Chapter 48

IN MEMORIAM.

"A life that all the Muses decked With gifts of grace that might express All comprehensive tenderness, All-subtilizing intellect."--TENNYSON.

On the east of the city of Quito is a beautiful and extensive plain, so level that it is literally a _table-land_. It is the classic ground of the astronomy of the eighteenth century: here the French and Spanish academicians made their celebrated measurement of a meridian of the earth. As you stand on the edge of this plain just without the city, you see the dazzling summit of Cayambi looking down from the north; on your left are the picturesque defiles of Pichincha; on your right the slopes of Antisana. Close by you, standing between the city and the plain, is a high white wall inclosing a little plot, like the city above, "four square." You are reminded by its shape, and also by its position relative to Quito and Pichincha, of that other sacred inclosure just outside the walls of Jerusalem and at the foot of Olivet, the Garden of Gethsemane. This is the Protestant Cemetery.

Through the efforts of our late representative--now also numbered with the dead--this place was assigned by the government for the interment of foreigners who do not die in the Romish faith. And there we buried our fellow-traveler, COLONEL PHINEAS STAUNTON, the artist of the expedition, and Vice-Chancellor of Ingham University, New York. On the 8th of September, 1867, we bore him through the streets of Quito to this quiet resting-place, without parade and in solemn silence--just as we believe his unobtrusive spirit would have desired, and just as his Savior was carried from the cross to the sepulchre. No splendid hearse or nodding plumes; no long procession, save the unheard tread of the angels; no requiem, save the unheard harps of the seraphs. We gave him a Protestant Christian burial, such as Quito never saw. In this corner of nature's vast cathedral, the secluded shrine of grandeur and beauty not found in Westminster Abbey, we left him. We parted with him on the mount which is to be the scene of his transfiguration.

It would be difficult for an artist to find a grave whose surroundings are so akin to his feelings. He lies in the lofty lap of the Andes, and snow-white pinnacles stand around him on every side, just as we imagine the mountains are around the city of God. We think we hear him saying, as Fanny Kemble Butler said of another burial-ground: "I will not rise to trouble any one if they will let me sleep here. I will only ask to be permitted, once in a while, to raise my head and look out upon this glorious scene." No dark and dismal fogs gather at evening about that spot. It lies nearer to heaven than any other Protestant cemetery in the world. "It is good (says Beecher) to have our mortal remains go upward for their burial, and catch the earliest sounds of that trumpet which shall raise the dead." And the day is coming when that precious vein of gold that now lies in the bosom of the mighty Andes shall leave its rocky bed and shine in seven-fold purity. Indeed, the artist is already in that higher studio among the mountains of Beulah.

A simple sculptured obelisk of sorrow stands over the dust of Colonel Staunton: his most fitting monument is his own life-work. He was the very painter Humboldt longed for in his writings--"the artist, who, studying in nature's great hot-house bounded by the tropics, should add a new and more magnificent kingdom of nature to art." Colonel Staunton, true and lovely in his own character, was ever seeking in nature for whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are pure, and now was about to add whatsoever things are grand. He was a _Christian_ artist, in sympathy with such men as Raphael and Leonardo de Vinci. "The habitual choice of sacred subjects (says Ruskin) implies that the painter has a natural disposition to dwell on the highest thoughts of which humanity is capable." No shallow or false person could have conceived his _Ascension_. Only the highest qualities of the intellect and heart--a soul already half ascended--could have given such ethereal lightness to those "two men in white apparel." Only the pure in heart see God. As we revisit in imagination the spot where he sleeps so well, we behold, in the calm sublimity of the mountains that surround his grave, an image of the undisturbed repose of his spirit on the Rock of Ages.

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX A.

BAROMETRICAL MEASUREMENTS ACROSS SOUTH AMERICA.[188]

[Footnote 188: First published in the _American Journal of Science_ for September, 1868, to which the reader is referred for other physical observations. The barometric anomaly, noticed particularly on the Lower Amazon, was also observed by Herndon, Castelnau, Chandlers, Spruce, and Wallace.]

