Part 16

JOCHELSON, WALDEMAR. Material Culture and Social Organization of the Koryak. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1908, Vol. X, Part 2, pp. 283-842.)

KANE, PAUL. Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North America. London, 1859.

LEWIS, ALBERT BUELL. Tribes of the Columbia Valley and the Coast of Washington and Oregon. (Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, Vol. 1, Part 2, 1906.)

LEWIS AND CLARK. Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. (Thwaites Edition.) New York, 1904.

LORD, JOHN KEAST. The Naturalist in Vancouver's Island and British Columbia. 2 vols. London, 1866.

MALLERY, GARRICK. Pictographs of the North American Indians. (Fourth Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1886, pp. 3-256.)

MOONEY, JAMES. The Ghost-dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890. (Fourteenth Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Pt. 2, Washington, 1896.)

MOOREHEAD, WARREN K. Prehistoric Implements. A description of the Ornaments, Utensils and Implements of Pre-Columbian Man in America. New York. 1900.

ROSS, ALEXANDER. (a) Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River. London, 1849.

(b) The Fur Hunters of the Far West. 2 vols. London, 1855.

SCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY R. Historical and Statistical Information respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. Philadelphia, 1851-1857.

SMITH, HARLAN I. and FOWKE, GERARD. Cairns of British Columbia and Washington. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1901, Vol. 4, Part 2, pp. 55-75.)

SMITH, HARLAN I. (a) Shell-Heaps of the Lower Fraser River, British Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1903, Vol. 4, Part 4, pp. 133-191.)

(b) Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1907, Vol. 4, Part 6, pp. 301-441.)

(c) Archaeology of the Thompson River Region. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1900, Vol. 2, Part 6, pp. 401-442.)

(d) The Archaeology of Lytton, British Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1899, Vol. 2, Part 3, pp. 129-161.)

(e) Archaeological Investigations on the North Pacific Coast in 1899. (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 2, No. 3, July-September, 1900.)

(f) New Evidence of the Distribution of Chipped Artifacts and Interior Culture in British Columbia. (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 11, No. 3, July-September, 1909).

(g) A Costumed Human Figure from Tampico, Washington. (Bulletin, American Museum of Natural History, 1904, Vol. 20, Article 16, pp. 195-203.)

(h) A Remarkable Pipe from Northwestern America. (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 8, No. 1, January-March, 1906, pp. 33-38.)

SPINDEN, HERBERT JOSEPH. The Nez Perce Indians. (Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, Vol. 2, Part 3, 1908, pp. 171-274.)

STEVENS, ISAAC I. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1854, pp. 181-254.

SWAN, JAMES G. The Northwest Coast; or Three Years' Residence in Washington Territory, New York, 1857.

TEIT, JAMES. (a) The Thompson Indians of British Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1900, Vol. 2, Part 4, pp. 163-392.)

(b) The Lillooet Indians. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1906, Vol. 4, Part 5, pp. 193-300.)

WHITMAN. MRS. MARCUS. Letters written by Mrs. Whitman from Oregon to her relations in New York. (Transactions of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1891, pp. 79-179, and 1893, pp. 53-219.)

WILKES, C. Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-1842. 5 vols. Philadelphia, 1845.

YARROW, H. C. A Further Contribution to the Study of the Mortuary Customs of the North American Indians. (First Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1881, pp. 91-203.)

APPENDIX.

The following appendix contains a detailed account of graves with catalogue numbers of their contents and other finds, upon which the preceding descriptions are based.

KENNEWICK.

202-8114. Flint chip from the surface. No chips of this quality were found in the Thompson River region.

202-8115. Chipped point made of buff jasper from the surface (Plate II, Fig. 1).

202-8116. Large grooved pebble from the beach of the Columbia River.

202-8117. Chipped pebble from the surface.

202-8118. Broken pestle from the surface.

202-8119. Chipped and battered hammerstone from the surface. (Fig. 43).

