CHAPTER IX

THE POPULATION

The distribution of the population--The streams of emigration to the interior--Seasonal migrations--The historic towns--The towns of the Pampean region--Buenos Aires.

A large-scale chart of the mean density of the population for each province--like those which were published in the latest Argentine Census-reports--has no geographical value for the west and north-west, where oases of slight extent are separated by vast desolate stretches, deserted because of the lack of water. In the Pampean region, on the other hand, the population is distributed in a very regular manner, and the mean densities calculated fairly represent the facts.

To the several types of exploitation, of which we have studied the distribution on the Pampa, there correspond unequal densities of population. Cattle-breeding, for instance, requires only a thin population. The early pastoral colonization of the plain on the west of the Salado was carried out, between 1880 and 1890, with a very small number of workers. A large ranch of 400 square kilometres on the northern edge of the Pampa (the Tostado ranch) only employs about a hundred men, or one for four square kilometres. The density increases appreciably for sheep-breeding on the _pastos tiernos_ of Buenos Aires province, where a ranch of a hundred square kilometres, devoted to producing wool, with fifty or sixty shepherds, sustains at least 200 persons, or two to the square kilometre.[136] The density is not appreciably greater in the area of wheat-growing on a large scale, where the extent cultivated by one family reaches, including fallow, 200 hectares. But it may, even apart from the urban population, be more than ten to the square kilometre in the maize belt.

[136] The density is twenty times less in the ranches which use the meagre pastures of the Rio Negro.

The growth of the population of Argentina can be followed closely from the middle of the eighteenth century. A Census taken in 1774 gives the Buenos Aires district within the first line of forts 6,000 inhabitants. At the end of the eighteenth century (Census of 1797, quoted by D'Azara) the population of the province of Buenos Aires, without the town, was a little over 30,000 souls, the zone occupied having been extended in the meantime, at least in part, as far as the Salado. Woodbine Parish estimates the population at 80,000 in 1824, at the time when the expansion southward, beyond the Salado, as far as the Sierra de Tandil, began. It doubled between 1824 and 1855. The northern departments then counted 45,000 inhabitants, the western 58,000 and the southern 63,000. The density was still a little greater in the north, along the road to Peru, but the advance of sheep-rearing in the south was beginning to change the centre of gravity of colonization. The first regular Census of the Argentine Republic in 1869 showed a still more rapid advance. The population of the Buenos Aires province had grown to 315,000 inhabitants. The increase was greatest in the west, where tillage began to extend round Chivilcoy, beyond the pastoral area, and in the south, where sheep-farms multiplied. The population of the southern departments more than doubled in fourteen years (137,000 inhabitants to 70,000 square kilometres in occupation, or two to the square kilometre).

However, the Pampean region--Buenos Aires (including the capital), Santa Fé, and the southern part of Córdoba--still had a smaller population than that of the northern and north-western provinces: 626,000 as compared with 813,000. The Mesopotamian provinces had then 263,000 inhabitants.

The proportion was reversed twenty-five years later at the 1895 Census. The population of the Pampas had increased threefold, and was more than a half of the entire population of the country. That of the western and north-western provinces was about a third of the whole, and had only increased by fifty per cent.

If one considers in detail the distribution of the population of the Pampean plain in 1895, one sees that beyond the suburbs of Buenos Aires the area of greatest density--five to eight per square kilometre--was in the north-west, between San Andres de Giles and Pergamino, a district of advanced methods, where the cultivation of maize was beginning to occupy a good part of the land. The population was confined to the west of the preceding zone, in the agricultural area of Junin, Chacabuco and Chivilcoy. This area, where maize and wheat were next each other, already embraced Viente Cinco de Mayo (five to the square kilometre) on the west and Nueve de Julio (2.5). In the south of Buenos Aires, the departments of the left bank of the Salado, which were entirely given up to breeding, but long colonized, had a density of three to five per square kilometre. The region lying between the lower Salado and the Sierra de Tandil, a sheep-breeding area, then giving good returns but of recent colonization, had not more than three. The density falls rapidly as one goes westward. It sinks to less than one in the north-west and west of the Buenos Aires province, in the area where the cattle-breeders from the east had settled. At Santa Fé, the region of the colonies, at the level both of Rosario and Santa Fé, had five inhabitants per square kilometre. But beyond the Córdoba frontier the density falls to two in the San Justo department, and still less further south, at Marcos Juarez, Union and General Lopez.

In 1914 the density was more than fifteen in the whole of the maize area in the Buenos Aires and Santa Fé provinces, and it approached this figure in the departments of the old agricultural colonies on the middle Salado. In the region of the lucerne farms it was three to five, except in the south-east (departments of Veinte Cinco de Mayo, Nueve de Julio and Bolivia), where it rose, thanks to the co-existence of ranches and of wheat and maize. It sank to between two and three in the wheat area in the south and south-east of Buenos Aires. At Santa Fé the district of the colonies had seven to the square kilometre.

The growth of the population is partly explained by immigration from Europe. Foreigners were, in 1914, 30 per cent. of the total population.[137] The proportion of foreigners to the total population is one of the indications by which we can best follow the advance of colonization. As soon as it relaxes in any region, the number of immigrants diminishes. (The children born of foreign colonists in Argentina are considered indigenous in Argentine statistics.) In 1869 the proportion of foreigners rose to 417 per 1,000 in the province of Buenos Aires (without the capital). This was the great period of pastoral colonization and the development of sheep-breeding. It was then only 156 per 1,000 at Santa Fé. In 1895 the proportion of foreigners sank to 309 per 1,000 at Buenos Aires, but rose to 419 at Santa Fé, where the date almost marks the end of the great period of agricultural colonization. In 1914 the proportion of foreigners at Buenos Aires rose to 340 per 1,000 (development of the maize region and the southern wheat area). It sank at Santa Fé (350 per 1,000), in spite of considerable immigration in the southern maize-growing departments. At the same time there was a great influx of foreign population in the province of Córdoba (200 per 1,000) and in the area of the Central Pampa (360 per 1,000).[138]

[137] All Europeans, except a few tens of thousands of Bolivians in the Salta and Jujuy provinces, a few thousand Brazilians in Misiones, and a few thousand Chileans at Neuquen.

[138] I have referred elsewhere to the magnitude of the stream of European immigration at Mendoza. In Patagonia (territory of the Rio Negro, the Neuquen, the Chubut, the Santa Cruz, and Tierra del Fuego, of which the total population is only 104,000) sheep-breeding has attracted a considerable number of immigrants (428 foreigners per 1000 in 1914).

The recent enumerations also enable us to follow the displacements of the indigenous population on Argentine territory and the part this has had in colonization. Outside the Pampean region the parts of the country which have proved centres of attraction for the Argentine population are the sugar provinces of Tucumán and Jujuy and the province of Mendoza. In 1895 Tucumán had 40,000 inhabitants who had been born in other provinces, Jujuy 15,000 and Mendoza 19,000. The attraction of Tucumán was mainly felt in the adjoining province of Santiago (12,000 immigrants) and Catamarca (12,000). At Mendoza the immigrants came mainly from San Juan (7,000) and San Luis (3,000). The attraction of the timber region is more difficult to estimate, because most of the _obrajes_ are in the province of Santiago, which found the workers itself, and the enumerations have not taken into account displacements within each province. Nevertheless, immigration into the land of the _quebracho Chaqueño_, along the Paraná, can be recognised from 1895 onward. It was maintained by the Corrientes province. Santa Fé has 10,000 immigrants from Corrientes, of whom 6,500 are in the forestry departments of Reconquista and Vera. The Chaco region maintains 2,000 Corrientes wood-cutters and several hundred from Santiago and Salta. Corrientes has also sent 5,000 emigrants to Misiones.

In the Pampean region the population of Buenos Aires in 1895 included very few who came from other provinces. The population of Santa Fé was more mixed. The attraction of the agricultural colonies had brought 65,000 Argentine immigrants. They came mainly from the left bank of the Paraná and Córdoba. The immigrants from Córdoba are localized along the railway from Rosario to Córdoba, in the Belgrano and Iriondo departments and the town of Rosario. The migration of the Santa Fé colonists to the new lands in the west had scarcely begun at that time. They were still only 3,000 in the Buenos Aires province, and 5,000 at Córdoba; most of them were in departments adjacent to the old colony area. The colonization of Córdoba began simultaneously in the east, toward Santa Fé, and in the south-west, in the Rio Cuarto department, to which the breeders from San Luis went. Similarly, the Argentine population of the Central Pampa includes elements from the east as well as European colonists and elements from the north-west (10,000 immigrants from the Buenos Aires province, 3,000 from San Luis).