+----------+---------+----------+-------+----------+-----------+---------------+ |Locality. |Altitude.|Barometer.|Boiling|Regnault's|Difference.|Other | | | | | Point.| Equiv. | |Estimates. | +----------+---------+----------+-------+----------+-----------+---------------+ | | | | ° | | | | |Pacific | 0 | 29.930| 212.01| | |_Bar._ of | | Ocean | | | | | | Visse, 29.904;| | | | | | | | Boussingault, | | | | | | | | 29.867. | |Guayaquil | 10| 29.899| 211.95| 29.831| -.008|_B.P._ of | | | | | | | | Visse, 211.8° | |Guaranda | 8,840| 21.976| | | |_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Visse, 8872; | | | | | | | | Hall, 8928. | |Arenal | 14,250| 18.123| | | |_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Visse, 13,917;| | | | | | | | Hall, 14,268. | |Mocha | 10,900| 20.393| | | | | |Ambato | 8,490| 22.241| | | |_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Visse, 8541; | | | | | | | | Boussingault, | | | | | | | | 8787. | | | | | | | |_Bar._ of | | | | | | | | Jameson, | | | | | | | | 22.218. | |Tacunga | 9,181| 21.693| | | |_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Visse, 9180; | | | | | | | | Boussingault, | | | | | | | | 9384. | | | | | | | |_Bar._ of | | | | | | | | Jameson, | | | | | | | | 21.700. | |Tiupullo | 11,662| 19.858| | | |_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Visse, 11,702.| |Machachi | 9,900| 21.212| | | |_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Visse, 9823. | |Quito | 9,520| 21.530| 195.8| 21.485| -.045|_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | La Condamine, | | | | | | | | 9596; | | | | | | | | Humboldt, | | | | | | | | 9570; Caldas, | | | | | | | | 8947; | | | | | | | | Boussingault, | | | | | | | | 9567; Aguilar,| | | | | | | | 9496; Visse, | | | | | | | | 9307; Bureau | | | | | | | | des Longs., | | | | | | | | 9540; | | | | | | | | Tramblay's | | | | | | | | _Ann._, | | | | | | | | 9538; | | | | | | | | Jameson, 9513.| | | | | | | |_Bar._ of | | | | | | | | La Condamine, | | | | | | | | 21.404; | | | | | | | | Humboldt, | | | | | | | | 21.403; | | | | | | | | Aguilar, | | | | | | | | 21.465; | | | | | | | | Jameson, | | | | | | | | 21.566. | | | | | | | |_B.P._ of | | | | | | | | Visse, 195.6°;| | | | | | | | Tramblay, | | | | | | | | 184.18°. | |Panecillo | 10,101| 21.043| | | |_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Humboldt, | | | | | | | | 10,244; | | | | | | | | Aguilar, | | | | | | | | 10,135. | | | | | | | |_Bar._ of | | | | | | | | Jameson, | | | | | | | | 21.207. | | | | | | | |_B.P._ of | | | | | | | | Visse, 194.7° | |Pichincha,| 15,827| 17.038| 184.5| 17.030| -.008|_Alt._ of | | top | | | | | | La Condamine, | | | | | | | | 15,606; | | | | | | | | Humboldt, | | | | | | | | 15,922; | | | | | | | | Boussingault, | | | | | | | | 15,676; Visse,| | | | | | | | 16,200; Hall, | | | | | | | | 15,380; | | | | | | | | Jameson, | | | | | | | | 15,704. | | | | | | | |_Bar._ of | | | | | | | | Visse, 16.942.| |Pichincha,| 13,300| | 189.2| 18.672| |_Alt._ of | | crater | | | | | | Visse and | | | | | | | | Moreno, | | | | | | | | 18,600. | |Antisana | 13,300| 18.583| | | |_Alt._ of | | H. | | | | | | Humboldt, | | | | | | | | 13,465; | | | | | | | | Boussingault, | | | | | | | | 13,356. | | | | | | | |_Bar._ of | | | | | | | | Aguirre, | | | | | | | | 18.573; | | | | | | | | Jameson, | | | | | | | | 18.630. | |On | 16,000| 16.782| | | | | | Antisana| | | | | | | |Pinatura | 10,410| 20.791| | | |_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Boussingault, | | | | | | | | 10,348. | |Padregal | 11,860| 19.817| | | | | |On | 12,690| 19.004| | | | | | Cotopaxi| | | | | | | |Riobamba | 9,200| 21.705| | | |_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Visse, 9157; | | | | | | | | Boussingault, | | | | | | | | 9413. | |Cajabamba | 10,918| 20.512| | | |_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | La Condamine, | | | | | | | | 11,000. | |Itulcachi | 8,885| 22.006| | | | | |Tablon | 10,516| 20.800| | | | | |Papallacta| 10,511| 20.803| 193.8| 20.598| -.205| | |Guila | 8,622| 22.206| | | | | |Pachamama | 7,920| 22.751| | | | | |Baeza | 6,625| 23.793| | | | | |Cochachim-| 4,252| 25.832| | | | | | bamba | | | | | | | |Curi-urcu | 3,247| 26.746| ° | | | | |Archidona | 2,115| 27.816| 209.00| 28.180| +.364| | |Napo | 1,450| 28.419| 209.4 | 28.407| -.012| | |Santa Rosa| 1,100| 28.814| 210.4 | 28.982| +.168| | |Coca | 858| 29.022| 210.65| 29.127| +.105| | |Mouth of | 586| 29.321| 211.00| 29.331| +.010| | | the River| | | | | | | | Aguarico| | | | | | | |Do. River | 500| 29.408| 210.8| 29.215| -.193| | | Curaray| | | | | | | |Do. River | 385| 29.526| 211.4| 29.566| +.040|_Alt._ at | | Napo | | | | | | Nauta, by | | | | | | | | Castelnau, | | | | | | | | 365. | |Pebas | 345| 29.510| 211.1| 29.390| -.120|_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Herndon, 537. | | | | | | | |_B.P._ of | | | | | | | | Herndon, | | | | | | | | 211.1°. | |Loreto | | | 211.4| 29.566| | | |San | 256| 29.655| | | | | | Antonio | | | | | | | |Tabatinga | 255| 29.656| 211.5| 29.625| -.041|_Alt._ of Spix | | | | | | | | and Martius, | | | | | | | | 670; | | | | | | | | Azevedo and | | | | | | | | Pinto, 150; | | | | | | | | Agassiz, 200. | |Tunantins | 138?| 29.770| | | |_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Azevedo and | | | | | | | | Pinto, 124. | |Ega | 100?| 29.813| 211.9| 29.862| +.049|_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Herndon, 2052;| | | | | | | | Azevedo and | | | | | | | | Pinto, 120. | | | | | | | |_B.P._ of | | | | | | | | Herndon, | | | | | | | | 208.2°. | |Manáos | 199?| 29.705| | | |_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Herndon, 1475;| | | | | | | | Castelnau, | | | | | | | | 293; Spix and | | | | | | | | Martius, 556; | | | | | | | | Azevedo and | | | | | | | | Pinto, 92. | | | | | | | |_B.P._ of | | | | | | | | Herndon, | | | | | | | | 209.3°; | | | | | | | | Gibbon, | | | | | | | | 210.87°; | | | | | | | | Wallace, | | | | | | | | 212°.5. | |Serpa | 158?| 29.752| | | |_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Azevedo | | | | | | | | and Pinto, 84.| |Obidos | 114| 29.802| | | |_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Azevedo | | | | | | | | and Pinto, 58;| | | | | | | | Agassiz, 45. | |Santarem | 107| 29.808| 211.5| 29.625| -.183|_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Herndon, 846; | | | | | | | | Azevedo and | | | | | | | | Pinto, 50. | | | | | | | |_B.P._ of | | | | | | | | Herndon, | | | | | | | | 210.5°. | |Mount | 83| 29.834| | | | | | Alégre | | | | | | | |Gurupá | 38| 29.890| | | |_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Azevedo | | | | | | | | and Pinto, 42.| |Pará | 15| 29.889| 211.95| 29.891| +.002|_Alt._ of | | | | | | | | Herndon, 320; | | | | | | | | Azevedo and | | | | | | | | Pinto, 35; | | | | | | | | Dewey, 35. | | | | | | | |_Bar._ of | | | | | | | | Herndon, | | | | | | | | 29.708; Dewey,| | | | | | | | 29.941; Orton | | | | | | | | (reduced to | | | | | | | | level of | | | | | | | | river), | | | | | | | | 29.914. | | | | | | | |_B.P._ of | | | | | | | | Herndon, | | | | | | | | 211.5°. | |Atlantic | -2| 29.932| 212.16| | |_Bar._ of Dewey| | Ocean | | | | | | 29.977. | +----------+---------+----------+-------+----------+-----------+---------------+

APPENDIX B.

VOCABULARIES FROM THE QUICHUA, ZÁPARO, YÁGUA, AND CÁMPAS LANGUAGES.