202-8120. One half of a sculptured tubular steatite pipe, purchased from Mr. W. F. Sonderman who dug it up while building a flume near Kennewick (Fig. 105).

NORTH YAKIMA.

202-8121. Sculptured handle of a digging stick made of the horn of a Rocky Mountain sheep purchased of Mr. W. Z. York, at Old Yakima, who bought it from an Indian woman living near Union Gap below Old Yakima. She, however, may have brought it from some other locality. (Fig. 126).

202-8122. Tubular steatite pipe (Fig. 104).

202-8123. Pestle made of stone. Presented by Mr. W. M. Gray of North Yakima. Found where the Moxie Ditch enters the flume, about 3 miles northeast of the mouth of the Naches River and southeast of the Yakima River.

202-8124. Fragment of rock painted red. Part of a pictograph showing a human figure with feather headdress (Plate XIV, Fig. 1), taken from the basaltic cliffs southeast of the Naches River above the mouth of Cowiche Creek, about four miles northwest of North Yakima. Several other pictographs were photographed here from the north: Plate XV, Fig. 2 (44480, 4-5), white human heads with feather headdresses and white and red double star figure; Plate XIV, Fig. 2 (44483, 4-8), white human heads with feather headdresses, also (44484, 4-9), Plate XV, Fig. 1 (44485, 4-10); Plate XVI, Fig. 1 (44486, 4-11), and Plate XVI, Fig. 2 (44487, 4-12), white and red human heads with feather headdresses.

202-8125. Six parts of pebbles, from the surface of the flat on the east side of the Yakima River at "The Upper Gap" near the northern end of North Yakima, as samples of what could have been used as material for arrow points.

Numbers 202-8126 to 202-8136 are from the quarry shown in Plate III, Fig. 1 (44488, 5-1 from the south, 44489, 5-2, and 44490, 5-3). This quarry is on the ridge top north of the Naches River, about two miles above its mouth (p. 16).

202-8126. Stone, possibly a hammer.

202-8127. Two river pebbles used as stone hammers.

202-8128. Hammerstone (Fig. 40).

202-8129. Pebble used as a hammer.

202-8130. Fragment of a hammerstone, edge smooth.

202-8131. Two fragments of hammerstones.

202-8132. Four pieces of raw material for chipped implements.

202-8133. Seven pieces of raw material for chipped implements possibly waste from pieces blocked out to be transported or possibly too small or of too poor a quality to be transported.

202-8134. Two pieces of raw material, perhaps chipped.

202-8135. Two pieces of raw material, perhaps too poor to be transported.

202-8136. Thirty pieces of raw material, some very good, some very poor, all apparently waste of pieces blocked out to be transported. No finished or broken implements were found here.

* * * * *

Grave No. 1. Plate VI, Fig. 3 (1910) from north of west of the grave before it was disturbed (p. 14). This grave was about 50 feet up the gully from No. 2, and was excavated by us May 18. It was marked by a stick which was very dry but not yet fully decayed. It was located in the rock-slide on the east slope of the gully, a steep ravine going down from the south to a little flat southeast of the Yakima River. This ravine is on the north side of the hill on the east of the Yakima River at the mouth of the Naches River. The grave was about a mile northeast of the mouth of the Naches River, and about 80 feet above the Yakima. From the spot one can see out over the valley of the Yakima. The grave was on a slight, bench, terrace, or place that could be so interpreted. There were large pits and terraces in the slide above this grave, like those shown in Plate VII. Indications of very old charred cedar strips were found across the grave. Charcoal was found among the rocks, and the grave was bounded by a sort of circular balcony of rocks of the rock-slide and had a slight flat or depression in the center. On top, the stones were large, averaging the size of a man's head, some 30 pounds, some 100 pounds, some the size of a man's fist. Below, covering the body, the rocks were small and many were fine, being chipped small from the same rock by fire. All except this burned rock were the common irregular angular rock-slide material. In the bottom of the grave were found adult human bones, partly charred black, the parts not so charred were yellow. Numbers 202-8137 to 202-8152 were found in this grave.