The 1914 Census has less complete details in regard to interior immigration than its predecessor. The migrations had not ceased. The attraction of Tucumán and Mendoza had, in fact, decreased. The province of Tucumán had 55,000 Argentine immigrants, the province of Jujuy 15,000, the province of Mendoza 34,000. The provinces of Mendoza and Corrientes remained nuclei of considerable immigration (38,000 and 63,000 immigrants). At Santa Fé the number of emigrants who left the province to settle at Córdoba and in the remainder of the Pampean region rose from 14,000 to 87,000. The Patagonian territory also had a large excess of immigrants from other provinces.

Periodic migrations with no definitive change of residence are not given in the official statistics. The importance of these migrations in northern Argentina has been noted in the chapters we devoted to Tucumán and the forestry industry. They occur also in the Pampean region, where they are due chiefly to the need of labour for the harvest and the threshing of wheat and flax, and for reaping the maize. Miatello has given us a detailed analysis of the phenomenon for the province of Santa Fé in 1904. The period when the wheat and flax growers need help is from November to February. It begins in March for the maize farmers, and lasts so much longer when the harvest is good. The temporary immigrants come partly from Europe. Not only is the stream of immigration to Argentina fuller during the months which precede the harvests, while the stream of re-emigration to Europe is greatest in the autumn, but it is not a rare thing for Italians to go every year to Argentina merely to stay there during the harvest, when wages are high. This seasonal immigration from Italy is of long standing; it is mentioned by Daireaux in 1889. These foreigners, however, are only part of the adventurous crowd enlisted for the harvests on the Pampean plain. Seasonal migration is everywhere a national practice. The labour employed in reaping the maize includes elements borrowed from the towns near the maize belt. But all the provinces round the Pampean region send their contingent of temporary immigrants. Some even come from the valley of the Rio Negro at Bahía Blanca, from San Luis, and even from Mendoza to the Central Pampa and the Córdoba province.

The oldest, and still the largest, stream is that which comes from the Santiago province. D'Orbigny notices in 1827 the temporary streaming of Santiagueños to the coast. In that year slow progress was made with the wheat-harvest of Buenos Aires because of the shortage of labour. "The forced levies for the army prevented the Santiagueños from going to hire themselves, as was their custom, in fear lest they should be compelled to serve."[139]

[139] D'Orbigny, _Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale_, vol. i. p. 528.

Temporary emigration began, no doubt, with the journeys which brought the northerners to Buenos Aires as drivers of convoys of wagons. Santiagueños were numerous amongst these _troperos_. Lorenzo Fazio collected reminiscences of these journeys in the land of the _bañados_.[140] They go back to the first quarter of the nineteenth century, the period before the diversion of the Rio Dulce and the ruin of Salavina and Atamisqui. "My father," said one of his informants, "drove wagons of wheat to Córdoba, and sometimes to Buenos Aires, where he sold them and bought goods-stuffs in exchange. He bought the wheat at Loreto, Atamisqui or Salavina. It was a year before he got back, because it was necessary to wait for the rain and the growth of the vegetation, otherwise his animals would have died of thirst or hunger on the road." The journeys of the _troperos_ meant a long spell of idleness in the Pampean region, precisely at the harvest season. Naturally, they would lend a hand in it.

[140] Lorenzo Fazio, _Memoria descriptiva de la provincia de Santiago del Estero_ (Buenos Aires, 1889).

The temporary emigration of the Santiagueños continued throughout the nineteenth century. It was maintained even during the disturbances under the government of Rosas, which almost entirely put an end to commercial relations between Buenos Aires and the northern provinces. When Galvez passed through the villages on the Rio Dulce he noticed that there were few men in them. They had scattered over the roads or were, as he says, _andariegos_. Only the women remained. The province of Buenos Aires received the Santiagueños in crowds, offering their services. Chivilcoy and the whole region of the _chacras_ of maize and wheat received their caravans for the harvest, and some were kept for the sowing. Even the ranchers took advantage of this reinforcement, and hired the men for marking. In the autumn they went back with their _tropillas_, much dreaded by the breeders whose land they crossed, stealing any horses that were not well guarded.

The province of Santa Fé, especially in the agricultural departments of the north-west, is now the chief theatre in the Pampean region for the immigration of the Santiagueños. It does not always come by rail, but has to some extent preserved its primitive and picturesque features. The immigrants arrive in troops on mules and horses, and scatter in November over the colonies.

The population of Argentina has also felt the attraction of the urban centres. The growth of the towns is due to both foreign and national immigration. The development of urban life, which is one of the characteristic features of modern Argentina, is a recent phenomenon. There was no indication of its coming in the eighteenth century. D'Azara was, on the contrary, struck by the absence of communal life (_pueblos unidos_). The scattering of the population was a result of the predominance of breeding. "If these people found profit in agriculture, one would see them gather together in villages, instead of the whole population being dispersed in ranches."[141] It is this scattering of the population rather than an absolute numerical inferiority--the solitude, "the desert, the universal horizon that forced itself into the very entrails of the land"[142]--that moulded the fiery soul of the _gaucho_.

[141] F. de Azara, _Memorias sobre el estado rural del río de la Plata en 1801_, p. 10.

[142] Sarmiento, _El Facundo_, p. 19.

The primitive urban sites were all either on the river or on the historic roads to Chile and Peru. The only towns of the Paraná region at the end of the eighteenth century were Buenos Aires, Santa Fé and Corrientes. As to towns in the interior, Helms's journey in 1778 gives us some idea of their size. Córdoba, at the crossing of the Peru road and the tracks to the province of La Rioja, had then 1,500 white inhabitants and 4,000 blacks. As it was near the Sierra, which provided granite and lime, it had some semblance of architecture, and had paved streets, which struck even the traveller from Buenos Aires. The attraction of its schools was felt over a wide area. We still have a list of students from Paraguay who studied at Córdoba University in the eighteenth century.[143] Tucumán and Salta, especially Salta, also were busy centres. Salta had 600 Spanish families and 9,000 inhabitants in all, and its influence extended as far as Peru and Chile. Jujuy, on the other hand, was a very small town. Helms mentions the decay of Santiago del Estero. The trade which had once flourished there had, he says, gone in a different direction. The prosperity of Santiago was, as a matter of fact, connected with traffic on the direct route from Santa Fé to Tucumán, which ceased at the close of the eighteenth century. Santa Fé also was a decaying town at the close of the eighteenth century, and would remain such until the middle of the nineteenth. Its distress was due, not merely to the suspension of its direct trade with Peru, but also to the decay and isolation of Paraguay, which had provided most of its trade and for which it acted as intermediary with the Andean provinces.

[143] Published by the _Revista del Instituto Paraguayo_ (vol. iv. p. 334).

The great development of urban life in Argentina dates from the time of the colonization of the Pampean region. The ratio of the urban population has risen considerably during the last twenty-five years. In 1895, 113 centres with more than 2,000 inhabitants comprised 37 per cent. of the total population of Argentina; in 1914 the number of urban centres was 322, and they comprised 53 per cent. of the population. The population of towns with 5,000 to 20,000 inhabitants has increased threefold in twenty years, rising from 312,000 in 1895 to 977,000 in 1914. Large new towns like Rosario and Bahía Blanca were created. The relative sizes of the older towns changed rapidly. Tucumán and Mendoza (121,000 and 92,000 inhabitants) shot beyond Santiago and Salta (22,000 and 28,000 inhabitants). The towns of the north-west, Catamarca and Rioja, are, on the other hand, scarcely developed.

When one examines a chart of the urban population of the Pampean region, one finds that colonization has led to the creation in it of ten chief centres, of from 15,000 to 25,000 inhabitants, and some fifty secondary centres, of from 5,000 to 12,000 inhabitants, which all have a distinctly urban character. This association of urban centres and a scattered agricultural or pastoral population is one of the original features of the way in which the Pampa was peopled. There is no village, or purely rural group. The distribution of these centres on the plain is fairly regular. They are a little closer together in the districts near the Paraná, to the north of Buenos Aires, where the population is older, and where the density, even of the rural population, is at its highest. The territory of the Pampa is divided between the spheres of influence of these various centres. Their radius is as low as ten miles in the north-west, and is about twenty miles in the south of Buenos Aires and twenty-five in the extreme west.