[SPANISH PRONUNCIATION]

_English. Quichua. Záparo. Yágua._

Father, Yáya, Apochójo, Yen. Mother, Máma, Añno, Nihuá. Son (said by father), Chúri, Niáto, Poén. Son (said by mother), Cári huáhua, Tauqú, Poén. Daughter (said by father), Ushúshi, Coniát _or_ cuniató. Daughter (said by mother), Huármi huáhua, Itúm. Own father, Quíquin yáya, Cuqu máno. Own mother, Quíquin máma, La cuáno. Step-father, La yáya, Táma quíra. Step-mother, La máma, Táma quíra (máma?). Own son, Quíquin chúri, Ia cuniána. Step-son, Quípai chúri, Saquína cuniána. Elder son (said by father), Cúra (_or_ ñáupa) chúri, Cuniapíra. Elder son (said by mother), Cúra (_or_ ñáupa) huáhua, Cuniapíra. Younger son (said by mother), Súllca (_or_ quípa) chúri, Nunoé. Younger daughter (said by father), Súllca (or quípa) ushúshi, Nunoé cuniató. Only son (said by father), Zapálla (_or_ zapaí) chúri, Noquí cunián, Tíqui rai (huahua). Only son (said by mother), Zapálla (_or_ zapaí) cári huáhua, Noquí táuco cunián, Tíqui rai (huahua). Grandson, Cári huáhuay, Cuajenáño. Granddaughter, Huármi huáhuay. Great-grandson, Cári víllca, Cuajenáño. Great-great-grandson, Cári chupúllu. Grandfather, Hátun yáya, Quirraíto piátzo, Yen. Grandmother, Hátun máma, Quitraíto ocuáje. Great-grandfather, Machúi yáya, Quirishepúi. Great-grandmother, Páya (or ápa) Pára. máma, Great-great-grandfather, Apúsqui (or Piátzo. apúnche) yáya, Ancestors, Apúsqui cúna, Idasipóa. Brother (said by male), Hauaúqui, Cuquihúño, Rai taíre. Brother (said by female), Túri, Cuáuno, Rai puipuín. Sister (said by male), Páni, Cuirimáto, Rai pópo. Sister (said by female), Nána, Taquí, Rai taíre tu. Elder brother, Cúrac huaúqui, Irishía cuquíño. Younger brother, Súllca huaúqui, Noquí. Cousin (said by male), Chíspa huaúqui, Cuaneráno, Primoíne. Cousin (said by female), Chíspa páni, Cuaneráno, Primaíne. Second cousin, Caílla chíspa Cuaneráno huaúqui, (or cuaramá, relation). Third cousin, Cáru chíspa Cuaneráno (or huaúqui, cuaramá, relation). Uncle (father's brother), Yayapác huaúqui Táuco. (or háchi),[189] Uncle (mother's brother), Mamapác (or caca) Cuánoro. túri, Aunt (father's sister), Ypa (on Marañon, Cuiquíña. tiaíne), Aunt (mother's sister), Mamapác ñáña, Cuáno cuíño. Father-in-Law, Cacáy (of male); quihuachí (of female). Mother-in-law, Quihuác (of male); quihuachí (of female). Son-in-Law, Másha, Acamía, Quiria. Daughter-in-law, Kachún, Cuarí ráno. Brother-in-law, Masaní Cuajinojóno. (or catáy), Sister-in-law, Ypa (or kachún púra). God-son, Chúri cáshcai (_or_ cháscai), (_Not used_). God-father, Shutichíc (_or_ shutíshca) yáya, Na achiatáno. God-mother, Shutichíc (_or_ shutíshca) máma, Noaichozáno. Relation, Aíllu, Cuaramá, (_Same as brother_). Husband, Cúsa, Cuirán, Rai-huáno. Wife, Huármi, Cuirichán, Rai-huaturá. Widower, Huáccha cári, Machícho. Widow, Huáccha huármi, Machícho. Twins, Yshcai huacháshca (_or_ huachác). Sárro. Hand, Maquí, Cuichoác. Samutú. Foot, Chaquí, Cuiñocá, Nimutú. Fingers, Maquí pálca, Canasú, (_No terms for Toes, Chaquí pálca, Cuiñocá canasú. fingers and toes_). Thumb, (_No separate terms Cumacaná. for thumb and big toe_). Nails, Silhú, Anahuachá. God, Apúnchi-yáya (_God our Father_), Piátzo, Tupana. One, Shuc (_or_ Shug), Noquí, Tiquí. Two, Ishcay, Ammasaniquí, Nanoíjoi. Three, Quínsa, Imucú maraquí (_above three they have no names, but show their fingers; do not count above ten_). Momuhí. Four, Chúscu, Nañunjúia. Five, Píshca Tanaíjo. (_or_ pítchca), Six, Sócta, Tiquí ñiháte. Seven, Cánchis, Nañoujaiáte. Eight, Púsac (_or_ pusag), Momunhuaiáte. Nine, Iscún, Nañauyuía-áte. Ten, Chúnga, Nanjui. (_Go no higher._) Eleven, Chúnga shug. Twelve, Chúnga íshcay, _etc._ Twenty, Ishcay-chúnga. Twenty-one, Ishcay-chúnga shug, _etc._ Thirty, Quínsa chúnga. One hundred, Páchac (_or_ pátzag). One thousand, Guaránga. Ten thousand, (_Would be_ chúnga-guaránga; _but they never go over 1000_). Ordinal numbers, (Niquí _is joined to the number:_ e.g., _first is_ shug niquí: _second_, ishcáy niquí).

[Footnote 189: Qu'ichua on Marañon, tiuiút.]

(_The Conibos count by twos. Thus, one is_ avícho; _two_, rabói. _Above two, so many twos, as four is_ rabói-rabói; _and six_, rabói-rabói-rabói. _Ten is expressed by spreading both hands, and twenty by bringing fingers and toes together. Thus the Caribs. Decimal numeration is found among all the American aborigines, ancient and modern, juxtaposition usually designating multiplication._)

* * * * *

CAMPAS WORDS.

Mother, Ina. ¦ Nose, Aquíry. ¦ Leg, Aítse. Brother (said ¦ Mouth, Apa-anti. ¦ Belly, Amútse. by male), Incho. ¦ Hand, Náco. ¦ Wrist, Acú. Brother (said ¦ Foot, Aítse-cunída.¦ Knee, Airitú. by female), Iga ¦ Lips, Achíra. ¦ Ankle, Atúnque. Sister (said by ¦ Teeth, Aiquí. ¦ Nails, Achíte. by male), Incho. ¦ Hair, Quísti. ¦ Fly, Chimbóque. Head, Aítu. ¦ Neck, Aquínce. ¦ Musquito, Chítu. Eyes, Oquí. ¦ Arm, Acú. ¦ Armadillo Pícha.

Curasson, Choichítes.¦ Rope, Piaminíta. Turtle, Tutá. ¦ Twine, Quiritarí. Monkey, Tsepé. ¦ Maize, Chínque. Cocoa, Quinbíto. ¦ One, Paníro. Clay, Quipateí. ¦ Two, Pitiní. Shirt, Pápani. ¦ Three, Pariotohuáy. Fire, Pamarí. ¦ Four, Pariopatóta. Hammock, Quio-ots. ¦ Five, Pariotohuaygae.

