Chapter XXXV) has already instructed us as to the general

characteristics of crustaceans. Here, scrambling about the ledges just under water, are big rock and Jonah crabs, but not so many of them as you might see in Maine. Both are eaten when "soft-shells," but are not so good as the blue crab. Here, too, are lively and pugnacious fiddlers and some green or stone crabs, wonderfully active little creatures, which in England are sent to market, but on this side of the ocean are used only for bait.

Still more comical and interesting is one of the spider-crabs, which may be called thornback. It has a little body, but very long legs, so that a big male thornback might cover eighteen inches in the stretch of its legs.

Do you see how long his great claws are, and how his back is covered all over with tiny hooked spines? It is quite easy to understand why the name of thornback was given to him. But how is it that all those tufts of seaweed are growing on the upper part of the shell?

Well, the answer is a very odd one. The crab planted them there himself! The fact is that when he is lying down at the bottom of a pool he does not want to be seen, for fear that the animals upon which he preys should take alarm, and escape before he can catch them. So he actually pulls up a number of little sprigs of seaweed, and plants them on his back one after the other, pressing the roots down with his claws till at last they are held quite firmly by the little hooked spines with which his shell is covered! Then as long as he keeps quite still he is perfectly invisible, and his victims may even crawl over him without suspecting that they are in any danger.

Stranger still, if a thornback crab which has covered his back with seaweeds should be placed in a tank in which sponges are growing, he will soon find out that he is not nearly so well hidden as he would like to be, and will get very uneasy. Before long he will discover what the reason is, and will actually pull all the sea weed off his shell, and plant sponges on it instead.

Here, too, scampering and rattling about among the pebbles, are lots of hermit-crabs, dragging after them the shells in which they have ensconced their soft hind bodies, as is described on page 402. And under the stones--turn them over and you will see--are dozens of strange little half-transparent creatures which you might easily believe were insects, but which really are diminutive cousins of the crabs and crayfish named amphipods and isopods, and so forth. You may find under some stone one of the tubes made by a certain species, composed of grains of sand glued together by sticky threads much like spiders' silk. These minute crustaceans exist in vast multitudes near the surface of the ocean at certain seasons, and form the principal food of the whalebone-whales, which gulp them down wholesale. Some of them, also, are parasitic on fishes.

But what is the curious little creature clinging flat upon this rock among the weeds? It looks like some sort of pill-bug half an inch long, doesn't it?

Ah! that is a chiton. It is really a kind of shell-bearing mollusk, like the whelk and the periwinkle; only instead of having its shell made all in one piece, it has eight shelly plates on its back, which overlap one another just like the slates on the roof of a house. Just touch it with your finger. There! Do you see? It has rolled itself up into a ball, just like those pill-millepedes which you may find in the garden. It always does this if it is frightened. And its shell is so stout and hard that as long as it is rolled up it is quite safe from nearly all its enemies.

If you were to hunt about among the rocks quite close to the water's edge when the tide is at its lowest, you would most likely meet with a number of chitons, and you would be surprised to find how much they vary in color. Some are ashy gray all over; but a great many are streaked and spotted with brown, and pink, and orange, and lilac, and white. But the strangest thing of all about chitons--there are far larger ones in the warmer parts of the world--is that some of them have nearly twelve thousand eyes scattered about all over their shells!

But we are lingering too long by the way, for our real destination to-day is that fine pool over there. It is a basin among the ledges, filled with quiet sea-water left by the retreat of the tide, half-floored with sandy mud, and its edges fringed with feathery seaweeds, corallines, and hydroids. Here is a capital home for the little folk of the sea, where there is always fresh clear water, but where only a part of the time do the surges pound, and then never with full force; furthermore, a wall of rocks protects the nook, and enemies can rarely enter to destroy the peaceful society.

In warmer parts of the coast, as in the Gulf of Mexico, or upon the Pacific coast, or most of all in some of the tropical islands which now belong to the United States, such a pool would be brilliantly carpeted with sponges, sea-anemones, coral-polyps and corallines, of which you may read on pages 431 to 435. The water of the North Atlantic, and the winters of its American coast, are too cold, however, to allow any but a very few hardy species of these lowly sea-flowers to grow in our pool; but there are quite enough to keep us busy during the hour or two left before the returning tide creeps over the jagged rim of the basin and drives us away.

Here, for instance, is half an oyster-shell looking as if it had been bored full of holes with bird-shot. It could hardly have been any boy's target though; for, see, we can find many such fragments. There is one under water. Take it out and you will find every one of the hundreds of little pits filled with a yellow spongy material. It is real sponge, called the boring-sponge, because it riddles all sorts of old shells until they fall to pieces. This is a good thing, for then they are gradually ground to powder and dissolved in the water, and so help to keep it supplied with the lime needed by living animals for their shells.

But other sponges help in this work. One is a brilliant crimson, and spreads a velvety mantle over the shell, from which rise branches as big as your fingers. We may probably discover among others here the pretty urn-sponges, like clusters of yellow or gray goblets about half an inch high. On the reefs of the Gulf coast of Florida, you know, several sorts of sponges grow to great size and are gathered and prepared for use--a trade which furnishes employment to hundreds of men.

But this clear pool holds more beautiful things than sponges. If we are fortunate we may find a sea-anemone. Do not fancy from its name that it looks anything like the pretty pink and white anemones that delight you in the woods in the spring. It does, indeed, look something like a clove-pink, or some sorts of chrysanthemum, when it is fully expanded, yet it is not a flower at all, but a true animal.

Its body is shaped like a barrel, or sometimes more like a tube, with a large throat leading into a big stomach which is held in position in the center of the body by six partitions radiating like the spokes of a wheel from the stomach to the tough outer skin. Between these are other shorter partitions extending inward from the skin, but not reaching the stomach.

This is the type of structure in the polyp family, which the sea-anemones represent; and the stony coral-polyps are built on the same plan, only there the outer wall and the radiating inside partitions become hardened plates of lime as the animal grows, and form, when many grow into a solid mass, the immense coral reefs described on page 433.

The New England coast has several small sea-anemones, and one handsome one, sometimes as big as a teacup, a few of which dwell in our pool. Just come, very quietly, over to this side, and gaze down through the clear water upon that reddish block of stone. Do you not see that large brown tuft, quivering and moving like a chrysanthemum each petal of which was alive? That is the brown sea-anemone; but some specimens show much brighter tints.

Ah!--did you notice how that minnow turned and fairly flew as he felt a touch of one of those waving petals? No wonder he was in such a hurry to escape from its clutches, since he knew quite well that the grasp of those arms means death. For every one of them is set with scores and scores of tiny oval cells, made in such a way that they spring open at the slightest touch. And inside each cell is a slender poisoned dart, which leaps out as soon as it is opened.

So, if the minnow had waited a few minutes longer hundreds of these little darts would have buried themselves in the soft parts of his body and stung him to death, and then the anemone would have swallowed him!

Now just touch the anemone with the tip of your finger. You need not be afraid to do so, for its little poisoned darts are not nearly strong enough to pierce your skin. There! do you see how its arms at once come closing in? It seems to be pushing them right down into the very middle of its body. Now they have entirely disappeared, and you cannot see them at all. The animal looks just like a shapeless lump of jelly.

