CHAPTER XXV.

ANTIQUITY OF THE RIVER-DRIFT.

In order to discuss this subject, it will be necessary to enter into some geological details; as it is evident that the least antiquity that can be assigned to the implements is that of the beds of gravel, sand, and clay in which they occur, and of which, in fact, they may be regarded as constituent portions. Whether they may not in some instances have been derived from beds of even greater antiquity than those in which they are found, is another question, which will subsequently be dealt with; but any one examining the condition of the beds in which the implements occur, will have no difficulty in seeing that they have not been disturbed since their deposit; while in most cases, the colouring of the worked and of the unworked flints they contain is similar, and affords proof of their having long lain together under the same conditions.

That the containing beds have, at all events in most cases, been deposited by fresh water, and not by the sea, is proved by the occasional abundance in them of land and freshwater shells, and the absence of those of marine origin; while their general analogy with the flood deposits of existing rivers, and their almost universal contiguity to them, raises the strongest possible presumption of their existence being due to river action. At the risk of being thought to have prejudged the question, I have, therefore, made no scruple in treating them hitherto as being River-drift. To show that for the most part they are so in reality, and to enable the reader to form some opinion of the manner in which deposits originally formed in and about the beds of streams or lakes, now in some cases occupy the tops of hills, and cover the slopes of valleys, far above the level of any existing neighbouring river, or even at a considerable distance from any stream, it will, I think, be well to state a hypothetical case; and then to compare the actual phenomena with it, and see how far they correspond. |663|

Should it appear that with a certain given configuration of the land surface, a certain character of rock, a certain climate, and a certain number of years, certain effects must, judging from all analogy, have been produced; and should we in the case of these ancient Drifts find some of the conditions to have existed, and all the phenomena to be in accordance with the hypothesis, we may with some confidence assume that the other original conditions existed also; and build up a connected theory which will account for the whole of the observed results, and will also throw light on their causes, as well as on the duration of time necessary for their operation to have produced such effects. In stating the case, I lay no claim to originality, and do little more than follow in the steps of Sir Charles Lyell, Sir Joseph Prestwich, and others who have made a study of the character and effects of fluviatile action.

As it is in the gravels of Chalk districts that Palæolithic implements have been chiefly, though by no means exclusively, found, let us base the hypothesis on the assumption that an extensive and almost horizontal area of Upper Chalk, covered for the most part with beds of marine clay and shingle, gradually rose from beneath the sea, to an elevation of 200 feet above its level. Let us also assume that the land was elevated at a rate far in excess of that at which any subaërial action, such as rain, frost, or snow, would enable a river flowing over it to excavate its valley to the depth of 200 feet in the space of time required for its elevation to that height. Let us further assume, that the winter climate was somewhat more rigorous than that which at present prevails in this country, and that there was a considerably greater annual rainfall. We may also, for the purposes of the argument, take the position of the coast-line as permanent, instead of its constantly receding in consequence of the eroding power of the sea upon the cliffs.

Let us now see what would theoretically be the effect produced by subaërial causes on the river-valleys in this area during an indefinite number of centuries.

Under ordinary circumstances, and with our present amount of rainfall, there is no geological formation less liable to floods than the Chalk, or at all events, its upper portion. It is of so absorbent a nature that it is only in the extraordinary event of the ground being hard frozen at the time of a heavy fall of rain, or of a rapid thaw of snow; or of some inches of rain falling in the course of a few hours, that the soil is unable to absorb the water as fast as it is delivered upon it. The moisture when once in the soil is |664| either carried off again by evaporation and vegetation, or descends to a point at which the chalk is saturated with water, which is, however, constantly being drained off by springs along the valleys. This body of water has been termed “the subterranean reservoir” in the Chalk. The consequence of this absorbent power of the soil is that the streams and rivers in a Chalk country are not liable to floods, and moreover that their flow is but little affected at the time by rain; they being almost entirely dependent on perennial springs, which, during the driest of summers, still continue to deliver the water that in the course of the preceding winter, or even previously, has accumulated in the body of the Chalk.

The surface of the “subterranean reservoir” in the Chalk is by no means level, but always presents a gradient towards the point at which the springs are delivering its contents, so that within a chalk-hill forming a watershed between two streams there is what may be termed a hill of subterranean water, the summit of which need not, and often does not, correspond with the apparent watershed on the surface. The angle of the water-surface gradient depends principally on two factors, the degree of friction in passing through the chalk, and the amount of rain that finds its way down from the surface.

The height of saturation varies much in different seasons, as is evinced by the intermitting streams, often known as bournes,[2758] which perhaps only flow for a few months once in every six or seven years. Near the Chalk escarpment in Hertfordshire, at a spot several miles distant from any stream, I have known this height of saturation, as shown by the level of water in a deep well, to vary as much as 70 feet in the course of a single year. But with a greater rainfall than at present, the Chalk might at all times be in a state of saturation up to within a few feet of the surface; and this would be materially assisted, were there no deep valleys in existence into which the subterranean water could be delivered; as, of course, if the outfall were raised, the level of permanent saturation would be raised also. Were the Chalk in a less porous condition than at present, of course also its absorbent powers would not be so great. Under the circumstances, therefore, which have been supposed, the river-and spring-water from a Chalk district would be delivered in a manner very materially differing from that which at present prevails. The delivery of water by springs would be but small in shallow valleys; and, indeed, the only |665| important springs would be those along the sea-shore; while irrespective of this, the greater rainfall would keep the soil so saturated, that floods would be as readily produced by heavy storms of rain as if the soil were the most unabsorbent of rocks. If after some lapse of time the rainfall diminished, and the valleys were deepened, so that the outlets for the springs were at a considerably lower level than that of the principal area of the country, the case would be altered, and the tendency to floods would be immediately reduced.

At the commencement of the state of things supposed in our hypothesis, these outlets, with the exception of those on the sea-shore, would be but little lower than the general surface of the country, which, however, would not be perfectly plane. For it seems probable that the waters of the retreating sea would, during the elevation of the tract of land, form shallow channels, cutting down some little distance into the clay or chalk; and thus, as it were, mark out a course along which streams or rivers would flow, after the land was completely free from the sea. In some places, perhaps, shallow lakes might be left, but these also would have channels draining off their waters when they rose above a certain elevation.

With a bare surface, such as a newly-elevated tract would expose, there can be no doubt that the eroding power of heavy rains would be highly effective; as may be seen at the present day in the far greater effects of heavy showers on bare soil than on that which is protected by turf and vegetation. At the same time, with a rigorous climate, such as that supposed, the winter accumulation of snow and ice would be great, and its thawing during the summer months would add enormously and rapidly to the streams draining the area, which would in consequence have great power to deepen and widen their channels. The outflows from the lakes, if any such existed, would also be enlarged, while their upper portions would be filled with material brought down by the streams, and eventually they would be drained, with the exception of some channels in their beds through which the streams would pass.

We may therefore readily suppose that in the course of no very great interval of time, geologically speaking, a river-system for carrying off the waters falling from the heavens, analogous in character to those of the present day, but with shallower valleys, would be formed on the surface of the elevated tract. Let us |666| suppose that while this, as it may be termed, preliminary configuration of the surface has been taking place, the land has become tenanted by various trees, shrubs, and plants affording means of subsistence to different forms of animal life; while the streams also have been occupied by colonies of freshwater _testacea_; and let us now trace what would be the action of the rivers. To use the words of Sir Charles Lyell,[2759] “when we are speculating on the excavating force which a river may have exerted in any particular valley, the most important question is, not the volume of the existing stream nor the present levels of its channel, nor even the nature of the rocks; but the probability of a succession of floods at some period since the time when the valley may have been first elevated above the sea.”

Now in the first place, all rivers whose banks are not artificially protected, and whose channels are not kept clear, are of necessity more liable to floods than those in civilized countries, which bear much the same relation to rivers flowing through uncultivated lands, as domesticated animals do to wild. We have, moreover, _ex hypothesi_, a fruitful source of floods in a greater rainfall and in a more rigorous winter climate. The marvellous effects of such floods in excavating channels, and in transporting materials, can only be estimated by those who have seen their results, or have studied the accounts given of them. When we read of a small rivulet on the Cheviots,[2760] swollen by heavy rain, having transported several thousand tons of gravel and sand into the neighbouring plain, and having carried blocks of stone, weighing upwards of half a ton, two miles down its course, while another block weighing nearly two tons was transported the distance of a quarter of a mile, we may form some conception of the effects of even a flooded brook. The blocking of a stream by ice or fallen trees, so as to keep back its waters, and thus form a lake, which is suddenly drained by the breaking of the barrier; a heavy fall of rain; or a rapid fall of snow on ground hard frozen, and therefore impervious, are common causes of floods; and such as we may presume to have prevailed in our hypothetical case. What, therefore, would be the effect of such floods?

The first effect would no doubt be to cause the streams to overflow their banks, and spread over the bottom of the valleys in which they usually flowed. The shallower the valley the greater |667| probably would be the sinuosities of the stream, and the wider would its waters spread. The greater also would be the probability of the stream, on the cessation of the flood, not returning to its original channel, which might have become obliterated or filled up, but of its flowing along some new course, it may be miles away from its former channel. Even when not flooded so as to overflow their banks, rivers along which a larger body of water flowed than there does at present, would, so long as they were not confined within deep valleys, have a tendency to wander over a much wider tract of country than that now occupied by their valleys. The tendency of all rivers to produce sinuosities in their course is well known; but Mr. Fergusson, in his excellent paper on recent changes in the Delta of the Ganges,[2761] has called attention to the fact that all rivers oscillate in curves, the extent of which is directly proportionate to the quantity of water flowing through them.

But rivers in a state of flood, or passing even at a moderate speed over soft or incoherent soil, are always turbid, owing to the presence in their waters of earthy matter which they are transporting towards the sea. The character of the solid matter thus transported by water in motion is entirely dependent on its velocity. A velocity of 300 yards per hour is sufficient to tear up fine clay; of 600 yards, fine sand; of 1,200 yards, fine gravel; and of a little over two miles per hour, to transport shivery angular stones of the size of an egg.[2762] Considering the small velocity requisite to remove the finer particles of the soil, and to retain them in suspension, a river such as has been supposed, must have been excessively turbid, so long as any fine earthy particles were accessible to its waters, or to those of the streamlets delivering into it.

The amount of solid matter suspended in turbid water is greater than might be imagined. Mr. A. Tylor has calculated that the detritus carried down by the Ganges is equivalent to what would result from the removal of soil a foot in depth over the whole of the area which it drains in 1,791 years,[2763] and that brought down by the Mississippi to one foot in 9,000 years. Other estimates fix this at one foot in 6,000 years, while the sediment contained in its stream has been estimated at from 1∕1245 to 1∕1500 of the weight of the water.[2764] Taking this latter proportion, an inch of rain |668| falling on a square mile of ground, and flowing off it in a turbid state, would carry with it at least forty-three tons of sediment; and were we to assume an annual rainfall of fifty-four inches—which, though exceptional, is by no means unknown even in the British Isles—about 2,300 tons of fine earthy matter would be removed from a square mile of country in a single year. Taking a cubic yard of solid ground as equal to a ton in weight, this would involve the removal of one foot in depth from the surface in about 450 years. If, however, a portion of the rainfall were delivered by springs, or fell on hard or rocky ground, so as not to be rendered turbid, of course the effect would be proportionally diminished. Sir Archibald Geikie[2765] has estimated that practically, at the present day, the Thames (apart from about 450,000 tons of chalk and other matter carried away annually in solution), lowers its basin at the rate of one foot in 11,740 years; the Boyne, one foot in 6,700 years; the Forth, one foot in 3,111 years; and the Tay, one foot in 1,482 years. It is, however, with water moving with far greater velocity than that merely sufficient to keep fine sediment in suspension, that we have to deal in this hypothetical case; and we may readily suppose the streams, at more or less regular intervals, liable to violent floods, eroding the chalk and the superimposed clays and gravels, and carrying with them not only the finer particles and sand, but the pebbles, large and small, of the gravel, and the flints washed out of the chalk.

Let us now consider what would be the condition of the surface of a broad shallow valley, on the cessation of a flood such as that which has been supposed. In certain parts removed from the main current, and where the water had been nearly stationary, we should find deposits of fine mud or clay; in others, where the water had still moved with sufficient velocity to retain the clay and fine silt in suspension, the heavier particles of sand would have accumulated; in others, again, the smaller stones and pebbles; while near the main current, especially on the inner side of any curves which it had made, and where of course its velocity had been diminished, we should find the larger flints and pebbles, probably to some extent intermixed with part of the finer materials. In the beds of mud and sand, we should probably find the shells of some of the molluscs inhabiting the waters, and also those of terrestrial species, washed in from the inundated land surface, or brought down from the banks of the tributary rivulets; while |669| mixed among the larger pebbles we might expect to find any animal bones that had been lying on the land contiguous to the stream, or any of the larger and heavier objects of human workmanship, that would have been carried off by such an inundation, had mankind been living on the banks of the river.

Were men, or any of the larger animals overwhelmed and drowned by the flood, it seems probable that, owing to the slight difference between their specific gravity and that of water, they would eventually have been carried down to the sea, unless by some means accidentally arrested in their course, or carried into the more stagnant waters. In either case, they would, on the waters subsiding, probably be exposed on or near the surface, and not be imbedded in any of the deposits of the stream. Assuming the existence at that time of a respect for the dead, such as may be regarded as almost instinctive in man, any human remains would be buried or otherwise disposed of, while the bones of the other carcases would be left within reach of the waters, should another flood occur.

At the mouth of the river, where it joined the sea, its excavating power would be considerably greater than farther inland; for at first, on account of the land having—as was presumed, in this hypothetical case—risen faster than the river could excavate its valley, the stream must have fallen as a cascade into the sea. This, by the cutting back of the lip in such a soft rock as the Chalk, would soon be converted into a rapid, where the greater velocity of the water would much add to its erosive power; and, ere long, a mouth to the river would be formed, which would soon become tidal. Before tracing the results that would be due to this greater declivity of the river-bed in the immediate neighbourhood of the sea, it will be well to consider what would be the results of successively recurring floods, in the less inclined broad shallow valley, on which we have been speculating.