(_My informant on numerals, a boy, though quite intelligent, could go no farther; but the tribe undoubtedly count ten._)

APPENDIX C.

COMMERCE OF THE AMAZON.

I.--VALUE OF PRODUCTS EXPORTED FROM DIFFERENT TOWNS ON THE AMAZON BY THE IMPERIAL STEAMERS IN 1867.[190]

[Footnote 190: This Table is taken from the _Relatoria da Companhia de Navegaçao e Commercio do Amazonas_, and includes only the commerce by the Brazilian steamers and the staple products. The vast amount carried by sailing craft and by Peruvian steamers on the Marañon is unknown to us. The number of passengers transported by the steamers in 1867 was 13,886; receipts from passage, $75,744; from freight, $210,654. In the reduction, the milrey has been taken at 50 cts. U.S. currency, which was the rate very nearly in 1867. The alquiere (alq.)--.988 of a bushel; arr. = arroba of 32 lbs.]

+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+ Products. |Cametá.|Braves.|Macapá.|Gurupá.|Porto |Prainha.| | | | | |do Moz.| | --------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+ Brazil Nuts. | .... | $600| $400| $290| $10| $16 | Cacao. |$44,054| 1,615| 6,429| 1,345| 257|$1,677 | Cattle. | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | 1,575 | Coffee. | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | Copaiba. | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | Cotton, raw. | .... | .... | 100| 90| .... | .... | Dried Meat. | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | 145 | Farina. | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | Guarana. | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | Hides. | 138 | 800| 3,302| 858| 271| 152 | Horses. | .... | 75| 600| .... | .... | 375 | India-rubber. |123,460|128,440|306,880| 85,110| 85,780| 1,430 | Piassaba. | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | Pirarucu. | .... | 10| 20| .... | 200| 1,805 | Sasparilla. | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | 60 | Tallow. | .... | 12| 212| .... | .... | 60 | Tobacco. | .... | 50| .... | 25| .... | 25 | Tonka Beans. | .... | .... | .... | 43| .... | .... | Turtles. | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | Turtle-oil. | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | --------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+

+-------+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+ Products. |Mt. |Santarum.|Obidos.|Villa |Serpa. |Manáos.|Cudajaz.| |Alégre.| | |Nova. | | | | --------------+-------+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+ Brazil Nuts. | .... | $1,334 | $6,938| $2,564| $6,886|$15,010|$1,442 | Cacao. | $86 |$69,111 |172,421| 28,907| 34,462| 38,802| 1,945 | Cattle. | 600 | 550 | 25| .... | .... | .... | .... | Coffee. | .... | 56 | 33| 7| .... | 172| .... | Copaiba. | .... | 18 | 1,422| 4,383| 8,651| 5,175| 132 | Cotton, raw. | .... | .... | .... | .... | 103| 293| .... | Dried Meat. | .... | 2,744 | 15,699| 167| .... | .... | .... | Farina. | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | Guarana. | .... | 1,620 | 750| 24,240| 14,550| 60| .... | Hides. | .... | 2,426 | 4,087| 5,787| 6,290| 2,103| .... | Horses. |3,225 | 3,975 | 2,100| .... | .... | 300| .... | India-rubber. | .... | 22,670 | 8,640| 20,100|209,400|219,340|30,468 | Piassaba. | .... | .... | .... | .... | .... | 7,612| .... | Pirarucu. | 525 | 18,902 | 31,525| 40,827| 21,025| 79,055| 8,273 | Sasparilla. | .... | 2,376 | 1,392| 108| 372| 33,708| 207 | Tallow. | .... | 200 | 1,484| 1,368| 4,164| 16| .... | Tobacco. | .... | .... | .... | 225| 1,187| 237| .... | Tonka Beans. | .... | .... | 120| 1,070| 5| 9| .... | Turtles. | .... | .... | 70| .... | 2| 76| 136 | Turtle-oil. | .... | .... | 100| .... | 5| 8,220| 216 | --------------+-------+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+

+------+-----+-----+----------+------+----------+ Products. |Coary.|Ega. |Fonte|Touantina.|S. |Tabatluga.| | | |Boa. | |Paulo.| | --------------+------+-----+-----+----------+------+----------+ Brazil Nuts. | $498 | $325| ....| .... | .... | .... | Cacao. |5,192 |4,907| $957| $365 | $310| $227 | Cattle. | .... | ....| ....| .... | .... | .... | Coffee. | .... | ....| ....| .... | .... | 25 | Copaiba. | .... |1,559| 123| .... | .... | .... | Cotton, raw. | .... | ....| 1| 6 | .... | 232 | Dried Meat. | .... | ....| ....| .... | .... | .... | Farina. | 80 | 37| 15| 105 | 10| .... | Guarana. | .... | ....| ....| .... | .... | .... | Hides. | .... | ....| ....| .... | .... | .... | Horses. | .... | ....| ....| .... | .... | .... | India-rubber. |7,644 |6,808|5,460| 2,252 |9,155 | 15,054 | Piassaba. | .... | ....| ....| .... | .... | .... | Pirarucu. |5,944 |6,205|7,572| 6,768 |2,018 | 920 | Sasparilla. | 943 |5,163|4,876| 5,209 |2,334 | 3,703 | Tallow. | .... | ....| ....| .... | .... | .... | Tobacco. | 48 | 300| ....| .... | 12 | 360 | Tonka Beans. | .... | ....| ....| .... | .... | .... | Turtles. | 39 | 33| 10| 50 | 3 | 3 | Turtle-oil. |2,382 |3,123|1,693| 1,646 | 298 | 335 | --------------+------+-----+-----+----------+------+----------+

+-------------+------+---------+ Products. |Quantity. |Mean |Total | | |Price.|Value. | --------------+-------------+------+---------+ Brazil Nuts. | 18,397 alq. | $2.00| $35,794| Cacao. |314,327 arr. | 3.00| 942,981| Cattle. | 110 | 25.00| 2,750| Coffee. | 79 arr. | 3.70| 292| Copaiba. | 72,030 lbs. | .30| 2,160| Cotton, raw. | 653 arr. | 1.25| 816| Dried Meat. | 6,821 " | 2.75| 18,757| Farina. | 90 alq. | 2.50| 247| Guarana. | 1,374 arr. | 30.00| 41,220| Hides. | 11,871 | 2.00| 23,742| Horses. | 142 | 75.00| 10,650| India-rubber. |128,955 arr. | 10.00|1,289,550| Piassaba. | 7,612 " | 1.00| 7,612| Pirarucu. | 94,316 " | 2.50| 235,790| Sasparilla. | 5,119 " | 11.80| 60,442| Tallow. | 1,893 " | 4.00| 7,572| Tobacco. | 205 " | 12.23| 2,525| Tonka Beans. | 260 " | 4.80| 1,248| Turtles. | 331 | 1.80| 596| Turtle-oil. | 3,762 j'rs.| 4.75| 17,760| --------------+-------------+------+---------+

