CHAPTER XI.

[11.1] Acts ix. 31.

[11.2] See the atrociously naïve avowal of 3 Macc. vii. 12, 13.

[11.3] Read the 3d Book (apocryphal) of Maccabees, entire, and compare it with that of Esther.

[11.4] Suetonius, _Caius_, 22, 52; Dion Cassius, lix. 26, 28; Philo, _Leg. ad Caium_, § 25, &c.; Josephus, _Ant._ XVIII., viii.; XIX., i. 1-2; _B. J._, II. x.

[11.5] Philo, _Leg. ad Caium_, § 30.

[11.6] Philo, _In Flaccum_, § 7; _Leg. ad Caium_, § 18, 20, 26, 43.

[11.7] Philo, _Leg. ad Caium_, § 29; Josephus, _Ant_. XVIII. viii.; _B. J._ II. x.: Tacitus, _Ann_. XII. 54; _Hist_. V. 9, completing the first passage by the second.

[11.8] Philo, _Leg. ad Caium_, § 27, 30, 44, and following.

[11.9] Acts ix. 31.

[11.10] Gal. i. 18, 19; ii. 9.

[11.11] Acts xi. 29, 30.

[11.12] Acts ix. 32.

[11.13] At this day, _Ludd._

[11.14] Acts ix. 32-35.

[11.15] Jaffa.

[11.16] Jos. _Ant._ XIV., x. 6.

[11.17] Acts ix. 43; x. 6, 17, 32.

[11.18] Mischna, _Ketuboth_, vii. 10.

[11.19] Compare Gruter, p. 891, 4; Reinesius, _Inscript._, XIV. 61; Mommsen, _Inscr. regni Neap._, 622, 2094, 3052, 4985; Pape, _Wört der Griech. Eigenn._, on this word Cf. Jos. _B. J._ IV., iii. 6.

[11.20] Acts ix. 36, and following.

[11.21] Ibid. ix. 39. The Greek runs: ὅσα ἐποίει μετ’ αὐτῶν οὖσα.

[11.22] Ibid. ix, 32, 44.

[11.23] Acts x. 9-16; xi. 5-10.

[11.24] Ibid. x. 1; xi. 18.

[11.25] There were at least thirty-two. (Orelli & Heuzen, _Inscr. Lat._, Nos. 90, 512, 6756.)

[11.26] Compare Acts xxvii. 1. and Heuzen, No. 6709.

[11.27] Compare Luke vii. 2, and following. Luke is priding himself, it is true, upon this idea of virtuous centurions, Jews in heart without circumcision (see Introduction). But the example of Izates (Jos. _Ant_., xx., ii. 5), proves that such situations were possible. Compare Jos. _B. J._, II., xxviii. 2; Orelli, _Inscr._, No. 2523.

[11.28] Acts x. 2, 7.

[11.29] This seems, it is true, in contradiction to Gal. ii. 7-9. But the conduct of Peter in that which relates to the admission of the Gentiles was never very consistent. Gal. ii. 12.

[11.30] Acts xi. 18.

[11.31] Ibid. xv. 1, and following.

[11.32] II. Cor. ii 32, 33; Acts ix. 23-25.

[11.33] Gal. i. 18.

[11.34] Ibid. i. 18.

[11.35] Ibid. i. 23.

[11.36] _Acts_ ix. 26.

[11.37] Gal. i. 18.

[11.38] _Acts_ ix. 26.

[11.39] Acts ix. 27. All this portion of the Acts has too little historical value to enable us to affirm that this fine action of Barnabas took place during the fifteen days that Paul passed at Jerusalem. But there is no doubt, in the manner in which the _Acts_ present the case, a true sentiment of the relations of Paul and Barnabas.

[11.40] Gal. i. 19, 20.

[11.41] Ibid. i. 18. Impossible, consequently, to admit as exact the 28th and 29th verses of Acts ix. The author of the _Acts_ makes an abusive employment of these ambushes and murderous projects. The Acts vary from the Epistle to the Galatians in supposing the sojourn of St. Paul at Jerusalem too long, and too near to his conversion. Naturally the Epistle merits our preference, at least, as to its chronology and the material circumstances.

[11.42] See especially the Epistle to the Galatians.

[11.43] Epistle to the Galatians, i. 11, 12, and nearly throughout; I. Cor. ix. 1, and following; xv. 1, and following; II. Cor. xi. 21, and following.

[11.44] We find this sentiment more or less directly; Rom. xii. 14; I. Cor. xiii. 2; II. Cor. iii. 6; I. Thess. iv. 8; v. 2, 6.

[11.45] Gal. i. 22, 23.

[11.46] _Acts_ xx. 17, 21.

[11.47] _Acts_ ix. 29, 30.

[11.48] 48. Gal. i. 21.

[11.49] Acts ix. 30; xi. 25. The capital chronological datum for this epoch of the life of St. Paul is Gal. i. 18; ii. 1.

[11.50] Cilicia had a church in the year 51. _Acts_ xv. 23, 41.

[11.51] It is in the Epistle to the Galatians (towards 56), that Paul places himself for the first time openly in the rank of the apostles (i. 1, and the following). According to Gal. ii. 7-10, he had received this title in 51. Still he did not assume it, even in the subscription of the two Epistles to the Thessalonians, which are of the year 53. I. Thess. ii. 6, does not imply an official title. The author of the _Acts_ never gives Paul the name of "apostle." "The apostles," for the author of the _Acts_, are "the Twelve." Acts xiv. 4, 14, is an exception.