A secondary railway nucleus has generally settled the sites of them (San Francisco-Pergamino, Junin). Their population comprises all the workers needed for the flow of the economic life of the Pampa: agents for the exporters of cereals, merchants who supply the colonies with imported goods--especially agricultural machinery--bankers and insurance companies, surveyors and lawyers. Those which have the best service of trains have a certain amount of industry--mills and breweries--the products of which are absorbed locally. These towns derive all the elements of their life from the Pampean region itself, and have no direct relations either with foreign markets or with other parts of Argentina.[144]

[144] Only two of them, Villa Mercedes and Villa Maria, are on the edge of the Pampa. We have seen elsewhere the part which the extensive breeding of the north-west plays in the business of the Villa Mercedes cattle-market. Villa Maria also derives some advantage from its nearness to the scrub. Its limekilns receive limestone from the Sierra de Córdoba, but they get their fuel locally, from the men who clear the scrub.

But the towns of the Pampa which have grown most rapidly are the ports. Rosario rose from 23,000 inhabitants in 1869 to 91,000 in 1895 and to 245,000 in 1914; Bahía Blanca from 9,000 in 1895 to 62,000 in 1914. The actual population of the Pampa ports is not at all in proportion to the part which each plays in the export of Pampean products:--

_Export of Cereals in thousands of tons._ (Average for 1913-1915) Buenos Bahía San Nicolas. La Santa Aires. Blanca. Rosario. Plata. Fé. 2,716 2,051 1,075 651 459 278 Population in 1914. 245,000 1,575,000 62,000 19,000 137,000 64,000

Some centres, such as Campana, Zarate, San Pedro or San Nicolas, which load up meat or grain in great quantities, have nevertheless remained small towns. Neither the trade in meat nor that in cereals is enough of itself to sustain a busy urban life. In point of fact, the growth of the Pampa ports is mainly connected with their function as importing ports and markets of capital. The close dependence of Bahía Blanca upon Buenos Aires in both these respects seems to forbid it all hope of ever becoming the equal of Rosario. The prosperity of Rosario was founded during the time when Buenos Aires was isolated, between 1853 and 1860; this enabled them to organize an import trade there and to accumulate a nucleus of independent capital.[145]

[145] Buenos Aires and Rosario alone have independent grain markets, though it is differently organized in each case. At Buenos Aires the exporters have entered into direct relations with the producers and eliminated intermediaries. At Rosario they have to use the services of a strong body of agents.

* * * * *

The development of Buenos Aires must be studied separately. It does not merely reflect the success of the colonization of the Pampa; it is a phenomenon of a national order. The attraction of Buenos Aires has been felt throughout the whole land. In 1895, of a total population of Argentine birth of 318,000 souls, more than a half--167,000--were born in the provinces.[146] The way in which the prosperity of Buenos Aires is bound up, not only with that of the adjacent territory but with that of the whole country, is seen in the stability of the figure representing the number of the inhabitants who have come from foreign lands. While the proportion of foreigners in each of the provinces varies from one census to another, according to the displacements of the stream of colonization, it remains almost the same at Buenos Aires: 496 per 1,000 in 1869, 520 in 1895, 493 in 1914.

[146] The 1914 Census does not give reliable details on this point.

The population of the city of Buenos Aires was estimated by Helms in 1788 to be between 24,000 and 30,000. D'Azara put it at 40,000 in 1799. The Revolution did not interrupt its growth. According to the estimate of Woodbine Parish the city had 81,000 inhabitants in 1824. On the other hand, the Rosas Government involved a period of stagnation (90,000 inhabitants in 1855). But after 1855 Buenos Aires resumed its progress, even before the political unity of Argentina was re-established, and has never since relaxed. Its population has doubled almost regularly at intervals of fifteen years: 177,000 in 1869, 433,000 in 1887, 663,000 in 1895, and 1,575,000 in 1914. The latter figure, in fact, is inadequate. Greater Buenos Aires, including the outlying parts, has really 1,990,000 inhabitants.

The site on which the city is built is a regular plateau, sixty-five feet above sea level, cut by flat-bottomed, marshy valleys. The Riachuelo, at the mouth of one of these valleys, provided Buenos Aires with its first port. The low and badly drained lands of the valleys are occupied by the poorest quarters. Their sides, the _barrancas_, bear the aristocratic residences, and the gardeners have been able to use the sites to great advantage in their plans.

As a whole, the growth of Buenos Aires presents the same feature of regularity, on account of the uniformity of the soil, as the spread of colonization over the plain of the Pampas. The city is distributed in concentric zones, and it is thus a model on a small scale of the distribution of the various types of exploitation on the Pampa which surrounds it. The central nucleus, the business quarter, contains not only the offices, but the warehouses of imported goods. Round this centre, with a radius of one to three miles, are the residential quarters in which the density is greatest (250 to 350 to the hectare). Beyond this the density sinks to less than 200 per hectare and less than fifty on the outskirts. The central quarters developed the maximum density after 1900. Those of the first outer zone have gained greatly between 1904 and 1909. Since the latter date, the progress of these quarters has been arrested in turn, and the recent growth is mainly in the remote working-class suburbs in the south and on the bank of the Riachuelo.

Buenos Aires has preserved in its central district, and reproduces in all its outer districts, the primitive draught-board plan of a Spanish colonial city. This plan is not suited to its needs to-day. The rapid growth of the city and its expansion--the mean density is not more than fifty-four inhabitants to the hectare, as against 360 at Paris--complicate the problem of transport. At the present time the city is considering plans for reconstructing its thoroughfares and making diagonal streets, starting from the centre and following the direction of the main streams of traffic. In this way the city would reproduce the fan-wise distribution of railways over the Pampean plain.

Buenos Aires is the intermediary between the provinces and oversea countries. It has three titles to this profitable part. In the first place, it is the chief centre of the import trade. The merchants of the cities in the interior are customers of the Buenos Aires importers, and are closely bound to them by a system of long-term credit. Buenos Aires is, secondly, the centre for the distribution of the European capital which has been used in the development of the country. Lastly, it divides immigrant workers amongst the provinces, just as it divides capital. As an immigration port its position is unrivalled. The efforts that were made to divert part of the immigrants to Bahía Blanca failed, and direct immigration to the Santa Fé province ceased at the close of the first period of colonization, about 1880. It is also at Buenos Aires that immigrants who are not going to settle in Argentina embark; re-emigration, which is regarded as a national plague by Argentine economists, is another source of profit to the capital. Hence the fortune of Buenos Aires is due in the first place to the close contact between the economic life of Argentina and that of Europe and North America.

But its very growth has led to a gradual change in the part it plays in the interior of the country. In proportion as its population and wealth grew, it became a great national market. The products of the provinces go to it, not merely to meet its own needs as consumer, but in order to be distributed over the entire country. The figures of the cattle trade on the Buenos Aires market are instructive in this respect. From January to July 1919 there were 1,130,000 head of cattle sold, 240,000 being for the supply of the capital and 700,000 for the refrigerators.[147] Of the remainder, 120,000 were bought for fattening and 40,000 by the butchers of other towns. The capital of its own which has accumulated at Buenos Aires is invested either in real estate or in industry, which has found great profit both in the development of local consumption and in the great stock of labour provided by immigration. Buenos Aires is not now content to be merely an intermediary between the country and foreign lands. It contributes by its own resources and work to the task of colonization and the supply of manufactured articles to the agricultural and pastoral districts. It is, finally, a luxurious city, with every opportunity for the men who have grown rich by the rise in the price of lands to spend their income, and providing pleasure for the country folk who come up occasionally, tired of their laborious, rough and solitary existence.

[147] During the same period the Argentinian refrigerators killed 1,490,000 head of cattle. Therefore, about half of these were bought at Buenos Aires.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I give here only the most important and most recent works. A list of the articles I have consulted would be long and uninteresting, while a complete list of those which might have been consulted, and from which information might have been gleaned, is impossible. For a work of this character there is no account of travel, no study of the soil, the climate, or the vegetation, no statistical document or journal or purely historical text, that has not a perfect right to be regarded as a source.

1. PERIODICALS.

Of the periodicals published in Argentina, and partly or wholly devoted to the study of the land and its development, the principal are:--

_Boletin del Instituto Geografico Argentino_ (Buenos Aires, since 1879; vol. i, 1879, vol. ii, 1881; one vol. yearly from 1881 to 1901; has appeared irregularly since).

_Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina_ (Buenos Aires, 2 vols, yearly from 1876).

_Revista de la Sociedad Geografica Argentina_ (Buenos Aires, only appeared from 1883 to 1889).

_Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Córdoba_ (Córdoba, since 1874, 23 vols. to 1918).

The publications of the Buenos Aires and La Plata museums also contain, besides copious anthropological, archæological, palæontological, and historical material, a large number of articles of interest to geographers:--

_Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires._ Begins 1864, 25 vols., folio and quarto, to 1914.

