CHAPTER XVIII.

[18.1] Val. Max., I. iii; Liv. XXXIX. 8-18; Cic., _De Legibus_, II. 8; Dion Halic., II. 20; Dion Cass., XL. 47; XLII. 26; Tertull., _Apol._ 6; _Adv. nationes_, I. 10.

[18.2] Propert., IV. i. 17; Lucian, VIII. 831; Dion Cass., XLVII. 15; Arnob ii. 73.

[18.3] Val. Maxim. I. iii. 3.

[18.4] Dion Cass. XLVII. 15.

[18.5] Jos., XLV. x. Comp. Cic., _Pro Flacco_, 28.

[18.6] Suet., _Aug._, 31, 93; Dion Cass., lii. 36.

[18.7] Suet., _Aug._, 93.

[18.8] Dion Cass., LVI. 6.

[18.9] Jos. _Ant._ XVI. vi.

[18.10] Ibid. XVI. vi. 2.

[18.11] Dion Cass., LII. 36.

[18.12] Jos., B. J., V. xiii. 6. Comp. Suet.], Aug., 93.

[18.13] Suet., Tib., 36; Tac., Ann., ii., 85; Jos., Ant. XVII., iii., 4, 5; Philo., In Flaccum, § 4; Leg. ad Caium, § 24; Sen. Epist. cviii. 22. The assertion of Tertullian (Apol. 5), repeated by other ecclesiastical writers, that Tiberius had formed the intention of placing Jesus Christ on the list of gods, is not worth discussion.

[18.14] Dion Cass., lx. 6.

[18.15] Tacit. Ann., xi. 15.

[18.16] Dion Cass., lx. 6; Suet., Claud. 25; Acts xviii. 2.

[18.17] Dion Cass., lx. 6.

[18.18] Jos. Ant., XIX. v. 2; XX. vi. 3; B. J. II. xii. 7.

[18.19] Suet. Nero 56.

[18.20] Tac. Ann. xv. 44; Suet. Nero. 16. This will be developed hereafter.

[18.21] Tac. Ann. xiii. 32.

[18.22] Comp. Dion Cass. Domit. sub fin; Suet. Domit. 15. This distinction is formally made in the digest, I. xlvii., tit. xxii., de Coll. et Corp. i. 3.

[18.23] Cic. Pro Flacco, 28.

[18.24] This distinction is indicated in the _Acts_ xvi. 20, 21; Cf. xviii. 13.

[18.25] Cic. Pro Flacco, 28; Juv. xiv. 100 &c.; Tac. Hist, v., 4, 5; Plin. Epist. x., 97; Dion Cass. L. ii. 36.

[18.26] Jos. B. J. VII. v. 2.

[18.27] Ælius Arist. Pro Serapide, 53. Jul. Orat. iv., p. 136, of Spanheim's Ed., and the sculptures copied by Leblant in the Bull. de la Soc. des Ant. de Fr., 1859, p. 191-193.

[18.28] Tac. Ann. ii. 85; Suet. Tib. 37; Jos. Ant. XVIII. iii. 4-5; letter of Adrian in Vopisc. Vit. Saturn, 8.

[18.29] Dion Cass. xxxvii. 17.

[18.30] See the inscriptions collected in the Rev. Archéol. Nov. 1864, 391, &c.; Dec., 1864, p. 460, &c.; June, 1865, p. 451-452, and p. 497, &c.; Sept., 1865, p. 214, &c.; Apr., 1866; Ross. Inscr. Græc. ined. fasc., ii., No. 282, 291, 292; Hamilton, Researches in Asia Minor, Vol. ii., No. 301. Corp. Inscr. Græc. Nos. 120, 126, 2525 b. 2562; Rhangabe Antiq. Hellen. No. 811. Henzen, No. 6082; Virg. Ecl. v., 30. Comp. Harpocration Lex. art ἐρανιστής. Festus art. Thiastas; Digest XLVII., xxii., de Coll. et Corp. 4; Plin. Epist. x., 93, 94.

[18.31] Aristot. Mor. Nicom. VIII., ix., 5. Plut. Quest. Græc. 44.

