CHAPTER X.

[10.1] This date resulted from the comparison of chapters ix., xi., xii. of the _Acts_ with Gal. i. 18; ii. 1, and from the synchronism presented by Chapter xii. of the _Acts_ with profane history, a synchronism which fixes the date of the incidents detailed in this chapter at the year 44.

[10.2] _Acts_ ix. 11; xxi. 39; xxii. 3.

[10.3] In the Epistle to Philemon, written about the year 61, he calls himself an "old man" (v. 9); _Acts_ vii. 57, he calls himself a young man.

[10.4] In the same way that those named "Jesus" often called themselves "Jason;" the "Josephs," "Hegesippe;" the "Eliacim," "Alcime," etc. St. Jerome (_De Viris Ill._ 5) supposes Paul took his name from the proconsul Sergius Paulus (_Acts_ xiii. 9). Such an explanation seems hardly admissible. If the _Acts_ only give to Saul the name of "Paul," after his relations with that personage, that would argue that the supposed conversion of Sergius was the first important act of Paul as apostle of the Gentiles.

[10.5] _Acts_ xiii. 9, and following. The closing phrases of all the Epistles; II. Peter iii. 15.

[10.6] The Ebionite calumnies (Epiphan. _Adv. hær._ xxx. 16, 25) should not be seriously taken.

[10.7] St. Jerome, _loc. cit._ Inadmissible as the present St. Jerome, though this tradition appears to have some foundation.

[10.8] Rom. xi. 1; Phil. iii. 5.

[10.9] _Acts_ xxii. 28.

[10.10] _Acts_ xxiii. 6.

[10.11] Phil. iii. 5; _Acts_ xxvi. 5.

[10.12] _Acts_ vi. 9; Philo, _Leg. ad Caium_, § 36.

[10.13] Strabo XIV. x. 13.

[10.14] _Ibid_. XIV. x. 14, 15; Philostratus _Vie d'Apollonius_, 1, 7.

[10.15] Jos. _Ant._, last paragraph, Cf. _Vie de Jésus_.

[10.16] Philostratus, _loc. cit._

[10.17] _Acts_ xvii. 22, etc.; xxi. 37.

[10.18] Gal. vi. 11; Rom. xvi. 22.

[10.19] II. Cor. xi. 6.

[10.20] _Acts_ xxi. 40. I have elsewhere explained the sense of the word Ἑβραïστί. _Hist. des Langes Sémit._ ii. 1, 5; iii. 1, 2.

[10.21] _Acts_ xxvi. 14.

[10.22] I. Cor. xv. 33, Cf. Meinecke. _Menandri fragm._ p. 75.

[10.23] Tit. i. 12; _Acts_ xvii. 28. The authenticity of the Epistle to Titus is very doubtful. As to the discourse in chapter xvii. of the _Acts_, it is the work of the author of the _Acts_ rather than of St. Paul.

[10.24] The verse quoted from Aratus (Phænom. 5) is really found in Cleanthes (_Hymn to Jupiter_, 5). Both are doubtless taken from some anonymous religious hymn.

[10.25] Gal. i. 14.

[10.26] _Acts_ xvii. 22, etc. Observe note 23.

[10.27] See _Vie de Jésus_, p. 72.

[10.28] _Acts_ xviii. 3.

[10.29] _Ibid._ xviii. 3; I. Cor. iv. 12; I. Thess. ii. 9; II. Thess. iii. 8.

[10.30] _Acts_ xxiii. 16.

[10.31] II. Cor. viii. 18, 22; xii. 18.

[10.32] Rom. xvi. 7, 11, 21.

[10.33] See above all the Epistle to Philemon.

[10.34] Gal. v. 12; Phil. iii. 2.

[10.35] II. Cor. x. 10.

[10.36] _Acta Pauli et Theclæ_ 3, in Tischendorf, _Acta Apost._, apocr. (Leipzig, 1851), p. 41, and the notes (an ancient text perhaps, the original spoken of by Tertullian); the _Philopatris_, 12 (composed about 363); Malala Chronogr. p. 257, edit. Bonn; Nicephore, _Hist. Eccl._ ii. 37. All these passages, above all that of _Philopatris_, admit that these were ancient portraits.