_Anales del Museo de la Plata._ First series 1890-1900, second series from 1907.

_Revista del Museo de la Plata._ From 1890-1891, 17 vols. to 1910-1911.

All these reviews contain especially articles on the parts of the country which were last explored--Patagonia, Chaco, Misiones. They contain little about the parts that were early colonized, though these are not always the best known.

2. MAPS.

The maps published in the eighteenth century (D'Anville's map, 1733, in the _Lettres édifiantes_, 19th collection, Paris, 1734: Bellin's map in vol. ii of the _Histoire du Paraguay_ of the R.P.P.F.X. de Charlevoix, Paris, 1756, 3 vols., etc.) are based upon information collected by the Jesuit missionaries.

D'Azara's map (1809) shows a remarkable advance.

Important corrections of D'Azara's map are found in Woodbine Parish's map (1838).

Brackebusch's two maps are essential documents: _Mapa del interior de la Republica Argentina_, por el Dr. L. Brackebusch, 1:1,000,000 (Gotha, 1835) and _Mapa geologico del interior de la Republica Argentina_, 1:1,000,000 (Gotha, 1890).

The results of earlier work have been used in the _Atlas de la Republica Argentina construido y publicado por el Instituto Geografico Argentino_ (Buenos Aires, 1894), which includes a list of its sources.

Since that date many maps have been published: maps of the various provinces and surveys drawn up by the railway companies, the Chile Frontier Commission (see Patagonia), the Mines Division (see Natural Regions), and the Ministerio de Obras Publicas (see River Routes). A brief account of the history of Argentine cartography and a list of maps of provinces will be found in Colonel B. Garcia Aparicio, _La carta de la Republica (Anuario del Instituto Geografico Militar_, i, 1912, Buenos Aires, pp. 1-27).

The Military Geographical Institute has itself published a large number of maps, either on the basis of fresh surveys or by compiling earlier work, chiefly:--

About thirty sheets on the scale 1:25,000 (Pampean region) since 1904, interesting for studying the relief of the plain.

"Governacion de la Pampa," 1:500,000 (Estado Mayor, 3A Division, Buenos Aires, 1909).

Three sheets on the scale 1:1,000,000 (Buenos Aires, Concordia, and Corrientes). Buenos Aires, provisional edition 1911 of a map of Argentina on the scale 1:1,000,000, which is to comprise twenty-one sheets.

A convenient reference map, though of no scientific value, is the map of the railways, on the scale 1:2,000,000, in three sheets, published in 1910 by the Ministerio de Obras Publicas.

3. STATISTICS.

A summary of the chief statistics is published annually in _The Argentine Yearbook_ (from 1902 at Buenos Aires; from 1909 at Buenos Aires and London).

The _Anuario de la Dirección General de Estadistica_, which has appeared since 1880 in one, two or three vols. quarto, gives the figures of trade, immigration, agriculture, railways, navigation, etc. (last volume consulted is for 1914, Buenos Aires, 1915).

In the third volume of the _Anuario_ for 1912 will be found a list of the publications of the Dirección de Estadistica. Besides the _Anuario_ the Dirección publishes a bulletin with commercial statistics (last number consulted 181, "El comercio exterior Argentino en los primeros trimestres de 1918 y 1919," Buenos Aires, 1919). _Boletin_ 176 contains a review of Argentine trade from 1910 to 1917.

The statistical department of the Ministry of Agriculture, under the direction of E. Lahitte, publishes the _Boletin Mensual de Estadistica Agricola_ (last volume consulted, xxi, 1919).

4. GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS.[148]

[148] Besides the publications of the Jesuits, which can easily be consulted, a fairly large number of texts bearing upon the history of colonization have been published or re-published in the nineteenth and the twentieth century. See especially:

_Relaciones Geograpicas de Indias_ (vol. i, 1881; vol. ii, 1885, Madrid).

_Anales de la Biblioteca National, Buenos Aires, Publicación de documentos relativos al Rio de la Plata_ (from 1900).

Publications of the _Junta de Historia y Numismatica Americana_ (Buenos Aires, 7 vols., octavo, from 1905 to 1915).

Valuable notes on some of the most important historical documents will be found in E. Boman, _Antiquités de la region andine_ (see North-West Argentina).

The most curious collection of all for the geographer is: Pedro de Angelis, _Colección de obras y documentos relativos a la historia antigua y moderna de las provincias del Rio de la Plata_ (Buenos Aires, 1837, 6 vols, octavo, containing many itineraries, journals of expeditions, etc., together with notes by D'Azara).

The scientific study of this part of South America may be traced back as far as D'Azara. His observations are collected in Don Felix de Azara, _Voyages dans l'Amérique méridionale_, published by Walckenaër (Paris, 1809, 4 vols. in 12^{mo} and atlas) and _Descripción e historia del Paraguay y del Rio de la Plata_, published by D. Agustin de Azara (Madrid, 1847, 2 vols. octavo).

The _Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale_ of Alcide d'Orbigny contains his observations on the Paraná, the province of Corrientes, the Pampa (Parchappe's voyages), and Patagonia (1828). (Historical section, vol. i, Paris, 1835; vol. ii, Paris, 1839-43; vol. iii, third part, geology, Paris, 1842).

Darwin also visited the coast of Patagonia and crossed the Pampa (1833): _Narrative of the Surveying Voyage of H.M.S. "Adventure" and "Beagle"_ ... vol. iii, as _Journal_ and _Researches_ (London, 1839).

Sir Woodbine Parish's work, _Buenos Aires and the Provinces of the Rio de la Plata_ (London, 1838), is remarkably well-informed, and is based upon a thorough study of previous publications and archives.

W. MacKann's _Ten Thousand Miles' Ride through the Argentine Republic_ (London, 1855, 2 vols.) is interesting, and the work of a close observer.

Martin de Moussy, _Description géographique et statistique de la Confédération argentine_ (Paris, 1858, 3 vols. octavo and atlas), is unequal, but full of information.

The work of H. Burmeister, _Description physique de la République argentine_ (Paris, 2 vols., 1876), is of little value, and has been overrated.

Richard Napp, _Die Argentinische Republik_ (Buenos Aires, 1876, I vol. octavo), includes a valuable chapter by P. G. Lorentz on the flora ("Vegetationsverhaeltnisse Argentiniens," pp. 87-149).

The second volume ("Territoire") of the _Second recensement de la République argentine_ (Buenos Aires, 1898) includes a joint geographical study by a number of writers.

_Géologie_, by J. Valentin.

_Climat_, by G. G. Davis.

_Flore_, by E. L. Holmberg.

Some attempt at a general consideration of our geographical knowledge of Argentina has been made by E. A. S. Delachaux, "Las regiones físicas de la Republica Argentina" (_Rev. Mus. Plata_, xv, 1908, pp. 102-131).

Our physical knowledge of Argentina has been greatly promoted by the work of the Dirección de Minas. The results are summarized in the _Memorias de la Dirección general de Minas, Geologia, e Hidrologia_, published from 1908 onward (_Anales del Ministerio de Agricultura, Sección geologia, mineralogia, y mineria_: last volume published for the year 1915, Buenos Aires, vol. xii, No. 2).

Special works are published in the same section of the _Anales del Min. Agric._, and in the _Boletines de la Dirección de Minas, Geologia, e Hidrologia_. See, especially, series B (Geologia). These reports and the accompanying maps are the basis of all work on the geography of Argentina. They already cover a great deal of Argentine territory. The work of Keidel, in particular, which is an essential contribution to the geological history of the South-American continent, and that of Windhausen, are largely concerned with physical geography, the study of the relief, and the influence of the climate on the landscape.

A summary of the history of study of the soil of Argentina will be found in E. Hermitte, _La geologia y mineria Argentina in 1914_ (_Tercer Censo Nacional_, vol. vii, pp. 407-494).

As to climate: Buenos Aires Ministerio de Agricultura, _Servicio Meteorologico Argentino, Historia y Organisacion, con un resumen de los resultados_, preparado bajo la dirección de G. G. Davis (Buenos Aires, 1914, quarto), dispenses one from consulting any previous works.

There is a very complete bibliography of works on the botany and geographical botany of Argentina in F. Kurtz, "Essai d'une bibliographie botanique de l'Argentine" (2nd edition, _Bol. Acad. Nac. Ciencias Córdoba_, xx, 1915, pp. 369-467).

There is a convenient summary of our knowledge of the primitive population in Felix F. Outes and Carlos Bruch, _Los aborigenes de la Rep. argentina_ (Buenos Aires, 1910).

