CHAPTER XII.

[12.1] Acts xi. 19.

[12.2] Josephus, _Wars of the Jews_, ii. 4. Rome and Alexandria were the two chief ones; compare Strabo xvi. ii. 5.

[12.3] Compare Otfried Müller, _Antiochian Antiquities_, Göttingen, 1839, p. 68. John Chrysostom, on _Saint Ignatius_, 4 (opp. t. ii. p. 597, edit. Montfaucon): _On Matthew_, Homilies lxxxv. 4. (vol. viii. p. 810). He estimates the population of Antioch at two hundred thousand souls, without counting slaves, infants, and the immense suburbs. The present city has a population of not more than seven thousand.

[12.4] The corresponding streets of Palmyra, Gerasium, Gadara, and Sebaste, were probably imitations of the grand _Corso_ of Antioch.

[12.5] Some traces of it are found in the direction of _Bâb Bolos_.

[12.6] Dion Chrysostome, Orat. xlvii. (vol. ii. p. 229, edit. Reiske), Libanius, _Antiochicus_, p. 337, 340, 342, 356 (edit. Reiske), Malala, p. 232, et seq., 276, 280, et seq. (Bonn, edition.) The constructor of these great works was Antiochus Epiphanes.

[12.7] Libanius, _Antioch._ 342, 344.

[12.8] Pausanias, vi. ii. 7; Malala, p. 201; Visconti Mus. Pio-clemen., vol. iii. 46. See especially the medals of Antioch.

[12.9] Pierian, Bottian, Penean, Tempean, Castalian, Olympic games, Jopolis (which was referred to Io). The city pretended to be indebted for its celebrity to Inachus, to Orestes, to Daphne and to Triptolemus.

[12.10] See Malala, p. 199; Spartian, _Life of Adrian_, p. 14; Julian, _Misopogon_, p. 361, 362; Ammian Marcellin., xxii. 14; Eckhel, _Doct. num vet._ part i. 3, p. 326; Guigniaut, _Religions de l'Ant._ planches No. 268.

[12.11] John Chrysostom, _Ad pop. Antioch._ homil. xix. 1; (vol. ii. p. 189.) De sanctis martyr. i. (vol. ii. p. 651.)

[12.12] Libanius, Antioch., p. 348.

[12.13] Act. SS. Maii, v. p. 383, 409, 414, 415, 416; Assemani, _Bib. or._, ii. 323.

[12.14] Juvenal Sat., iii. 62, et seq.; Stacc. _Silves_, i. vi. 72.

[12.15] Tacitus _Ann._ ii. 69.

[12.16] Malala, p. 284, 287, et seq.; Libanius, _De Angariis_, p. 555, et seq.; _De carcere vinctis_, p. 445, et seq.; _ad Timocratem_, p. 385; _Antioch_, 323; Philost., _Vit Apoll._ i. 16; Lucian, _De Saltatione_, 76; Diod. Sic. fragm. lib. xxxiv. No. 34 (p. 358, ed. Dindorf); John Chrysos. Homil. vii. in Matt. 5 (vol. vii. p. 113); lxxiii. _in Matt._ 3 (ibid. p. 712); _De consubst. contra Anon._, 1 (vol i., p. 501); _De Anna_, 1 (vol. iv. p. 730), _De David et Saüle_ iii. 1 (vol. iv. 768, 770); Julian Misopogon, p. 343, 350, edit. Spanheim; _Actes de Sainte Thècle_, attributed to Basil of Seleucia, published by P. Pantius (Auvers, 1608) p. 70.

[12.17] Philostr. _Apoll._ iii. 58; Ausonius, _Clar. Urb._, 2; J. Capitolin _Verus_, 7; _Marcus Aurelius_, 25; Herodian ii. 10; John of Antioch in the Excerpta Valesiana, p. 844; Suidas, at the word Ἰοβιανός.

[12.18] Julian _Misopogon_, p. 344, 365, etc.; Eunap. _Vie des Soph._, p. 496, edit. Boissònade (Didot); _Ammien Marcellin_ xxii. 14.