II. ARTICLES EXPORTED FROM PARÁ TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1860.

Annatto lbs. 64,832 Balsam Copaiba " 89,670 Cacao " 145,888 Copper, old " 1,171 Hides, wet " 616,172 " dry " 4,503 Nuts, Brazil " 23,582 " " unshelled " 19,481 Piassaba lbs. 3,488 Rubber, fine " 2,394,656 " mixed " 69,120 " coarse " 420,000 Skins, Deer " 64,406 Tapioca " 118,080 Tonka Beans " 18,298

III. ARTICLES IMPORTED FROM THE UNITED STATES TO PARÁ IN 1860.

Axes dozens, 1,826 Candles boxes, 594 Chairs dozens, 333 Codfish drums, 1,943 Clocks number, 660 Combs dozens, 7,353 Domestics package, 2,370 Drugs " 435 Flour barrels, 16,755 Fire-crackers boxes, 1,800 Gunny-bags number, 13,000 Gunpowder kegs, 2,150 Hams tierces, 38 Hardware packages, 201 Hats, Palm-leaf cases, 506 Knives dozens, 2,195 Lard packages, 2,709 Lumber feet, 75,955 Nails kegs, 588 Matches cases, 174 Oars number, 592 Pepper bags, 190 Rosin barrels, 1,556 Rubber and other Shoes pairs, 3,398 Shooks (box) number, 16,428 Soap boxes, 6,891 Specie, in Gold dollars, 113,827 Straw Paper reams, 12,903 Soda-biscuit 12-lb. tins, 5,954 Saltpetre kegs, 95 Tea chests, 235 Tea boxes, 533 Tar and Pitch barrels, 329 Tobacco boxes, 257 Twine, Cotton pounds, 13,322 Tortoise-shell " 299-1/2

IV. DUTIES ON PRINCIPAL IMPORTS FROM UNITED STATES AT PARÁ.

Axes and Hatchets 30 reys per pound. Biscuit, Soda 400 " arroba. Brooms 600 " dozen. Chairs, cane-seat 1,000 " article. " rocking 3,000 " " " " extra 6,000 " " Cinnamon, Ceylon 500 " pound. Combs, rubber 600 " " " ivory 2,000 " " Cotton Goods 90 " sq. vara. " " colored twills 150 " " Candles 240 pound. Cigars 1,200 " " Cordage 50 " " Dirks, ordinary 6,000 " article. " extra 12,000 " " Flour 150 " arroba. Hats, Palm-leaf. 180 " article. Hams 70 " pound. Homoeopathic Medicine 300 " ounce. Knives 250 " article. Lard 1,500 Matting, India 240 " pound. Nails, to two inches 40 " " " over " 20 " " Padlocks, brass 250 " " " iron 180 " " Pearl Barley 400 " arroba. Pepper, India 70 " pound. Plows free. Pork 600 " arroba. Powder 200 " pound. Paper, Straw 30 " " Pilot Bread 150 " arroba. Roman Cement 50 " " Rosin 1,200 Sieves, iron wire 30 " pound. " brass 50 " " Shoes, Rubber 400 " " Store Trucks 900 " article. Shooks, boxes 400 " arroba. Soap, Yellow 30 " pound. Scales, simple 120 " " Tar and Pitch 200 " arroba. Tortoise-shell 2,500 " pound. Tea 450 " " Twine, Cotton 300 " " Trunks, 2 to 4 palms 2,700 " article. " over 4 " 3,600 " " Tobacco, chewing 4,800 " arroba. " cut 9,600 " arroba.

This Tariff went into operation February 23, 1861.

ADDENDA.

_Orchilla_, page 29.--This valuable lichen comes chiefly from Tumbez. It is not found on the rocks, like the orchilla of the Old World, but grows on various trees. The foliage of a tree disappears when the orchilla commences. The sea air is indispensable to its production, as it is found only near the coast.

_Religious Intolerance_, p. 91.--The expression "Protestant dogs" has since been publicly repeated by a priest in a sermon, who told the people to confess, or they would be treated in a similar way. It called forth a remonstrance from Mr. Hamilton, the British Minister, directed to the archbishop, declaring such conduct inhuman and unchristian. The Pope's Nuncio left Quito for good in July, 1869.

_Fish in the Quito Valley_, p. 107.--Dr. Gill informs me that the true name of this little fish is _Cyclopium Humboldtii_, Swainson. It belongs to the sub-family Trachelypterinæ, under Siluridæ.

_Hummers' Nests_, p. 108.--They are not always of a lengthened form, as the text would imply, but are sometimes quite shallow. They are invariably lined with the softest vegetable materials and covered with moss. The nests are not as compact as those of our Northern hummer, and, so far as we observed, are never shingled with flat lichens.

_Humboldt in 1802_, p. 156.--He spent five months in the valley of Quito.

_Pebas Fossils_, p. 282.--In a letter to the author, Mr. Darwin says: "Your discovery of marine shells high up the Amazon possesses _extreme_ interest, not only in itself, but as one more most striking instance how rash it is to assert that any deposit is not a marine formation because it does not contain fossils. As for myself, I never believed for a moment in Agassiz's idea of the origin of the Amazonian formation." Agassiz "candidly confesses (Lyell's _Principles_, i., 468) that he failed to discover any of those proofs which we are accustomed to regard, even in temperate latitudes, as essential for the establishment of the former existence of glaciers where they are now no more. No glaciated pebbles, or far-transported angular blocks with polished and striated sides; no extensive surface of rock, smooth, and traversed by rectilinear furrows, were observed." The fossiliferous bed at Pebas is as plainly _in situ_ as the Medina sandstone at Genesee Falls.

_Tropical Flowers_, p. 292.--"During twelve years spent amid the grandest tropical vegetation, I have seen nothing comparable to the effect produced on our landscapes by gorse, broom, heather, wild hyacinths, hawthorns, purple orchises, and buttercups."--Wallace's _Malay Archipelago_.

_Coca-plant_, p. 293.--The engraving conveys the impression that the leaves are parallel-veined; but the coca is a dicotyledon, with the under surface of the leaf strongly marked with veins, of which two, in addition to the midrib, run parallel with the margin.

_Pedrero_, Map.--This town on the Rio Negro is also written _Pedreira_.

INDEX.

Adobe dwellings, page 46.

Agassiz, Mount, 250. Prof., on the geology of the Amazonian valley, 280, 282, 347.

Agriculture on the Amazon, 243. Andes, 75.

Aground on the Amazon, 239.

Aguano, 201.

Aguardiente, 175.

Alcalde's house, 202.

Alligators, 35, 296.

Almeyrim Hills, 252.

Aloe, American, 100.

Alpargates, 70.

Altar, volcano of, 150.

