTANEOUS.

THE BEST!

Used by all Professionals and Amateurs in preference to any others. Complete Instructions accompany Each Package.

_Eastman's Gelatino-Bromide Pellicle_, For those who wish to prepare their own Plates.

Manufactured only by the _EASTMAN DRY PLATE CO., Rochester, N. Y._

E. & H. T. Anthony & Co., 591 Broadway, New York,

_SEND FOR CIRCULAR._ _TRADE AGENTS._

Andrew J. Smith, PHOTOGRAPHIC STOCK DEPOT.

_WE KEEP A FULL LINE OF_

Photographic Materials, Which we are Selling as Low as any house in New York or Boston.

DEALER IN

N. P. A. and S. & M. Dresden, Hovey, Berlin, Morgan's and Clemons' Double Albumenized Paper, Nixon & Stokes' Ferrotype Holders, Collins, Son & Co's Card Stock of every description, Taber & Co's Pebble Mats, etc., Powers & Weigtman's Silver and Chemicals, Anthony's Ether, Iodides, Collodion and Varnishes, Atwood's Alcohol, Hyposulphite of Soda, Sulphate of Iron, Acetic Acid, and Glass in any quantity.

_Dry Plate Outfits for Amateurs & Photographers. Everything pertaining to the Trade. John Dean & Co's Plates._

Large Assortment of Frames, Convex Glass, Artists' Materials, etc., etc. _N. B._--No charge for boxing. Your orders are solicited.

_No. 94 Westminster Street_, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

HIGHEST MEDAL.

BACKGROUNDS For Everybody!

Fancy, Plain, Rembrandt, etc., etc.

FLOOR CLOTHS, _painted in Oil_, _Suitable for Interiors and Exteriors_,

ASHE'S COMBINATION STAIRCASE BALUSTRADE AND PEDESTAL. ASHE'S PATENT _Telescopic_ OR _Extension Pedestals_.

_AND THE FOLLOWING ACCESSORIES_:

ROCKS, VINES, BRIDGES, VASES, CABINETS, and MANTEL-PIECES in Papier Maché and in Profile, the latter interchangeable and with practical parts, DOORWAYS, COTTAGE WINDOWS, STAIRWAYS, BALUSTRADES, SLEIGHS, BOATS, VASES, ETC., ETC., in profile.

_No extra charge to parties who furnish their own designs. Samples free._

W. F. ASHE, 106 BLEECKER STREET, NEW YORK CITY.

THE MOUND CITY CENTRAL Photographic Stock House,

(H. A. HYATT, Proprietor), NO. 411 NORTH 4th STREET, ST. LOUIS, MO.

Head-quarters in St. Louis for ALL Photographers.

We keep on hand everything new and of interest to the Fraternity, to be seen and examined at pleasure. Our stock is always complete and in keeping with the times. It embraces, with the LARGE and VARIED assortment of GENERAL PHOTOGRAPHIC REQUISITES, the following STANDARD BRANDS OF ALBUMEN PAPER, which you can always depend upon getting FRESH

_Hovey's, Peerless, Eagle Brand (Dresden), S. & M. Dresden, Morgan's, Clemons, Trapp & Munch_, --ALSO-- _Plain and Salted Papers._

We carry the Standard Brands _only_. There is _no_ Extra we cannot duplicate with some REGULAR BRAND. Please remember this, and if you desire fair treatment, and low prices, just send us a trial order, note how _promptly_ we serve you, and the _quality_ of _goods_ you receive, and we will be assured of your future favors. Our Motto is to _please_, and we guarantee satisfaction.

_--OUTFITS A SPECIALTY.--_

Send for Illustrated Catalogue.