[18.32] Wescher, Archives des missions scientif. 2d series, v., i., p. 432, and Rev. Arch., Sept., 1865, p. 221, 222. Cf. Aristot. Œconom. ii. 3. Strab. ix., i., 15. Corp. inscr. gr., No. 2271, lines 13-14.

[18.33] Κληρωτοί.

[18.34] Κλῆρος. The ecclesiastical etymology of κλῆρος is different, and implies an allusion to the position of the tribe of Levi in Israel. But it is not impossible that the word was primarily derived from the Greek confraternities (cf. Act i. 25, 26; I. Petri, v. 3. Clem. Alex. in Euseb. H. E. iii. 23). M. Wescher finds among the dignitaries of these societies an ἐπίσκοπος (Revue Arch., April, 1866). See ante, p. 86. The assembly was also called σῦναγωγή (Revue Arch., Sept., 1865, p. 216; Pollux IV. viii., 143).

[18.35] Corp. inscr. Gr. No. 126. Comp. Rev. Arch. Sept. 1865, p. 216.

[18.36] Wescher in Revue Archeol. Dec. 1864, p. 460, &c.

[18.37] See ante, p. 338, note 2.

[18.38] The Greek confraternities were not entirely exempt. Inscr. in Revue Archeol., Dec. 1864, p. 462, &c.

[18.39] Digest XLVII. xxii. de Coll. et Corp. 4.

[18.40] Liv. XXIX. 10, &c. Orell. and Heuzen, Inscr. Lat. c. v. § 21.

[18.41] Dion. Cass. lii. 36; lx. 6.

[18.42] Liv. XXXIX. 8-18. Comp. decree in Corp. Inscr. Lat. I. p. 43-44. Cf. Cic. De Legibus ii. 8.

[18.43] Cic. Pro Sext. 25; In Pis. 4; Asconius, in Cornelianam 75 (edit. Orelli); In Pison. p. 7-8; Dion. Cass. XXXVIII. 13, 14; Digest. III. iv. Quod cujusc. 1; XLVII. xxii. de Coll. et. Corp. passim.

[18.44] Suet. Domit. 1; Dion. Cass. XLVII. 15; LX. 6, LXVI. 24; passages of Tertullian and Arnobius before cited.

[18.45] Suet. Cass. 42; Aug. 32; Jos. Ant. XVI. x. 8; Dion. Cass. LII. 36.

[18.46] "Kaput ex. S. C. P. K. Quibus coire, convenire, collegiumque habere liceat. Qui stipem menstruam conferre volent in funera, ii. in collegium cocant, neque sub specie ejus colleginisi semel in mense vocant conferendi causa unde defuncti sepeliantur." Inscr. Lanuv. 1st col. lines 10-13 in Mommsen, De collegiis et sodalitiis Romanorum (Kiliæ, 1843), p. 81-82 and ad calcem. Cf. Digest. XLVII. xxii. de Coll. et. Corp. 1; Tertull. Apol. 39.

[18.47] Inscr. Lanuv. 2d col. lines 3, 7; Digest. XLVII. xxii. de Coll. et Corp. 3.

[18.48] Digest. XLVII. xi. de Extr. crim. 2.

[18.49] Ibid. XLVII. xxii. de Coll. et. Corp. 1 and 3.

[18.50] Heuzey, Mission de Macedoine, p. 71, &c.; Orelli, Inscr. No. 4093.

[18.51] Orelli, 2409; Melchior et P. Visconti, Silloge d'iscrizioni antiche, p. 6.

[18.52] See article relative to colleges of Esculapius and Hygiens, of Jupiter Corninus, and of Dian and Antinous, in Mommsen, op. cit. p. 93, &c. Comp. Orelli, Inscr. Lat. Nos. 1710, &c., 2394, 2395, 2413, 4075, 4079, 4107, 4207, 4938, 5044; Mommsen, op. cit. p. 96, 113, 114; de Rossi, Bulletin di Archeol. Cristiana, 2d year, No. 8.

[18.53] Inscr. Lanuv., 1st col., lines 6-7; Orelli. 2270; de Rossi, Bullett. di archeol. crist. 2d year, No. 8.