[12.19] John Chrysos. _De Lazaro_, ii. 11 (vol. 1. p. 722, 723).

[12.20] Cic. pro. Archiâ, 3, making allowance for the usual exaggeration of an advocate.

[12.21] Philostratus _Vie d' Apollonius_, iii. 58.

[12.22] Malala, p. 287, 289.

[12.23] John Chrysos., Homil. vii. _On Matt._ 5, 6. (vol. vii. p. 113); See O. Müller, _Antiq. Antioch._, p. 33 note.

[12.24] Libanius, _Antiochichus_, p. 355-366.

[12.25] Juvenal, iii. 62 et seq. and Forcellini, in the word _ambubaja_, where he observes that the word _ambuba_ is Syriac.

[12.26] Libanius, _Antioch_ p. 315; _De carcere vinctis_, p. 455; Julian Misopogon, p. 367, edit. Spanheim.

[12.27] Libanius, _Pro rhetoribus_, p. 211.

[12.28] Libanius, _Antiochichus_, p. 363.

[12.29] Libanius, _Antiochichus_, p. 354 et seq.

[12.30] The actual enclosure, which is of the time of Justinian, presents the same particulars.

[12.31] Libanius, _Antioch._, p. 337, 338, 339.

[12.32] The lake _Ak Denir_, which forms on this side the actual limit of the territory of Antakieh, had, as it appears, no existence in olden times. See Ritter, _Erdkunde_, xvii. p. 1149, 1613 et seq.

[12.33] Josephus _Ant._, xii. iii. 1; xiv. xii. 6; _Wars of the Jews_, ii. xviii. 5; vii. iii. 2-4.

[12.34] Josephus, _against Apion_, ii. 4; _Wars of the Jews_, vii. iii. 2-4.

[12.35] Malala, p. 244, 245; Jos., _Wars of the Jews_, vii. v. 2.

[12.36] _Acts_ vi. 5.

[12.37] Ibid. xi. 19, et seq.

[12.38] Compare Josephus, _Wars of the Jews_, ii. xviii. 2.

[12.39] _Acts_ xv. 20, 21. The proper reading is Ἕλληνας Ἕλληνιστας comes from a false agreement with ix. 29.

[12.40] Malala, p. 245. The narrative of Malala cannot, indeed, be exact, Josephus says not a word respecting the invasion of which the chronographer makes mention.

[12.41] Malala, p 243, 265-266. Compare "_Memoirs of Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres_," session of 17 August, 1865.

[12.42] S Athanasius, _Tomus ad Antioch_. (Opp. vol. i. p. 771, edit. Montfaucon); S. John ChAsianos Daldianoi Simônianoi, Kêointhianoi, Sêthianoi christos christeiosrysostom, _Ad pop. Antioch_, Homil. i. and ii. beginning (vol. ii. p. i and xx.); _In Inscr._ Act. ii. beginning (vol. iii. 60); _Chron. Pasch._, p. 296 (Paris); Theodoret, Hist. Eccl., ii. 27; iii. 2. 8. 9. The agreement of these passages does not permit of ἐν τῆ καλουμένη Παλαιᾷ being rendered by "in that which was called the old town," as the editors have sometimes done.

[12.43] Malala, p. 242.

[12.44] Pococke, _Descript. of the East_, vol. ii. part i. p. 192 (London 1745), Chesney, _Expedition for the Survey of the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris_, i. 425, et seq.

[12.45] That is to say, opposite to that part of the old town which is still inhabited.

[12.46] See below.

[12.47] The type of the Maronites is reproduced in a striking manner in the country of Antakieh, Soneideieb, and Beylan.

[12.48] F. Naironi, _Anoplia fidei Cathol._ (Rome, 1694), p 58, et seq., and the work of S. Em. Paul Peter Masad, present patriarch of the Maronites, entitled Kitab ed. durr ed. manzoum (in Arabic, printed at the convent of Zamisch in the Kesronan, 1863).

[12.49] _Acts_ xi. 19, 20; xiii. 1.

[12.50] Gal. ii. 11, et seq., presumes it to be so.