There can be no doubt that with each succeeding flood the valley would be deepened; and the fact of its being thus deepened would tend to make it narrower, by restricting the windings of the river. We can, however, hardly imagine that in this deepening process the whole of the deposits spread by the former floods over the bottom and slopes of the valley would be removed, but must acknowledge the extreme probability of some portions of them having remained intact, especially those which were left at the greatest distance from the course eventually taken by the river |670| during its period of flood. When once they had been thus left, the chances of their being again assailed by the stream would become more and more remote with each successive flood; and though the waters might reach some deposit of the larger pebbles formerly carried down by the main stream, but now at a distance from it, yet they would only belong to the more sluggish portions of the flood, and at first might envelope them in beds of sand; and subsequently, when they were only accessible to the more stagnant turbid waters, leave layer upon layer of muddy silt or clay upon them. In forming the more loess-like beds the action of the wind in transporting sand and dust might also assist. In some cases, and especially at the extremity of curves, and at the end of the tongue between two streams, the accumulation of one period, though at a lower level than that of earlier date, might abut upon it, or even become mingled with it, so that an almost continuous coating of Drift-deposits might extend from the highest level to the lowest.

The bulk, however, of the deposits of one inundation would be moved by the next, or by one of those which subsequently recurred; and stones, and pebbles, and other objects might thus be transported down stream, from place to place, an indefinite number of times, and form constituent parts of an indefinite number of gravelly beds along the bottom of the flooded stream. They might, under some circumstances, lie for a long period of years in some particular bed, in which they would become stained by salts of iron or otherwise, and subsequently be transported and re-deposited among unstained, or differently stained pebbles. The angles of any flints thus transported from place to place would also become rolled, as would, in like manner, those of bones or teeth. In the same way, assuming, as we have done, that the surface of the Chalk in the district was in part, or wholly, covered with beds of marine clay and shingle, it is evident that in the earlier deposits, when the river flowed at the higher level, and was, as it were, commencing to excavate its valley, the proportion of the pebbles derived from these beds to the flints washed out from the Chalk, would be much greater than at a later period. For in the course of time the river would have worked its way below the level of these upper beds, and many of the pebbles at first deposited in its gravels would have been disturbed, again and again, in their beds; on each disturbance carried farther down the stream, and eventually so far as the sea or the tidal portion of the river. At the same time the |671| river itself would be principally excavating the Chalk which had been freed from the marine shingle, and would therefore be forming the gravel in its bed, for the most part, from flints derived from the Chalk.

In the same manner, pebbles brought from a distant part of the country, and higher up the river, would eventually become more abundant in the deposits near its mouth, than they were at the first. Still no amount of transport of this kind could bring any pebbles into the bed of the river, which did not, in some form or other, exist within its drainage area.

Besides the transporting power of water, which by itself is, under favourable circumstances, capable of producing considerable excavations in a comparatively short period, there is another force at work, where, as has been supposed in this case, the climate is severe, which not only aids in the transport of pebbles and blocks of stone from one part of the bed of a river to another, but is a fertile source of floods. This is the formation of ground-ice. Sir Joseph Prestwich,[2766] in his second “Memoir on the Flint Implement-bearing Beds,” has given numerous instances of the transporting power of this agent, and shown the method of its occurrence in running streams, when the cold suffices to reduce the temperature of the water, and of the bed of the river itself, to the freezing point. Under such circumstances a gravelly river bed—and on mud alone, ice rarely forms—may become coated with ice, which being lighter than water will, on acquiring certain dimensions, overcome the forces which keep it at the bottom, and rise to the surface, carrying with it all the loose materials to which it adhered.

M. Engelhardt,[2767] director of the forges at Niederbronn, in the Vosges, has, perhaps, more minutely than any one else investigated the causes of the formation of ground-ice; and to prevent its effects in causing floods, actually removed each year from the bed of the stream supplying the motive power to his works, the stones and other extraneous bodies round which it was likely to form. His account of the effects of ground-ice in causing floods in the upper part of the Rhine and the Danube is worth transcribing. These two rivers having “a rapid current, do not freeze, like the Seine, by being covered with a plane and uniform stratum; they bear along large blocks of ice, which cross and impinge upon one another, and becoming thus heaped together, finally barricade the river. It is a grand spectacle, when the Rhine is thus charged, |672| to see these countless drifts adjust themselves in their relative position, where they unite by congelation, and convey the idea of the fall of some mountain which has covered the plain with rocks of every dimension. But it is not this accumulation of ice-drifts in the Rhine which is of itself the cause of danger; it is, on the contrary, the _débâcle_, or breaking-up, which is often productive of calamitous consequences. When this _débâcle_ commences in the upper part of the river, above the point where the latter is completely frozen, the masses of ice, drifting with the current and unable to pass, are hurled upon those already soldered together; thus an enormous barrier is formed, which the water, arrested in its course, cannot pass over, and hence overflows to the right and left, breaking the dykes, inundating the plains, and spreading devastation and suffering, far and near. The disasters caused by the _débâcles_ of the Rhine have taught the riparian inhabitants to observe attentively the facts which may serve them as a prognostic, and put them on their guard against the irruption of the ice. It is thus that they have been led to observe the _grund-eis_—that is to say, the ice formed at the bottom of the rivers—for it is this ice which, in becoming detached from the bottom and rising towards the surface, unites itself to the under surface of the masses already in place, and by further embarrassing the discharge, exposes the country to inundation.”

Another most effective agent in transporting the pebbles and larger blocks of stone along the course of rivers is shore-ice. During a severe winter masses of thick ice are formed which enclose the larger stones on the bottom of the river towards its edge; these masses are dislodged and carried away by subsequent floods, whether arising from rapid thaws or from rain higher up the river, or from accumulations of ice, such as those described, having formed a temporary barrier across the stream through which the pent-up water eventually burst and carried all before it. The lateral pressure of such dams of ice, with a large body of water behind, must be enormous; and we can readily conceive their crumbling-up any beds of gravel on the banks of the rivers against which they might happen to abut.

But there is still another way in which a severe climate, such as has been supposed, would act upon the rocks, namely, by their being rent and disintegrated by frost. This has been well pointed out by Sir Joseph Prestwich,[2768] who has cited numerous instances |673| of its effects, and mentions having seen a low cliff of chalk, 15 feet high, form a talus or heap of fragments at its foot, 6 feet broad and 4 feet high, in the course of an ordinary winter.

As I am by no means attempting an exhaustive geological essay on this subject, which is indeed hardly needed, I think that enough has been said to show that under conditions such as have been supposed in this hypothetical case, the great subaërial agents—rain and snow, ice and frost—would, in the course of time, enable rivers to excavate their valleys to an almost indefinite extent. Indeed, one can conceive the process being carried on, until what had been rivers became estuaries or arms of the sea; or, until a large island once traversed by rivers became converted into several smaller islands, by the cutting back, and subsequent junction, of its various river-valleys.

Without, however, carrying the excavatory process to such an extreme, let us now consider what would be the condition of our hypothetical river-valley when excavated to a depth of say 100 feet, at a point about midway between its source and the sea. We have already seen that at an earlier period—when the river ran at a higher level by 100 feet than that it is now supposed to occupy—its valley must have been broader, and its bottom strewn with detritus of various kinds, in the shape of gravel, sand, and clay, and, it may be, some larger blocks of stone. In the further process of excavating by agents such as have been described, it has also been seen, that it is in the highest degree improbable that the succeeding floods and other transporting agents should have entirely removed and obliterated the deposits left by those of earlier date. We should, therefore, expect to find, at various heights on the slope of the valley, remains of such beds of detritus, and especially at points such as the junctions of affluents with the river, and the inner side of the bends it makes in its course, which would naturally be the least exposed to the violent invasion of the stream. In these beds we might reasonably search for the remains of the surface and freshwater life of the period; and had there been any amelioration of climate during the process of excavation, a larger proportion of silt and clay, and less of coarse gravel, in the lower and more recent deposits, would testify to the fact. Looking also at the power possessed by rivers of levelling the bottoms of their valleys, during their successive changes of course, we might expect to find in places, tracts of these old valley-bottoms left as terraces on the slopes of the more deeply excavated valleys. The |674| upper surface of any such relics of a former condition of things would, of course, be covered with _débris_ and rain-washed clay, brought down from a higher level on the slopes, but on digging into them their true nature might be recognized.

Nearer the sea, and farther up the valleys, the state of things would be somewhat different. At the mouth of the river, as has already been pointed out, the declivity of the stream would have been greater, and its excavating power therefore increased. If, as originally assumed, the bed of the river, when the land was first elevated, was, at a mile distant from the sea, 200 feet above its level, the declivity would be 200 feet to the mile; when the 200 feet level was 4 miles from the sea, the slope would still be 50 feet to the mile; at 10 miles distance it would still be 20 feet, and it would not be until the 200 feet level was 15 miles from the sea that the ordinary slope of the bottom of the Chalk valleys of Hertfordshire, which is about 13 feet 6 inches to the mile, would be attained. In the meantime, however, if the sea were encroaching on the shore, or were, owing to the nature of the rocks, widening and extending that portion of the river subject to tidal influences, the actual point of contact with the sea would be carried far inland, and—assuming the rock traversed to be of one uniform nature and hardness—it would be long before the river towards its mouth ceased to have a greater declivity than nearer its source. We see, then, that the amount of excavation effected by the river, during the time necessary for the deepening of the valley by 100 feet, at a point midway in its course, would, near the sea, have been twice as great, or 200 feet. We should, therefore, expect to find beds of the same age as those which, at the middle of its course, were 100 feet above the river, at relatively twice that elevation near the mouth; and any intermediate beds would also be proportionally higher above the then existing stream, than contemporary beds farther up the valley.

At the heads of the valleys, the excavation would, on the contrary, have been less than towards the middle of the course of the river; partly owing to there always being less water present, partly to the reduced liability to floods, and partly to other causes. The heads of the valleys would, however, be constantly receding in all cases, and their retrogression would in most instances be aided by springs issuing from them. In cases where, from some geological cause, the heads of two valleys running in opposite directions receded in the same line, we can readily imagine their |675| meeting eventually at the watershed, and cutting through it so as to form apparently but a single valley, though on either side of the highest portion of its bottom, the waters flowed in opposite directions.

The mention of springs recalls another denuding agent, which has been already discussed in connection with caverns, and seems to have assisted in moulding the surface of the country and in excavating the valleys. It is well known that the water flowing in the streams of a chalk-country contains, in solution, a considerable amount of chalk, or rather, of bi-carbonate of lime; the water on entering the ground deriving a certain amount of carbonic acid from the decaying vegetable matter contained in the soil, and when thus charged, becoming capable of dissolving a corresponding quantity of the chalk. The amount is usually 17 or 18 grains in the gallon; and even in the Thames at London, not a purely chalk-stream, there are about 14 grains. Taking the proportion of 17 grains to the gallon, it will be found by calculation that every inch of rain which falls over a square mile of chalk-country, and passes off by springs, carries with it, in solution, and without in the slightest degree interfering with its brightness, no less than from 15 to 16 tons of solid chalk. The quantity of rain which thus finds its way to the springs has, as already stated, been ascertained by experiment to be as much as 9 inches per annum in average seasons, giving an amount of about 140 tons of chalk thus annually carried away from each square mile of country at the present day; so that the loss is still going on at the rate of 140,000 tons of dry chalk to each square mile in every ten centuries.

The lowering of level from this cause is probably not uniform over the whole surface. For the acidulated water sinking into the chalk on the top of a hill, and descending one or two hundred feet before reaching the surface of “the subterranean reservoir,”[2769] might, in its almost vertical passage, become saturated with carbonate of lime, and only render the chalk through which it passed somewhat more porous, without materially affecting the level of its surface. On the other hand, that absorbed in a valley would probably, to some extent, acquire the chalk which it eventually held in solution during its almost horizontal passage to the point of its delivery by springs; and as this would be at no great depth, the abstraction of solid matter would become more perceptible on the surface, so that the level of the valley would be lowered more |676| rapidly than that of the hill. With an increased rainfall, such as we have supposed, this removal of solid matter by solution must have been considerable; but still nothing in comparison with that effected by the other denuding agencies which have been mentioned. It is, moreover, to be borne in mind that, as will shortly be seen, until the valleys had been excavated to a considerable depth, the amount of water delivered by the springs would, with the same rainfall, have been far less than at present. The springs would also, to some extent, have been affected by the chalk being in a less porous condition than it now is, owing to its not having lost so much of its substance by the chemical action which has just been described.

Before comparing the actual phenomena with the results of the conditions which have been assumed, it will be well to say a few words as to the probable effects of an amelioration of climate, and a diminution in the rainfall, upon a valley already excavated to an average depth of 100 feet, such as has already been described. It is evident that any transport of materials due to the action of ice, by floating loose stones and pebbles from one part of the bed of the stream to another, would be materially diminished; as would also the number of floods resulting from the thawing of the winter accumulation of ice and snow, and from rain falling on frozen ground. The only remaining principal cause for floods would be the heavy fall of rain during storms or wet seasons; but here, a comparatively slight alteration in the conditions will have made a vast difference in the results. When the valleys were once excavated to a certain depth, the level of the springs or outfalls carrying off the accumulation of water in the absorbent soil, would be proportionally reduced, as would also be the line of permanent saturation in the chalk. The effect of this would be that during any dry interval, the water contained in the upper part of the chalk would gravitate downwards, until it reached the subterranean reservoir of water saturating the chalk; and thus leave the surface soil in the same absorbent condition as it is at present, and capable of receiving a much greater amount of rain than formerly, before any would flow from off its surface.

Even with a constant and excessive rainfall, the result of the continued deepening of the valleys would be to cause more and more to flow off by the springs, and less from the surface; but with the valleys once deepened, a small diminution in the rainfall, or its more even distribution over the whole year, might cause the |677| flow from the surface almost entirely to cease, and allow the whole to be carried off by the springs. Whenever this was the case, any great and rapid excavation of the valleys from rain alone would be rendered almost impossible; and with no extreme reduction in the total amount of annual flow of the rivers, yet by their originating in perennial springs subject to but slight variations, and from their being no longer to any extent immediately connected with the surface drainage, there would cease to be that immense difference between their maximum and minimum volume, which must have formerly existed. The result of this comparatively uniform flow would be a great diminution in the tendency of any river to change its bed, and even if it occasionally received a great accession of water, it would find relief by overflowing into the wide valley due to its former more violent action. In the less inclined portions of its valley, the parts now almost deserted by the stream would be favourable for vegetation, such as would result in the formation of peat, and any occasional overflowing of the banks might, owing to the less torrential character of the inundations, have a tendency to fill up and level these marginal spaces rather than to excavate them deeper. The deposits of gravel, sand, and clay at the low levels would also be more continuous than those at the higher.

In tracing the effects of subaërial action in forming valleys, I have assumed the subsoil or rock in which they were formed to have been chalk, as it is principally in valleys in the Chalk that the gravels containing Palæolithic implements are known to occur. This is probably on account of the greater natural abundance of flints in such valleys, which of course led to implements being there chipped out in greater numbers, as well as to their being less cared for, from their being more easily replaced than they would be where flint was scarce. The effects on other soft and absorbent soils would not materially differ from those on chalk. On clay, the general amount of denudation would perhaps be greater, but the valleys broader, and with less inclined slopes on their sides. In a clay country we might, I think, expect to find the old river-gravels not unfrequently at greater distances from the existing streams than in a chalk-district.