[18.54] Inscr. Lanuv., 2d col., lines 11-13; Orelli, 4420.

[18.55] Inscr. Lanuv., 1st col. lines 3, 9, 21; 2d col. lines 7-17; Mommsen, Inscr. regni Neap. 2559; Marini. Atti. p. 598; Muratori, 491, 7; Mommsen. De coll. et sod. p. 109, &c. 113, Comy. I. Cor. xi, 20, &c. The president of the Christian Churches was called by the pagans θιασάρχης. Lucien, Peregrinus, II.

[18.56] Inscr. Lanuv. 2d col. line 7.

[18.57] Inscr. Lanuv. 2d col. lines 24-25.

[18.58] Ibid. 2d col. lines 26-29. Cf. Corpus Inscr. Gr. No. 126.

[18.59] Orelli, Inscr. Lat Nos. 2399, 2400, 2405, 4093, 4103. Mommsen, De Coll. et Sod; Rom. p. 97; Heuzey u. s. Compare at this day the little cemeteries of the societies at Rome.

[18.60] Hor. Sat. I. viii. 8.

[18.61] _Funeraticium._

[18.62] Inscr. Lanuv. 1st col, lines 24, 25, 32.

[18.63] Ib. 2d col. lines 3, 5.

[18.64] Cic. De Offic. 1, 17. Schol. Bibb. ad Cic. Pro Archia, x. 1. Comp. Plut. De frat. amore, 7; Digest XLVII. xxii. de Coll. et Corp. 4. In a Roman inscription the founder of a sepulchre provides that only those of his own faith shall be buried there, _ad religionem pertinentes meam_ (de Rossi, Bull. di Archeol. Crist. 53d year No. 7, p. 64.)

[18.65] Tertull. Ad Scap. 3; de Rossi, op. cit. 3d year, No. 12.

[18.66] St. Justin, Apol. 1, 67; Tertull. Apollog. 39.

[18.67] Ulpi. Fragm. xxii. 6. Digest III. iv. Quod cujusc. 1; XLVI. 1, de Fid. et Mand. 22, XLVII. ii. de Furtis, 31; XLVII. xxii. de Coll. et Corp. 1, 3; Gruter. 322, 3, 4; 424, 12; Orelli, 4080; Marini, Atti. p. 95. Muratori, 516, 1; Mem. de la Soc. des Antiq. de Fr. XX. p. 78.

[18.68] Dig. XLVII. xxii. de Coll. et Corp. passim; Inscr. Lanuv. 1st col. lines 10-13; Marini, Atti. p. 552; Muratori, 520, 3; Orelli 4075, 4115, 1567, 2797, 3140, 3913; Heuzen 6633, 6745; Mommsen op. cit. p. 80, etc.

[18.69] Digest XLVII. xi. de Extr. crim. 2.

[18.70] Ibid. XLVII. xxii. de Coll. et Corp. 2; XLVIII. iv. ad Leg. Jul. majest. 1.

[18.71] Dion Cass. LX. 6. Comp. Suet. Nero 16.

[18.72] See administrative correspondence of Pliny and Trajan. Plin. Epist. X. 43, 93, 94, 97, 98.

[18.73] "Permittitur tenuioribus stipem menstruam conferre, dum tamen semel in mense coeant, ne sub prætextu hujusmodi illicitum collegium coeant (Dig. XLVII. xxii. _de Coll. et Corp._ 1)." "Servos quoque licet in collegio tenuiorum recipi volentibus dominis (_ibid._ 3)." Cf. Plin. Epist. X. 94; Tertull. Apol. 39.

[18.74] Digest I. xii. de Off. præf. urbi, 1. § 14 (Cf. Mommsen op. cit. p. 127); III. iv. Quod cujusc. 1; XLVII. xx. de Coll. et Corp. 3. The excellent Marcus Aurelius extended as far as possible the right of association. Dig. XXXIV. v. de Rebus dubiis, 20; XL. iii. de Manumissionibus, 1; XLVII. xxii. de Coll. et Corp. 1.