5. NORTH-WEST ARGENTINA.

The most complete general work on irrigation is that of E. A. Soldano, _La irrigación en la argentina_ (Buenos Aires, 1910, octavo). See also C. Wouters, "La irrigación en el valle de Lerma" (_An. Soc. Cient. Argentina_, lxvi, 1908, pp. 117-145).

The best description of the Puna de Atacama and the country of the Valles is in Eric Boman, "Antiquités de la région andine de la Republique Argentine et du désert d'Atacama" (_Mission scientifique G. de Crequi, Montfort, et E. Senechal de la Grange_, Paris, 1908, 2 vols.).

L. Brackebusch, "Ueber die Bodensverhaeltnisse des nordwestlichen Teiles der Argentinischen Republik mit Bezugnahme auf die Vegetation" (_Petermann's Mitteilungen_, 1893, p. 153) is a general description of the whole of north-western Argentina; but Brackebusch's description of his journey, "Viaje a la provincia de Jujuy" (_Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._, iv, 1883, pp. 9-17, 204-211, and 217-226) is fresher and more useful.

I have mentioned in the note to p. 40 Bodenbender's work on the province of La Rioja.

Of the various articles, from all quarters, on North-Western Argentina the following may be noticed:--

J. B. Ambrosetti, "Viaje a la Puna de Atacama de Salta a Caurchari" (_Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._, xxi, 1900, pp. 87-116).

F. Kühn, "Descripción del camino desde Rosario de Lerma hasta Cachi" (_Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._, xxiv, 1910, pp. 42-50).

H. Seckt, "Contribución al conocimiento de la vegetación del Nordeste de la Rep. Arg.--Valles de Calchaqui y Puna de Atacama" (_An. Soc. Cient. Arg._, lxxiv, 1912, pp. 185-225).

Juan F. Barnabe, "Informe sobre el distrito minero de Tinogasta" (_An. Min. Agric., Seccion Geol. Mineralogia y Mineria_, x, No. 4, Buenos Aires, 1915).

On the Puna de Atacama:

L. Caplain, "Informe sobre el estado de la mineria en el Territorio de los Andes" (_An. Min. Agric., Seccion Geol. Mineralogia y Mineria_, vii, No. 1, Buenos Aires, 1912).

On the sub-Andean chains:--

Guido Bonarelli, "Las Sierras subandinas del Alto y Aguaragüe y los yacimientos petroliferos del distrito minero de Tartagal" (_ibid._, viii, No. 4, Buenos Aires, 1913). See also Dirección General de Minas, Geol., e Hidrol, _Boletin_, series B, No. 9 (Buenos Aires, 1914).

On the Chaco Salteño:--

L. Arnaud, "Expedición al Chaco" (_Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._, vi, 1885, pp. 201-210).

On the part of the San Luis province that lies in the zone of the scrub:--

Avé-Lallemant, "Datos orograficos e hidrograficos sobre la Provincia de San Luis" (_Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._, v, 1884, pp. 191-196, and 222-224), and "Apuntes sobre represas y baldes en San Luis" (_An. Soc. Cient. Arg._, xi, 1881, pp. 178-188).

A. L. Cravetti, "Investigación agricola en la Provincia de San Luis" (Buenos Aires, 1904, _An. Min. Agric._, Sección Agric., Botanica, y Agronomia, vol. i, No. 5).

On the scrub south of Mar Chiquita:--

H. Frank, "La repoblación forestal en la region de la Mar Chiquita" (_Bol. Dep. gen. Agric. y Ganaderia_, Prov. Córdoba, ii, 1912, pp. 52-57), and "Contribución al conocimiento de la Mar Chiquita" (_ibid._, pp. 87-101).

6. TUCUMÁN AND MENDOZA.

On Tucumán see Emilio Lahitte, _La industria azucarera, apuntes de actualidad_ (Buenos Aires, 1902).

The best source of the economic history of the sugar industry is the file of the _Revista azucarera_ ("organa de los cultivadores de caña y fabricantes de azucar," Buenos Aires).

On Mendoza, "Investigación vinicola" (Buenos Aires, 1903, _Anales_, Min. Agric., Sección Comercio, Industrias, y Economia, i, No. 1).

7. FORESTRY INDUSTRIES.

Rudolf Leutgens, "Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Quebracho-Gebietes in Argentinien und Paraguay" (_Mitteil. Geogr. Ges. Hamburg_, xxv, 1911, pp. 1-70).

8. PATAGONIA.

_A. The Tableland._

Apart from Villarino's journey on the Rio Negro in the eighteenth century, the first journey across the Patagonian tableland is that of G. Chaworth Musters, _At Home with the Patagonians_ (London, 1871).

In the early volumes of the _Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._ will be found the results of various explorations between 1878 and 1885 by Argentine travellers.

With this group of documents, which provided the first material for his conclusions, we may associate the geological studies of Florentino Ameghino, "L'âge des formations sédimentaires de Patagonie" (_An. Soc. Cient. Argentina_, l, 1900, pp. 109-130, 145-160, and 209-229; li, 1901, pp. 20-39 and 65-90; lii, 1901, pp. 189-197 and 244-250; liii, 1902, pp. 161-181, 220-249 and 282-342) and "Les formations sédimentaires du crétacé supérieur et du tertiaire en Patagonie" (_An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires_, series ii, vol. viii, 1906, pp. 1-568).

On the southern part of Patagonia, south of 50° S. lat.:--

_Svenska Expeditionen till Magellanslaenderna (Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Expedition nach den Magellans Laendern_, 1895-1897, unter Leitung von Dr. Otto Nordenskjoeld, Band I, Geologie, Geographie und Anthropologie, Stockholm, 1907).

On the Magellan region and that of the Santa Cruz:--

_Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia_, 1896-9, i, J. B. Hatcher, _Narrative of the Expeditions, Geography of Southern Patagonia_ (Princeton and Stuttgart, 1903).

On the Rio Negro district:--

S. Roth, "Apuntes sobre la Geologia y la Paleontologia de las Territorios del Rio Negro y Neuquen" (_Rev. Mus. Plata_, ix, 1899, pp. 141-196).

Of more recent works we must especially notice those of the engineers of the Dirección de Minas:--

R. Stappenbeck y F. Reichert, "Informe preliminar relativo a la parte sudeste del Territorio del Chubut" (_An. Min. Agric._, Sección Geol. Mineral., y Minas, vol. ix, No. 1, Buenos Aires, 1909).

Ricardo Wichmann, various studies of the eastern part of the plateau of the Rio Negro (_ibid._, xiii, Nos. 1, 3 and 4, Buenos Aires, 1918 and 1919).

A. Windhausen, studies on the Rio Negro and the Neuquen (_ibid._, x, No. 1, Buenos Aires, 1914). The geological results of Windhausen's work are summarized in articles that appeared in the _American Journal of Science_ (4th series, xlv, 1918, pp. 1-53) and in the _Bol. Acad. Nac. Ciencias Córdoba_ (xxiii, 1918, pp. 97-128 and 319-364).

We must add G. Rivereto, "La valle del Rio Negro" (_Bol. Soc. Geologica Ital._, xxxi, 1912, pp. 181-237, and xxxii, 1913, pp. 101-142).

_B. The Andes._

Numerous articles in the _Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._ and the _An. Soc. Cient. Argentina_, immediately after the military expedition of 1879-1880 (Host, Avé-Lallemant, etc.).

A detailed study of the Andean region was undertaken at the time of the frontier-quarrel between Argentina and Chile, and this led to a number of publications. The work done by the Argentinians under F. P. Moreno is used in _Frontera Argentina-Chilena, Memoria presentada al tribunal nombrado por el Gobernio de su Majestad Britanica_ (London, 1902, 2 vols. quarto, 1 vol. maps, and 1 vol. photographs), and in the _Breve Replica a la memoria Chilena_ (London, 1 vol. quarto, 1902). See a summary of the results in L. Gallois, "Les Andes de Patagonie" (_Annales de Géographie_, x, 1901, pp. 232-259).

In the _Revista_ and the _Anales_ of the La Plata Museum will be found part of the research made during this period (1897-1900) by Argentine experts; especially the work of Burckhardt and Wehrli on the Neuquen Cordillera. The Chilean work which served as the basis of the _Statement presented on behalf of Chile in reply to the Argentine Report_ (London, 1902, 4 vols. and 2 vols. as appendices) is, on the whole, less valuable.