It must, however, be borne in mind that in such a country the materials from which river-gravels can be formed are usually absent, and can only have been derived from older superficial beds, or brought from Chalk higher up the valley. In some |678| valleys, partly or almost entirely excavated in Pre-Glacial times, gravels belonging to the Glacial Period exist, and tend to complicate the question of the more recent River-drifts.

Any theory of the valleys having been excavated at some remote period in some unknown manner, and then having been filled with gravels derived from an unknown source, and again re-excavated, presents such difficulties that, to my mind, it cannot well be entertained. If, however, such a view be accepted, it seems to add to the time necessary for the excavation of the valleys; as much of the rainfall might find a subterranean vent at a low level through the gravel lining the bottom of the filled-up valleys, and thus keep the upper soil in a more absorbent condition and therefore less liable to erosion.

I must not, however, dwell too long upon this hypothetical case, which perhaps is such as may not have found an absolutely exact analogue in nature, but which may yet, I think, be accepted as a fair typical example of the results which, under the supposed conditions, must, judging from what we know of the action of subaërial causes, in all probability have ensued.

Let us now compare the phenomena as we find them in the gravel-beds of our present river-valleys, with those of the hypothetical case, and we shall, I think, find them coincide in a remarkable manner.

In the first place, the constituent parts of the gravels of the beds of Drift containing Palæolithic implements are always, petrologically, such as are to be found in the existing river-basins, as they must also of necessity have been in the hypothetical case. This fact, which holds good both in France and England, has been insisted on by Sir Joseph Prestwich, and such insistency cannot be too often reiterated. Where old superficial marine deposits of the Glacial or any other period, consisting of pebbles of various ages and origins, exist within a river-basin, there also will such pebbles be found in its gravels, but the originally derivative character of the pebbles prevents any strong argument being founded upon their presence. Where, however, no such beds exist, the case can clearly be made out. Unless a river traverses a granite or slate country, no granite or slate is found in the Quaternary gravels of its valley: unless it passes over Oolite, Purbeck, or Greensand, no blocks or pebbles of these rocks occur. This fact suffices to prove that the gravels are due to some local cause, such as river-action, and not to any general submergence or supposed |679| “wave of translation,” which would of necessity bring in materials not to be found in the existing basins.

That the various deposits resulting from a flooded river, should contain some of the land and freshwater shells, and animal bones of the period, is, as has been shown, most natural. Such shells and remains are of constant occurrence in the Quaternary gravels. If they prove nothing else, their evidence as to the freshwater origin of the beds must be accepted as conclusive. It is true that in all cases such land and freshwater remains have not as yet been found; but if in a dozen instances we find beds of a certain character containing these remains, and also flint instruments wrought by the hand of man; and in a dozen other instances, similar beds in analogous positions, also containing implements of the same kind, but, so far as is known, no such organic remains; we are justified in regarding both sets of beds as due to the same original cause, and in believing that the organic remains, if actually absent, are so from some accidental circumstance. We may indeed accept the implements as being truly characteristic fossils of a certain class of deposits. The character of the beds, consisting as they do, of gravel, sand, and fine silt, brick-earth or loess, and their manner of deposition, are also absolutely in accordance with the river-hypothesis.

On the higher levels above but near the valleys, we frequently find these beds at a considerable distance from the existing stream; we find them at all levels on the flanks of the valleys, and occasionally almost at their bottom, or even below it. In these lower beds, the implements, if of the same form and character as those in the upper beds nearer the source, are, in accordance with what would be the case under the hypothesis, very frequently much rolled and water-worn. The beds at the low level are also usually, so far as the gravel is concerned, of a finer character than those at the high level, and present a greater abundance of sand and brick-earth. They seem, in fact, indicative of some such amelioration of climate as that supposed.

Looking again at the position of the deposits with regard to the neighbouring rivers, we find them, as a rule, exactly in such positions as might have been expected, had their presence been due to the action of a stream in the process of excavating its valley, in such a manner as that described. So constantly is this the case, that a practised geologist, from a mere inspection of the Ordnance map, could with almost certainty predict where deposits |680| of River-drift would occur, of such an age and character as to be likely to contain Palæolithic implements. In more than one instance, indeed, as has already been mentioned, the probability of certain gravels containing these relics of human art, was pointed out before their actual discovery.

These are some, but by no means all, of the points in which the actual phenomena agree with those which must have resulted from river-action such as suggested in the hypothesis, and they are alone sufficient to raise the strongest presumption that the phenomena are due to such action, and that the theory that would account for them in this manner, cannot be far from the truth.

I will, however, now pass in review some of the principal localities where Palæolithic implements have been found in Drift-deposits, and see what other points of accordance, and what difficulties, if any, they present.

Taking first the basin of the Ouse and its tributaries, we find at Biddenham, near Bedford, one of the principal localities for Drift-implements, the gravel on the inner side of a bold sweep made by the river, and from forty to fifty feet above it. Its constituent stones are all derived either from the rocks in the neighbourhood, or from the Glacial beds which cap them, and which have evidently been cut through by the river. Throughout the beds are seams containing numerous freshwater shells, mixed with some derived from the land and from marshy places; numerous bones of terrestrial mammals also occur. In the valley of the Lark remains of such shells occur at Bury St. Edmunds, in the same beds as the implements. Farther down, at Icklingham, the beds at Rampart Field cap a rounded knoll on the inner side of a curve of the river, which appears, however, to have somewhat straightened its course since they were deposited. Below Icklingham, the whole surface of the country, and its drainage, have been so much modified by the invasion of the sea, which produced the wide level of the Fens, that we should expect to find any deposits of an ancient river, which existed before that great planing down of the adjacent country, in somewhat anomalous positions.

I need not here enter into the history of the origin of the Fens; it is enough to say that the subsoil of almost the whole district consists of clays, belonging either to the Oolitic or Cretaceous series, and unprotected by any rocks of a more durable nature towards the sea, which has thus been enabled to invade it. The presence of the sea is attested in various localities by marine |681| remains. _Buccinum_, _Trophon_, _Littorina_, _Cardium_, and _Ostrea_ are abundant in the gravel at March.[2770] In the valley of the Nene, near Peterborough, oysters and other marine shells occur, mixed with those of land and freshwater origin. In Whittlesea Mere, remains of walrus and seal, and sea shells are found; while so far south as Waterbeach, less than ten miles from Cambridge, remains of whale have been discovered.

The old land-surface having been thus destroyed, we cannot with certainty trace the course of the ancient representative of the river Lark, below Mildenhall; it seems, however, to have proceeded northwards by Eriswell and Lakenheath, to join the Little Ouse. At Eriswell, a gravel of the same character as that near Mildenhall, occurs on the slope of the hill towards the Fen; but in it, as yet, few implements are recorded to have been found. At Lakenheath, however, they occur in the gravel now capping the hill overlooking the Fen, as well as on the slope.

Owing to the distance of these beds from any existing rivers, the late Mr. Flower[2771] found great difficulty in reconciling them with any theory which would account for their presence by the action of rivers. If, however, we regard the great denudation of the Fen country as subsequent in date to the deposit of the gravels, it appears to me that any difficulty on this point vanishes. That this denudation was in fact, at all events in part, subsequent to the deposit of the gravels, is proved by the position of the beds at Shrub Hill, which there cap a small area of Gault, and which, being above the general level of the Fens, can hardly have been deposited in the position they now occupy, when the configuration of the country was at all like what it now is. Such beds must, on the contrary, have been deposited in the bottom of a valley; and it appears as if in this case, by their superior hardness to the clay around them, or from some other accidental cause, they had protected this small spot from tidal action, which in the adjacent river, previously to the construction of Denver Sluice, extended nearly as far as Brandon.

The rolled condition of so many of the implements found at Shrub Hill, proves that they must have been transported some distance by water, from beds of a higher level.

Turning now to the existing valley of the Little Ouse, we find, at Brandon Down, the gravel occupying the summit of a high ridge of land almost at right angles to the present course of the |682| river. It is difficult to account for its occurring in this position, unless we are to suppose that at an early period before the complete denudation of the Fen country, and while the Boulder Clay still covered the surface of the Chalk, and the level of saturation was higher in the latter than at present, a tributary stream, possibly the old representative of the Lark, flowed into the Little Ouse near this spot, and the gravel was deposited on the tongue of land near the confluence. The country drained by the Little Ouse seems at one time to have been almost covered by Glacial deposits, including beds of shingle, composed for the greater part of quartzite pebbles. The beds at Brandon Down are nearer the sea than any analogous beds towards the source of the stream, and occupy a higher position relatively to the existing river, being 90 feet above it. If they resulted from river-action, they would, in accordance with the hypothesis, be among the oldest of the river-deposits; and would, as indeed they do, consequently contain a far larger proportion of the quartzite pebbles than those of somewhat later age and farther up the valley.

At Bromehill, where the drift is but a few feet higher than the present level of the stream, and would, in accordance with the hypothesis, belong to a later period, there are but few of these quartzite pebbles, but the gravel contains a very large proportion of rolled fragments of chalk, which, so far as I have observed, are absent in the probably older beds, at Brandon Down; the implements also are frequently much rolled and water-worn. This fact is also in accordance with the hypothesis, for the river at the time of the formation of these lower beds would, in the lower part of its course, have completely cut through the Glacial deposits above the Chalk, and would have been attacking the Chalk itself. There is also an abundance of rolled chalk in the Shrub Hill beds, which seem to be of much the same age. In the valley of the Lark, the rolled chalk pebbles occur in gravels at a somewhat greater elevation. Higher up the Little Ouse, the gravel at Santon Downham occupies the slope of a hill on the inner side of a great sweep of the river, while at Thetford, the beds form a long terrace by the side of the stream, with a rather abrupt slope towards it. Here also, land and freshwater shells have been found in the gravel, but neither these nor implements have as yet been observed in the gravels of the valley of the Little Ouse, or of its tributaries, above Thetford.

Tracing the main stream back to its source, we find that both |683| the Little Ouse and the Waveney, the one flowing westward, and the other eastward, take their rise in the same valley, and within a few hundred yards of each other, at Lopham Ford. With regard to the elevation of this spot above the sea-level, there has been some diversity of opinion. On the Greenough map, published by the Geological Society, it is erroneously stated at 15 feet; and Mr. Flower,[2772] in arguing in favour of his views, that the beds at Brandon are not connected with any river-action, assigns it a height of only 23 feet above high-water mark. That this also is erroneous can be readily shown, for Sir Joseph Prestwich[2773] has recorded the level of the Waveney at Moor Bridge, near Hoxne, ten miles below its source, as being 59 feet 9 inches above high-water mark at Yarmouth. Mr. Alger, of Diss, who has surveyed the district, informs me that the level at Lopham Ford is 75 feet 3 inches above high-water mark; and as by actual survey he found the fall, from the head of the Waveney to Hoxne Mill, to be upwards of 15 feet, there can be little doubt of this level being approximately correct. Still, the gravel beds at Brandon being upwards of 90 feet above high-water mark, there can be no doubt of their being at an elevation actually above the source of the present stream; and at first sight, this fact appears difficult of reconciliation with the view that they are due to fluviatile action. Without, however, calling to aid any possible oscillations in the level of the land, varying in amount at different parts of the course of the stream, an examination of the local geological conditions suffices to throw light on the causes, why the erosion of the land at the sources of the Little Ouse and Waveney has been abnormally great; so that not only have the streams excavated back the heads of their respective valleys until they have met, but their inclination at the upper part of their course, instead of being as usual in chalk countries at the rate of 12 to 18 feet in a mile, is only about 18 inches.

The general level of the country for some distance around Lopham Ford is at least 100 feet above it, and the Chalk and the superimposed beds are for the most part covered with a deposit of impervious Boulder Clay, through which the valleys of the Little Ouse and of the Waveney have been cut. But, at the time of the last emergence of this district of country from beneath the sea, this clay must have been continuous across the tract since |684| excavated, so that at that time the sources of the streams flowing in either direction must have been at least 100 feet above their present level, and 80 feet above the gravels at Brandon Down, and probably at some distance apart. That the heads of the two streams should have cut back their valleys, and at last have met, appears to be due to the fact that, previously to the covering of Boulder Clay being deposited, there existed an old depression in the Chalk, which had been filled with laminated sandy clays, either Glacial or belonging to what is known by geologists as the Chillesford series. These being more easily acted on than the chalk by running water, led the streams to follow the course of the old depression which they filled, and it is to their presence that the small inclination of the upper part of the valley of the Waveney appears to be mainly due. Another cause is to be found in the country near Lopham Ford being coated with clay, so that the streams, even at the present day, exhibit the remarkable phenomenon of being liable to floods at their source. An isolated hill, about 30 feet high, formed of the laminated beds, and with a slight capping of gravel, still remains in the valley of the Waveney, near Redgrave, to show the nature of the beds which have been removed.

The only spot in the valley of the Waveney, where as yet Palæolithic implements have been found, is at Hoxne, where the summit of the beds is about 111 feet above high-water mark at Yarmouth, and though at a higher level than the existing source of the Waveney, probably much below the level of its earlier source. Since the beds were deposited, the surface of the ground in the neighbourhood has been completely remodelled by subaërial denudation, and they now lie in a trough on the summit of a hill,[2774] both sides of which slope down to small streams which are tributary to the Waveney, and are still at work cutting out their valleys in the Boulder Clay. The beds in which the implements occur are beyond all doubt of freshwater origin, being full of freshwater shells. The trough in which they lie, has much the appearance of the deserted bed of a river, silted up under more lacustrine conditions. Such a change in the position of a river-bed, and its subsequent infilling, is quite in accordance with the hypothetical case of river-action, especially when, as here, its eventual valley had not been distinctly carved out.

The phenomena at Hoxne have lately been more fully examined |685| by Mr. Clement Reid,[2775] by means of grants from the British Association and the Royal Society; and the views that I expressed in 1872 have been in the main corroborated. The deposits are proved to be distinctly more recent than the Chalky Boulder Clay of the district, and there is evidence of oscillations in climate since the valley was formed in which the lacustrine beds were laid down, and before any Palæolithic implements or the brick-earth containing them had been deposited.

The beds at High Lodge, near Mildenhall, are of somewhat similar character to those at Hoxne, though occupying a depression on the slope of a hill, instead of a trough on the summit; and were probably deposited under nearly the same circumstances, though as yet no testaceous remains have been found in them.