Amazon River, annual rise, 274. birds on, 306. cetaceans, 299. climate, 273, 284. commerce, 277. current, 273. delta, 272. depth, 274. etymology, 278. expeditions, 277. first view of, 226. fishes, 295. foreign vessels on, 276. insects, 300. life within, 295. magnitude, 264, 272, 278. natural canals, 265. navigation, 276. reptiles, 296. scenery, 236. source, 264. tints, 272. tributaries, 266, 271. volume, 273. Valley, 280. creation of, 117. forest, 287. fruits, 289. geology, 281, 347. minerals, 286. slope, 280. soil, 286. trees, 289. zoology, 284.

Amazonian Indians, 316.

Ambato, 52, 153.

America, the continent of vegetation, 103.

America, South, geology of, 114.

Amphisboena, 194.

Amusements in Quito, 80.

Anacondas, 222.

Andean chain, 119.

Andes, as a geological boundary, 207. birds on the, 105, 146. equipped for the, 37. first sight of the, 33. heart of the, 48. last view of the, 214. of Ecuador, 121. reptiles on the, 107. rise of the, 115. sinking of the, 138. summit of the, 49, 134. valleys of the, 130. views from the, 45, 134, 141.

Anguteros Indians, 222.

Animal life, dearth of, 188.

Animals on the Napo, 207.

Antisana, volcano of, 144, 180. hacienda, 144.

Ants, battle with, 225. on the Amazon, 300. on the Napo, 194.

Apothecaries in Quito, 93.

Archidona, 191.

Architecture in Quito, 78.

Arenal, 49.

Armadillo, 310.

Army of Ecuador, 87.

Arrieros, 36.

Arrows, Indian, 321.

Arts in Quito, 78.

Ascending the Andes, 43, 96, 144.

Astronomy on the Andes, 97.

Atahuallpa, 56.

Atmosphere of Quito, 97.

Baeza, 187.

Balsas, 32.

Bamboos on the Napo, 220.

Banana, 34.

Baños, 149.

Barometric measurements, 337. anomaly, 241, 226. variations at Quito, 92.

Barra, 243.

Bartholomew, St., 54.

Bats, 205, 312.

Bears, 105.

Bed, Andean, 181.

Bees on the Amazon, 303. of Quito, 108. on the Napo, 207.

Beetles on the Amazon, 303. on the Napo, 206.

Bells of Quito, 89.

"Big-ear" Indians, 222.

Birds on the Amazon, 306. coloration of, in the tropics, 105. moulting of, 285. of South America, 105.

Blow-guns, 170.

Boa-constrictor, 223.

Bodegas, 35.

Botany of South America, 286.

Brazilian etiquette, 235, 246. frontier, 233. steamers, 234.

Brazilians, 323.

Brazil-nut trees, 290.

Bread-tree, 34.

Breves, 254.

Buildings, Andean, 46.

Bull-baits, 80.

Burial Customs, 91, 321. at Quito, 91.

Butter, 251.

Butterflies on the Amazon, 302. on the Napo, 206.

Buzzards, 29.

Caballococha, 232.

Cacao, 30, 290.

Cajabamba, 153.

Calabash-tree, 289.

Camino Real, 45.

Camellones, 43.

Camindo on the Napo, 226.

Cámpas Indians, 322.

Canélos, 172.

Canoe-life on the Napo, 213.

Canoe-paths, 265.

Canoes on the Napo, 200.

Capybara, 310.

Caraguairazo, 132.

Carnival, 81.

Carranqui, 157.

Cassiquiari Canal, 267.

Cathedral of Guayaquil, 26. of Quito, 66.

Cattle on the Andes, 145.

Caucho-tree, 288.

Cayambi, 143.

Cedar on the Amazon, 289.

Cemetery, Protestant, 91.

Century-plant, 100.

Cerro, 33.

Cetaceans in the Amazon, 299.

Chicha, 167, 210.

Chillo hacienda, 155.

Chimbo, Valley of, 46.

Chimborazo, 33, 44, 49, 127.

Chimneys, absence of, 44.

Chirimoya, 101.

Chuquipoyo, 51.

Chuquiragua, 100.

Cigána, 206, 308.

Cinchona, 47.

Cinnamon, American, 172.

Circumcision, 322.

Civility, Ecuadorian, 35, 71.

Civilization on the Amazon, 236.

Clay-eating, 229. formation of the Amazon, 225.

Climate of Guayaquil, 28. of Quito, 91. of the Amazon, 238, 251.

Coary, River, 242, 269.

Coca-chewing, 291, 348.

Coca village, 207.

Cochineal, 108.

Cock-fighting, 35, 80.

Cocoa-palm, 35.

Coffee, 31, 259, 290.

Colleges of Ecuador, 79.

Combativeness on the Andes, 95.

Commerce on the Amazon, 342.

Compressed heads, 171.

Compulsory commerce, 195.

Condor, 106, 131.

Cones of volcanoes, 122.

Conibos Indians, 321.

Cookery in Quito, 44, 84.

Copal-gum, 193.

Cordillera, 33, 126.

Cosanga River, 189.

Costumes of Amazonian Indians, 239, 241.

Cotocachí, village, 154. volcano, 142.

Cotopaxi, 55, 146. eruptions of, 125.

Cotton-mills, 77, 155.

Cow-tree, 288.

Craft on the Napo, 209.

Craters, deep, 133.

Crocodiles, 296.

Cudajá, 242.

Cuenca, 152.

Cunchebamba, 53.

Curaray River, 224.

Curassow, 308.

Curi-urcu, 191.

Currency of Pará, 260. Quito, 75.

Cuzco ladies, 82.

Dangers in South America, 331.

Darwin on the geology of the Pampas, 282.

Darwin on the geology of the Amazon, 347.

Debt of Ecuador, 87.

Deer on the Napo, 226. fossil, 154.

Descent into Pichincha, 139.

Discipline on the Napo, 204.

Diseases on the Andes, 93, 331.

Dogs on the Andes, 95.

Dolphins, 299.

Dragon-flies, 302.

Dress in Quito, 69.

Drunkenness at Quito, 146.

Earthquake at Ibarra, 157. at Riobamba, 153. effect of, on climate, 91. experience of, 163. theories of, 161.

Eastern Cordillera, 179.

Eciton ants, 301.

Ecuador, army, 87. Congress, 86. debt, 87. extent, 85. flora and fauna, 103. government, 86. population, 85. religion, 89. repudiation, 86. revenue, 87. revolutions, 86. supreme court, 87. volcanoes, 122, 148.

Ecuadorian cooking, 44, 84.

Education on the Andes, 79.

Edwards, George, 195.

Ega, 239.

Eggs of the alligator, 297. of the turtle, 297.

El Dorado, 183.

Elephant at high altitudes, 155.