202-8137. Left half of a charred human jaw, parts are ivory black and parts yellowish gray.

202-8138. Part of a human vertebra.

202-8139. Some charred and calcined bones of a dog with the joint end of the tibia showing the articulation pulled off as in youth. Ashes and black fine masses resembling pulverized charcoal were found in the bottom of the grave. The human bones found with these were probably of two skeletons, but all were much broken and charred. Some yellow brown mass, composed of rootlets, maggot sacks, etc., was found at the sides of the grave.

202-8140. At the east side of the grave, a large piece of partly charred cedar about 8 inches wide by 2 inches thick was found.

202-8141. Chipped point of obsidian with base broken off, showing that at least some of the contents of the grave were of prehistoric culture.

202-8142. Finely chipped point made of brown chert found in fire refuse of this grave (Plate II, Fig. 5).

202-8143. Scorched point made of bone (Fig. 9).

202-8144. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found with it.

202-8145. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found with it.

202-8146. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found with it.

202-8147. Tube of rolled brass having the diameter of a lead pencil. Proving this grave to have been made since the prehistoric people were able to reach the whites in trade.

202-8148. Tube similar to 202-8147 (Fig. 75).

202-8149. Charred tube made of bone about 1-1/4 inches long.

202-8150. Tube similar to 202-8149 (Fig. 97).

202-8151. Scorched tube made of bone and ornamented by incisions running from one end to the other in a spiral course. The tube is charred and about 1-1/4 inches long (Fig. 98).

202-8152. Slate disk perforated in the center and at each side. The object is about 1 inch in diameter and 1/8 inch thick (Fig. 77).

* * * * *

Grave No. 2. Rock-slide grave, about 50 feet down the ravine from grave No. 1 and about 40 feet above the flume. It had grass growing in the center. The grave seemed caved in and as if thoroughly walled like a well. It contained nothing, apparently having been rifled. Before excavation this seemed to be more like a grave than No. 1. (See photograph taken from the southwest.)

* * * * *

Grave No. 3. Rock-slide grave.

99-4314. Bleached skull and jaw of an adult purchased of a boy who said it was from a rock-slide grave on the north side of the Yakima Ridge lying east of the Yakima River above the Upper Gap.

* * * * *

Grave No. 4. Rock-slide grave about 6 feet southeast of grave No. 5 at Selah Canon. As this grave had been opened and the skeleton had been disturbed, no accurate description as to its position can be given. Some of the rock-slide material was quite large, weighing from 200 to 300 lbs; depth, 4 feet; diameter, 3 feet. Decayed wood was found in the grave and long poles on the side of the grave. The grave was probably not very old.

99-4315. Part of skull and skeleton of a youth which was partly bleached. Found in Grave No. 4.

* * * * *

Grave No. 5. Rock-slide grave in Selah Canon and about 6 feet northwest of grave No. 4. Apparently this grave had been rifled. The adult skull lay to the west and was broken. The skeleton was flexed, the feet were toward the east and the knees south of the vertebrae, that is, the skeleton was on the right side. The grave which was about 75 feet up the hillside, and 1-1/2 miles east of the Yakima River on the south side of Selah Canon, was about 3-1/2 feet deep by 3-1/2 feet in diameter. Long poles lay on the side of the grave while decayed wood, leather thongs and dried flesh yet adhering to some of the bones, in this kind of a grave even in such a dry region as this, especially the last two, suggest the grave to be recent.

99-4316. Jaw and skeleton of an adult. Found in grave No. 5.

* * * * *

Grave No. 6. Rock-slide grave about 100 feet up the hillside at the top of a rock-slide on a point south of the Yakima River about 2 miles northeast and above the mouth of the Naches River. The bones were found in excavating an adjacent barren grave, 5 feet to the northeast and had probably been thrown out of this one on top of it. Pieces of cedar were scattered around the grave, which had been rifled. Its depth was 5 feet, diameter 5 feet.