Turning south, to the valley of the Thames, we find the gravel-beds at Acton and Ealing, though occasionally at a higher level, forming a terrace 80 or 90 feet above Ordnance Datum, along the side of the broad valley, at a height of some 50 feet above the general surface of the valley. In the bottom of this are spread out other beds of gravel, sand, and brick-earth, exactly as might be expected on the river-hypothesis; while at Highbury New Park, and Hackney Down, we have beds of the same character, which contain land and freshwater shells and flint implements, at a height, in some cases, of 100 feet above Ordnance Datum. The presence of these beds in such a position, consisting, as they do at Highbury, of sand and brick-earth, such as can only have been deposited in comparatively tranquil water, involves the necessity either of a large lake having existed at the spot, or of its having been within access of the flood-waters of the river. But either of these conditions is impossible, unless we are to suppose that the lower part of valley of the Thames, in which London now stands, was at that time non-existent. It must, therefore, have been subsequently excavated. But again, at lower levels at Hackney Down, and in Gray’s Inn Lane, we have gravels of a more distinctly fluviatile character, and also containing palæolithic implements. The existence, character, and position of all these beds is, therefore, perfectly in accordance with the theory of the excavation of the valley by the river, and it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to account for them satisfactorily in any other manner.

At Hitchin beds of much the same character occur, which there also are newer than the Boulder Clay of the district. |686|

At Caddington the discoveries are quite consistent with the hypothesis, but point to a period when the excavations of the existent valleys had made but little progress.

Higher up the Thames valley at Reading and at Oxford the phenomena are all in accordance with the hypothesis; at the former place the river has deepened its valley to the extent of at least 100 feet.

The discoveries in the gravels capping the North Downs and those made near Ightham and Limpsfield in the transverse valley at the foot of the Downs, seem at first sight difficult to reconcile with any river-theory. But assuming that the beds capping the hills were at one time continuous with others in the Wealden area, and that the transverse valley was produced by denudation at a later date, the difficulties disappear, though the time requisite to effect such superficial changes may seem to be immense.

Passing by other localities where implements have been found in the valley of the Thames, such as Swanscombe and Northfleet, though it may be observed that the gravels in which they have occurred are, on the river-theory, exactly where they might have been expected to be present, we come to the beds near Reculver, where they have been found in large numbers. Looking, however, at the enormous encroachment of the sea, even within the last few centuries, upon the soft cliffs of sand and clay at that spot, it is difficult to form any satisfactory idea of the conditions under which a river may have flowed near the spot at a remote period, or of the position of the coast at the time. Where, however, as is here the case, a large tract of land has been washed away, which must of necessity have had its system of superficial drainage by streams, and may possibly have had rivers passing through it, which now, owing to the altered conditions, find their way into the sea at a point much nearer their source than formerly, we should expect to find on the top of the cliffs traces of the former state of things; and where any portion of the slope of an old valley remained, to see its gravels, though now so close to the sea, at a height far above its level. Still, it is hard to say whether the implement-bearing beds at Reculver are connected with the old valley of the Thames, or with that of some other stream which has now disappeared, but of which the upper portion is to be traced in the Swale, which now separates the Isle of Sheppey from Kent, and which appears to afford, in its junction with the West Swale and Long Reach, an instance of two valleys being gradually eroded inland until they met. The beds may even be connected with the |687| valley of the Stour; for it is by no means impossible that the present second and northward mouth of that stream may run along the valley of an old river, which originally flowed southward past Reculver, and joined the old representative of the Stour, somewhere to the south of where is now the village of Sarre.

The great tract of gravel which at some little distance inland fringes the East Essex coast, between Shoeburyness[2776] and the Blackwater estuary, may also be connected with some old river; but as yet no well-defined implements or freshwater shells have been found in it, though Mr. Whitaker has discovered shells near Southend. The fluvio-marine deposits at a lower level at Clacton, just north of the Blackwater, like those at Chislet, in Kent, seem to belong to a somewhat later period, when the rivers had so far deepened their beds as to have become tidal.

Though no land or freshwater shells have as yet been found in the gravel beds near Canterbury, yet their position is quite in accordance with the theory of the excavation of the valley by river-action; and here as elsewhere the implements from the lower beds are often much water-worn.

The superficial deposits of the south of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, and in a lesser degree those of the neighbouring counties, have been fully discussed in an able paper by Mr. T. Codrington, F.G.S.,[2777] though since it was published a large number of implements has been found near Bournemouth, Barton, and Hordwell. He has pointed out that the whole of the New Forest, between Poole and Southampton Water, appears at one time to have been an extensive plain, with a gradual slope to the south, very generally covered with gravel and brick-earth. This has since been in great part cut up, and over large areas entirely removed by the action of the streams and rivers, which latter flow in well-defined valleys.

The formation of this table-land and the overlying deposit of gravel which, in places far inland, is found at a height of more than 420 feet above the present sea-level, appears to be due to marine action, though as yet no marine remains have been discovered in it. Sea-shells have, however, been found by Sir Joseph Prestwich[2778] in an old sea-beach at Waterbeach, near Goodwood, and similar beds, at Avisford Bridge, near Arundel, occur at a height of 80 or 100 feet above the sea. We seem, then, here to have evidence |688| of a considerable elevation of the land from beneath the sea; and as the gravel in places overlies late Tertiary beds, this must have taken place at a comparatively late geological epoch. When rivers run through a tract of country covered with a marine gravel of this kind, itself apparently deposited in a somewhat contracted area, it is, in the absence of organic remains, difficult to distinguish the reconstructed gravels resulting from fluviatile action, from the older beds. Any one, however, who is acquainted with the country, or who will examine Mr. Codrington’s map, will see what an enormous denudation has been effected in this great sheet of gravel, by rivers and streams, and by subäerial action. When once the protecting gravel has been cut through, and the soft Tertiary beds of sand and clay below have been reached, the process seems to go on with great rapidity. A large tract of land west of Southampton appears to have been in this way almost cleared of its gravel, of which but patches are left. Even the principal portion of the old table-land which has survived, that to the east and south-east of Fordingbridge, is deeply cut into by numerous valleys, many of a depth of 200 feet. The existence of these valleys is clearly in accordance with the river theory.

Let us now examine the discoveries in the valleys of the Test and of the Itchen from this point of view. Looking at the numerous instances of the finding of flint implements in gravels containing terrestrial and freshwater remains, and looking at the improbability of their occurring in a purely marine deposit, I venture to regard them as being equally characteristic of freshwater deposits as any organic fossils, and to claim the beds in which they occur as being of freshwater origin.

At Southampton several implements have been found in the pits upon the Common at heights ranging from 80 to 150 feet above the sea-level. The gravel there slopes at a considerably greater inclination than that of the table-land nearer Chilworth, with which it is continuous, and from which it would appear to have been in part derived. It occupies a tongue of land between the valley of the Itchen and that of the Test, now widened out by tidal action. It is in places covered by brick-earth, and its position and character are quite in accordance with a fluviatile origin. If, from their proximity to the apparently marine gravels, we assume these beds to belong to an early period in the history of the excavation of the valley, their high position above the present tidal stream is such as, according to the hypothesis, was to be expected. |689|

The gravels found lower down the course of the river, at Hill Head, Brown Down, and Lee on the Solent, appear to belong to a somewhat later period; and to bear much the same relation to those of Southampton Common, as do the beds at Shrub Hill to those of Brandon Down. As I pointed out long ago, “There can be but little doubt that these gravel beds are merely an extension of the valley-gravels of the rivers Test, Itchen, Hamble, and other streams, which at the time they were deposited, flowed at this spot in one united broad stream, at an elevation of some forty feet above the existing level of their outfall, over a country which has since, by erosive action, been in part converted into the Southampton Water.”[2779] We shall shortly have to revert to this circumstance; but before returning to the coast, we must take a short glance at the features of the discoveries near Salisbury.

In the neighbourhood of this city there can be no doubt of the deposits being thoroughly in accordance with the river theory. The Fisherton and Milford Hill beds occupy points or spurs of land, in the forks above the junction of streams, or precisely those spots in which their presence was to be expected. There are the usual beds of gravel, sand, and clay, the usual bones of the Quaternary fauna, some representing what are now Arctic species, and therefore presumably indicative of a severer climate than at present; and the usual land and freshwater shells. Though the valleys, being confluent, are excavated to the same depth, yet, on examination, their sectional areas will be found to be approximately proportional to the extent of country drained by the rivers still flowing through them. At Milford Hill, the deposit is cut off from the main spur of land by a kind of transverse valley, about thirty feet in depth, besides having on either side a valley some 100 feet deep. On any hypothesis of the beds having been deposited by aqueous action—and no other can for a moment be entertained—these valleys must have been mainly excavated since the deposition of the gravels. For had the valleys at that time existed, we can conceive of no conditions under which a body of water sufficient to fill the valleys to their summit, and able to carry along detrital matter with it, would leave its heavy contents at the top of the hills instead of at the bottom. The old fluviatile beds occur also at various levels on the slopes, in complete accordance with the theory of gradual excavation; and farther down the valley, at |690| Fordingbridge, we find them again occurring with remains of _Elephas primigenius_ at about forty feet above the river.

The circumstances of the discoveries at Bournemouth seem at first sight almost irreconcilable with any river-hypothesis; as it is difficult to conceive how gravels capping the cliffs along the sea-shore for miles, and at an elevation of from 130 to 90 feet above its level, can have been deposited in such a position by the agency of a stream. And yet on a closer examination of the case, all such difficulties vanish, and the ancient existence of a river at such an elevation, and running in such a direction that it would leave these gravels to testify to its former course, seems absolutely demonstrable. Without being aware of the results at which others had arrived, I came, after due consideration of the facts of the case, to the conclusion that, as has already been mentioned in an earlier page, there must in ancient times have existed a river draining an extensive tract of country along the southern coast, and flowing in an easterly direction; and that of this river a portion still survives in an altered and enlarged condition as the Solent Sea, which separates the Isle of Wight from the mainland. Mr. Codrington, whose paper I have already so often quoted, arrived on independent grounds at substantially the same conclusion. But at an earlier epoch still—in 1862—before any flint implements had been found at Bournemouth, or indeed in any of the gravels of the South of England, the late Rev. W. Fox,[2780] of Brixton, in the Isle of Wight, published nearly similar views as to the origin of the Solent. As his opinions cannot by any possibility be supposed to have been influenced by preconceived views as to the antiquity of man, I prefer stating the case, in the first instance, in his words rather than in my own:—“The severance of this island (the Isle of Wight) from the mainland, it appears to me, was effected under very unusual circumstances, and at a very distant period. The present channel of the Solent, being pretty nearly equally deep and equally broad throughout its entire length of twelve or fourteen miles, proves at once that it was not formed in the usual way of island-severing channels, that is, by gradual encroachments of the sea on the two opposite sides of a narrow neck of land” . . . “it is to be accounted for, therefore, not by the excavations of a gradually approaching sea, but, as I shall hereafter have to attempt to show, by its being originally the trunk or outlet of a very considerable river.” . . . “Whoever, as a geologist, |691| examines the vertical strata of the Chalk at the Needles, nay, and throughout the whole length of the Isle of Wight, and the strata of the same rock in exactly the same unusual position on the bold white cliff on the Dorsetshire coast some twenty miles westward of the Needles, will not doubt but that the two promontories were once united, forming a rocky neck of land from Dorset to the Needles. This chain of chalk might, or might not, be so cleft in twain as to allow the rivers of Dorset and Wilts to find a passage through them to the main ocean. My opinion, however, is that they had no such outlet, but that at that far distant period, the entire drainage of more than two counties, embracing the rivers that join the sea at Poole and Christchurch, flowed through what is now called Christchurch Bay, down the Solent, and joined the sea at Spithead.”

“According to this theory, the Solent was at that time an estuary somewhat like the Southampton Water, having but one opening to the British Channel, but of so much more importance than the latter as it was fed by a vastly greater flow of fresh water.” “Of course, according to this view, the sea would lose its original condition as an estuary at the time when the British Channel had so far made a breach through the chain of rocks connecting the Isle of Wight with Dorsetshire as to give an opening into itself for the Dorsetshire rivers, somewhere opposite to the town of Christchurch. From that time forth the Solent would become what it is at present, losing its character as an estuary, and assuming that of a long narrow sea.” . . . “The distant period at which such changes took place it would be hopeless to guess at, amid the dimness of the data on which calculations could be founded. It could not be less, however, than many thousands of years, seeing that since that time, the British Channel has not only made a broad breach of twenty miles through a chain of slowly yielding rocks, but has also pushed its way gradually across the broad extent of the Poole and Christchurch Bays.”

Such is the theory of Mr. Fox, which places the probable course of events fully and fairly before our view. I see in it but little on which to comment, except that it does not appear to have sufficiently taken into account the widening of the Solent subsequently to the time of its becoming a channel of the sea; and that in a passage, which I have not quoted, Mr. Fox estimates the drainage area of the ancient river as but little inferior to that of the Thames or Humber. Taking the basins of all the streams discharging |692| into the sea between Ballard Down, near Poole, on the west, and Calshot Castle and the Medina on the east, but not including the latter river, I find that, according to the Ordnance Map,[2781] the present land area which would have drained into an ancient river such as that supposed, is 1,617 square miles. To this may be added another 100 square miles, representing the area included between the present coast and an extension of the chalk downs from Ballard Down to the Needles, the whole of which has been washed away; though within this large area, the present depth of the sea attains in but very few places to ten fathoms. The drainage area of the ancient river Solent can therefore have been but about one-third of that of the Thames and its affluents, unless we are to suppose that, as is the case in the neighbourhood of Carisbrooke Castle and with the Medina, a portion of land to the south of the old chalk downs drained northward through some gap in the range of hills. That such land existed seems probable, from the occurrence of gravels with elephant remains along the south-west coast of the Isle of Wight at an elevation of 80 feet and upwards above the sea, which, Mr. Codrington has suggested, may have been deposited by tributary streams of a river flowing northwards through the chalk range to the Solent. But even with any such addition the area drained by the old River Solent can hardly have been half that of the basin of the Thames.

With regard, however, to the former existence of this range of chalk hills and the land to the north of them, Mr. Codrington has shown, in the paper already so often quoted, that the spreading out of the marine gravel, and the levelling of the table-lands was probably effected in an inlet of the sea, shut in on the southern side by land which connected the Isle of Wight with the mainland, and opening to the eastward. Assuming, then, the existence of this ridge of high land, it is evident, as Mr. Fox has pointed out, that the only outlet for the rivers now represented by the Frome, the Trent or Piddle, the Stour, Blackwater, Avon, and other streams now discharging into the sea, must have been by an eastward channel, in fact, a continuation of the rivers now discharging through Poole Harbour. The course of such a river would naturally be guided, in the first instance, by the configuration of the surface of the old marine gravels of the sloping table-land. This, as has been shown, slopes upward from the present coast northward, and attains its highest level inland; but traces of the same gravel occur also in the Isle of Wight, though it there |693| slopes upward in a southerly direction, attaining a height of 368 feet at St. George’s Down, but being only from 100 to 160 feet above the sea in various places along the northern shore of the island, at a distance of about a mile inland. It appears, therefore, that there must originally have been a valley running east and west in the old marine gravel, forming a natural course for the drainage of the country, and probably finding its way towards the sea, somewhere within the space now occupied by the Solent and Spithead, though not actually discharging into the sea until it had attained some distance eastward.

