Chapter I. of this book.
Footnote 40:
M. Gaston Deschamps: “En Turquie—L’Ile de Chio,” _Revue des Deux Mondes_, p. 167, January 1, 1893.
Footnote 41:
Layard’s _Nineveh_, pp. 24–201.
Footnote 42:
Article by Mr. Savage, _The Independent_, January 10, 1894.
Footnote 43:
U. S. Consul Stillman’s _The Cretan Insurrection of 1866–7–8_. Henry Holt & Co., 1874.
Footnote 44:
C. B. Norman, _Armenia and the Campaign of 1877_, pp. 293–298. London: Cassell, Petter, & Galpin, 1879.
Footnote 45:
_The Independent_, January 17, 1895.
Footnote 46:
_Ibid._, January 31, 1895.
Footnote 47:
_The Eastern Question._
Footnote 48:
_New Review_ for January, 1895.
Footnote 49:
These extracts are from _Blue-Book_, Turkey, No. 8 (1881), pp. 57–110, as quoted by the high authority, M. Rolin-Jaequemyns, in his _Armenia, the Armenians, and the Treaties_, pp. 74–76. London: John Heywood, 1891.
Footnote 50:
The _Hakim_, who is a member of the religious body of _Ulemas_, presides over the lower court (Bidayet), which is to be found in every _caza_ (hundred), and also over the _Sandjak_ or district court.
Footnote 51:
_The Turks in Europe._
Footnote 52:
_The London Times_, Weekly Edition Jan. 14, 1895.
Footnote 53:
Reprinted from _The Christian Register_, Boston, Dec. 1, 1894.
Footnote 54:
And yet England by the Cyprus Convention pledged all her resources to _keep the door open_, and the repetition thus made possible has occurred. Author.
Footnote 55:
“Kurdistan abounds in antiquities of the most varied and interesting character.... It may indeed be asserted that there is no region of the East at the present day which deserves a more careful scrutiny and promises a richer harvest to the antiquarian explorer than the lands inhabited by the Kurds from Erzeroum to Kirmanshahan.”—Major-General H. C. Rawlinson, _Encyc. Britannica_, article on “Kurdistan.”
Footnote 56:
Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop, _Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan_, 2 vols. New York: Putnam’s, 1891. London: John Murray.
Footnote 57:
Gen. x., 2, 3.
Footnote 58:
Moses of Khorene, _History_, Bk. i., chap. 12.
Footnote 59:
Gen. viii., 4.
Footnote 60:
Heb. Ararat, 2 Kings xix., 37; Isa. xxxvii., 38.
Footnote 61:
Ezek. xxvii., 14; also xxxviii., 6.
Footnote 62:
Jer. li., 27–29; also l., 9, 41, 42.
Footnote 63:
Christian Lassen, _Die altpersischen Keil-Inschriften von Persepolis_, Bonn, 1836, pp. 86, 87.
Footnote 64:
_History_, Bk. iii., chap. 93.
Footnote 65:
_Anabasis_, Bk. iv.
Footnote 66:
_Annales_, Bk. ii., ch. 56.
Footnote 67:
Tozer, _The Church and the Eastern Empire_, pp. 22, 86.
Footnote 68:
Krikor “Loosavoritch,” from which title the Armenian Gregorian church calls itself Loosavortchagan.
Footnote 69:
Mrs. Bishop, _Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan_, vol. ii., p. 336.
Footnote 70:
By far the largest part of foreign missionary work in Turkey has always been in the hands of Americans, although, of course, they neither claim nor have any monopoly in this respect. As a matter of fact there are many other large and successful missionary, benevolent, and educational enterprises conducted in that land by other foreign societies as well as individuals. The various Roman Catholic orders are strongly established in many parts, and are generally of French connections and introduce that language in their work as the Americans do English. The following is a partial list of other societies at work in Turkey: The British and Foreign Bible Society, the Church Missionary Society, the Bible Lands Missions Aid Society, the British Syrian Mission Schools and Bible Work, the Church of Scotland Mission to the Jews, the Society of Friends (both English and American), the Irish Presbyterian Mission, the Reformed Presbyterian Mission, and the German Deaconesses. In addition to all these agencies, there are many private and local schools and institutions that are doing excellent work, but of which only this general mention can here be made.
The statistics of Robert College, Constantinople, are not included in these tables, as that institution, though a child of American Missions, is independent of them.
Footnote 71:
“The creation of churches, strict in their discipline, and protesting against the mass of superstitions which smother all spiritual life in the National Armenian Church, is undoubtedly having a very salutary effect far beyond the limited membership, and is tending to force reform upon an ancient church which contains within herself the elements of resurrection.”—Mrs. Bishop, _Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan_, vol. ii., p. 336.
Footnote 72:
Unhappily there are some who can see nothing but bigotry and mistakes in what the missionaries have done. Such characters are to be found among all races, as the following extract shows:
“It might be thought that here, [Missilonghi] on the spot where he [Byron] breathed his last, malignity would have held her accursed tongue; but it was not so. He had committed the fault, unpardonable in the eyes of political opponents, of attaching himself to one of the great parties that then divided Greece; and though he had given her all that man could give, in his own dying words, ‘his time, his means, his health, and, lastly, his life,’ the Greeks spoke of him with all the rancour and bitterness of party spirit. Even death had not won oblivion for his political offences; and I heard those who saw him die in her cause affirm that Byron was no friend to Greece.”—Stephens, _Greece, Turkey, Russia, and Poland_, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1839.
Footnote 73:
This is an exact copy of the official documents as published by the State Department, capitalization included.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.