Yes, it always does that when it is frightened, and also if it is left high and dry when the tide goes out. And when it catches a good-sized victim and swallows it, it generally remains closed up for at least a couple of days.

Now let us tell you another curious thing about the anemone. It looks as if it were growing out of the rock, doesn't it? If you try to push it loose, you will probably kill it before you succeed. Yet it can release it's sucker-like grip, and move about if it wishes to. This is only one of many very interesting things to be learned about these lovely creatures.

And here is another very beautiful thing which you must not miss. One would think the dark rock under the water had blossomed out into a small bed of filmy bluish pinks, only what you see is even more delicate and feathery. That is a patch of true corals; and it is most fortunate it was found here, for it is rarely seen, except when brought up in a dredge from water several fathoms deep.

Now let us see whether we cannot find some of the tube-worms which in feathery beauty are rivals of even the anemones and coral-polyps. Look down to the very bottom of the pool. Do you see that bunch of long, twisted tubes, which seem to be fastened to one of those big stones?

They are made by a very common sea-worm called the serpula, or shell-worm, for they are quite as often found attached to shells as to stones. This worm never leaves the tube it forms about it out of the limy mucus thrown out of its skin, so that it has no use for feet; consequently these have become simply a row of bristles along its sides, by which the animal can hitch itself up and down, or forward and backward, within its case. Sometimes it may want to draw itself back into its tube very quickly, to save its head being bitten off by some fish or ravenous worm. So along its back it has a row of between thirteen and fourteen thousand little hooked teeth, with which it can take a firm hold of the lining of its tunnel. And if it is suddenly alarmed it just raises these teeth, and then jerks itself back into its tunnel with such wonderful speed that you can scarcely see what has become of it.

Now let us lift the bundle of tubes out of the water, and examine them a little more closely. Do you see that each one is closed, just a little way below the entrance, by a kind of scarlet stopper? That shows that the worm inside is alive. The stopper is shaped just like a tiny cork, and whenever the serpula retreats into its tube it pulls this odd little stopper in after it, and so prevents any of its enemies from getting in and devouring it, just as gastropods close the aperture of their shells with the operculum.

If you were to put this bunch of tubes back into the water and watch it carefully for an hour or so, you would most likely see all the stoppers come out, one after another; and a few moments later you would see a bright scarlet tuft projecting out of the mouth of each tube. These tufts are the gills, by means of which the serpulas breathe. But at the slightest alarm the tufts would all disappear, and in less than a second every tube would be tightly corked up again, just as before.

On the Gulf coast of Florida, and throughout the West Indies, lives a larger relative of the serpula called "sea-flower," which secretes its tube upon the surface of large coral-heads, so that the tube becomes covered by the coral, leaving the opening still at the surface. "This opening," says Dr. Mayer, "is protected by a sharp spine, and is closed by the operculum of the worm when it withdraws its gills. When expanded these gills resemble a beautiful pink or purple passion-flower, about three-quarters of an inch wide."

In such pools, and in the mud among the stones near low-tide mark, lie buried several kinds of worms which poke their heads up into the water above them when the tide comes in, and expand tufts of pink, or crimson, or yellow gills and tentacles, the latter used to catch minute floating food--mainly the microscopic larvæ of various mollusks, worms, etc.--and also, in some cases, to drag to them the grains of sand out of which they construct their tubes. One of these is the fringed worm (_Cirratulus_) whose gills are like long orange-colored threads; and another the similar "blood-spot" (_Polycirrus_) whose great cluster of crimson tentacles about the mouth looks like a clot of blood on the sand. More often turned out by the naturalist's spade, however, is the tufted worm (_Amphitrite_) which dwells in a house made by itself, by taking a number of good-sized grains of sand, and sticking them together by means of a kind of glue which it pours out of its mouth, and which very soon "sets" and becomes quite hard, even though it is under water. This glue is so tough and strong that you can take the tube and give it quite a smart pull without tearing or hurting it in the least. And when the tube is finished Amphitrite makes that little fringe round the entrance by taking a number of very tiny grains and fastening them together in the form of threads.

There is one in this nook of our pool, now; and you may see the three pairs of blood-red tentacles which, with many pale yellow ones, the worm has thrust out into the clear water, breathing by means of some (the gills), and with the others capturing the invisible creatures upon which it mainly feeds.

The tubes of these worms usually run for several inches down into the sandy mud at the bottom of the pool, and are often carried down under the rocks, or big stones. So you will not find it very easy to dig them up. And if you startle Amphitrite herself, she will always wriggle at once down to the very bottom of her tubular fortress.

There! our four rambles are over, and although we have met with a great many interesting creatures, we have not seen nearly all that there is to be seen, either on the beach, or in the mud, or on the rocks, or in the pools which lie among them. But all the curiosities of the seashore may be found by those who have patience and know how to use their eyes.

OUR WICKED WASTE OF LIFE

A Plea to Women for Consistency

One of the most puzzling things in life is why almost all our mothers and sisters and aunts and "dear teachers" continue to trim their hats with feathers.

They give their boys and girls books about birds, and teach love of nature in the schools, and sing and march on Bird Day, and pay money to missionaries to convert South Sea Islanders from wearing feather head-dresses, and then go down-town and buy bird-skins to deck their own heads! This confuses the boys and girls a good deal. How, they ask, can a mother preach against cruelty and vanity to her children when she continues to load her hat and theirs with feathers every one of which represents a crime against the laws of both God and man? The reason why lawmakers find it so difficult to enforce protective legislation is that the women demand dead birds, careless whether of useful species or not, no matter by what gory slaughter and violated laws obtained, as ministers to their vanity--and the law be hanged!

They will even wear these evidences of cruelty and crime to church, and listen unabashed to exhortations and prayers which others think ought to shrivel them with shame. A recent writer in "Hampton's Magazine" describes his impressions of a scene of this kind in a Chicago church, whose preacher that morning had chosen Christian gentleness as his theme. This writer indulgently believes that the bird-bedecked listeners "did not know at what a cost, not in life alone, but in hard dollars and cents, they, and other persons equally careless and equally reckless, were securing the transient satisfaction of their immediate desires." And he expresses himself as "equally sure that, if they did know, they would never again appear in public so savagely adorned."

We are sorry to be obliged to disagree with him. If they do not know, it is because they do not read and listen, and few American women, gentle or simple, are chargeable with negligence in that respect. The officers of the Audubon Societies, who have been laboring for years as vigorously as they know how, tell us there is no lack of information; but that, in general, women don't care, and can't be made to care what hat-birds cost either themselves or the country so long as they are "in style." Apparently the only way to stop the ruin of our bird-life is for the general government to prohibit absolutely both import and export of any kind of bird-skins or feathers (except of the ostrich) intended or liable to be used in millinery; and for the States to stamp out dealing in feather trimmings by a prohibitive licensing tax. Appeals to the women are useless. The only way is to attack the trade.

Nevertheless, let us make one more effort. Here are four cardinal facts, for instance, relating to the aigrettes, or "ospreys" which you covet, showing what they cost:

(1) Aigrettes are produced only by white herons, and only during the breeding-season; therefore (2) the parent birds must be shot in order to obtain the plumes; hence (3) the young birds in the nests must starve, in consequence of the death of the parents; consequently (4) all statements that the plumes are manufactured or are gathered after being molted by the adult birds are false.