[10.37] I. Cor. ii. 1, etc.; II. Cor. x. 1, 2, 10; xi. 6.

[10.38] I. Cor. ii. 3; II. Cor. x. 10.

[10.39] II. Cor. xi. 30; xii. 5, 9, 10.

[10.40] I. Cor. ii. 3; II. Cor. i. 8, 9; x. 10; xi. 30; xii. 5, 9, 10; Gal. iv. 13, 14.

[10.41] II. Cor. xii. 7-10.

[10.42] I. Cor. vii. 7, 8, and the context.

[10.43] I. Cor. vii. 7, 8; ix. 5. This second passage is far from being demonstrative. Phil. iv. 3, would imply the contrary. Comp. Clement of Alexandria, _Strom._ iii. 6, and Euseb. _Hist. Eccl._ iii. 30. The passage I. Cor. vii. 7, 8 alone has any weight on this point.

[10.44] I. Cor. vii. 7-9.

[10.45] _Acts_ xxii. 3; xxvi. 4.

[10.46] Ibid. xxii. 3. Paul does not speak of this matter in certain parts of his Epistles where he would naturally mention him (Phil. iii. 5). There is an absolute contradiction between the principles of Gamaliel (_Acts_ v. 34, etc.) and the conduct of Paul before his conversion.

[10.47] Gal. i. 13, 14; _Acts_ xxii. 3; xxvi. 5.

[10.48] II. Cor. v. 16, does not implicate him. The passages _Acts_ xxii. 3, xxvi. 4, give reason to believe that Paul was at Jerusalem at the same time as Jesus. But it does not follow that he saw him.

[10.49] _Acts_ xxii. 4, 19; xxvi. 10, 11.

[10.50] Ibid. xxvi. 11.

[10.51] High-Priest from 37 to 42; Jos. _Ant_. XVIII. v. 3; XIX. vi. 2.

[10.52] _Acts_ ix. 1, 2, 14; xxii. 5; xxvi. 12.

[10.53] See _Revue Numismatique_, new series, vol. iii. (1858), p. 296, etc.; 362, etc.; _Revue Archéol._, April, 1864, p. 284, etc.

[10.54] Jos. B. J. II. xx. 2.

[10.55] II. Cor. xi. 32. The Roman money at Damascus is wanting during the reigns of Caligula and Claud. Eckhel, _Doctrina num. vet._, part 1, vol. iii. p. 330. Damascus money, stamped "Arétas Philhellenius" (ibid.), seems to be of our Hâreth (communication of M. Waddington).

[10.56] Jos. _Ant._ XVIII. v. 1, 3.

[10.57] Comp. _Acts_ xii. 3; xxiv. 27; xxv. 9.

[10.58] _Acts_ v. 34, etc.

[10.59] See an analogous trait in the conversion of Omar. Ibn-Hiseham. _Sirat errasoul_, p. 226 (Wüstenfeld edition).

[10.60] _Acts_ ix. 3; xxii. 6; xxvi. 13.

[10.61] _Acts_ ix. 4, 8; xxii. 7, 11; xxvi. 14, 16.

[10.62] It is here that the tradition of the middle ages locates the miracle.

[10.63] This results from _Acts_ ix. 3, 8; xxii. 6, 11.

[10.64] Nahr el-Aroadj.

[10.65] The plain is really more than seventeen hundred feet above the level of the sea.

[10.66] _Acts_ xxvi. 14.

[10.67] From Jerusalem to Damascus is over eight days' journey.

[10.68] _Acts_ ix. 8, 9, 18; xxii. 11, 13.

[10.69] II. Cor. xii. 1, etc.

[10.70] I experienced a crisis of this kind at Byblos; and with other principles I would certainly have taken the hallucinations that I had then for visions.

[10.71] We possess thirteen accounts of this important episode: _Acts_ ix. 1, etc.; xxii. 5, etc.; xxvi. 12, etc. The differences remarked between these passages prove that the apostle himself varied in the accounts he gave of his conversion. That in _Acts_ ix. itself is not homogeneous, as we shall soon see. Comp. Gal. i. 15-17; I. Cor. ix. 1; xv. 8; _Acts_ ix. 27.