Of later travellers we must mention P. D. Quensel, "On the influence of the Ice Age on the continental watershed of Patagonia" (_Bull. Geol. Inst. Univ. Upsala_, ix, 1908-9, pp. 60-92), and "Geologisch-petrographische studien in der Patagonischen Cordillera" (_ibid._, xi, 1912, pp. 1-114).

Very important surveys in the Cordillera and on the plateau of the Rio Negro were made under the direction of Bailey Willis (_Northern Patagonia_, Ministry of Public Works, Bureau of Railways, Argentine Republic; text and maps by the Comisión de Estudios hidrologicos, Bailey Willis Director, 1911-1914, New York, 1914, 1 vol and atlas).

On the Patagonian forest (Argentine slope from 40° S. lat. to Cape Horn) see Max Rothkugel, _Los Bosques Patagonicos_ (Minist. Agric., Dirección Gen. Agric. y Defensa Agricola: Officina de Bosques y Yerbales, Buenos Aires, 1916).

9. THE PAMPEAN REGION.

The occupation of the western part of the Pampa between 1875 and 1880 led to a fairly large amount of research. The most important work is the _Informe oficial de la Comisión cientifica agregada al Estado Mayor General de la Expedición al Rio Negro_, vol. iii, _Geologia_, by Dr. Ad. Doering (Buenos Aires, 1882). We must also notice G. Avé-Lallemant, "Excursión al Territorio indio del Sud" (_Bol. Inst. Geogr. Argent._, ii, 1881, pp. 41-49); D. Dupont, "Notas geograficas sobre el païs de los Ranqueles" (_Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._, 1790, pp. 47-56); and Est. Zeballos, _Descripción amena de la Republica Argentina_, vol. i, _Viaje al païs de las Araucanos_ (Buenos Aires, 1881).

Of general works on the Pampa and the Pampean deposits:

Fl. Ameghino, _La formación Pampeana_ (Paris and Buenos Aires, 1881), and "Las formaciones sedimentarias de la región litoral de Mar del Plata y Chapalmalan" (_An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires_, series ii, vol. x, 1908, pp. 348-428).

G. Bodenbender, "La cuenca del valle del rio Primero en Córdoba: Descripción geologica del valle del rio Primero desde la Sierra de Córdoba hasta la Mar Chiquita" (_Bol. Acad. Nac. Ciencias Córdoba_, xii, 1890, pp. 1-54); and "Die Pampa Ebene in Osten der Sierra von Córdoba in Argentinien" (_Petermann's Mitteilungen_, 1893, pp. 201-237 and 258-264).

Santiago Roth, "Beobachtungen ueber Entstehung und Alter der Pampasformationen in Argentinien" (_Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geol. Ges._, xi, 1888, pp. 375-464); "Beitrag zur Gliederung der Sedimentablagerungen in Patagonien und der Pampas Region" (_Neues Jahrbuch für Min., Geol., und Paläont._, Beilage, Band xxvi, Stuttgart, 1908, pp. 92-150); and "La construcción de un Canal de Bahía Blanca a las provincias andinas bajo el punto de vista hidrogeologico" (_Rev. Museo de la Plata_, xvi, 1909).

_Nouvelles recherches sur la formation pampéenne et l'homme fossile de la Republique argentine._ A collection of scientific articles published by R. Lehmann-Nitsche (_Rev. Mus. Plata_, xiv, 1907, pp. 143-488), which contains, especially, one by C. Burckhardt, "La formation pampéenne de Buenos Aires et Santa Fé," and one by Ad. Doering, "La formation pampéenne de Córdoba."

Ales Hrdlicka, _Early Man in South America_ (Smithsonian Institution, Bull. 52, Washington, 1912--geological part by Bailey Willis).

On the district of the Central Pampa, R. Stappenbeck, "Investigaciones hidrogeologicas de los valles de Chapalco y Quehuë y sus alrededores" (Min. Agric., Dir. Gen. Minas, Geol., e Hidrol., Bol. No. 4, Buenos Aires, 1913).

On various points in detail one may consult:--

Lavalle y Medici, "Las nivelaciones de la Provincia" (_Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._, vii, 1866, pp. 57-71).

P. A. Bovet, _El Problema de los Medanos en el Pais_ (Buenos Aires, 1910).

R. Velasco, "Los Medanos de la Provincia de Córdoba" (_Bol. Dep. Gen. Agric. y Ganaderia_, Prov. Córdoba, i, pp. 155-173).

Among descriptions of an economic character, which are generally of poor value, we must make an exception in favour of Emile Daireaux, _La vie et les moeurs à la Plata_ (Paris, 1889).

A few useful notes on colonization will be found in Teod. Morsbah, "Estudios economicos sobre el Sud de la Provincia de Buenos Aires" (_Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._, ix, 1888, pp. 143-151) and in E. Segui, "La provincia de Buenos Aires" (_Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent._, xix, 1898, pp. 419-440).

A very useful summary of the results of a general inquiry into agriculture will be found in "Investigación agricola en la Rep. argent." (_Anales Min. Agric. Agronomia_, vol. i, No. 1, 2 and 3, Buenos Aires, 1904: "Preliminares," by Carlos D. Girola, "Investigación agricola en la region septentrional de la Provincia de Buenos Aires," by Ricardo J. Huergo, and "Investigación agricola en la Provincia de Santa Fé," by Hugo Miatello).

With this inquiry is associated G. D. Girola, _El cultivo del trigo en la provincia de Buenos Aires_ (Buenos Aires, 1904).

Agricultural censuses have been taken repeatedly. For 1888 F. Latzina, _L'agriculture et le bétail dans la République argentine_ (Paris, 1889). For 1895 (_Secundo censo_, see Population) the results are given in C. P. Salas, _Bureau central de Statistique de la province de Buenos Aires_ and _L'agriculture, l'élevage, et le commerce dans la province en 1895_ (La Plata, 1897; maps by Delachaux). For 1908, _Censo agro-pecuario nacional_. _La ganaderia y la agricultura en 1908_ (Buenos Aires, 3 vols. quarto, 1909). Vol. iii contains a series of monographs dealing not only with the Pampean region, but the economic history of the whole country.

For 1914 (_Tercer censo_, see Population) the publication of vol. v, relating to agriculture, is unfortunately delayed. There is also available a census of cattle made in 1915 for the Buenos Aires province, _Provincia de Buenos Aires, Min. Obras Publicas, Censo Ganadero_ (1916).

10. THE RAILWAYS.

For the history of the railways see Rebuelto, "Historia del desarollo de los ferrocarriles argentinas" (_Bol. Obras Publicas_, vol. v, 1911, pp. 113-172, vol. vi, 1913, pp. 1-48 and 81-110, and vol. viii, 1913, pp. 1-32), and the entire series of the _Boletin de Obras Publicas_.

A sort of annual of the Argentine railways has been published every year since 1906 under the title _Killik's Argentine Railway Manual_ (London, 1 vol. with map, last issue 1918).

11. THE PARANÁ.

E. A. S. Delachaux, "Los problemas geograficos del territorio Argentino" (_Rev. Univ. Buenos Aires_, 1906, v), includes a study of the floods of the Paraná.

The chief source is the memoir of Repossini, "Memoria sobre el rio Paraná" (_Bol. Obras Publicas_, vol. vi, 1912, pp. 141-168 and 254-264, vol. vii, 1912, pp. 31-48 and 163-186, and vol. viii, 1913, pp. 33-99). It contains on a reduced scale the map issued by the Ministry of Public Works, which is not available in France. The defect is supplied by the English Admiralty Charts, "Rio de la Plata," 1869 (No. 2544 in the Catalogue of Admiralty Charts), and "River Paraná," parts i, ii, iii, iv, v, and vi of 1905 (Nos. 1982/A and 1982/B).

There is an interesting economic summary in W. S. Barclay, "The River Paraná, an economic survey" (_Geogr. Journal_, xxxiii, 1909, pp. 1-10).

On the estuary:--

Alej. Foster, "Regimen del Rio de la Plata y su corrección" (_An. Soc. Cient. Argent._, lii, 1901, pp. 209-234).

G. Rovereto, "Studi di geomorfologia argentina," ii, "Il rio della Plata" (_Bol. Soc. Geol. Ital._, xxx, 1911).

12. POPULATION.

Besides municipal and provincial censuses, there have been three general censuses:

First census made in 1869, one folio volume published in 1872. I have only been able to consult _Oficina del Censo_. _Informe sobre la operación y resultado del Primer censo argentino_ (Buenos Aires, 1870, octavo).

Second census of the Argentine Republic, May 10, 1895 (2 vols, quarto, Buenos Aires, 1898).