Here is a picture of how they are got, and it can be verified by photographs:

"Notwithstanding the extreme heat and the myriads of mosquitos, I determined to revisit the locality during my holidays, in order to obtain one picture only--namely, that of a white crane, or egret, feeding its young. When near the place, I could see some large patches of white, either floating in the water or reclining on the fallen trees in the vicinity of the egrets' rookery. This set me speculating as to the cause of this unusual sight. As I drew nearer, what a spectacle met my gaze--a sight that made my blood fairly boil with indignation. There, strewn on the floating water-weed, and also on adjacent logs, were at least fifty carcasses of large white and smaller plumed egrets--nearly one-third of the rookery, perhaps more--the birds having been shot off their nests containing young. What a holocaust! Plundered for their plumes. What a monument of human callousness! There were fifty birds ruthlessly destroyed, besides their young (about two hundred) left to die of starvation! This last fact was betokened by at least seventy carcasses of the nestlings, which had become so weak that their legs had refused to support them, and they had fallen from the nests into the water below, and had been miserably drowned; while, in the trees above, the remainder of the parentless young ones could be seen staggering in the nests, some of them falling with a splash into the water, as their waning strength left them too exhausted to hold up any longer, while others simply stretched themselves out on the nest and so expired. Others, again, were seen trying in vain to attract the attention of passing egrets, which were flying with food in their bills to feed their own young, and it was a pitiful sight indeed to see these starvelings with outstretched necks and gaping bills imploring the passing birds to feed them. What a sickening sight!"

A like gruesome story is given by William L. Finley, agent of the National Association of Audubon Societies, after he had explored the region about Lake Malheur, Oregon, where formerly thousands of white herons bred, but now none are to be found--all absolutely exterminated by plume-hunters. In Florida an agent of this Association was lately murdered while trying to defend a rookery from plume-hunters.

Every aigrette--and almost every other wild-bird's feather you wear--represents a broken law, and in buying it you become a voluntary partner in crime.

The manufacturing milliners and dealers realize this, and consequently resort to all sorts of lies and disguises and subterfuges, which your buying encourages, for it sustains the bloody business of the illegal feather-hunters. Some dealers assert that none but imported feathers are now sold by them. This is not true, but if it were, the wearing of them is wrong, not only because it encourages the devastation of other countries, but also because it keeps up the general fashion. The same may be said in answer to the plea of the milliner that her ornaments were "made up" of chicken-feathers. You can't be sure of that, and you are setting a harmful example.

"Here, of course," remarks Reginald W. Kauffman, in the illuminative "Hampton's" article already quoted, "is involved merely a question of individual ethics, but if the trifling life of a bird is a matter of small moment even to the gentler sex--so long as the eyes of that sex are not outraged by an actual sight of the bloody slaughter--at least a matter of very great moment is the fact that the rise in the price of your foodstuffs, the yearly increase in your market-bill, is the direct result of those feathers in your bonnet, those plumes upon your daughter's hat....

"Difficult as the figures are to get, such as may be acquired are appalling. Surely you cannot read them and remain unmoved. England, by importing the bird of paradise at the rate of six thousand a year, has practically exterminated that species. In four months one London house disposed of eight hundred thousand East and West Indian bird-skins; the United States alone sends to the British Isles four hundred thousand humming-birds every twelve months, which helps bring the English grand total up to thirty million birds a year.

"And we keep a comfortable figure for home consumption. In one year a single Chicago dealer has been known to handle 32,000 humming-birds in one consignment, 32,000 gulls, and the wings of 300,000 other birds. In all, the National Audubon Association puts our total at about 150,000,000 birds a year. The European continent repeats this, and so you have the women of the 'civilized' world, with the omission of our South American cousins, wearing 300,000,000 birds every year.

"Legislation is here, as always, powerless in the face of fashionable womankind."

Another point of view is that of good taste. A single large feather or a shapely wing--in themselves beautiful objects and well adapted to decorative effect--may be so applied as really to adorn a lady's hat, or a man's for that matter, very pleasingly; and if it is the trophy of the skill of some friend, obtained in fair sport, it may embody a delightful sentiment as well. It was in this simple, wasteful, and unobjectionable manner that feathers were originally employed as trimmings. But fierce trade competition among milliners catering to the foolish cry for "novelties" regardless of becomingness in any sense, has developed absurdities of head-gear which often make their wearers utterly ridiculous.

What possible justification in art or common sense is there in setting a dead animal on a hat? If any can be found, surely the effigy should be lifelike and not some horrible travesty. If ribbons and flowers are not enough ornaments to set off pretty faces, why not wind shining snake-skins about the crown of the hat; or utilize our resplendent moths and beetles as trimmings? They are elegant in form and color, varied, preservable, and by no means costly. Moreover, the general destruction which would follow the entry of such a fashion would reduce the insect enemies of our crops and garden-plants--but women seem to care nothing about that aspect of the case.

"The insects kill the crops," remarks Kauffman, "the birds kill the insects, and we--for the most part in order to trim your hats for you--kill the birds. A study of the government reports will show that crop losses from insects are rarely less than 10 per cent. and sometimes as high as 50."

We may now turn to another phase of our subject--the waste of game, fur-bearing animals, and other useful or beautiful creatures.

When Europeans first came to this continent the bison and elk roamed everywhere west of the Blue Ridge. By the middle of the nineteenth century all had disappeared east of the Great Plains, as completely as had the salmon which used to throng in our eastern rivers. And here, a few years later, both were almost utterly destroyed by wretched pot-hunters.

The moose, elk, antelope, mountain sheep and goats, beaver, sea-otter, and many other game and fur animals of North America have also suffered so terribly under relentless persecution that they now are found only in small numbers in very remote places. The sea-otter, of which at the beginning of the nineteenth century more than 15,000 were killed every year, has become so scarce that its coat, in good condition, is now worth $1,000 to the hunter.

The horrible stories of the butchery of the fur-seals and the passenger-pigeon need not be recited. The building up of great cities made a market for game and fish, and coincident therewith the market-hunter and the market-fisherman came into existence. Under these conditions the destruction went on merrily, until, in the early eighties, observant sportsmen and naturalists began to realize that extermination threatened such game-birds as the prairie-chicken, the quail, the ruffed grouse, the wood-duck, the canvasback duck, and even the well-known mallard and teal.

"Coincident with this great hegira to the woods," we are told by G. O. Shields, in a late number of "Collier's Weekly," "there appeared on the scene a type of man that has become known and recognized everywhere as the American game-hog. This depraved creature developed a fondness for killing every living thing he could find, whether edible or not, or whether he needed it for food or not. All he cared for was to kill, kill, kill. He loved to stop a beautiful animal in its flight and put it to death, or to see a bird double up in the air and fall with shot-pellets through its body.

"The competition became so strong between these game-hogs that they got to challenging one another to combats in the field, and contests were arranged weeks ahead, large stakes being deposited on the result.... The nineteenth-century 'side-hunt' became a feature of many rural districts.

"Is it any wonder, then, that decent men came to rebel against this savage slaughter? Good sportsmen, naturalists, and laymen became so disgusted with it that they went before their legislatures and demanded that it be stopped. Laws were accordingly enacted in many States ... and recently legislation for the preservation of the game has become a science, and a few men are devoting their best thought and their best energies to it.

"But the game-hog and the fish-hog bid defiance to all game-laws, written and unwritten. No State employs enough game-wardens to police all of its territory, so the ravaging of the wild went on."