[10.72] With the Mormons, and in the American trances, almost all the conversions are also induced by nervous excitement, producing hallucinations.

[10.73] The circumstance that the companions of Paul saw and heard as he did may be legendary, especially as the accounts are on this point, being in direct contradiction. Comp. _Acts_ ix. 7; xxii. 9; xxvi. 13. The hypothesis of a fall from a horse is refuted by these accounts. The opinion which rejects entirely the narration in the _Acts_, founded on ἐν ἐμοί of Gal. i. 16, is exaggerated, ἐν Ἐμοί in this passage, has the sense of "for me." Comp. Gal. i. 24. Paul surely had at a fixed moment, a vision which resulted in his conversion.

[10.74] _Acts_ ix. 3, 7; xxii. 6, 9, 11; xxvi. 13.

[10.75] This was my experience during my illness at Byblos. My recollections of the evening preceding the day of the trance are totally effaced.

[10.76] II. Cor. xii. 1, etc.

[10.77] _Acts_ ix. 27; Gal. i. 16; I. Cor. ix. 1; xv. 8; Hom. Pseudo-Clem, xvii. 13-19. Comp. the experience of Omar, _Sirat errasoul_, p. 226, etc.

[10.78] _Acts_ ix. 8; xxii. 11.

[10.79] Its ancient Arabic name was _Tarik el Adhwa_. It is now called _Tarik el Mustekim_, answering to Ῥύμη ἐυθεῖα. The eastern gate (_Bâb Sharki_) and a few vestiges of the colonnades yet remain. See the Arabic texts given by Wustenfield in the _Zeitschrift für vergleichende Erdkunde_ of Lüdde for the year 1842, p. 168; Porter, _Syria and Palestine_, p. 477; Wilson, _The Lands of the Bible_, II., 345, 355-52.

[10.80] _Acts_ xxii. 11.

[10.81] The account given in _Acts_ ix. appears to have been formed from two mingled narratives. One, the more original, comprises vv. 9, &c. The other more developed, containing more dialogue and legend, includes verses 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. The 12th verse belongs neither to that which precedes nor to that which follows it. The account in chapter xxii. 12-16, is more conformed to the above-mentioned texts.

[10.82] _Acts_ ix. 12. It should read ἄνδρα ἐν ὁράματι according to manuscript B. of the Vatican. Comp. verse 10.

[10.83] _Acts_ ix. 18; comp. _Tobit_, ii. 9; vi. 10; xi. 13.

[10.84] _Acts_ ix. 18; xxii. 16.

[10.85] Gal. i. 2, 8-9, 11, &c.; I. Cor. ix. 1; xi. 23; xv. 8, 9; Col. i. 25; Ephes. i. 19; iii. 3, 7, 8; _Acts_ xx. 24; xxii. 14-15, 21; xxvi. 16; Homiliæ Pseudo-Clem., xvii. 13-19.

[10.86] Gal. i. 17.

[10.87] Ἀραβία is "the province of Arabia," principally composed of the Hauran.

[10.88] Gal. i. 17, &c.; _Acts_ ix. 19, &c.; xxvi. 20. The author of the _Acts_ believes that this first sojourn at Damascus was short, and that Paul shortly after his conversion, came to Jerusalem and preached there. (Comp. xxii. 17.) But the passage of the epistle to the Galatians is peremptory.

[10.89] Insc. discovered by Waddington and De Vogüé (Revue Archéol., April, 1864, p. 284, &c., _Comptes Rendus_ de l'Acad. des Inscr. et B. L., 1865, p. 106-108).

[10.90] Dion Cass. lix. 12.

[10.91] I have discussed this in the _Bulletin Archéologique_ of Langperier and De Wette, September, 1856.

[10.92] Gal. i. 16, with following verses, prove that Paul preached immediately after his conversion.

[10.93] Jos. B. J., I., ii. 25; II., xx. 2.

[10.94] _Acts_ ix. 20-22.

[10.95] Gal. i. 16. It is the sense of οὐ προσανεθέμην σαρκὶ και αἵματι.