H. A. HYATT, 411 North 4th Street, St. Louis, Mo.

_Jno. G. Hood. ESTABLISHED 1865. Wm. D. H. Wilson._

WILSON, HOOD & CO., _No. 825 ARCH ST._, PHILADELPHIA,

Deal in all varieties of PHOTO. GOODS,

And solicit your orders, for any article you may need, including the following:

_S. & M., N. P. A., & C. S. Double Alb. Paper, per ream, 35 cts. " " " Single " " 25 " Morgan's Double Alb. Paper, " 34 " " Single " " 30 "_

_All other brands supplied. Magee's Nitrate Silver, Magee's Chloride of Gold, Best Hypo. of Soda, keg 112 lbs. $4 48, American Optical Co. Printing Frames, American Optical Co. Negative Boxes, American Optical Co. Retouching Frames, Negative Racks, Pans, Trays, etc., Waymouth's Vignette Papers, $1 00 per pack, Onion Skin Paper, per dozen, 25 cts. Singhi's Vig. Attachment, $1 50. Todd's Vig. Attachment, $1 50._

"Hearn's Artistic Printing" $3 00. "Hearn's Practical Printer" $2 50.

_COMPLETE PRICE-LISTS FREE._

SOLE AGENTS IN UNITED STATES FOR THE ROSS AND STEINHEIL LENSES.

1878 EAGLE STOCK HOUSE. 1881

GEORGE MURPHY, No. 9 West Fourth Street, N. Y.

Photo. & Ferro. Materials.

_OUTFITS A SPECIALTY._

All Goods sold for Cash.

MANUFACTURER OF _Eagle Negative and Positive Collodions, Eagle Negative and Ferro. Varnishes, Eagle Retouching Fluid, Eagle Ground Glass Varnish._

SOLE AGENT FOR _Hammenstede's Collodions and Varnishes, Photo. Chemicals of best quality._

THE RETOUCHER'S OUTFIT: _Eagle New Metallic Pencil, hard, Eagle New Metallic Pencil, soft, Medium Siberian Lead, Artists' Holder, to fit all_,

The most complete set offered.

FOR THE PRINTER'S DEPARTMENT _is offered Eagle Photo-Printing Masks, English White Tissue Paper, Thick Yellow Paper, Onion-Skin Paper, Heavy Blotting Paper, Plain Papers, Albumen Papers of all brands_.

Am also Agent for BRENGEL'S SALTED PAPER.

_Emulsion and Gelatine Dry Plate Materials, Emulsion and Gelatine Dry Plates, best brands, Backgrounds, Chairs, Accessories, etc._

_Bargains in Card Stock. Bargains in Apparatus, Lenses, etc._

Domestic and Foreign CASH ORDERS Shipped Promptly.

Four Doors West of B'way. NEW YORK.

_ESTABLISHED IN 1802._ FACTORIES: Waterbury, Conn., New Haven, Conn., New York City.

Scovill Manufacturing Co.,

MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN ALL ARTICLES USED IN PHOTOGRAPHY,

Warehouse, No's 419 & 421 Broome St., NEW YORK.

W. Irving Adams, Agent.

Irving and all brands of Albumen Papers, Phenix Collodion, Phenix Varnish. French and other Chemicals. Scovill's New Solid Glass Baths, [warranted.] Osborne's Picturesque Foregrounds, American Optical Co's Celebrated Cameras, Dry Plates and Dry Plate Apparatus, Lenses, Parlor Paste, Etc., Etc., Etc., Etc.

PUBLISHERS Photographic Times and American Photographer.

Subscription price, $2 00 per annum.

Among its contributors are the leading men in the profession.

[FOUNDED IN 1842.]

THE NEW ENGLAND Photographic Stock House.

Largest variety in the UNITED STATES.

Every Article required by the Amateur, Photographer, Picture and Frame Dealer, Frame Maker and Crayon Artist.

SPECIALTIES.