Evidence as to the highest level at which freshwater action removed and re-deposited the marine gravel on the southern slope of the valley is at present wanting; but, judging from a section across the Isle of Wight from St. George’s Down to Norris Castle, given by Mr. Codrington, the declivity is so much more rapid below the 160 feet level than above it, that the ancient river may have commenced its action at about that level. How far eastward the Isle of Wight may have extended at that time it is difficult to say; but from the enormous denudation of land to the west, and the range of the ten-fathom line, there may probably have been land at all events as far east as opposite to Selsey, the extensive estuarine beds at which place, containing remains of _Elephas primigenius_,[2782] are possibly connected with this old river.

The precise manner in which the Foreland gravels and brick-earth, in which Mr. Codrington found a palæolithic implement at 85 feet above the sea-level, were connected with the old river-deposits, is difficult to determine. Mr. Codrington is inclined to think that a rise of land to the extent of 70 or 80 feet must have taken place since the deposition of the brick-earth in which the flint implement was embedded, but this to me seems unnecessary. It is, however, unsafe to speculate on a single specimen found in such a position. The implements found at Seaview and Bembridge may have been washed out of gravel-beds at a lower level than those of the Foreland, or even have been transported for some distance by marine currents.

Turning to Bournemouth, where so many more have been found, the highest and most westerly point at which implements have occurred appears to be about 130 feet above the sea.[2783] Farther |694| east, near Boscombe, the level is about 120 feet; midway between that spot and Hengistbury Head, the height of the gravel is 90 feet; at High Cliff, 84 feet; at Hordwell, where implements abound, a short distance inland, 60 feet; and about midway along the northern shore of the Solent, 50 feet. The surface of the ground is, of course, much cut up by the numerous streams coming in from the north; but the general fall of the gravel from west to east is perfectly in accordance with its having been deposited in the valley of an ancient river running in this direction, the whole of the southern side of which has since been carried away by the sea. Whether the old river had become tidal so far west as Hurst Castle, when first it was intercepted by the sea to the south, does not appear to me to be a matter of importance, inasmuch as no doubt a valley was already formed, along the course of which the encroachments of the sea would be more rapid than where the cliffs were higher, and more solid matter had to be removed. That the valley, in which is now Southampton Water, was also originally, for the most part, scooped out by the rivers coming from the north, which in remote times flowed into the old River Solent, is, I think, beyond all reasonable doubt. The increased volume of the ancient river, after receiving so important an affluent, is evinced by the widening of the channel, from Calshot Castle eastward by Spithead, to a full third more than it is to the west, along what is now the Solent Sea.

As to the character of the gravels at Bournemouth, it is, as already observed, hard to distinguish those presumably of fluviatile origin from the older and probably marine beds. In the railway-cutting between Bournemouth and Christchurch, I thought, however, that in places I could trace the superposition of the one upon the other. The more recent deposits contain water-worn fragments of quartz, granite, and porphyry, as was noticed long ago by Mr. Godwin-Austen,[2784] who, from this circumstance, saw reason for connecting them with the gravels capping the tabular hills of Devon and Dorset to the west.

It is, of course, evident that at the period when the river ran at this high level, past the spot where now is Bournemouth, all the land to the immediate west must have been far higher than it is at present, and that Poole Harbour could not have existed. In attempting to reconstruct the map of a country, the shores of which have been much wasted by the sea, in order to show what |695| must have been at some remote period the old coast-line, the task is rendered difficult and within certain limits impossible by the absence of any evidence as to the elevation above the sea of the land removed, and as to the channels along which the sea could work. In this case, however, there is a strong presumption as to the unbroken continuity of the chalk-range, and of its elevation having been much the same throughout, as it now is at both ends of the breach. The general character of the beds above the Chalk, so far as their power of resistance to water-action goes, seems also much the same at either extremity; though perhaps the beds at the Isle of Wight end of the breach are somewhat the harder. Assuming nearly equal conditions, and looking at the form of the present coast-line, which is indented by two distinct broad bays, it seems probable that the old course of the river may have been intercepted by the sea at two several points, the one nearer Poole and the other nearer Lymington. Directly this closer communication with the sea was formed for the Dorsetshire rivers, they would, of course, owing to the more rapid fall, excavate their valleys with greater speed at their mouth, and directly they became tidal, the sea would make rapid inroads on the soft sand and clay exposed to its action. So effective is this action, that at Hordwell Cliff the waste of the shore is said to be now going on at the rate of about a yard per annum,[2785] or upwards of half a mile every thousand years, though perhaps this is somewhat exaggerated.

In discussing this question, I have purposely avoided complicating the subject with the effects of any general lowering of the surface of the ground by erosion either chemical or mechanical; or of upheavals and depressions of the land during the period of the formation of the valleys, though no doubt this also has taken place, especially along the southern coast of Britain. I must, however, mention the existence of a submerged forest, occasionally visible at low water, at the foot of the cliffs at Bournemouth, which seems to show that there as elsewhere a depression of a former land surface has taken place. The late Mr. Albert Way, F. S. A., who had the opportunity of examining some of the stumps of trees exposed at rare intervals at low water, informed me that they appeared to be those of the true Scotch fir; and also that local tradition speaks of an impassable morass having, so late as the commencement of the present century, |696| intervened between the line of cliffs and the sea. On the occasion of one of my visits to Bournemouth, some of these stumps were fortunately visible, and were pointed out to me by Mr. Way at a spot but a few yards to the west of the pier, and between high and low water-mark. They appear to be of no very remote antiquity, geologically speaking, and to be connected rather with the present valley of the Bourne than with the valley of the old river Solent, as the trees, some of which were fully a hundred years old, grew on the surface of a thick bed of hard peat. Under any circumstances, however, the presence of such remains at the foot of the cliff does not tend to diminish our estimate of the antiquity of the freshwater beds containing the works of man, which we find occupying their summit.

In passing the deposits containing flint implements in different parts of this country under review, enough has, I think, now been said to show that in position, in character, and in the nature of their organic contents, they are perfectly in accordance with what might have been expected from river-action under certain circumstances. The case might indeed have been made much stronger had deposits in other places, in all respects similar, except that the presence of flint implements has not as yet been observed in them, been brought into account; and it must not be forgotten that this might, with perfect propriety, have been done, as there can be no possible doubt that a certain series of gravels, sands, and clays, containing organic remains and flint implements in extremely variable quantity, all belong to one geological period, and owe their existence to similar causes.

But though on no other hypothesis than that of river-action can the phenomena be accounted for, yet, as has already been seen, it is necessary, in order that river-action should have produced such effects, that the streams, during some portion of the year at all events, should have been more torrential in character than they are at the present day. If, however, we see satisfactory grounds for attributing these beds containing land and freshwater shells and remains of terrestrial animals, to rivers formerly flowing at much higher levels than at present, which have since excavated their valleys—and it seems impossible to do otherwise—then we must also accept as a fact that the climatal conditions were such as would enable the rivers to perform the work. It is, as Sir Joseph Prestwich[2786] has shown, quite out of the question |697| to suppose that with the valleys excavated to the present depth, any meteorological causes could fill them to their summits; or even if they could and did, that they would leave such deposits as we find at high elevations on their slopes, or even on detached eminences. It will, however, be well to examine briefly any corroborative evidence that may be forthcoming, as to the probability either of a severer climate involving a greater accumulation of winter snows, or of a greater rainfall, or of both. The one, indeed, seems hardly probable without the other, as a cold land surface “presented to vapour-laden sea-winds, as in the mountainous districts of the north-west of Spain, in our own lake districts, and in Scandinavia,”[2787] involves of necessity a heavy rainfall.

With regard to climate, we may take into account that which prevailed at a somewhat earlier date; for there appears no doubt that the flint implement-bearing gravels are all of later date than the Chalky Boulder Clay of the Eastern Counties, a deposit which belongs to the so-called Glacial Period, during a portion of which a great part of England and Scotland was submerged beneath the sea, and became coated with masses of Boulder Clay and other deposits, derived for the most part from the moraines of glaciers, sometimes at no great distance, and possibly in the main transported and dropped in their present positions by means of icebergs and coast ice. That they are of later date is proved by more than one of the implement-bearing beds reposing in valleys either in, or cut through, this Chalky Boulder Clay; and at Hoxne the interval between the Glacial deposits and the Palæolithic beds is marked by two sets of lacustrine strata, the lower and earlier with a flora characteristic of a mild climate, and the upper by one which points to the recurrence of Arctic conditions. Prof. Boyd Dawkins[2788] has suggested the probability of the higher ground of North Wales and the northern part of England having been still enveloped in an ice-mantle at the time that the mammoth, reindeer, and other post-glacial mammals were living in the lower and less inclement districts. But this view is to some extent founded on negative evidence, and on the assumption that palæolithic implements do not exist in this northern area. I have already commented[2789] on the possibility of implements being eventually found in it.

The crumpling and contortion of some of the beds of |698| River-drift, especially at high levels, has been regarded by Sir Joseph Prestwich[2790] as possibly resulting from the lateral pressure produced by packing and jamming together of blocks of ice, such as may now be witnessed in rivers like the Danube and the Rhine. The “trail and warp” of Mr. Trimmer, those superficial deposits so common over a large portion of this country, which, indeed, constitute so large a portion of the arable soil, seem also, as the Rev. Osmond Fisher[2791] has pointed out, to be significant of a severer climate than at present prevails. The “Palæolithic floors,” both near London and at Caddington, are buried under a considerable thickness of this “trail.” There is moreover a high probability that, at the time of the deposit of the gravels, Britain was still united to the continent; so that, apart from other causes, there was a tendency for the climate to partake more of a continental character than at present, and to induce greater cold in winter and greater heat in summer.

That the existence of enormous glaciers is as indicative of the action of heat, in order to convert the water of the ocean into vapour, as of cold to condense it, has been insisted on by Professor Tyndall,[2792] and even more strongly by Professor Frankland. If at the time of the rivers flowing at the high level, Britain was still connected with the continent, it is by no means impossible that the temperature of the seas on either side of the connecting isthmus may have been different. That connected more immediately with the Southern Ocean would have been the warmer of the two, from which a copious supply of vapour would be carried by the southerly winds, and be condensed as rain in its passage northward.

Mr. Alfred Tylor, F.G.S.,[2793] in his profusely illustrated papers on the Amiens gravel, and on Quaternary gravels, contends for the existence of a “Pluvial period” subsequent to the Glacial, in which the rainfall was far greater than at present, and such a view has much to commend it for acceptance. But when he proceeds to assert that the surface of the Chalk in the valley of the Somme, and in all other valleys of the same character, had assumed its present form prior to the deposition of any of the gravel or loess now to be seen there, and to argue that the whole of the gravels at all levels on the slopes are of one age, and due |699| to floods extending to a height of at least 80 feet above the level of the rivers, we may well hesitate before we give in our adhesion to such views. In the first place, it is, to say the least of it, unphilosophical to rely too much on a single example, such as that of the valley of the Somme; and to account for its phenomena by causes which are evidently incapable of producing the effects observable in other localities, as, for instance, at Southampton, close to the sea, and 160 feet above its level. But what shall we say to floods raising the levels of rivers upwards of 80 feet, yet having no erosive power, and the waters of which, regardless of the laws of gravity, tranquilly deposited their solid contents evenly over the slopes, or often in the greatest thickness on their higher part, and in some cases on almost isolated hills, instead of principally on the bottom of the river-valley? Whence all the materials for the gravels are to be derived, how they are to be reduced to a subangular condition by water-wear, especially in the case of the flint implements occurring in the gravels, are points on which further information will have to be supplied, before any such views can be seriously entertained.

I have up to this point almost left out of view any distinctive differences between the deposits at a high level and those at a low level in the river-valleys. That such, however, exist has been pointed out by Sir Joseph Prestwich;[2794] and judging from the northern range of the group of shells found in the high-level beds, the absence of southern species, the character of the mammalian and vegetable remains, the transport of large blocks such as could only be effected by ice and the other physical features of the case, he is inclined to assign a winter temperature to the period of their deposit from 19° to 29° Fahr. below that which now obtains in these regions. From a consideration of the features of the low-level deposits he considers that at the time of their deposit, the climate was rather less severe, by about 5°. The presence of the mammoth and woolly-haired rhinoceros, animals specially adapted for cold climates; of the musk-ox, the reindeer, the lemming, and marmot, corroborates the same view; while the hippopotamus, which seems characteristic of the low-level deposits, is suggestive of a somewhat warmer climate. Like the mammoth and rhinoceros, its structure may, however, have been somewhat modified, so as to enable it to occupy colder regions than at present, or it may have been merely a summer visitor ranging northwards before the |700| separation of Britain from the continent. Under any circumstances its presence seems to indicate that the volume of the rivers was probably in excess of what it is at the present time. But whatever may have been the degree of winter cold, or the amount of the snow and rainfall, the one was not so extreme as to prevent there being an abundance of animal life, nor the other so great as to interfere with the growth of a sufficient supply of vegetable food on which it might subsist.

It has, indeed, been supposed by some that the remains of the early mammals occurring in the gravels are derived from older beds, and that their presence in association with flint implements no more proves the contemporaneity of the men who made those implements with the old Quaternary fauna, than their association with Chalk fossils proves that mankind were originally inhabitants of the bed of the Cretaceous ocean. Did the gravels only occur at such levels as are within reach of existing streams, there might be some reason in such a view, which is, moreover, in certain cases and within certain limits, probably correct. For we have seen how in the course of the excavation of a valley, the beds deposited at one time are liable to be disturbed at another, and re-deposited in a fresh place; which could hardly happen without an admixture of fresh materials, some probably of a more recent date. In the process of transport, however, not only the implements but the still softer bones are liable to wear and abrasion of the angles, and it is impossible to conceive that, assuming the Quaternary fauna to have disappeared from this region before the valleys were excavated, and the implement-bearing beds deposited, their bones could still exist in such numbers, and so often in an unrolled condition in the low-level beds.