Equator, mean temperature, 262.

Expenses of travel, 327.

Farina, 235, 291.

Ferns, tree, 38.

Fever remedies, 331.

Fire-flies, 25.

Fish in the Napo, 226. in Quito Valley, 107, 347. in the tropics, 329.

Fishes ejected from volcanoes 107, 132, 143. of the Amazon, 295.

Fishing with barbasco, 169.

Flamingoes, 308.

Flowers on the Amazon, 292, 347. on the Andes, 50, 102, 136.

Fonte Boa, 239.

Forest on the Napo, 216, 219. trail, 182, 186. tropical, 36, 38, 287.

Fossil bones on the Andes, 154.

Fossils in the Amazon Valley, 282, 347.

Frogs in Quito Valley, 107. of the Amazon, 304.

Fruits of Quito, 101. on the Amazon, 289.

Galápagos Islands, 105, 124.

Gentians, 103.

Geology of South America, 114. of the Amazon Valley, 225, 347.

Glacial theory of Agassiz, 282, 347.

Glaciers, absence of, 131.

Glimpse of the Andes, 33.

Goître, 94.

Gold on the Napo, 196.

Grapes on the Amazon, 234.

Grebe on the Andes, 146.

Guacamayo Mountain, 190.

Guamani, 144, 179.

Guápulo, 178.

Guarani race, 316.

Guarana, 290.

Guaranda, 46.

Guayaquil, city and people, 25. climate, 28. commerce, 29. history, 28. market, 30.

Guayas River, scenes on, 32.

Guayusa tea, 193.

Gurupá, 253.

Gypsy-birds, 223.

Hammocks, 202.

Hats of Guayaquil, 31.

Hatuntaqui, battle of, 56, 154.

Hauxwell, Mr., 227, 229.

Health in the tropics, 331. on the Andes, 93.

Heart of the Andes, 48.

High altitudes, experience at, 96, 142.

Himalayas, vegetation on, 50, 100.

Horns, blowing of, 209.

Horses, extinct species of, 154. for the Andes, 36.

Hospitality, Ecuadorian, 35, 71.

Hotels, Andean, 40, 53. in Guayaquil, 328. in Quito, 329.

Howling monkeys, 223, 313.

Huallaga River, 266.

Humboldt, 136, 156, 348.

Hummers in Quito, 107, 347. on the Amazon, 307.

Hybrids, 43.

Hypsometric zones, 50.

Ibarra, 157.

Ibis, 308.

Ida Pfeiffer, 53.

Iguana, 304.

Imbabura, 143, 154.

Immorality of priests, 89.

Incarial relics, 109, 112, 124.

Incas in Quito, 56.

Indian character, 153, 203, 243. dwellings, 78. peons, 36, 183. savages, 221. villages, 237.

Indians, Amazonian, 315. Andean, 69, 109, 111. as travelers, 186.

India-rubber-tree, 288.

In memoriam, 334.

Insect pests, 224.

Insects, Amazon, 206, 300. in Quito, 108.

Iquitos, 231.

Itulcachi, 178.

Jacamars, 308.

Jaçanas, 308.

Jacapas, 308.

Jaguars, 311.

Japurá River, 267, 320.

Javarí River, 269, 320.

Jesuits, 89, 321.

Jiggers, 108.

Jívaros Indians, 165, 171.

Jurís Indians, 319.

Juruá River, 269, 319.

Jutahí River, 269.

Lady travelers on the Amazon, 236.

La Mona, 38.

Lauguage of Ecuador, 71.

Latacunga, 53.

Lava, absence of, 122. streams, 144.

Lepers, 55, 94.

Lianas, 188.

Lice-eating, 181.

Life within the Amazon, 295. around the Amazon, 300.

Lignite on the Amazon, 225, 283.

Lion, American, 105.

Living on the Amazon, 235.

Lizards of the Amazon, 304.

Llama, 104. fossil, 154.

Llanganati Mountains, 149.

Locro, 44.

Loja, 152.

Longevity on the Andes, 92.

Loreto, 232.

Lotteries in Quito, 90.

Lungs of mountaineers, 95.

Lyell on the Valley of the Amazon, 347.

Macaws, 306.

Machachi, 55.

Madeira River, 269.

Mamaï, 234.

Mamelucos, 239.

Mammals on the Amazon, 309.

Manáos, 243.

Manati, 215, 299.

Mandioca, 291.

Mango, 34.

Manufactures of Quito, 77.

Marañon River, 227. steamers, 230.

Maravilla, 48.

Market of Quito, 77.

Mashka, 36.

Maspa, 186.

Masquerade, Indian, 110.

Mastodon, Andean, 154.

Matá-matá turtle, 299.

Maucallacta, 232.

Mauhés Indians, 318.

Mazan River, 226.

Meat, preservation of, 222.

Merchants of Quito, 74.

Mica Lake, 146.

Milk on the Andes, 179.

Milky Way at Quito, 98.

Mixed races, 68, 322.

Mocha, 52.

Mongruba-tree, 288.

Monkey meat, 203.

Monkeys, 223, 313.

Montaña of Peru, 231.

Monte Alégre, 252.

Montúca flies, 224.

Moreno, President, 54, 86, 138.

Mountaineers, 43, 69, 95.

Mountains on the Amazon, 252.

Moyabamba, 231.

Mules, 43.

Muleteers, 36.

Mundurucus Indians, 318.

Múras Indians, 318.

Music in the forest, 205.

Musquitoes, 224, 228, 303.

Napo country, 164. diseases, 198. fish, 226. Indians, 165, 197, 180, 210. journey, 174. navigation, 197, 209. productions, 196. rapids, 200. river, 197, 199, 227, 268. scenery, 216, 220. tea, 193. turtles, 226. village, 194. wilderness, 188, 191.

Nauta, 231.

Negroes on the Amazon, 247, 323.

Negro River, 242, 266, 319.

Newspapers in Ecuador, 27, 80.

Nocturnal music, 205.

Obidos, 248.

Obsidian, 124, 148.

Orchids, 216.

Orchilla, 347.

Orejones, 222.

Orellana's expedition, 183, 207.

Organ-bird, 308.

Oriente, 164.

Otovalo, 157.

Outfit for travel, 327.

Paita, raised beach at, 115.

Paja, or Paramo grass, 49.

Palms, cocoa, 35. on the Amazon, 287. on the Napo, 219.

Palo de cruz, 228.

Pampas, geology of, 282.

Panama hats, 31.

Pañuelon, 69.

Papallacta, 177, 181.

Papaya-tree, 202, 234.

Pará City, buildings, 257. climate, 262. commerce, 259. currency, 260. government, 261. people, 258. view of, 254.

Para River, 254, 271.

Paramo, 33.

Parrots, 206, 306.

Passés Indians, 319.

Pastassa River, 150, 268.