_Original Importers of Imitation Dallmeyer Tubes. Sole Agents for William's Mitering Machines. N. E. Agents for Bryant's Accessories. Sole Agents for the celebrated "Berlin Paper." Sole Agents for the celebrated "Gem Paper." Sole Agents for Burrill's Portrait Bust Pedestal. Sole Agent for Burrill's Neg. High Light Reducer. Bryant's Quick Collodion, Celebrated for Years._

_Dry Plate Outfits for Amateurs._

_Every Variety Dry Plate Apparatus and Materials. Anthony's and American Optical Co's Manufactures. Dallmeyer, Morrison and Voigtlander Tubes on Sale._

C. H. CODMAN & CO., [Formerly GEO. S. BRYANT & CO.,] 34 Bromfield St., BOSTON.

ANTHONY'S DRY PLATE OUTFITS

_Most Complete Assortment in Market._

LIGHT, PORTABLE AND INEXPENSIVE. FIRM, SUBSTANTIAL AND PRACTICAL.

_The Lenses supplied with these are superior to those furnished by Any other House. Send for Descriptive Circular._

Anthony's Patent Perfect Dry Plate-holder BEST IN THE WORLD!

_E. & H. T. ANTHONY & CO. 591 B'way, NEW YORK._

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: Such things as test-tubes should be found in every photographer's work room; they cost little, and are always useful for working solutions. The sizes recommended are 3/8-inch, 1/2-inch, and 1-inch diameter. A dozen of each will not be out of the way.]

[Footnote 2:

Sodium Silver Silver Sodium Chloride and Nitrate form Chloride and Nitrate. NaCl + AgNO_{3} = AgCl + NaNO_{3}]

[Footnote 3:

Potassium Chlorine and Nitrite and Water 2Cl + KNO_{2} + H_{2}O

give

Hydrochloric Potassium Acid and Nitrate 2HCl + KNO_{3}

and

Silver Chlorine, Nitrate, and Water 2Cl + AgNO_{3} + H_{2}O

give

Silver Hydrochlorous Nitric Chloride, Acid and Acid. AgCl + HClO + HNO_{3}]

[Footnote 4: With the former we have this action--

Silver Silver Liberated Chloride gives Sub-chloride and Chloride. Ag_{2}Cl_{2} = Ag_{2}Cl + Cl

With the latter the silver in combination with the organic matter, which is in a state of oxide, is probably reduced to the state of sub-oxide.]

[Footnote 5: Sulphuretted hydrogen may be prepared by pouring dilute sulphuric acid on ferric sulphide. The chloride or the silver compound, when damped, may be held over it, taking care that no liquid is spirted up on to it.]

[Footnote 6: Those who prepare collodio-albumen plates will find the upward filtration arrangement of immense value, as bubbles are unknown by it.]

[Footnote 7: If bubbles are seen, they must be broken, and the sheet floated again for another minute.]

[Footnote 8: The drainings are added to the next batch of albumen which is prepared.]

[Footnote 9: "Instruction in Photography," 4th edition, page 121.]

[Footnote 10:

Hydrochloric Chlorine and Water give acid and Oxygen. Cl + H_{2}O = HCl + O]

[Footnote 11:

Nitric Silver Silver Carbonic Acid and Carbonate give Nitrate and Acid and Water. 2HNO_{3} + Ag_{2}CO_{3} = 2AgNO_{3} + CO_{2} + H_{2}O]

[Footnote 12:

Silver Aluminium Nitrate and Sulphate (Alum) 6AgNO_{3} + Al_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}

give

Silver Aluminium Sulphate and Nitrate. 3(Ag_{2}SO_{4}) + 2Al(NO_{2})_{3}]

[Footnote 13:

Silver Hydrochloric Silver Nitrate and Acid give Chloride and Nitric Acid. AgNO_{3} + HCl = AgCl + HNO_{3}]

[Footnote 14: Suppose it is salted with ammonium chloride, we have--

Ammonium Silver Ammonium Silver Chloride and Nitrate give Nitrate and Chloride. NH_{4}Cl + AgNO_{3} = NH_{4}NO_{3} + AgCl]

[Footnote 15: Several other methods are given in "Instruction in Photography," in the Appendix.]

[Footnote 16: One part of nitric acid to 4 parts of water.]

[Footnote 17: The shutter may be made of American leather, covered over with one quarter-inch strips of oak or well-seasoned pine. The shutter should fit into a groove formed along the sides and bottom of the front of the cupboard.]