_Tercer Censo Nacional levantado el 1º de junio de 1914_ (10 vols, quarto, Buenos Aires, 1916-1917). Only the fifth volume, on agriculture, is not yet to hand.

A geographical interpretation of the distribution of the population was attempted by E. A. S. Delachaux, "La población de la Rep. Argent." (_Rev. Univ. Buenos Aires_, iii, 1905).

INDEX

Abipones, the, 24

_Acequia_, the, 45, 69, 83

Aconcagua, 19, 38, 59, 70, 71

Æolian deposits, 21, 124, 170

Agricultural Centres Law, the, 202

_Aguadas_, 61, 210

_Algarrobas_, 39, 54, 64

Alhuampa, 113

Alumine, the, 128, 129

Ambrosetti, J. B., 136, 282

Ameghino, F., 168

Andalgala, 42

Andes, the Argentine, 19, 37, 46, 54, 57, 70, 126

Andes, the Patagonian, 19, 120, 126, 129

Añecon, 122, 151

Antofágasta, 54, 55

Apipé rapids, the, 239

Apostoles, 116

Araucanians, the, 24, 121

Argentine hydrographic service, 254

_Arrieros_, the, 51, 216, 217

Arroyo del Rey, 26

Asses, trade in, 53

Atamisqui, 97, 98

Atuel, the, 81, 84

Azcarate, 51, 52

Bahía Blanca, 25, 32, 148, 155, 164, 168, 173, 198, 223, 227, 271

Bajada Grande, the, 242, 243

Bamboo, 133

_Bañados_, the, 62, 63, 67, 97, 98, 101

Barra del Indio, the, 253

Barrancas, 17, 245

Basalt, 122, 125, 149

Basques in Argentina, 183, 186

Bellavista, 246

Bellville, 167, 188

Bermejo, the, 40, 115

_Bodegueros_, 87-90

Bodenbender, G., 40, 57, 168, 286

Bolivia, relations with, 48, 50, 52, 53, 70

Boman, E., 47, 282

Brackebusch, L., 48, 54, 278, 282

Brazil, 109, 116, 182, 235

Breeding, 22, 131, 179, 188, 189

British Navy in Argentine waters, 238, 248, 252

Buenos Aires, 17, 29, 30, 32, 57, 109, 112, 155, 159, 164, 184, 209, 218, 220, 239, 254, 259, 272-275

Burruyacu, Sierra de, 72, 73

Calchaqui, 48, 54

_Caldenes_,163

_Cañadas_, 107

_Cañadones_, 122-141

Candelaria, 110, 116

_Cañeros_, the, 74, 75

Carcaraña, the, 171, 212, 246

Carilaufquen, the, 141

Carmen, 130

Carri Lauquen, Lake, 128, 151, 157

Catamarca, 31, 43, 45, 55, 80

Cattle, creole, 22, 131, 179-183, 189

Cattle, pedigree, 22, 188, 189

Cattle fairs, 209

Cattle trade, the, 48, 50, 53, 66, 80, 131, 179-189, 206-208

Catuna, 62

Cedar-forests, 109

Central Argentine Railway, 76, 191, 220, 225

Central Córdoba, 74, 76, 91, 104, 221

Central Norte Railway, 114

_Cerco_, the, 63

Cerro Payen, the, 119, 136

Cerros Colorados, 150, 151

Chaco, the, 32, 78, 96, 104-115

Chaco, Salteño, the, 58-60

Chamical, 62

_Chañares_, 163

Charcoal-burners, 112

Chicago and Buenos Aires, 17

Chile, relations with, 25, 29, 30, 48, 49, 53, 54, 57, 134, 137, 138, 204, 205, 210