To the correction of this evil no one has contributed more energetically than Mr. Shields and some other editors of periodicals devoted to field-sports and recreation. They have given the game-hog so disgraceful a notoriety, and have brought down upon his head such scorn from decent sportsmen, that he has been largely suppressed.

Here, too, mothers, wives, and sisters, are largely at fault; but they may plead ignorance much more plausibly than in the case of their own sins of hat-trimming. Why should they applaud useless slaughter, dictated by vanity and blood-lust, in the men over whom they have influence? Is it a manly or an admirable thing?

These ignorant and thoughtless women have still time to repent and force their men-folks to behave like gentlemen. There is still game enough to bring about a revival of plenty for all reasonable sportsmen of the next generation as well as this. There are laws enough, too, to protect it, but between the ignorance of the legislators and their fear of offending the very game-butchers against whom the laws are directed (who unfortunately have votes), they will not appropriate the money necessary to provide game-wardens and other means of enforcing the laws properly. Here is where the influence of every fair-minded woman and patriotic man can be tellingly exerted. Show the lawmakers that the good opinion of the decent half of the community is better worth having than that of the meaner half; and see that _your_ men-folks are not in the latter class.

When you have done this, let your boys understand the position they must take on this subject if they wish to be regarded as "true sportsmen," not to say gentlemen. Their training should begin early. Little boys are fond of bean-shooters--a forked stick, or "crutch," with a rubber band hurling a bean or a pebble. Insist that they do not use it for knocking over birds.

All boys, also, pass through a season of "collecting specimens," when they are enthusiastic toward preparing a cabinet of natural history. Encourage them to do so, but without taking life, or robbing birds' nests. Give them an opera-glass instead of a shotgun. Show them how they can learn more, and get more amusement, by watching the bird family in its home than by arranging dead shells on a string or in a box. (Watch the birds yourself a while, and then see how you feel about your hat!) There is no scientific need or excuse, nowadays, for private collections of the skins or eggs of birds, and the stopping of all birds'-nesting is of the utmost importance for the same reasons as the stoppage of millinery murder; and both are the immediate duty of all parents.

Nor must there be forgotten, in considering this matter, the disastrous effect of recklessness as to waste and suffering on the mind of the game-hog, the birds'-nester, and the aigrette-wearer. Cruelty cannot be practiced without crushing and blighting the best insects. As Burns says:

"It hardens a' within And petrifies the feeling"

A child that is cruel to animals, disdainful of their sufferings when in pursuit of his pleasure, cannot be trusted to be kind to a younger sister, a weaker companion, or a valued pet. Cruelty is a vice of the basest and most cowardly--a mark of the savage and criminal. Let the mother remember this, not only in her precepts, but in the example she gives her children. "Even the birds of the air," wrote the German critic Harnisch, "bear an accusation to their Creator against those who with wanton cruelty, destroy helpless innocence."

LIST OF BEST BOOKS FOR YOUNG NATURALISTS

* In many cases the authors mentioned have written other books equally interesting and procurable.

ABBOTT, C. C.* _Days out of Doors_

BAKER, SIR S.* _Wild Beasts and their Ways_

BASKETT, J. N. _The Story of the Fishes_

BASKETT, J. N. _The Story of the Reptiles and Batrachians_

BATES, W. H. _The Naturalist on the River Amazon_

BEEBE, W. C.* _The Bird_

BIGNELL, EFFIE _A Quintette of Gray Coats (Squirrels)_

BLATCHLEY, W. S.* _A Nature Wooing_

BULLEN, F. T.* _Denizens of the Great Deep_

BURROUGHS, JOHN* _Squirrels and other Fur-bearers_

BURROUGHS, JOHN _Wake Robin_

CHAPMAN AND REED _Color Key to N. A. Birds_

COMSTOCK, J. H.* _Insect Life_

CRAM, W. E. _Little Beasts of Wood and Field_

DAMON, N. E. _Ocean Wonders_

DARWIN, CHARLES* _A Naturalist's Voyage_

ECKSTROM, MRS. F. H.* _The Bird Book_

EGGELING AND EHRENBERG _The Fresh-Water Aquarium_

EMERTON, E. S. _Spiders_

GIBSON, W. H.* _Blossom Hosts and Insect Guests_

GIBSON, W. H. _Sharp Eyes_

HOLDER, F. C.* _Along the Florida Reefs_

HOLLAND, W. J. _The Butterfly Book_

HOLLAND, W. J. _The Moth Book_

HORNADAY, W. T.* _American Natural History_

HOWARD, L. O.* _The Insect Book_

HUDSON, W. H. _British Birds_

HUDSON, W. H. _Idle Days in Patagonia_

HUDSON, W. H. _The Naturalist in La Plata_

INGERSOLL, ERNEST* _Life of Mammals_

INGERSOLL, ERNEST _The Wit of the Wild_

INGERSOLL, ERNEST _Wild Life of Orchard and Field_

KELLOGG, VERNON _American Insects_

KEYSER, L. S. _Birds of the Rockies_

LOTTRIDGE, S. A. _Animal Snap Shots and How Made_

LUCAS, F. A. _Animals of the Past_

MATTHEWS, S.* _Familiar Life of the Roadside_

MERRIAM, FLORENCE* _A-birding on a Bronco_

MILLER, MRS. O. T.* _Little Brothers of the Air_

MORLEY, MARY W. _The Bee People_

MORLEY, MARY W. _Wasps and their Ways_

OSWALD, FELIX _Zoölogical Sketches_

PACKARD, A. S. _Half-hours with Insects_

PORTER, J. H. _Wild Beasts_

REED, C. A. _North American Birds' Eggs_

ROBINSON, R.* _New England Fields and Woods_

ROOSEVELT, THEODORE* _The Wilderness Hunter_

SAMUELS, E. _Birds of New England_

SCUDDER, S. H. _Everyday Butterflies_

SHARPE, D. L.* _Wild Life near Home_

STANDARD LIBRARY OF NATURAL HISTORY (5 vols.)

STANDARD (OR RIVERSIDE) NATURAL HISTORY (6 vols.)

STONE AND CRAM _American Animals_

TODD, ADA J. _The Vacation Club_

TORREY, B.* _Everyday Birds_

WATERTON, C.* _Wanderings in South America_

WHITE, GILBERT _Natural History of Selborne_

WILSON, ALEX _American Ornithology_ (_Brewer's Edition_)

WOOD, J. G.* _Homes without Hands_

WRIGHT, MRS. M. O.* _Bird-craft_

WRIGHT, MRS. M. O. _Four-footed Americans_

INDEX

A

Aard-vark, 216 Aard-wolf, 74 Acorn-barnacles, 407 Adder, puff, 319 African elephant, 202 " rhinoceros, 204 Agouti, 152 Albatross, 296 Alderman lizard, 307 Alligators, 302 American crows, 254 " eagle, 236 " foxes, 88 " lizards, 307 " monkeys, 16 " tapirs, 206 Amphineurans, 421 Amphioxus, 353 Anaconda, 316 Anemones, sea-, 431 Angler, 346 Ant-bears, 213 Ant-eaters, 213 " banded, 227 " great, 213 " scaly, 215 " spiny, 230 Antelopes, 174 Ant-lion, 367 Ants, 373 " driver, 374 " parasol, 374 Aoudad, 165 Apes, 1 " Barbary, 15 Aphides, 381 Arabian baboon, 11 " camel, 190 Arctic fox, 86 Argali, 162 Armadillos, 214 " giant, 215 " pichiciago, 215 " six-banded, 214 Arui, 165 Asses, wild, 193 Aswail, 108 Aurochs, 159 Australian bear, 223 Axolotl, 324 Aye-aye, 24