Had this older fauna disappeared, it is evident that man could not have subsisted here alone, unaccompanied by other animals to furnish him with food; and if these animals belonged to the later or “prehistoric” fauna, where, as Sir John Lubbock pertinently asks, are their bones? If, however, we acknowledge that the pleistocene mammals still occupied this country at the time of the low-level beds being formed, and if we find their remains also in those at a high level, and at all intermediate heights, it is evident that they must have persisted here during the whole period of the excavation of the valleys; while, if we find also flint implements in an unrolled and unworn condition at all heights, it is evident that those who made them must also have been |701| co-occupants of the region during the same period. If, indeed, as appears to be in some valleys the case, the unworn implements occur only in the high-level deposits, while in the lower they are either absent or in a much worn condition, the inference is, that in those particular valleys the occupation by man, though for some time contemporaneous with that of the mammoth and his congeners, ceased before the extinction or emigration of the old fauna. In some cases, however, as at Fisherton,[2795] the worked flints have been found below the remains of mammoth; while in the beds at Menchecourt, near Abbeville,[2796] in which the implements occur, were found the bones of a hind leg of rhinoceros still in their natural position, so that they must have retained their ligaments when deposited, and could not since have been disturbed. With regard to the amelioration of climatal conditions which led to the cessation of the excavation of the valleys, it may not impossibly have been connected with the insulation of the country, when the isthmus connecting it with the continent was cut through by the sea. But this is hardly the place for such speculations. If, however, we may regard the estuarine deposits at Selsey, in which almost entire skeletons of mammoth occur, as belonging to the period when the deposit of the low-level gravels was ceasing, it would appear from the associated molluscan forms, as interpreted by Mr. Godwin-Austen, that the temperature of the waters of the English Channel was at that time such as may now be met with twelve degrees farther south.

If there was a difference in the climatal conditions of the high and low-level deposits, it might have produced some effect on the method of living, and on the implements of the men of the two periods. At one time I thought it probable that a marked distinction might eventually be drawn between the high-and low-level implements, but so far as Britain is concerned, this can hardly be done. Still the _facies_ of a collection from two different spots is rarely quite the same, and I think there is generally a preponderance of the ruder pointed implements in the high-level gravels, and of the flat ovate sharp-rimmed implements in the low-level. In the valley of the Somme, the broad polygonal flakes are certainly most abundant in the lower beds, as at Montiers, near Amiens.

I would, however, deprecate the introduction of such terms as |702| “Eolithic” and “Mesolithic” in order to distinguish two phases in the Stone Period as being both unfounded and misleading. We know not where or when the dawn of human civilization arose, but it was probably long before the date of our earliest River-Gravels and in some part of the world more favoured by climate than Britain. Why then should we speak of British implements as Eolithic? And how can we apply the term Mesolithic to a period intervening between the Palæolithic and Neolithic Ages, when we know neither when the one ended nor when the other began?

Enough has now been said with regard to the manner in which these beds of River-drift were probably deposited; and the irresistible conclusion is, that, owing to the wasting agency of rain, frost, and rivers, there must have been a vast change in the superficial features of the country, since the time when those who fashioned the flint implements found in the high-level gravels were joint occupants of the land with the mammoth and rhinoceros and the other departed members of the Quaternary fauna. A similar change in the surface of the country has also taken place in the neighbourhood of the caves in which the remains of this same fauna occur, associated also with similar relics of human workmanship.

What length of time it must have taken for such changes to be effected, is a question we must now approach; but before doing so it will be well to say a few more words, in addition to what has already been said, on the almost entire absence of human bones in the beds containing those of the associated mammalia.

In the first place, it is well to repeat that whatever may be the case in the brick-earth, or loess, there have not, as has been pointed out by Sir John Lubbock,[2797] been found in the gravel up to the present time any remains of animals so small as man, who, as the same author observes, must of necessity have been few in number in comparison with the animals by the chase of which he must have subsisted. Another cause appears also to have been at work; for however barbarous we may suppose the human race to have been at that remote period, we can hardly believe them to have been so destitute of all natural affection as to deny some rites of sepulture to friends or relatives removed by death. There would, therefore, in all probability, be but few or no human bones exposed on the surface in such a manner as to be carried off by the flooded streams, and imbedded in their gravels; while, in case of any human beings perishing by drowning, their bodies, as I have |703| already shown, would probably either be carried to sea, or left in such a position as to allow of their recovery, at all events before they became disarticulated.

This is, however, a matter of but small importance, as there will be but little difficulty in conceding that an implement fashioned by human agency—and on this point there can be no question, unless we are to assume in ancient times the existence of some other now extinct race of intelligent beings—is as good an evidence of the existence of man, as would be any or all of his bones. Moreover, human bones are reported to have been discovered in these Quaternary beds, both in this country and in France. In England, I have already mentioned a human skull found near Bury St. Edmunds by Mr. Trigg, and the more doubtful skeleton found near Northfleet. I will not, however, insist upon either discovery being beyond all cavil.

Nor will I do more than allude to the too celebrated Moulin Quignon jaw, over which I have already pronounced a _Requiescat in pace_,[2798] but the discovery of portions of the human skeleton by M. Bertrand, and M. Reboux, in the valley of the Seine, at Clichy[2799] and elsewhere near Paris, in the same beds in which implements of true Palæolithic types have been found, seems better substantiated.

Whether the _Pithecanthropus erectus_ of Dr. Dubois was human or simian, and what is the date of the beds in which his remains were found, and whether there is evidence of the existence of Miocene or Pliocene Man[2800] in Burma, Portugal, France, Italy, or California, are questions which want of space compels me to leave on one side. I have, however, more than once elsewhere expressed my opinion on the subject of Tertiary Man.[2801]

I need hardly again repeat that according to my view it is not in Britain, but in some part of the world more favoured by climate that the cradle of the human race is to be sought. And yet the antiquity of Man in Britain seems to extend far beyond any of our ordinary methods of computation. In attempting to estimate it, however vaguely, I must at the outset observe that with our present amount of knowledge, it is hopeless to expect that it can |704| be determined with anything approaching to precision. Not only have we no trustworthy measure of the rate of excavation of the valleys, which might give us an approximate date for the higher deposits in them, but we are at a loss to know at what epoch their excavation in the lower part of their course ceased, and what may be termed the modern alluvial deposits, which to some extent have partially refilled the old channels, began to accumulate.

That the general configuration of the surface of the country, in Neolithic times, when the ordinary forms of polished stone implements were in use, was much the same as it is at present, is proved by the fact of such implements being frequently found in recent superficial deposits. Were we, in defiance of probability, to assume that the use of these polished implements did not date farther back than two thousand years from the period when we are first made acquainted with this country by history, this would give an additional four thousand years beyond the period necessary for the excavation of the valleys for the date of the older River-drift implements. Such a period as two thousand years is in all probability almost ridiculously small to assign for the duration of the Neolithic and Bronze Periods; but however this may be, there appears, in this country at all events, to be a complete gap[2802] between the River-drift and Surface Stone Periods, so far as any intermediate forms of implements are concerned; and here at least the race of men who fabricated the latest of the palæolithic implements may have, and in all probability had, disappeared at an epoch remote from that when the country was again occupied by those who not only chipped out but polished their flint tools, and who were, moreover, associated with a mammalian fauna far nearer resembling that of the present day than that of Quaternary times.

So different, indeed, are the two groups of animals that, as has already been observed, Prof. Boyd Dawkins[2803] has shown that out of forty-eight well-ascertained species living in the Post-glacial or River-drift Period, only thirty-one were able to live on into the Prehistoric or Surface Stone Period. Such a change as this in the fauna of a country can hardly have been the work of a few years, or even of a few centuries; and yet we must intercalate a period of time sufficient for its accomplishment between the remotest date |705| to which we can carry back the Neolithic Period, and the close of the Palæolithic Period as indicated by the low-level gravels. The antiquity, then, that must be assigned to the implements in the highest beds of River-drift may be represented (1) by the period requisite for the excavation of the valleys to their present depth; plus (2), the period necessary for the dying out and immigration of a large part of the Quaternary or Post-Glacial fauna and the coming in of the Prehistoric; plus (3), the Polished Stone Period; plus (4), the Bronze, Iron, and Historic Periods, which three latter in this country occupy a space of probably not less than three thousand years.

A single equation, involving so many unknown quantities, is, as already observed, not susceptible of solution; but various attempts have been made to arrive at some approximate idea of the amount of time it represents. One method has been that of assigning a date for the Glacial Period, deduced from astronomical causes, mainly in connection with the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit, as pointed out by M. Adhémar and Mr. Croll. From data thus obtained, Sir Charles Lyell[2804] inclines to place it at a period of extreme cold about 800,000 years ago, though Sir John Lubbock[2805] would rather accept an epoch of somewhat less severity about 200,000 years removed from our time.

Another and more direct method suggested by Sir Archibald Geikie,[2806] following in Mr. A. Tylor’s track, is that of estimating the time required for the excavation of the valleys by the amount of solid matter carried down in suspension by various rivers at the present day. He estimates that this amount, if spread over the whole area drained by the rivers, represents, on an average, an annual loss of about 1∕6000 of a foot; but inasmuch as the erosion of the slopes and watercourses is very much greater than that of the more level grounds, the excavation of the valleys must proceed at a more rapid rate, which he assumes to be about 1∕1200 part of a foot per annum, or one foot in 1,200 years. Such a calculation is, of course, open to various objections, as we may readily conceive the bottom and slopes of a valley to have been so far washed that, under ordinary circumstances, they afford little or no fine earthy matter to be taken up by the rain falling on their surface; and in such a case, the rivers, if turbid, would derive their turbidity from the water delivered from the higher and comparatively |706| unwashed table lands. Or again, the soil may, like the Chalk under ordinary circumstances, be so absorbent that but little of the rainfall flows off from its surface. The calculation has already been made, that a rainfall of 54 inches annually, supposing the whole of it flowed off the land into the sea in a turbid state, containing, like the Mississippi, 1∕1500 part of its weight of solid matter, would lower the surface a foot in 450 years; but as has already been observed, we cannot conceive it possible that with such soils as we have here to do with, the constant turbidity should have been anything like so great. And, in fact, the whole system of calculation is one which may be regarded rather as proving the necessity of valleys being in course of time formed by subaërial action, than as giving any definite guide by which to calculate the period requisite for their formation. There can, indeed, be no doubt that the denuding power of the falling rain is greater on the slopes than on the level surfaces; but it seems impossible to assign any proportions to the effects on land lying at different inclinations, of different characters, and under different circumstances as to any vegetable covering. Were the action uniform over the whole surface exposed, of course no alteration beyond a general lowering of the land-surface would result from this cause, and the valleys would remain of precisely the same depth with regard to the adjacent land as they did at remote epochs. Looking at the quantity of brick-earth still left on the slopes of many of our valleys, I am inclined to think that the lowering of the surface has been more general than has been supposed by Sir Archibald Geikie. The presence of these soft and easily denuded beds is also an argument against the excavation of the valleys having progressed in a uniform manner, by heavy rains falling during the period of the year when such beds were soft and unfrozen; and seems rather significant of the excavation of the valley by floods principally occurring at a time when the upper part of the soil was in a frozen condition.

Certainly the whole character of the deposits is more in accordance with their resulting from the occasional flooding of the streams than from any other cause. If this be so, who shall tell at what intervals such floods occurred, and what was the average effect of each in deepening the valleys? That they were of comparatively rare occurrence, and not so frequent that they were foreseen by the men of those days, seems deducible from the number of their implements found in the gravels. For there is much probability that these must have been washed in from |707| settlements on the banks of the rivers, which, notwithstanding previous catastrophes of the same kind, were constantly placed within reach of the stream when flooded.

Sir Joseph Prestwich[2807] has suggested as a possible gauge of the antiquity of the deposits, the natural funnels eaten into the chalk by the action of water charged with carbonic acid, and has cited one at Drucat, near Abbeville, which has been formed since the deposit of the gravel containing flint implements, and is upwards of 20 feet in diameter at top, and probably 100 feet in depth; but here also it seems impossible to introduce a factor by which the time represented can be ascertained. There are, however, features in connection with this case which can only be reconciled with the former high level of the bottom of the adjacent valley, and with its gradual excavation. It will be remembered that similar pipes of erosion, leading in some cases to caverns above them, occur in the Drift-beds of the valley of the Little Ouse.

There is yet another means at our command for forming, at all events, an approximate idea of the time that has elapsed since the deposit of the beds containing the remains of the old Quaternary fauna, inasmuch as at the time of their introduction into this country, if not for a lengthened period afterwards, Britain had apparently not become an island, but was still connected by an isthmus of greater or less width with the Continent. To estimate the time, however, that would be required for cutting through this isthmus and widening the Channel to its present dimensions, is a work from which the mind almost recoils. Even the wearing away of that tract of land to the south of the present Hampshire coast, which must almost of necessity have existed at the time when the Bournemouth flint implement-bearing gravels were deposited, taking the present rapid inroad of the sea on the unusually soft cliffs at Hordwell as a guide, would seem to involve a period of not less than 10,000 years; but inasmuch as the cliffs during a considerable portion of the time must have been of chalk instead of sand and clay, and as a chalk cliff 500 feet high, instead of being worn away at the rate of a yard each year, is said only to recede at the rate of an inch in a century,[2808] the actual period necessary for the removal of this tract must probably have been many |708| times 10,000 years, and can with certainty be regarded as having been immensely in excess of such a lapse of time.

On the whole, it would seem that for the present, at least, we must judge of the antiquity of these deposits rather from the general effect produced upon our minds by the vastness of the changes which have taken place, both in the external configuration of the country and its extent seaward, since the time of their formation, than by any actual admeasurement of years or of centuries. To realize the full meaning of these changes, almost transcends the powers of the imagination. Who, for instance, standing on the edge of the lofty cliff at Bournemouth, and gazing over the wide expanse of waters between the present shore and a line connecting the Needles on the one hand, and the Ballard Down Foreland on the other, can fully comprehend how immensely remote was the epoch, when what is now that vast bay was high and dry land, and a long range of chalk downs, 600 feet above the sea, bounded the horizon on the south? And yet this must have been the sight that met the eyes of those primeval men who frequented the banks of that ancient river which buried their handiworks in gravels that now cap the cliffs, and of the course of which so strange but indubitable a memorial subsists in what has now become the Solent Sea.

Or again, taking our stand at Ealing, or Acton, or Highbury, and looking over a broad valley fully four miles in width, with the river flowing through it at a depth of 100 feet below its former bed, in which, beneath our feet, are relics of human art deposited at the same time as the gravels; which of us can picture to himself the lapse of time represented by the excavation of a valley on such a scale, by a river larger, it may be, in volume than the Thames, but still draining only the same tract of country? But when, to this long period we mentally add that during which the old fauna, with the mammoth and rhinoceros, and other to us strange and unaccustomed forms, was becoming extinct, so far as Britain was concerned; and also that other, we know not how lengthened period, when our barbarous predecessors sometimes polished their stone implements, but were still unacquainted with metallic tools; and then beyond this, add the many centuries when bronze was in use for cutting purposes; and after all this, further remember that the ancient and mighty |709| city now extending across the valley does not, with all its historical associations, carry us back to the times even of the bronze-using people, the mind is almost lost in amazement at the vista displayed.