[Footnote 18: In fig. 18 the fastening for only one of the pressure-bars is given, to avoid complication.]

[Footnote 19: See "Instruction in Photography" (page 67), fourth edition.]

[Footnote 20: For this reason, amongst others, it is desirable that photographers should use glass for their negatives which is at least tolerably flat.]

[Footnote 21: See "Pictorial Effect in Photography" (Piper and Carter).]

[Footnote 22: Hydrofluoric acid is always supplied by chemists in gutta-percha bottles, as it attacks glass. A spare gutta-percha bottle can easily be procured.]

[Footnote 23: This calculation is near enough for our purpose. There are certain niceties which might be introduced, such as the "critical angle of the glass."]

[Footnote 24: The boxes in which children's puzzles are often packed will give an idea of what is meant.]

[Footnote 25:

Silver subchloride and gold trichloride 3Ag_{2}Cl + AuCl_{3}

give

silver chloride and gold. 6AgCl + Au]

[Footnote 26: "Instruction in Photography," 4th edition.]

[Footnote 27: "Instruction in Photography," 4th edition.]

[Footnote 28: Or ten minims of ammonium lactate.]

[Footnote 29: See Mr. W. Brooks' article in Photographic Almanac, 1881.]

[Footnote 30: The crucible should be of Stourbridge clay.]

Transcriber's Note:

Hyphenation, variations in spelling and inconsistent numbering of, and references to, figures have been retained as in the original publication.

Apart from spaces within compounds (which have been removed), formulae have been retained as originally published, excepted where noted below.

On page 81, symbols resembling the left- and right-hand corners of a frame have been represented as |_ and _| as in varnish, thus |_ _|;

Changes have been made as follows:

Page 3 Nitric Acid _changed to_ Potassium Nitrate

Page 6 If the operator carefully collect the white _changed to_ If the operator carefully collects the white

Page 14 theoretical limit to amount _changed to_ theoretical limit to the amount

Page 19 2AGNO_{3} _changed to_ 2AgNO_{3}

Nitratem _changed to_ Nitrate.

Page 22 AgNo_{3} _changed to_ AgNO_{3}

Page 23 Ammonium Nitrate Silver Chloride _changed to_ Ammonium Nitrate and Silver Chloride

NH_{4},NO_{3} _changed to_ NH_{4}NO_{3}

AgNo_{3} _changed to_ AgNO_{3}

Page 40 8 inches. _changed to_ 18 inches.

Page 41 printer could not hope to do it successfully. _changed to_ printer could not hope to do it successfully."

Page 46 the ordinary consistency, than _changed to_ the ordinary consistency, then

Page 49 enable the operator to guage _changed to_ enable the operator to gauge

Page 53 centreing his imagination in _changed to_ centring his imagination in

Page 64 light on B would be only four twenty-fifths _changed to_ light on B would be only four-twenty-fifths

Page 65 and cut out an aperature corresponding _changed to_ and cut out an aperture corresponding

Page 66 at a proper heigth from _changed to_ at a proper height from

Page 69 Having discribed in the last _changed to_ Having described in the last

Page 70 as it sometimes called _changed to_ as it is sometimes called

Page 71 and the effect be improved.. _changed to_ and the effect be improved.

Page 83 If he find that he is not _changed to_ If he finds that he is not

Page 87 so dilute the reduction takes places very slowly _changed to_ so dilute the reduction takes place very slowly

Page 88 common desinfecting powder _changed to_ common disinfecting powder

it as as well to have two _changed to_ it is as well to have two

Page 90 a littler acetic acid or common salt _changed to_ a little acetic acid or common salt

Page 91 must be rememberd we are _changed to_ must be remembered we are

Page 92 when the sodium hypsulphite is _changed to_ when the sodium hyposulphite is

Page 95 and, with a squegee _changed to_ and, with a squeegee

Page 101 floated on-- _changed to_ floated on:--

Last page of advertisements BEST IN THE WORD! _changed to_ BEST IN THE WORLD!