B

Babirusa, 209 Baboons, 7 " Arabian, 7 " chacma, 7 " drill, 9 " gelada, 10 " mandrill, 9 Bactrian camel, 191 Badger, 97 Bald chimpanzee, 3 Banded ant-eater, 227 Bandicoots, 224 Barbary ape, 15 Barbel, 329 Barnacles, 407 " acorn, 407 Barn-owl, 241 Bats, 26 " flying foxes, 31 " horseshoe, 29 " kalong, 32 " pipistrelle, 29 " vampire, 30 Beaked chætodon, 34 Bear-cat, 110 Bears, 102 " ant, 213 " aswail, 108 " Australian, 223 " black, 107 " brown, 103 " grizzly, 106 " polar, 102 " sea, 118 " sloth, 108 " sun, 108 " white, 102 Beavers, 142 Bees, 369 " bumble-, 371 " carder, 371 " hive, 369 " leaf-cutter, 371 " social, 369 " solitary, 371 Beetles, 355 " burying, 356 " coach-horse, 356 " dor, 357 " ground, 355 " musk, 359 " oil, 358 " soldier, 449 " stag, 356 " tiger, 355 " water, 355 Beluga, 129 Bettong, brush-tailed, 221 Bighorn sheep, 163 Binturong, 71 Bird, butcher, 266 " humming, 246 " love, 276 Birds, bower, 258 Bird's-foot starfish, 411 Birds of paradise, 258 Bird-spiders, 390 Bishop's-miters, 382 Bison, 158 Bivalves, 422 Black-backed jackal, 85 Black bear, 107 Blackbird, 267 Blackcap, 267 Blackfish, 131 Black goby, 349 Black mussels, 423 Black rat, 148 Black saki, 19 Black slug, 417 Black-tailed deer, 187 Blindworm, 304 Bluebottle fly, 385 Blue shark, 338 Blue tit, 265 Boa-constrictor, 316 Boar, wild, 208 Boatman, water, 382 Bobcat, 62 Borers, 419 Bosch-katte, 60 Bottle-nosed dolphin, 133 Bottle-nosed whales, 125 Bottle-tit, 265 Bower-birds, 258 Brindled gnu, 178 Brittle-stars, 411 Brockets, 188 Brown bear, 103 Brown hyena, 77 Brown owl, 240 Brown rat, 148 Brown thrasher, 269 Brush-kangaroo, 220 Brush-tailed bettong, 221 Buansuah, 78 Buffalo, American, 158 " Cape, 159 " Indian, 159 Bullbat, 245 Bullfinch, 261 Bumblebees, 371 Bunting, 260 Burchell's zebra, 192 Burrowing owl, 241 Burying-beetle, 356 Bush-cat, 60 Bustards, 284 Butcher-bird, 266 Butterflies, 377, 440, 446 Buzzards, 238

C

Cachalot, 124 Caddis-flies, 367, 441 Caffre cat, 62 California sea-lion, 117 Calling-crabs, 401 Camels, 189 " Arabian, 190 " Bactrian, 191 " dromedary, 190 Canada lynx, 65 Canaries, 261 Cape buffalo, 159 Capybara, 152 Caracal, 63 Carder-bee, 371 Caribou, 182 Carp, 329 Carrion-crow, 255 Cassowaries, 283 Cat, Caffre, 62 " Egyptian, 61 " jungle, 63 " marbled, 59 " tiger, 61 " wild-, 62 Catbird, 269, 437 Cats, larger, 47 " smaller, 60 Caymans, 303 Centipedes, 395 Chacma, 7 Chætodon, beaked, 34 Chambered nautilus, 416 Chameleon, 308 Chamois, 174 Chaus, 63 Chetah, 65 Chimpanzees, 1 " bald, 3 " common, 2 Chinchilla, 151 Chipmunk, 140 Chipping-bird, 260 Chitons, 421 " prickly, 421 Cicada, 362 Civets, 68 " Indian, 70 " palm, 70 Climbing perch, 328 Clouded leopard, 58 " tiger, 58 Coach-horse beetle, 356 Coati, 111 Cobras, 318 Cockatoos, 274 Cockchafer, 356 Cockle, 424 Cockroach, 361 Cod, 342 Cole-tit, 265 Colubers, 313 Colugo, 33 Condor, 234 Congers, 352 Cony, 154 Coquimbo, 241 Coral banks, 433 Corals, 432 Cormorants, 293 Cougar, 57 Couxia, 19 Cowbird, 438 Cowry, 420 Coyotes, 83 Crab-eating dog, 80 " macaque, 15 " opossum, 230 Crabs, 397, 400 " blue, 400 " calling, 401 " common shore, 400 " edible, 400 " fiddler, 400 " hermit, 401 " robber, 402 Crane-fly, 384 Cranes, 285 " brown, 286 " crowned, 286 Crayfish, 404 Creeper, 263 Crested seal, 119 Crickets, 361, 448 " house-, 361 " mole, 362 Crocodiles, 302 Crossbills, 260 Crows, American, 254 " carrion, 255 Crowned crane, 286 Cuckoos, 243 Cucumbers, sea, 413 Curlew, 286 Currant saw-fly, 375 Cuttles, 414

D

Dab, 343 Dasyures, 225 Death's-head sphinx-moth, 378 Deathwatches, 358 Deer, 181 " American, 185 " black-tailed, 187 " brocket, 188 " caribou, 182 " elk, 183 " fallow, 184 " marsh, 187 " moose, 183 " mule, 186 " pampas, 187 " pudu, 188 " red, 184 " rein-, 181 " roebuck, 185 " wapiti, 187 Desman, 40 " Pyrenean, 40 " Russian, 40 Devil, Tasmanian, 226 Devil-fish, 341 Dhole, 78 Diana monkey, 14 Dingo, 79 Dipper, 270 Dog, crab-eating, 80 " hunting, 90 " hyena, 90 " prairie, 141 Dog-faced monkeys, 7 Dogfish, 337 Dogs, 78 Dolphins, 128 " bottle-nosed, 133 " common, 133 " fresh-water, 132 " Gangetic, 132 " sea, 133 Dor-beetle, 357 Dormouse, 144 Douroucoulis, 20 Dove, mourning, 277 " turtle, 277 Dragon-flies, 364 Drill, 9 Driver ant, 374 Dromedary, 190 Drone-fly, 385 Duck, wild, 293 Duckbill, 231 Duck-billed platypus, 231 Dugong, 133

E

Eagles, 235 " American, 236 " bald, 236 " golden, 236 " white-tailed, 236 Earth-pig, 216 Earthworm, 427 Earwigs, 360 Echidna, 230 " common, 231 " three-toed, 231 Edible crab, 400 " snail, 418 Eel, 334 " conger, 352 " electric, 335 Egg-eating snake, 314 Egyptian cat, 61 " mongoose, 73 Eland, 174 Electric eel, 335 Elephant, sea, 119 Elephants, 201 " African, 202 " Indian, 203 Elephant-shrew, 39 Elk, 183, 187 Emperor-moth, 379 Emu, 282 Ermine, 93