So fully must this be felt, that we are half inclined to sympathize with those who, from sheer inability to carry their vision so far back into the dim past, and from unconsciousness of the cogency of other and distinct evidence as to the remoteness of the origin of the human race, are unwilling to believe in so vast an antiquity for man as must of necessity be conceded by those, who however feebly they may make their thoughts known to others, have fully and fairly weighed the facts which modern discoveries have unrolled before their eyes.

FINIS.

|710|

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

1. Simple ridged flake. _Porte Marcadé, Abbeville._

2. Sharp-pointed flake, with several facets on its convex side. _Montiers, near Amiens._

3. Chisel-pointed flake. _Ibid._

4. Large polygonal flake. _Ibid._

5. Round-pointed, tongue-shaped, sub-triangular implement. _Biddenham, near Bedford._

6. Acutely pointed, kite-shaped ditto. _St. Acheul, near Amiens._

7. Sub-triangular ditto, with truncated butt. _Ibid._

8. Ditto, with incurved sides, and butt formed of the natural surface of the flint. _Ibid._

9. Ditto, made from a round-ended nodule of flint. _Ibid._

10. Thick-backed, single-edged implement of wedge-shaped section. _Ibid._

PLATE II.

11. Ovate tongue-shaped implement. _St. Acheul, near Amiens._

12. Ovate-lanceolate ditto, with rough butt. _Ibid._

13. Ditto, with truncated butt. (_Brick-earth_), _St. Acheul, Amiens_.

14. Rough, wedge-shaped implement. _St. Acheul, Amiens._

15. Round-pointed implement with untrimmed butt. _Ibid._

16. Ditto, with naturally rounded butt and side. _Ibid._

17. Thin, ovate, tongue-shaped implement. _Champ de Mars, Abbeville._

18. Ovate implement of intermediate form between the tongue-shaped and sharp-rimmed. _St. Acheul, Amiens._

19. Ovate, thin, sharp-rimmed implement. _Menchecourt, Abbeville._

20. Irregularly ovate ditto. _Moulin Quignon, Abbeville._

|711|

GENERAL INDEX.

A

Abbeville, hand-mill at, 258

Abbott, Mr. J. W. Lewis, on minute flint tools, 325

Aberdeenshire, flint workshops in, 22

Abnormal peculiarities in celts, 130

Abrasion of flints by fire-producing, 315, 318, 416, &c.; by hammering, 217, 413, &c.

Abydos, Egyptian arrow-heads from, 393, 395

Achilles, spear of, 4

Adams, Dr. Leith, Guernsey arrow-head factory traced by, 401

Adder-stones, 437

Adhémar, M., as to date of Glacial Period, 705

Admixture of objects of different periods, 210, 475, 479, 487, 492

Adzes, in Burma and Assam, 59; of Clalam Indians, 165; of New Guinea, 162; Polynesian, of basalt, 69; bronze, 4; with carved handle, 166, 167; celts adapted for use as, 94, 122, 124, 135; of chalcedonic flint, 138; hafting of, 164, 165; for hollowing canoes, 165, 166; of horn, carved, 435; of mussel-shell, 182; perforated, 188–192; uses of,215

Ælfric’s Glossary on _Stan-æx_, 145

Æneid, mention of bronze arms in, 4

Africa, sacrificial use of stone in, 10; flint flakes in diamond diggings of, 277

Agate, arrow-heads of, 406; chisel of, 40; gun-flints of, 21

Agatharchides on Egyptian chisels, 6

Ages, Stone, Bronze, and Iron, succession of, 2

Agricola, Georgius, on _Brontia_ and _Ceraunia_, 64

Agriculture, possible use of stone implements in, 71, 205, 645

Ahts of North America, fern-roots eaten by, 250; mussel-shell adzes used by, 182

_Aithadh_, or elf-shot, 365

Akerman, Mr., on Lapp burials of needed objects, 283

Alaska, stone hammer from, 25

Albania, gun-flint making in, 21

Albite, chloritic, celts of, 109

Aldrovandus, his _culter lapideus_, 289; on the _Glossopetra_, 363; on Roman stone weapons, 362; his _securis lapidea_, 157; on stone implements, 63, 64

Aleppo, threshing instrument from, 284

Aleutian Islanders, thong-drill used by, 48

Alexius Comnenus, celt presented by, to German Emperor, 59

Alger, Mr., on level of Waveney Valley, 683

Algeria, flakes from, 287

Algonquins, form of club used by, 424

_Allée couverte_ of Argenteuil, perforated pebbles from, 465; stag’s horn socket from, 160; worked blade from, 327

Alluvium, beds of, between stalagmitic layers in caverns, 479

Almond-shaped implements, 647

Alteration in structure of flint, 487, 497, 513, 556, 596, 659, 660

Alum, its wood-preserving power, 152

“Amazon axe,” 184

Amber, beads of, in interment, 429; cup of, at Hove, 449; with perforated axe, 185; with whetstone, 268; importation of, to Britain, 449; piece of, in interment, 149; plates of, for necklaces, 460; studs or buttons of, 456

America, doubtful evidence of palæolithic remains in, 654

Ammonites in barrow, 467; their use as “cramp-stones,” 470

Amulets, arrow-heads mounted as, 365, 367; celt probably used as, 145; of iron-ore in interment, 313; Portuguese decorated, 470; of schist, 463; stones in interment as, 466, 468, 469

_Anchorites_, Dr. Grew’s description of, 364

“Ancient Meols,” Hume’s, referred to, 439

Anderson, Dr. J., experiments with flint implements, 320, 408; on polished stone discs, 440

Andrée, Richard, on beliefs concerning stone weapons, 60

Angelucci, Capt., stone arrow-head factory discovered by, 402

Anglesea, querns in, 259

Anglo-Saxon burial ground, flint and steel in, 283

Animals, carvings of, on weapons, 215, 435; engravings of, on Egyptian gold haft, 359; extinct, their co-existence with man, 513, 524, &c.

Antiquity of celts, 143, 150; of man in Britain, 704; of river-drift implements, 700

Antlers of deer, celt-sockets made from, 160; circle of, in barrow, 466; used as picks at Cissbury, 79; flat instrument of, 432; at Grime’s Graves, 33

Anvils, stone, early use of, 245; recent use of, 11, 232

Apaches of Mexico, arrow-head making among, 24; hammer-hafting, 239

Arabs, arrow-head charms among, 367

Archer, Mr. F., neolithic flakes fitted on to core by, 20

Arctic fauna, of Crayford beds, 607; northward retreat of, 486; of Salisbury beds, 689; plants, fossil, at Hoxne, 577

Ariantes, his method of numbering the people, 368

Armlet on arm of skeleton, 429; bronze, in cromlech, 464; “coal-money” the central disc of, 465; of jet, lathe-turned, 464

Arrow-flakers, 37, 416

Arrow-flaking, art of, in America, 42; experiments on, by author, 41; use of fossil ivory for, 37

Arrows and arrow-heads, African and Asiatic, 405; American, 406, 407; Arab, 367; of the Bushmen, 370; Californian, 39, 40; Danish, 35, 306; Egyptian, 368, 369, 395; Eskimo, 25, 37; French, 395, 400–402; Gelderland, 403; German, 403; Greek, 368; Indian, 405; Irish, 365, 370, 399, 400; Italian, 359, 402; Japanese, 405; from Lake-dwellings, 402; Lycian, 410; Mexican, 39; Patagonian, 400; Persian, 394, 396; Peruvian, 407; Russian, 404; Scottish, 386; Scandinavian, 353, 404; Spanish, 403; Swiss, 409; Virginian, 37; barbed, 380–390; bone, 210, 361; bronze, scarce in England, 368; chisel-ended, 409; crescent-shaped, 396; detachable from shaft, 370; double-pointed, 386; featherless, 410; iron-tipped, 394, 396; leaf-shaped, 373–378, 484; lozenge-shaped, 378, 484; manufactories of, 268, 280, 359, 401, 402; methods of shafting, 408, 410; modern use of, for fire-producing, 397; in necklaces, 10, 300; notched, 372, 396, 406; poisoned, 361, 370; single-barbed, 385, 393, 306; stemmed, 370; successive developments of, 369; superstitions concerning, 362–367; triangular, 390; in human vertebræ, 375, 396, 400

Arrow-shafts, concave scrapers for fashioning, 320; grooved pebbles for straightening, 268; Irish, 408; South American, 407

Art, works of, in caves, 484, 523, 657

Arundelian marbles as to date of discovery of iron, 4

“Asbestos,” ligniformed, whetstone of, 352

Ash, Irish arrow-shaft of, 408; in brick earth at Hoxne, 537

Ashes of bone in hyæna den, 518

Asia, beliefs in, concerning celts, 59

Asphalte, use of, in mounting Swiss celts, 163

Assagais, Kaffir mode of shafting, 410

Assiut, figures from tomb at, 369

_Astropelekia_, 59

Atkins, Mr. E. Martin, abraded pyrites found by, 318

Atkinson, Rev. J. C, barrows examined by, 211

Attrition of teeth by gritty food, 253

Atys, stone knife used by, 9

Augustus, bronze arms as antiquities in time of, 4

Australians, celts handled by, with gum, 137, 170, 171; flint an article of barter among, 80; flints mounted by, as saws, 277, 293; grinding nardoo-seeds, 243; hatchet-hafting among, 233; pounding-stones of, 243, 245; tomahawks, mode of mounting by, 166; tools of, 97

Authenticity of palæolithic implements, 658, 659

Awls, bone, from Kent’s Cavern, 506; bone instruments used as, 432; bronze, in interments, 84, 186; bronze, with wooden shaft, 462; flint, 321–325; perforated, 323; use of, in sewing leather, 433

Axes, 32, 63, 149; hafting of, 155–163, 168, 160; used in the hand, 151; of Montezuma II., 157; hieroglyph of Nouter, 62

Axes, perforated, Brazilian, 157; in Brittany, 212; Danish, 32, 186, 205; French, 186; German, 145, 186, 191; Greek, 205; Kjökken-mödding, 69; Lake-dwellings, 158; Mexican, 191; Scandinavian, 187, 215; of basalt, 186; boring of, 46–52; with carved handles, 167; classification of, 184; contemporaneous with bronze, 193, &c.; cutting at one end, 192, &c.; double-edged, 184–192; fluted, 203, 211; grooved, 168, 169; hafting of, 151–171; hollowed on sides, 209; in interments, 83, 163, &c.; large and heavy, 198, 199; little used by modern savages, 215; lozenge-shaped, 213; ornamented, 196, 209, 211; pointed at one end, 188; single-edged, 184, 192–196; superstitions concerning, 62, 63, 65, 145, 146; of ulna of whale, 435

Axe-hammers, 168, 200–205

Aymara Indians, hatchet-hafting among, 169, 239

Ayre, Col., R.A., 78

Aztecs, their method of stone working, 23; their stone mortars, 257

B

Babington, Prof. C. C., on flint hammer from Burwell, 538

_Bætuli_, virtues of, 65

Bahia, stone club from, 251

Baines, Mr., on Australian stone-working, 26

Balanus, presence of, in Stour Valley, 621

Ball of Towie, 421

Balls, stone, carved, 422; in lead mines, 234; perforated Peruvian, 232; possibly used in games, 244; their use among Eskimos, 219; in grinding corn, 253; as hammers, 249; with channelled surface, 420–423

Ballast for railways, implements found in, 573, 578, 632, 633, 639

Barbers, Mexican, their obsidian razors, 290

Barbs of arrows, various forms of, 380, &c.

Bark, Australian hammers hafted with, 167, 168

Barlow, Mr. F. Pratt, pointed drift implement found by, 619

Barnwell, Rev. E. L., on Welsh hammer-head, 226

Barrows, bronze and flint found together in, 397, &c.; chambered, bone chisel in, 433; cups of shale in, 445; fossils in, 466, 467, 469; gold cup in, with bronze dagger, 449; jet ornaments in, 265, 454, &c.; long, leaf-shaped arrow-heads in, 377; necklaces in, 456–463; pebbles in, 443; pyrites and flint in, 265, 467; spindle whorl of clay in, 439; stag’s horn hammer in, 434

Barry, Mr. F. Tress, 227

Barter, flint an Australian article of, 80; flints at Cissbury probably formed for, 80; finely worked daggers procured by, 414

Bartlett’s “History of Manceter” referred to, 187

Basalt, axe hammer of, in interment, 467; heads of, 186, 194, 197, 202, 208, 211, 214; celts of, 106, 114, 140; hammers of, 25, 223; hatchets, 34, 85, 170; late use of, for anvils, 232; maul of, 234

Basaltic rock, African flakes of, 288

Bastard gouges, 180–182

Bast-fibre, its use in arrow shafting, 409; used in weaving, 436

Bate, Mr. Spence, 266, 279

Bateman, Mr., on pebbles in interments, 467

“Bâtons de commandement,” in La Madeleine caves, 484

Bats, stone, possibly used for preparing hemp, 257

“Batting-staff,” 256

Battle axes, 195, 197, 207; with amber cup in coffin, 449

“Battling-stones,” 257

Baudot, M., on flakes in interments, 283

Bauerman, Mr., on stone hammers in Egyptian mine, 581

Baye, Baron Joseph de, 160

Beads, amber, 457, 459, 460; animal fibre used for stringing, 459; like arrow-heads, 367; bone, 432, 456, 457; with spiral pattern, 211; glass, 437, 456; jet, 83, 394, 457–462; Kimmeridge clay, 309, 457; of peculiar shapes, 463; quartz, 465; shale, 463; various, 457–463

Bear, chipped tooth of, 503; bones of, in position at Brixham, 513

Beauty, materials chosen on account of, 224, 227, 406, 466

Beckmann quoted as to date of flint-locks, 17

Bed-stone and rolling pin, 250

Bees-wax and mastic, axes mounted with, 170

|713|

Beetles, elytra of, in brick-earth, 536

Beger, “_celtes_” first named by, 55

Belcher, Sir Edward, on Eskimo arrow-flaking, 37, 39; “flensing-knife,” 292; stone working, 25; stone planes, 299

Bell, Mr. A. M., discoveries of implements by, 593, 610

_Bellilah_, Australian mode of pounding, 245

Belt, the late Mr. Thomas, on Hoxne deposits, 576

ⲂⲈⲚⲒⲠⲈ, interpretation of, 5

Bennett, Mr. F. G., implements found by, 536, 627

Bernays, Mr. E. A., palæolithic implement found by, 611

Bicarbonate of lime, proportion of, in chalk-streams, 675

“Bill,” meaning of, 146

_Bipennis_, 146

Birds, remains of, in Fisherton beds, 631

Bison, caves of the age of the, 481

Bitumen, use of, in Swiss Lake-dwellings, 170, 292, 409; Egyptian arrows secured to shaft by, 369