Pebas, 227. fossils, 282, 347.

Peccaries, 221, 310.

Peons, 36, 183.

Peruvian bark, 47. steamers, 230.

Pfeiffer, Ida, 53.

Piassaba palm, 289.

Pichincha volcano, 124, 133, 140.

Pigs, mode of dressing, 49.

Pirarucu fish, 295.

Piums, 224.

Pizarro at Coca, 183, 207.

Plantain, 34.

Poison antidote, 332.

Politeness, Ecuadorian, 35, 71.

Politics in Quito, 86.

Polylepis-trees, 50, 179.

Poncho, 69.

Porphyroid trachytes, 124.

Porpoises, 299.

Porto do Moz, 253.

Potatoes on the Andes, 101.

Potato soup, 44, 50.

Prayinha, 253.

President's order, 176.

Priests of Quito, 89.

Protestant cemetery, 90, 334.

Puma, 105.

Pumice, 148. on the Amazon, 268.

Puna, 96.

Purus Indians, 318. River, 269.

Quadrupeds on the Amazon, 309.

Quartz, paucity of, 122.

Quito agriculture, 75. amusements, 80. architecture, 78. arts, 78. atmosphere, 96. bells, 89. birds, 106. bull-baits, 80, 94. butterflies, 108. capital, 66. carnival, 81. climate, 91. cock-fights, 81. cookery, 84. currency, 75. diseases, 93. dress, 69. drunkenness, 142. education, 79. fashions, 70. fish, 108. flour, 98, 101. history, 56, 152. insects, 108. ladies, 70, 81. manufactures, 77. market, 77. masquerades, 81. merchants, 74. newspapers, 80. politics, 86. population, 68. potatoes, 101. prices, 329. Protestant cemetery, 90. religion, 87. reptiles, 107. scenery, 178. servants, 83. situation, 55, 59, 62. streets and buildings, 64, 65. street scene, 60. suburbs, 55, 59. under the Incas, 56. under the Spaniards, 57. Valley, 51, 55, 73, 149, 152. archæology of, 109, 112.

Quitonians, character of the, 71, 86. primeval, 109.

Rain-fall at Quito, 93. line on the Andes, 45.

Raposa, 233, 311.

Regularity of nature, 92.

Religion of Ecuador, 87.

Religious intolerance, 91, 347.

Reptiles at Quito, 107. on the Amazon, 296.

Revenue of Ecuador, 87.

Ride down the Andes, 180.

Rimos Indians, 322.

Riobamba, 150, 153.

River systems of South America, 118, 275.

Roads on the Andes, 43, 53, 74.

Rodents on the Amazon, 309.

Romanism on the Andes, 88.

Rose of the Andes, 101.

Routes across South America, 325.

Rumiñagui, 146.

Salt on the Andes, 193.

San Antonio, 233.

Sand-flies, 224.

Sangai volcano, 150.

San Paulo, 237.

Santarem, 251.

Santa Rosa, 201.

Sapucaya nut, 290.

Sarsaparilla, 224.

Saüba ants, 194, 300.

Savages on the Napo, 221.

Savaneta, 40.

Scenery on the Amazon, 253.

Sea-cows, 215.

Serpa, 247.

Shells in Quito Valley, 109. in the Amazon Valley, 293.

Sierra, 33.

Silk-cotton-tree, 220, 289.

Sincholagua, 146.

Sloths, 310.

Slow-worm on the Napo, 194.

Snakes, scarcity of, 195, 332.

Snakes on the Amazon, 305.

Snow at high altitudes, 138. limit in the Andes, 125.

Soil in the Amazon Valley, 286.

Solimoens, 237.

South America, geology of, 114. American fauna and flora, 103. American Indians, 315.

Southerners on the Amazon, 246, 251.

Spanish character, 328.

Spanish language, 71.

Spanish Republicanism, 58.

Spiders on the Amazon, 304.

Stars at Quito, 97.

Staunton, Col., burial of, 91, 334.

Steam on the Amazon, 230, 234, 330.

Storm on the Napo, 213.

Sugar on the Amazon, 252. on the Andes, 329

Sugar-cane on the Amanzon, 291.

Suno, 205.

Superstition, 54.

Tabatinga, 233.

Table-lands of the Old World, 152.

Tablon, 178.

Tacunga, 53

Tambillo ridge, 55.

Tambo on the mountains, 40.

Tapajos River, 270.

Tapir, 104, 310.

Teffé River, 269.

Temperature, correspondence of altitude and latitude as to, 145.

Termite ants, 301.

Thermometer, variations of, 92.

Tide on the Amazon, 275.

Timber on the Amazon, 289.

Tiupullo, 54.

Toads of the Amazon, 304.

Tobacco on the Amazon, 291. use of, by the Napos, 197.

Tocantíns River, 271.

Tolling-bell bird, 307.

Tortoise-shell wood, 289.

Toucan, 206, 306.

Trade wind, 118.

Trail in the forest, 182.

Trapiche, 207.

Traveling in South America, 325.

Trees in Quito Valley, 100. on the Amazon, 288.

Trogon, 308.

Tropical flowers, 292, 347. forest, 287.

Tropical vegetation, 34, 38, 188, 190, 219.

Tucúna Indians, 320.

Tucker, Admiral, 232.

Tunantíns, 237.

Tunguragua volcano, 149.

Tupi race, 316.

Turtles in the Amazon, 297. in the Napo, 215, 220.

Uaupés Indians, 319.

Ucayali Indians, 321. River, 268.

Umbrella bird, 307.

Upper Amazon towns, 231.

Urarí poison, 228.

Valediction on the Napo, 204.

Valley of the Amazon, 280. of the Andes, 130. of the Chimbo, 46. of Quito, 51, 55, 73, 149, 151, 155.

Vanilla on the Napo, 196.

Vegetation in the tropics 34, 38. on the Amazon, 287. zones of, on the Andes, 50.

Verdure on the Amazon, 285.

Veta, 96.

Victoria Regia, 292.

Views from the Andes, 45.

Villa Nora, 248.

Vocabularies Indian, 339.

Volcanoes of Ecuador, 122, 125, 151.

Washerwomen of Quito, 83.

Water-beetles, 295. carriers, 61.

Water-shed of the Atlantic and Pacific, 54.

Water-snakes, 296.

Wayside inn. 40.

White ants, 301.

Wisse, M., descent into Pichincha, 138.

Wool, Andean, 104.

Xingú River, 271.

Yagua Indians, 320.

Yana-urcu, 142.

Ypadú, 291.

Yuca, 167.

Yurimaguas, 231.

Záparo Indians, 165, 170.

Zodiacal light, 98.

Zones of vegetation, 50.

Zoology of the Napo, 206.

Zoology of South America, 286.

Zoological provinces of Amazonia, 300.

THE END.