Chile road, the, 210, 213

Chilean flour, 79

Chiriguanos, the, 79

Chivilcoy, 190, 194, 195, 212, 263

Choele Choel, 133, 134, 149

Chosmalal, 120, 137, 144

Chubut, the, 138, 140, 155

Climate, 46, 70, 71, 72, 77, 80, 92, 119, 120, 139

_Coilrue_, the, 127

Colalao del Valle, 42

Colastiné, 226, 253

Colonia, 251, 252

Colonies, the, 191, 193, 195, 196

Colonization Companies, 202

_Colonos_,75

Colorado, the, 172

Conlara, 178

Cordillera, the, 19, 20, 48, 81, 121, 126, 129

Córdoba, 29, 33, 50, 57, 164

Córdoba, Sierra de, 209

Corrientes, 32, 49, 102, 107, 108, 189, 215, 257, 269

_Costa_, the, 41, 42, 60

Cruz Alta, 73, 74, 75

Cuarto, the Rio, 25, 211

Cuenca Vidal, 155

Cumbre Tunnel, 222

Cuyo, 79, 85, 86, 96

Cypresses, 127

Daireaux, E., 187, 193, 287

Dairies, 186, 190, 193

Dams, 69-70

Darwin, C, 23, 123, 133, 170, 217, 280

D'Azara, F., 25, 28, 49, 102, 174, 180, 212, 279, 280

Dead valleys, 122, 129

_Demarcación_, 44

Diamante, 248, 249

Diamante, the, 81, 84

Diez y seis de Octubre, 120, 144

Doering, A., 168, 286

Dolores, 178

D'Orbigny, A., 130, 131, 133, 142, 180, 236, 237, 280

Drainage, 83

Drought, 65, 66, 105, 120

Dulce, the Rio, 97, 98

Dunes, 173, 174, 181

Durham cattle, 189, 207

English Bank, the, 252

Entre Rios, 169, 182, 186, 194

Epecuen Lake, 212

Exhibition, San Francisco, 7

_Falda_, the, 73, 74

Famatina, Sierra de la, 40

Fiords, the Patagonian, 20, 128

Flax, 176, 196, 197

Floods, 97, 99, 211

Floods on the rivers, 240, 241

Forests, 23, 96-118

Forts, the early, 26, 27

Frontiers, early, 25

Funes, Dean G., 30, 179

_Galeria_, the, 218

Gallegos, 120, 121, 136

Garcia, Colonel, 27, 182, 183, 210

_Garrapate_, the, 22, 189, 207

_Gauchos_, 218

Gauge, differences of, 221, 222, 231, 232

General La valle, 165

Geological formations, 40, 121, 122, 124-126, 129, 166, 168

Glaciers, the Patagonian, 19, 36, 123, 128, 129

Gold, 138

Goods, traffic, analysis of, 228-231

Granite, 121, 125, 149

Guapichas, 54

Guayra, the, 246

Harvest, labour and the, 266

Helms, A. Z., 51

Hides, 178-180

Holmberg, E. L., 23, 281

Hrdlicka, A., 168, 287

Huari, 56

Hutchinson, F. J., 50

Immigration, 9, 116, 137, 191, 263, 264

Indians, relations with the, 24-28, 47, 131-135

Indians, the Patagonian, 131-135

Ingeniero White, 226

_Intrusos_, 139, 157

_Invernadas_, the, 51, 53, 60, 65, 183

Irrigation, 36, 41-46, 61, 64, 74, 83-86, 144, 154

Itinerary of author, 6

Ituzaingo, 246, 257

Japan, trade with, 8

Jegou, A., 205

Jerked meat, 115

Jesuit missions, 110

Jujuy, 38, 56, 77

Junin, 194

Labour-supply, 76, 77, 79, 88, 108-111

Lacar, Lake, 144

Land-ownership, 61, 201-203

Land, speculation in, 201

Lanin, Mount, 128-147

Larch, the, 146

La Rioja, 32, 33, 59, 80, 209

Ledesma, 78

_Lenga_, the, 127

Lima, 29, 48

Limay, the, 120, 123, 124, 130, 146, 154

Lincoln sheep, 184

Los Sauces, 41

Lucerne-farms, 53, 67, 155, 176-178, 196

Lumbrera, Sierra de la, 58, 70, 77

MacKann, W., 180, 280

Maize, 71, 192-194, 197, 198, 230

_Mallin_, 124, 125, 142, 151

_Manantiales_, 142, 148

Maquinchao, 148, 150, 151, 153, 158

Mar Chiquita, 113, 162, 173, 176, 191

Markets, Argentine, 203-210

Martin Garcia, 166, 251, 253

Matacos, the, 79

_Maté_, 33, 109-112, 117

Matto Grosso, 117, 235

_Mayten_, 128

Mejia, Ramos, 224

Mendoza, 19, 32, 33, 50, 57, 79-93, 218, 270, 271

_Merced_, the, 61, 67

Mercedario, 19

Merino sheep, 184

Mesopotamia, the Argentine, 18

Miatello, 176

Migrations of cattle, 65, 143, 157-159

Migrations of indigenous population, 264-267

Misiones, 33, 109-112, 115

_Molle_, 127

_Monte_, the, 22, 96

Montevideo, 238, 251

Moussy, Martin de, 25, 50, 204, 210

Muleteers, the, 216-7

Mule-trade, the, 49, 51-2, 53, 55

Nahuel Huapi, Lake, 120, 126, 127, 130, 132, 133, 144, 225, 245, 247

Navigation, statistics of, 258

Negro, the Rio, 32, 80, 119, 121, 130, 153

Negroes captured, 131

Neuquen, the, 129, 130, 137, 138, 153

Oases, 36, 41, 86

Oats, 199

_Obrajes_, the, 103-105, 107

Olavarria, 194

Olta, 62

_Omber_, the, 163

Ortiz Bank, the, 252

Otway Water, 129, 136

Pagancillo, 40

Pampa, the, 17, 21, 33, 161-208, 261, 262

Pampa, extent of the, 102

Parabolic tariffs, 226

Paracao, 248

Paraguay, 109, 110, 236, 269

Paraguay, the river, 116, 165, 235, 241, 247

_Paraisos_, 175

Paraná, the, 17, 26, 111, 112, 171, 214, 234, 236-50

Paraná de las Palmas, the, 250, 252, 253

Paraná Guazu, the, 251

Paraná Mini, the, 253

Parish, Sir Woodbine, 30, 100, 130, 182, 213, 215, 261, 280

Paso Paraguayo, the, 250

_Pasto dulce_, 23, 24, 183

_Pasto duro_, 23, 24, 183

_Pasto fuerto_, 23

Patagones, 153, 154

Patagonia, 119-160

Pehuenches, the, 24, 131

Peru, relations with, 28, 29, 49, 51

Peru road, the, 209, 210, 213, 214, 216

Piedra Blanca, 43

Pine forests, 109

Plata, Rio de la, 28, 29, 234, 239

Playa Honda, the, 252, 253

Poma, 56

Poncel, B., 31, 53

Population, growth of, 261-263

Ports, 225

Portuguese, relations with the, 235

Posadas, 111, 116, 242, 248, 249

Potatoes, 205

Pozos del Barca Grande, 253

Protectionism, 93, 94

Puerto Belgrano, 232

Pumpkin, the, 100

_Puna_, the, 37, 38

Puna de Atacama, 47, 48

Punta Arenas, 136

_Quebracho_, the, 23, 96, 103, 256-7

Quebracho Herrado, 26

_Quebradas_, 38, 41, 53

Quetriquile, 151

Quinto, the Rio, 26

Quiroga, 59

Railways, 74, 76, 91, 104, 114, 191, 211, 220-233

Railway tariffs, 226

Rainfall, 21, 38, 39, 71, 72, 80, 120-121, 164

Ranqueles, the, 24, 131

Refrigerators, 143, 187, 188, 209

Repossini, 254

_Represa_, the, 64, 210

Riachucho, 247

Rincones, 180

River-floods, 240, 241, 243

River-traffic, 235-258

Roads, 210-220

Roca, General, 26, 27

Rosario, 92, 164, 171, 173, 191, 215, 221, 239, 245, 253

Rosario de Lerma, 55, 56

Rosas, General, 30, 238

_Saladeros_, 184, 189

Salado, the, 23, 26, 112, 171

Sali, the, 69, 77

_Salitral_, 124, 149

Salt Lakes, the, 24

Salt Road, the, 212

Salta, 29, 32, 33, 38, 46, 48, 51, 59, 70, 214, 218

San Cristobal, 114

San Feliciano, 248

San Javier, 110, 114, 249

San José, 116, 134

San Juan, 19, 32, 33, 50, 66, 79, 82

San Lorenzo, 249

San Luis, 33

San Pedro, 78, 289, 250

San Rafaël, 80, 81, 82, 172, 177

Sancho, 71

Santa Cruz, the, 120, 121, 122

Santa Fé, 26, 52, 112, 114, 175, 191, 196, 198, 253

Santa Maria, 55, 56, 77

Santiago del Estero, 26, 28, 50, 60, 77, 97, 113

Saw-mills, 106-8

Scrub, the, 22, 96

Seasonal migrations, 266

Selective breeding, 21, 179, 188, 189

Sheep-breeding, 139-144, 183-186

Shipping, 236, 240, 253-259

Sierra de los Llanos, 59-63, 67

Sierra d'Ulapes, 66

Somuncura, 122, 152

Spaniards, the early, 28, 29, 48

Stage-coaches, 210

Straits of Magellan, 129

Sugar-industry, the, 69-79

_Suerte de agua_, the, 85

Tablelands, the alluvial, 17, 37

Tandil, Sierra de, 25, 172, 179, 182, 184, 190

Tannin, 102, 105, 106, 107

Tehuelches, the, 131

Texas fever, 22, 189

Teran, M. J. B., 7

Tercero, the Rio, 211, 213

Tierra del Fuego, 128, 140

Tinogasta, 48

Tobacco, 101

Tobas, the, 24, 26

_Toma_, the, 63

_Tosca_, the, 123, 172, 173, 178

Tostado, 114

Trans-Andean railway, 220, 221, 222

Transhumation, 143, 156-159, 182

Transport, evolution of, 215-220, 228

Travelling, early difficulties of, 211-219, 237-238

_Travesias_, the, 52, 60, 142, 211

Tronador, Mount, 128, 147

_Troperos_, the, 217-19

Tucumán, 29, 32, 33, 69-79, 218, 221, 270, 271

Tunuyan, the, 81, 82

Tupungato, 19

_Turno_, the, 44, 85, 86

United States, comparison with 32, 34

United States, trade with, 8

Urban centres, 268, 269

Urquiza, 26, 180, 215

Uruguay, 116

Uruguay, the river, 110, 235, 238, 259

Useless Bay, 129

Valcheta, 122, 123, 149, 150, 153

Valle de Lerma, 48, 54

Valle Viejo, 43, 45

_Valles_, 37-48

_Vegas_, 54, 144

Veinte cinco de Mayo, 194, 262

Ventana, Sierra de, 172, 182, 198, 199

Villa Concepción, 110

Villa Maria, 113, 213

Villa Mercedes, 25, 66, 113, 164, 174, 177, 207, 221

Villa Paraná, 245

Villa Rica, 110, 111

Villarino, 130, 133

Villa Urquiza, 244

Vilque, 56

_Viñatores_, 87-93

Vineyards, 80-93

_Volcada de agua_, 45

Volcanic eruptions, 122, 125

Wagons, travel by, 216, 217

War, the European, effect of, 8

Water-power in Patagonia, 146

Water-rights, 43-46, 61, 64, 84-86

Water-supply, 36, 38, 39, 41-46, 61, 64, 72, 83-86, 141, 154, 181

Welsh in Patagonia, 138

Wheat, 190-192, 194, 198, 199, 230

Wheelwright, 221

Wild cattle, 179-181

Willis, Bailey, 138, 146, 147, 152, 171

Wind, action of the, 20, 124, 170

Wine-industry, the, 80-95

Wool, 139, 183-185

_Yerbales_, the, 49, 109-112, 115, 117

Yguassu, the, 242, 246, 257

Zapala, 156, 158

Zeballos, 204, 213

_Zonda_, the, 41

_Printed in Great Britain by_

UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, LONDON AND WOKING

* * * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Small capitals have been rendered as ALL CAPITALS.

Apparent printer's errors have been corrected.

The following table lists changes made by the transcribers.

+----+---------------+---------------+ |PAGE| CHANGED TO | ORIGINAL | +----+---------------+---------------+ | 9| inmigración | immigración | | 9| después | despues | | 14| Santa | Sante | | 22| físicas | fisicas | | 22| República | Republica | | 23| República | Republica | | 23| República | Republica | | 52| Córdoba, | Córdoba | | 82| melt | meet | | 82| Estero | Eestero | | 91| wines | vines | | 84| Sometimes | Somtimes | | 91| regards | regrads | | 103| Santa | Sante | | 103| quebracho | quebraco | | 105| small | mall | | 105| alongs | along | | 112| crops | props | | 113| quebrachos | quegrachas | | 114| Santa | Sante | | 136|Forschungsreise|Farschungsreise| | 142| than | that | | 157| are | are are | | 167| campaign | compaign | | 175| enlarge | enlarges | | 181| Santa | Sente | | 193| dairy | diary | | 219| galera | galeria | | 266| the | he | | 291| 248 | 24 | | 287| Hrdlicka | Hrdlicker | | 295| 240 | 740 | |----+---------------+---------------+