F

Falcons, 238 Fallow deer, 184 Fennec, 89 Ferret, 94 " polecat, 94 Fiddler-crab, 400 Field-mouse, 149 Field-vole, 147 Finches, 260 " purple, 261 Fin-whales, 127 " sharp-nosed, 128 Fish, black, 131 " devil, 341 " dog-, 337 " flat-, 343 " flying, 348 " jelly-, 430 " mud, 326 " pipe, 350 " saw, 339 " sucking, 345 " sword-, 344 Fish-hawk, 237 Fivefingers, 410 Flamingo, 291 Flatfish, 343 Fleas, 383 " turnip, 359 Flesh-fly, 386 Flicker, 249 Flounder, 343 Fly, bluebottle, 385 " caddis, 367, 441 " currant saw, 375 " dragon-, 364 " drone-, 385 " flesh, 386 " gall, 375, 445 " green-, 360, 381 " hawk, 385 " horn-tailed saw, 375, 445 " house, 385 " ichneumon, 376 " June, 365 " lacewing, 368, 451 " May, 365 " saw, 374 " turnip saw, 375 Flycatcher, 444 Flying colugo, 33 " fish, 348 " foxes, 31 " squirrel, 139 Fossa, 68 Foumart, 94 Foxes, 85 " American, 88 " arctic, 86 " flying, 31 Fox-sparrow, 261 Fresh-water dolphins, 132 " fishes, 326 " shrimp, 406 Frilled lizard, 308 Fritillaries, 377, 446 Frog, 321 Froghoppers, 380 Fur-seal, 118

G

Gall-fly, 375, 445 Galls, 444 Gangetic dolphin, 132 Garden-spiders, 388 Gastropods, 416 Gaur, 157 Geckos, 305 Geese, 292 Gelada, 10 Gemsbok, 176 Genets, 70 Giant armadillo, 215 " pangolin, 216 " salamander, 324 Gibbons, 5 " hoolock, 6 " lar, 6 " siamang, 6 Gila monster, 307 Giraffes, 179 Glowworm, 358 Glutton, 96 Gnats, 384, 440 Gnus, 177 " brindled, 178 " white-tailed, 178 Goat-moth, 378 Goats, 166 " Persian wild, 169 " Rocky mountain, 172 Goby, black, 349 " spotted, 349 Golden eagle, 236 Goldenrod, 449 Goldfinch, 261, 448 Goose, graylag, 292 Gorilla, 3 Gossamers, 394 Grampus, 131 Grasshoppers, 362, 448 Graylag goose, 292 Gray parrot, 273 Great ant-eater, 213 " bustard, 284 " gray slug, 417 " horseshoe bat, 30 " tit, 265 Greek tortoise, 300 Greenfly, 360, 381 Greenland whale, 127 Green monkey, 13 " turtle, 301 Grévy's zebra, 192 Grizzly bear, 106 Grosbeak, 260 Ground-beetles, 355 Groundhog, 142 Grouse, red, 279 Guanaco, 191 Guemals, 188 Guenons, 13 Guillemots, 296 Guljar, 163 Gull, sea, 295 Gurnards, 347

H

Hair-seals, 116 Hammerhead shark, 338 Hamster, 145 Hanuman, 12 Hares, 154 Harvest-mouse, 149 Hawk, fish, 237 Hawk-flies, 385 Hawks, 237 " chicken, 238 " night, 245 " pigeon, 239 " sparrow, 239 Hawksbill turtle, 301 Hazel-mouse, 144 Hedgehog, 34 Hermit crab, 401 Heron, 288 Herring, 348 Hippopotamus, 207 " pygmy, 208 Hive-bee, 369 Hog, sea, 130 " wart, 209 Honey-ratel, 97 Honey-weasel, 97 Hooded seal, 119 Hoolock, 6 Hoopoe, 252 Hornbill, 251 " rhinoceros, 251 Horned toad, 307 Hornet, 373 Horn-tailed saw-fly, 375 Horse, 195 " river, 207 " sea, 120, 351 Horseshoe bat, great, 30 House-cricket, 361 House-fly, 385 Howlers, 17 Humblebees, 371 Humming-bird, 246 " " hawk-moth, 378 Hunting-dog, 90 Hunting-leopard, 65 Hunting-spider, 390 Hyena-dog, 90 Hyenas, 75 " brown, 77 " laughing, 77 " spotted, 77 " striped, 76 Hyrax, 205

I

Ibex, 169 " Nilgiri, 171 Ibis, 290 " sacred, 290 " scarlet, 290 Ichneumon-flies, 376 Iguanas, 306 Indian buffalo, 159 " civet, 70 " elephant, 203 " mongoose, 72 " pangolin, 216 " rhinoceros, 203 Indigo-bird, 261 Insect-eaters, 33 Insects, 354 Ivory-bill woodpecker, 247 Ivy, poison, 442

J

Jacares, 303 Jackals, black-backed, 85 " common, 84 " side-striped, 86 Jackass, laughing, 253 Jackdaw, 256 Jack rabbits, 156 Jaguar, 56 Jay, 256 Jelly fishes, 430 Jerboa-kangaroo, 222 Jerboas, 145 Joepye-weed, 449 Johnny Darter, 445 Julus millepede, 396 Jumping shrew, 39 June-fly, 365 Jungle-cat, 63

K

Kalan, 101 Kalong, 32 Kangaroo-rats, 221 Kangaroos, 218 " brush, 220 " jerboa, 222 " tree, 221 Katydid, 362 Kestrels, 238 Kholsun, 78 Killer-whale, 131 King bird of paradise, 258 Kingfishers, 253, 439 Kinkajou, 112 Kiwis, 284 Koala, 223 Kudu, 175

L

Lacewing fly, 368, 451 Ladybirds, 360 Lammergeier, 234 Lampreys, 335 Lancelet, 353 Land-tortoises, 300 Langurs, 13 Lapwings, 286 Lar gibbon, 6 Laughing hyena, 77 Laughing jackass, 253 Leaf-cutter bee, 371 Leather-jackets, 385 Leeches, 430 Lemmings, 147 Lemuroids, 23 Lemurs, 21 " ruffed, 22 " slender loris, 23 " tarsier, 23 Leopard, 54 " clouded, 58 " hunting, 65 " snow, 55 Limpets, 421 Linnet, 261 Lion, 49 " ant, 367 " California sea, 117 " Patagonian sea, 116 " sea, 116 Lizards, 303 " alderman, 307 " American, 307 " frilled, 308 Llamas, 191 Lobsters, 403 Locust, 362 Logcock, 247 Long-eared owl, 240 Long-tailed tit, 265 Long-tongued vampire, 30 Loris, slender, 23 Love-birds, 276 Lugworm, 428 Lynx, 64 " Canada, 65 " pardine, 65