99-4317. Skull and one hip bone of an adult. Probably from grave No. 6.

* * * * *

Grave No. 7. Rock-slide grave situated northeast of North Yakima and about half a mile northeast of grave No. 6. There is a road near the edge of the grave. The grave had been rifled and pieces of wood were found lying near it; the bones were scattered around and broken. None of them were in anatomical order. Numbers 202-8153 to 202-8156 were found in this grave.

202-8153. One brass bell.

202-8154. Three glass beads.

202-8155. Two shell beads.

202-8156. Three dentalium shells.

* * * * *

Grave No. 8. Rifled rock-slide grave. The skeleton which had been wrapped in cedar bark had been taken away. Nothing besides the cedar bark was found. The grave was found near No. 7 and about a half mile northeast of No. 6. Wood was lying near by. There was a road near the edge of the grave which had been rifled.

* * * * *

Grave No. 9. Rock-slide grave found near No. 7 which was situated about half a mile northeast of No. 6. The grave contained nothing but charcoal. There was wood lying near by. There was a road near the edge of the grave which had been rifled.

* * * * *

Grave No. 10. Rock-slide grave excavated June 2, 1903. This grave was 150 feet up the hill from the Naches River, half a mile above its mouth and on the north side. It was 5 feet long by 6 feet wide and 4 feet deep and had been disturbed and many of the bones thrown out. Dry poles and cedar boards lay around the top. Numbers 99-4318, 202-8157 to 202-8169 were found in this grave.

99-4318. An adult skull and skeleton with abnormality on right malor and with one rib expanded, part of a young adult skeleton and part of a child's skeleton were found. Some of the bones were bleached. The adult and the child were on the bottom. These two bodies had been wrapped in bark and placed in a hole one foot deep in the ground below the slide. The adult's head was to the west southwest. On top and to the east northeast was the young adult. Human hair was also found in grave No. 10.

202-8157. Four parts of the hearth of a fire drill, similar to that used in the Thompson River region. See Teit, (a) p. 203, for descriptions of fire drills (See also Fig. 38.)

202-8158. Wolf or dog bones, some of them bleached.

202-8159. Part of a decorated wooden bow (Fig. 114).

202-8160a, b. Two pieces of a basket. Doubtless of a finer stitch than those from the Thompson River Indians. See Teit, (a), Fig. 131a and Figs. 143 to 146.

202-8161. Piece of coarse coil basket with splint foundation and bifurcated stitch (Fig. 17).

202-8162. Piece of a stitched rush mat (p. 86).

The bill of a saw-bill duck was found but not preserved.

202-8163. Copper tubes with six beads, short sections of dentalium shells, which were found from the top to the bottom of the grave. These beads were strung.

202-8164. Four bone tubes found near the bottom and mostly to the east northeast of the grave.

202-8165. Point made of bone found to the west northwest in grave (Fig. 7).

202-8166. A perforated cylinder made of steatite found at about the center of the grave (Fig. 99).

202-8167. Fishbone.

202-8168. Three pieces of yellow jasper (raw material).

202-8169a, b, c. Three small arrow points, one found on center, one in east northeast part and one in south of grave. _a_ is of brownish fissile jasper (Plate II. Fig. 2).

* * * * *

Grave No. 11. Rock-slide grave located on the north side of the Naches River, a little over half a mile above its mouth. The place is about 600 feet west southwest of grave No. 10 and 150 feet above the river. It was 6 feet by 4 feet in diameter and 4 feet deep. Apparently it had been rifled as nothing was found in it except a skull and a few bones.

99-4319. Skull, a lower jaw, and a few broken bones which were scattered among the rocks. The skull was found in the west southwest part of the grave with the face down. The lower jaw was found in the southern part of the grave about 1 foot higher up in the rocks.