M

Macaques, 14 " crab-eating, 15 Macaws, 275 Mackerel, 345 Magot, 15 Magpie, 257 Malayan tapir, 206 Manatees, 133 Mandrill, 9 Mangabeys, 14 Mantis, praying, 363 Marbled cat, 59 Marco Polo's sheep, 163 Margay, 61 Markhor, 170 Marmignatto spider, 389 Marmosets, 21 Marmots, common, 142 " prairie, 142 Marsupials, 218 Martens, 95 Martins, 271 Mavis, 267 May-fly, 365 Meerkats, 73 Megalopa, 408 Merian's opossum, 230 Mice, pouched, 227 Milkweed, 449 Milky slug, 417 Millepede, 395 " Julus, 396 Mole, common, 40 " pouched, 228 Mole, star-nosed, 45 Mole-cricket, 362 Mollusks, 414 Mongoose, Egyptian, 73 " Indian, 72 Monkeys, American, 16 " aye-aye, 24 " Barbary ape, 15 " black saki, 19 " couxia, 19 " diana, 14 " dog-faced, 7 " douroucouli, 20 " green, 13 " guenons, 13 " hanuman, 12 " howlers, 17 " howlers, red, 18 " langurs, 13 " macaques, 14 " magot, 15 " mangabeys, 14 " marmosets, 21 " night, 20 " ouakari, 18 " proboscis, 11 " spider, 16 Moose, 183 Morse, 120 Mosquito, 384 Moth, 377 " bee-hawk, 378 " burnet, 379 " cinnabar, 379 " death's-head sphinx, 378 " emerald, 380 " emperor, 379 " goat, 378 " humming-bird hawk, 378 " kitten, 380 " luna, 454 " magpie, 380 " Polyphemus, 454 " Promethea, 454 " puss, 380 " sulphur, 380 " swallowtail, 380 " swift, 378 " tiger, 378 " vaporer, 379 Mouflon, European, 161 Mountain zebra, 192 Mourning dove, 277 Mouse, 149, 447 " field, 149 " harvest, 149 " hazel, 144 " pouched, 227 " sea, 429 Mud-fish, 326 Mud-skippers, 350 Mule-deer, 186 Musk-beetle, 359 Musk-ox, 160 Muskrat, 147 Musquaw, 108 Mussels, black, 423 Myrmecobius, 227

N

Narwhal, 128 Nauplius, 408 Nautilus, chambered, 416 Newts, 322 Night-fliers, 380 Night-hawk, 245 Nightingale, 267 Nightjars, 244 Night-monkeys, 20 Noctuæ, 380 Nuthatch, 264 Nut-weevil, 359

O

Ocelot, 60 Oil-beetles, 358 Okapi, 180 Oliveback, 269 Olm, 325 Opossums, 228 " common, 230 " crab-eating, 230 " Merian's, 230 " yapock, 230 Orang-utan, 4 Osprey, 237 Ostriches, 281 Otters, 100 " sea, 101 Ouakari, 18 Ouistiti, 21 Ounce, 55 Owls, barn, 241 " brown, 240 " burrowing, 241 " long-eared, 240 " short-eared, 240 Ox, musk, 160 Oxen, wild, 157 Oysters, 423 " pearl, 422

P

Painter, 58 Palm-civets, 70 Panda, 110 Pangolins, 215 " giant, 216 " Indian, 216 Panther, American, 58 " or leopard, 54 Paradise, birds of, 258 " king bird of, 258 Parasol-ant, 374 Pardine lynx, 65 Parrakeets, 274 " ring-necked, 274 Parrots, 273 Partridges, 280 Passenger-pigeon, 277 Patagonian sea-lion, 116 Peacocks, 277 Pearl-oyster, 422 Peccaries, 210 Pelicans, 294 Penguin, 297 Pen-tailed tree-shrew, 39 Perch, 328 " climbing, 328 Periwinkles, 420 Persian wild goat, 169 Petaurist, squirrel, 222 Pheasants, 279 Phoebe, 444 Pichiciago, 215 Piddock, 424 Pig, earth, 216 Pigeons, 276 " passenger, 277 " wood, 276 Pike, 330 Pine-marten, 95 Pipe-fishes, 350 Pipistrelle, 29 Pit-vipers, 319 Plaice, 343 Platypus, duck-billed, 231 Poison-ivy, 442 Polar bear, 102 Polecat, 94 " ferret, 94 Polyps, 432 Porcupines, 150 Porpoise, 130 Potoroos, 221 Pouched mice, 227 Pouched mole, 228 Prairie-dogs, 141 Prawns, 405 Praying-mantis, 363 Prickly chiton, 421 Proboscis-monkey, 11 Pudus, 188 Puff-adder, 319 Puffin, 297 Puma, 57 Purpura, 419 Puss-moth, 380 Pygmy hippopotamus, 208 Pyrenean desman, 40 Pythons, 315

Q

Quagga, 193

R

Rabbits, 154, 455 " jack, 156 Racoons, 110 Raft-spider, 392 Rat, black, 148 " brown, 148 " kangaroo, 221 " water, 146 Ratel, 97 " honey, 97 Rattlesnakes, 320 Ravens, 254 Rays, 340 Razor-shells, 424 Red and blue macaw, 275 Red deer, 184 Red-faced ouakari, 18 Red grouse, 279 Red gurnards, 347 Red howler, 18 Reindeer, 181 Rheas, 283 Rhinoceros, African, 204 " common, 204 " Indian, 203 Rhinoceros-hornbill, 251 Rice-weevil, 359 Ring-necked parrakeet, 274 Ring-tailed lemur, 22 River-horse, 207 Roach, 330 Robber-crab, 402 Robin, 267 Rock-snakes, 316 Rocky Mountain goat, 172 Rodents, 136 Roebuck, 185 Rondeleti's shark, 338 Rooks, 255 Rorqual, common, 127 " lesser, 128 Rosy feather-starfish, 412 Ruffed lemur, 22 Ruffs, 287 Russian desman, 40