* * * * *

Grave No. 12. Bluff pebble grave. We examined a ring of river boulders on the twenty-acre farm of Mr. James McWhirter, a boy about fifteen years old, twelve miles up the Naches River on the crest of the foothill terrace north of the road, and overlooking the bottom along the north side of the Naches River. This grave was about 150 feet high above the river by about half a mile from it. At first it looked like a little underground house site or a shallow cache pit. (Museum negative, no. 44441, 1-2 for general locality.) James, who called our attention to the pile of boulders, said that some one threw off part in an abandoned attempt to dig the grave. We thought the grave practically undisturbed and it proved to have been the least disturbed of any we had found up to this point. The outside of the ring was 10 feet east and west by 5 feet north and south. The inside of the ring or the space surrounded was 6 feet east and west by 4 feet north and south. Probably this grave was a boulder heap, the aspect of a ring being given by the removal of the stones, i.e., this central space may be where stones were thrown off. River boulders were found from top to bottom. The boulders varied in weight from about 7 to 30 pounds. Most of them were disk-shaped but some were oval. Numbers 99-4320 and 202-8170, 1 were found in this grave.

99-4320. An adult skeleton was found 4 feet deep with the head towards the west, resting on its occiput. The skull which was broken, faced south by east, with the mouth open. The knees were north; the body was on its left side and flexed. Over the north side of the knees was an elliptically-shaped piece of cedar burned on the upper side. It was about 2 feet wide by 4 feet long. A few fragments of the skeleton of a child were found in the grave. All the bones in the grave were very soft and as the ends were broken off we discarded all but the skull and a few of the bones of the child. Two shell disks (202-8170,1) were found about 6 inches apart near the neck, one at the south shoulder, and one at the south side of the skull of the adult.

202-8170. Pendant of disk shape made of oyster shell with one perforation near the edge (Fig. 94).

202-8171 Pendant of disk shape made of shell with two perforations near one edge (Fig. 93).

* * * * *

Grave No. 13. Cremation circle, similar to several of the others on the terrace northwest of the mouth of the Naches River. This consisted of a ring of angular rocks among which were no river pebbles, resembling a small underground house site, 8 feet in diameter outside, 6 feet in diameter at the top of the rocks, 4-1/2 feet in diameter inside, both east-west and north-south. It is widest and built of largest stones on the side towards the lower part of the terrace, suggesting that the ring had slid down but the nearly level terrace would argue against this idea. This grave was like a rock-slide grave, filled with soil, but on a gently sloping terrace instead of a steep slide. Photograph no. 44495, 5-8, from the south shows a telegraph pole to left and a flume across the Yakima River to the right. See also graves No. 14 and 15. Child bones, found two feet deep in volcanic ash, were decayed and discarded. The tibiae were about 2-1/2 inches long.

* * * * *

Grave No. 14. This cremation circle was situated on the terrace about 100 feet above the Naches River and about 250 yards north of the two bridges near its mouth. Plate IX, Fig. 1 (photograph no. 44493, 5-6) shows this from the east with telegraph poles beyond. The stone circle measured 6 feet north and south inside (16 outside) by 7 feet east and west inside (14 outside). Our excavation here was 6 by 5 by 4 feet deep. Fragments of charred human bones, and some that seemed not to be charred, of six or seven individuals were found from about 1 foot deep down to 4 feet deep. Most of these were pieces of skulls, but pieces of many other bones were found. The bones which were most burned, were those found nearest the surface. Much charcoal was seen. A layer of ashes about 6 inches in thickness was found in the center. In the northwest part of the hole a skeleton was found lying on the left side flexed, the face east, and the head north. This may have been buried after the others. The bones were very much decomposed and the skull was broken into small pieces. Numbers 202-8172 to 202-8174 were found in this grave.

202-8172. A shell ornament found on the east side of the skull.

202-8173. Two dentalium shells found on the west side of the skull. Dentalium shells were found in all parts of the excavation but were most numerous in the northeastern parts.

202-8174. A shell ornament.

* * * * *