S

Sable, 95 Sacred ibis, 290 Saki, black, 19 Salamanders, 323 " giant, 324 " spotted, 323 Salmon, 332 " North Pacific, 333 Salt-water fishes, 337 Sandhoppers, 405 Saw-fishes, 339 Saw-flies, 374 Scaly ant-eater, 215 Scarabæus, 357 Scarlet ibis, 290 Scarlet tanager, 444 Scavengers, 356 Scorpion, water, 383 Scorpions, 395 Sea-anemones, 431 Sea-bears, 118 Sea-cucumbers, 413 Sea-dolphins, 133 Sea-elephant, 119 Sea-gulls, 295 Sea-hog, 130 Sea-horse, 120, 351 Sea-lions, 116 Sea-mouse, 429 Sea-otter, 101 Sea-unicorn, 128 Sea-urchins, 409 Seals, 113 " common, 115 " fur, 118 " hair, 116 " hooded, or crested, 119 Secretary-vulture, or secretary-bird, 235 Serval, 60 Shark, blue, 338 " hammerhead, 338 " Rondeleti's, 338 " thresher, 339 " white, 338 Sharp-nosed finner, 128 Sheep, 161 " bighorn, 163 " Marco Polo's, 163 Shells, razor, 424 Shiner, 445 Ship-worm, 426 Shore-crab, 400 Short-eared owl, 240 Shrews, 36 " elephant, 39 " jumping, 39 " pen-tailed tree, 39 " tree, 39 " tupaia, 39 " water, 37 Shrike, 266 Shrimps, 405 " fresh-water, 406 Siamang, 6 Side-striped jackal, 86 Sirenians, 133 Six-banded armadillo, 214 Skinks, 305 Skipjacks, 357 Skippers, mud, 350 Skunk, 99, 454 Skylark, 262 Slender loris, 23 Sloth-bear, 108 Sloths, 212 Slugs, 416 Snails, 417 " edible, 418 " water, 418 Snakes, 311, 440 " black-, 314 " egg-eating, 314 " garter, 314 " green-, 314 " harmless, 313 " king, 313 " milk, 314 " poisonous, 317 " rattle-, 320 " rock, 316 " water, 314 Snipe, 288 Snow-leopard, 55 Soldier-beetle, 449 Sole, 343 Solitary bee, 371 Sparrow-hawk, 239 Sparrows, 261, 437 Sperm or Spermaceti whale, 124 Spider-monkeys, 16 Spiders, 387, 450 " bird, 390 " garden, 388 " gossamer, 394 " hunting, 390 " marmignatto, 389 " raft, 392 " trap-door, 391 " water, 393 Spiny ant-eater, 230 Spotted goby, 349 " hyena, 77 " salamander, 323 Springbok, 176 Squids, 414 Squirrels, 137, 447 " chipmunk, 140 " flying, 139 " gray, 139 " sugar, 222 Stag-beetle, 356 Starfish, 410 " basket, 412 " bird's-foot, 411 " rosy feather, 412 " sun, 411 Starling, 259 Star-nosed mole, 45 Sticklebacks, 327 Stoat, 93 Storks, 289 Striped hyena, 76 Sturgeon, 341 Sucking-fishes, 345 Sugar-squirrel, 222 Sulphur moth, 380 Sun-bear, 108 Sunfish, 445 Sun-star, 411 Suricate, 73 Susu, 132 Swallows, 271, 443 Swallowtail moth, 380 Swans, 292 Swifts, 245 " chimney, 245 Swine, 208 Swordfish, 344

T

Tadpole, 321, 440 Taguan, 140 Tahr, 171 Tamandua, 214 Tanager, scarlet, 444 Tapirs, American, 206 Tapirs, Malayan, 206 Tarsier, 23 Tasmanian devil, 226 " wolf, 225 Tawny thrush, Wilson's, 269 Terebella, 429 Teredo, 426 Termites, 365 Testacella, 417 Thousand-legs, 214 Three-banded douroucouli, 20 Three-toed echidna, 231 Thresher-shark, 339 Thrushes, 267 " hermit, 269 " North American, 268 " oliveback, 269 " Wilson's tawny, 269 " wood, 268 Thylacine, 225 Tiger-beetle, 355 Tiger-cat, 61 Tiger-moth, 378 Tigers, 51 " man-eating, 52 " tree, 59 Tiger-wolf, 77 Tit, blue, 265 " bottle, 265 " cole, 265 " great, 265 " long-tailed, 265 Titmice, 265 Toads, 322 " horned, 307 Tomtits, 452 Torpedo, 340 Tortoises, 299 " Greek, 300 " land, 300 Toucans, 250 Trap-door spider, 391 Tree-kangaroo, 221 Tree-shrew, 39 Trout, 331 Tupaia, 39 Turkeys, 278 Turnip-fleas, 359 Turnip saw-flies, 375 Turs, 168 Turtle-dove, 277 Turtles, 300, 440 " green, 301 " hawksbill, 301

U

Unicorn, sea, 128 Urchins, sea, 409 Urial, 165

V

Vampires, 30 Vaporer-moth, 379 Veery, 269 Vipers, 317 " pit, 319 Vireo, 437 Viscacha, 151 Vlack-vark, 209 Vole, field, 147 " water, 146 Vultures, 233 " secretary, 235

W

Wagtails, 263 Wah, 110 Walking-stick, 363 Wallabies, 220 Walrus, 120 Wapiti, 187 Warblers, 263 Wart-hog, 209 Wasps, 372 Water-beetle, 355 Water-boatman, 382 Water-rat, 146 Water-scorpion, 383 Water-shrew, 37 Water-snail, 314 Water-spider, 393 Water-striders, 382 Water-thrush, 263 Water-vole, 146 Waxbill, 261 Weasels, 91, 455 " honey, 97 " least, 93 " New York, 93 Weevers, 346 Weevils, nut, 359 " rice, 359 " wheat, 359 Whales, 121 " bottle-nosed, 125 " fin, 127 " Greenland, 127 " killer, 131 " rorqual, 127 " sperm, 124 " whalebone, 126 " white, 129 Whelk, 418 Whippoorwill, 244 White bear, 102 White shark, 338 White-tailed gnu, 178 Whitethroat, 261 Wild asses, 193 " boar, 208 " duck, 293 " oxen, 157 Wildcat, 62 Wildebeests, 177 Wilson's tawny thrush, 269 Wireworms, 357 Wishtonwish, 141 Wolf, aard, 74 " common, 81 " coyote, 83 " Tasmanian, 225 " tiger, 77 Wolverene, 96 Wombat, 223 Woodchuck, 142 Woodcock, 287 Woodpecker, 247 " flicker, 249 " ivory-bill, 247 " logcock, 247 " redhead, 249 Woodlice, 407 Wood-pigeon, 276 Worm, earth-, 427 " lug-, 428 " ship, 426 Wrens, 269

Y

Yak, 158 Yapock opossum, 230

Z

Zebra, 192 " Burchell's, 192 " Grévy's, 192 " mountain, 192 Zoëa, 408

* * * * *

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:

1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_.

2. Passages in bold are indicated by =bold=.

3. In this etext an 'a' with macron is represented as [=a].

4. Certain words use oe ligature in the original.

5. Images have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to the closest paragraph break.

6. The following misprints have been corrected:

"CHIPMANZEES" corrected to "CHIMPANZEES" (page 1) Added missing period after "siamang" (page 6) "mountian" corrected to "mountain" (page 8) Added missing quotation mark after "water." (page 41) "mischevious" corrected to "mischievous" (page 44) Added missing period after "Canada Lynx" (facing page 48) "mountians" corrected to "mountains" (page 56) Added missing quotation mark after 'Jock,' (page 80) "yeilded" corrected to "yielded" (page 132) Removed partial paragraph indenting from sentence starting "Sometimes a rhinoceros...." (page 204) "pecarry" corrected to "peccary" (page 210, last paragraph) "miliped" corrected to "millepede" (page 214) "They will" corrected to "they will" (page 226) "noisest" corrected to "noisiest" (page 250) Added missing period after "Bluebird" (facing page 264) Removed comma from "the mewing, of cats" (page 275) Changed "burrow, 6" to "burrow; 6" (facing page 360) Added missing period after "chrysalis state" (page 372) Changed "September, Then" to "September. Then" (page 377) "wine-glasess" corrected to "wine-glasses" (page 410) "mullusks" corrected to "mollusks" (page 420) Added missing period after "Eastern coast" (page 457) "bivavle" corrected to "bivalve" (page 479) "It's body" corrected to "Its body" (page 483) "trimimngs" corrected to "trimmings" (page 491) Added missing quotation mark before "Even the birds" (page 494) "Coaiti" corrected to "Coati" (page 499) "Ivorybill" corrected to "Ivory-bill" (page 502) "ivorybill" corrected to "ivory-bill" (page 508) Replaced named index entries on the beginning of page (continuing from previous page) with quotation mark (pages 498, 501, 503, 504, 508)

7. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in spelling, punctuation, and hyphenation have been retained.