“Black balls,” present use of, in ballots, 468

“Black-boy gum,” flints mounted in, 277

Blackmore, Dr. Humphrey P., drift implements found by, 627, 628, 635

Blacksmiths, modern, their mode of hafting chisels, 168, 233

Blades of flint, crescent-shaped, 355; Egyptian, 354; from Kent’s Cavern, 496

Blanford, Mr. W. T., Indian drift implements found by, 651

Blunting of battle-axes, 196, 207

Boars’ teeth in interments, 83, 148, 328, 427

Bodkin of wood in urn, 433

Bodmann, flint manufactory at, 22

Bohemian stone axes, 51

_Bolas_, present mode of using, 422

“Bolthead, the flat,” 364

Bonardo on flint arrow-heads, 364

Bone, arrow-heads of, 21, 361, 402; awl, 523; beads, 211, 432, 456; blade of, flint flakes inserted in, 277, 294; chisels, 177; harpoons of, 277, 394; instruments in interments, 313, 314, 431, &c.; needles, 321, 433, 523; objects of, in caves, 484, 488, 492, 523, &c.; late Roman, 144; pins, 34, 40, 83, 186, 431, 432; plate of, perforated, 428; rounded piece of, 34; single-barbed arrow-head of, 409; tools of, Eskimo, 410; tube, 268; used in arrow-chipping, 39, &c.; wedge for working obsidian, 24

Bones, crushing of, probably for marrow, 25, 239, 504, 657; gnawed, 486, 508; human, with those of extinct animals, 481, &c.; mineral condition of, in caves, 508

Borers or awls, 321–325

Boring of stone, methods of, 47, 48, 52; incomplete, of stone implements, 205, 206, 226

_Bos primigenius_, celt imbedded in skull of, 91, 92; _longifrons_ not found in Britain before neolithic times, 486

Botocudo Indians, their method of hafting, 156; their use of stone blades, 171

Boulder, cup formed from, 450

Boulder Clay, anterior to implementiferous deposits, 577, 685, 697; East Anglian, 683

Boulders, American use of, 235; used as hammers, 233, 234

Bourgeois, Abbé, on human works in Pliocene times, 658

“Bournes,” causes of intermittence of, 664

Bow, use of, not general among savages, 360

Bows and arrows, Egyptian carved figures armed with, 369; myth concerning, 361

Bowen, Mr., as to African “thunderbolts,” 60

Box, stone, containing red pigment, 264

Bracelets (see Armlets)

Bracers, 425–435, 456

Bracken, use of, as food, 250

Brandon, manufacture of gun-flints at, 14, 17

Brazilian stone axe, 157

Breach through the chalk range near Bournemouth, 695

Breccia, formation of, in caves, 479; implements from, in Kent’s Cavern, 495; mace-head made of, 232

Brent, Mr. John, implements found by, at Reculver, 613–620

Briar-wood shaft, arrow-head found with, 408

Brick-earth, implements from, 530, 536, 542, 548; old land surface underlying, 598

Bright spots on drift implements, 565, 659

_Briquets_ with flints in graves, 283, 397; bruising of flints by the use of, 315

Brittany, superstitions regarding celts in, 57; early incised drawings of celts in, 62

Brixham Cave, discovery of, 490; fauna of, 513; implements of, 513–516; section of, 512

Broch of Lingrow, 416, 440

Brochs, cups in, 414, 440; querns in, 259; stone and bronze in, 440; whetstones in, 269

Bronze Period in Egypt, 6; in Greece and Italy, 4, 5; probable duration of, 704

Bronze, armlets of, 459; arms, mention of by Homer, 4; arrow-heads, 368; awls, 84; bucket, 451; celts, 213, 268, 453; celts mounted in stag’s horn, 428; chisels, 6; dagger with ox-horn hilt, 265; daggers, 185, 193, 194, 208, 227, 398, 427, &c.; ear-rings, 207; Egyptian hatchets, 169; finger-ring, 398; “hammer-stone,” 246; implement found at Ploucour, 340; knife in interment, 195; knife, socketed, in Kent’s Cavern, 492; mining instruments, 6, 233; moulds for celts, 269; needle, central-eyed, 433; palstaves, 163; pins, 267, 269; tube, 49; tweezers, 433; use of, in Britain, 147; use of, contemporaneous with that of stone, 84, 143, 211, 331, &c.

Brooch of metal in interment, 214; possible use of ring as, 466

Brooke, Mr. J. W., his implements from Fordingbridge, 633

Brown, Mr. J. Allen, on minute flint tools, 325; researches at Ealing, &c., 591; Mr. James, drift implements found by, 622, 625, &c.

Browne, Sir Thomas, on slickstones, 441

Brun, M. V., his explorations at Bruniquel, 296

Brunswick, first use of flint-locks by soldiers of, 17

Buckland, the late Mr. Frank, 291

Buckman, Prof. J., manufactory of celts recorded by, 35

Buschan, Dr. G., on prehistoric spinning, 437

Buick, Dr., on Irish arrow-heads, 365, 370

“Bulb of percussion,” 274

Bunyard, Mr. G., drift implements found by, 618

Burma and Assam, stone adzes in, 59

Burnishers of stone, 103, 139, 442

Burton, Dr. J. Hill, on elf-bolts, 366

Bushmen, arrows shafted by, with ostrich-bones, 410; ostrich-egg-shell fragments perforated by, 277; poisoned arrows of, 370

Bustards, flint arrow-heads abraded by gizzards of, 396

Butt end of celt, definition of, 66; roughened for insertion into socket, 128

Buttons, early use of, 452; of jet in interments, 453, 455, &c.; possible use of perforated discs as, 439

C

Cæsar, Julius, Gaulish use of iron in time of, 10

“Caillouteur,” daily production of gun-flints by, 21

Cairns, stones thrown on, 282

Calc-spar, sling-stones of, 418

Calcareous nodule, celt formed from, 115; incrustations on palæolithic implements, 659, 660

Caledonians, their early use of iron, 11

Calendering effected by slick-stones, 441

_Calendrine_, in Cotgrave’s Dictionary, 441

Californians, arrow-head making among the, 423; grooved stones of the, 268; knife, 273

Calmucks, use of military flail among the, 423

Calvert, Mr. F., implements found by, near the Dardanelles, 652

Cambodia, superstitions as to celts in, 60

Camenz, bronze tube found at, 49

Cane, possible use of, in stone-drilling, 50

Canoes, adze for hollowing, 165, 166; celts found with, 129, 150; gouges for hollowing, 178; hollowed by horn chisels, 434

Cantabria, imperial omen in, 65

Carbonic acid, its solvent power on chalk, 477, 675, &c.

Caribbean character of certain implements, 129, 130, 168, 169

Caribs, axe-hafting among, 155, 218; their shell gouges, 182

Carreg-y-Saelhau, or stone of the arrows, 262

Cartailhac, M., his sections of San Isidro valley, 529

Carved representation of celt in dolmen, 153

Carvings in caves, 484, 523

Cassava bread, stone slabs for cooking, 440

Catlin, Mr., on American flaking-tools, 24

Cattle, elf-arrows the cause of disease among, 365, 366; protection of, by witch-stone, 470; snake-bitten, how to treat, 437

Cave-bear, age of the, 481

Cave-deposits, rarity of large implements in, 641

Cave-dwellers, their mode of living, 657

“Cave-earth,” 479, 492

Cave-implements, 473, &c.

Cave-remains prior to Neolithic times, 482

Caves, alternate tenancy of, by man and beasts, 479; chronological sequence of contents of, 475, 481–485; deposits of, compared with river gravels, 474; early use of for habitations, 126; formation of, 477, 480; ossiferous, 474, 476; sepulchral, 126; stalagmite of, 479

Belgian, 286, 475, 478

Brixham, 512–516

Creswell Crags, 522–524

French, arrow-heads in, 396; bone and horn objects in, 177, 321; character of implements of, 53; flint flakes in, 292; hammer-stones, 248; quartzite flakes, 281, 292; serrated flakes, 296

Gibraltar, bone objects in, 177, 433; long flake in, 287; saddle-quern in, 252; sandstone plate in, 428; stone chisel-gouge in, 182

Happaway, 517

Kent’s Cavern, 488–511

Long Hole, Gower, and other Welsh Caves, 521

of Palestine, early sepulture in, 9

Tor Bryan, 516

Wookey hyæna-den, 517–520

Cavities in gravel, how formed, 556, 557, 561

_Celte_, occurrence of, in Vulgate, 55

Celts, suggested etymology of, 55; superstitions concerning, 56–65; classification of, 66

chipped or rough hewn, 67–86; chisel-edged, with curvature of face, 67, 68, 73; with equal faces, 75; long and narrow, 81; tanged, 83; wedge-shaped, 82; small, made from fragments of larger, 87, 97; of stones other than flint, 84

ground at the edge, 90–97

polished, with abnormal peculiarities, 130; accompanying interments, _passim_; approximate date of, 147; broken, conversion of, into other implements, 242, 248, 339; bronze, from barrows, 213, 268, 309; chisel-like, 103, 120, 121; classification of, 98; with cutting-edge blunted, 138; with flattened sides, 110–119; found in canoe, 150; grooved or notched, 136; mode of hafting, 151; oblique-edged, 113, 124; oval in section, 122, 129; perforated, 142; range of, in time, 147, 150; recent use of, by Irish weavers, 440; rectangular in section, 119–122; sharpened at both ends, 118; stag’s-horn sockets for, 163; for use in hand, 133, 136, 171; various uses of, 171, 172

Cembro pine, Siberian stones for crushing nuts of, 245

Cements used in hafting implements, 170, 171; bituminous, in Swiss hafting, 292, 409

Cemetery, Frankish, of Samson, 397

_Cerauniæ_, old German authors concerning, 63; Sotacus on the, 64, 480; Pliny concerning, 65

Cereals, absence of, among cave-dwellers, 657

Ceremonial stone-adze, 167

Chafing-dish of stone, 445

Chalcedonic flint, celts of, 92, 138; Egyptian blades of, 359; serrated arrow-head of, 385

Chalcedony, American lance-head of, 337; Chilian arrow-heads of, 406; gun-flints of, 21; harpoon-points of, in Greenland, 405; implements of, their French provenance, 80; Mexican dagger-blade of, 354; ornamental hammer of, 226; small Indian cores of, 23

Chaldæans, their reverence for the hatchet, 62

Chalk, absorbent nature of, 663; carved cylinders of, 421; cups of, 34; cup-shaped vessels of, 450; districts, implementiferous gravels in, 663; mining in, for flints, 33, 79, 172; solution of, by carbonic-acid-charged water, 477, 557, 675; “subterranean reservoir” in, 664

Chamacocos, socketed axes among the, 157

Champignolles, pit for extraction of flint at, 35

Changes, geological, in cave regions, 521, 525; affecting the River Drift, 662, &c.; coast-line affected by, 695

Chantre, M., 133; on hafting of celts by savages, 164, 244; drift implement found by, in Euphrates valley, 653

Charms, arrow-heads used as, 364–366; hereditary custody of, 469; perforated pebbles as, 231

Charruas, the, lenticular sling-stones used by, 418

Charters-White, Mr., on the attrition of teeth by grit, 253

Chert, balls of, 249; British celt of, 65; cores of, in Welsh caves, 521; Eskimo use of, for arrow-heads, 25; implements of, in Welsh caves, 581; Irish tool of, 175

Chester, the late Rev. Greville J., barrow examined by, 463

Chieftainship, decorative weapons a mark of, 226

Children, quartz pebbles in interments of, 467

Chinese, use of military flail among the, 423

Chipping flints, relation of, to grinding, 85, 86, 290

Chisels, blacksmiths’ present mode of hafting, 168, 233; bone, 177, 433; bronze, in Egyptian gold-mines, 6; of deer’s horn, 434; distribution of, 177; Maori hafting of, 178; and picks, 173–177

Chlorite, whetstone of, 269; slate, plates of, in interment, 398

Chloritic albite, celts of, 109; stone, hatchet and haft made of one piece of, 171

Chronology of Neolithic Period, difficulty of ascertaining, 471; of the River Drift attempted, 705, &c.; of stone implements, purely retrogressive, 473

_Cidares_, fossil, in interments, 469

Cilix, myth of, 313

Circles, concentric, on stones, 463

Circular habitation, stone cup in, 450

Circumcision, use of stone knives in, 9

Cissbury, flint manufactory at, 33; objects found at, 32, 81; Neolithic fauna at, 80; General Pitt Rivers’ explorations at, 78–82

Cists in barrows, objects found in, 248, 330, 453–456, &c.

Civilization of maritime tribes in time of Cæsar, 10; degree of, among the cave-dwellers, 657

_Clach-nathrach_, 437

Clalam Indians, 105, 166

Clan Chattons, stone charm in the possession of the, 469

Claudian, _religiosa silex_ of, 10; flint and steel mentioned by, 16; on the _ceraunia_ of Pyrenean caves, 481

Clavigero on the rate of obsidian working, 24; on metal Mexican axes, 155

Clay, burnt, loom weights of, 443 ironstone, celt of, 120 pipe, implement found in, 602 slate, celts of, 65, 106, 114, 136 valley-forming in, 677 vessels, instruments possibly used in shaping, 266, 432, 434

Climate, zoological evidences as to change of, 584, 699

Clinch, Mr. G., 248; ovate implement found by, 604

Clod-crusher of stone, 239

Cloth, Irish, celt used for giving gloss to, 440

Cloud River Indians, use of bone punch by, 25

Clouston, Mr., drift implements found by, 597

Club, so-called, of hone slate, 118

“Coal money,” 447, 448; traces of lathe on, 465

“Coast finds,” so-called sling-stones in, 419

Coast line, variations in, 617, 695

Cochet, Abbé, on flints in Merovingian interments, 314

Cocks, metallic, pole lathe still used for making, 447, _note_

Codrington, Mr. T., on Southampton drift, 626; on Hampshire deposits, 687, 688; on origin of Solent, 690, 692; his section across Isle of Wight, 693

Coffin of oak in barrow, 185; at Hove, contents of, 449

_Coin de foudre_, 57

Collections of Aymard, M., of Le Puy, 114, 202, 402; Banks, late Rev. S., 103, &c.; Beloe, Mr. E. M., 142; Borgia, 62; Bourgeois, Abbé, 322; Braybrooke, the late Lord, 144, 173; Brent, the late Mr. J., 102, 613, 618, &c.; Brooke, Mr., of Marlborough, 18, 107, 227, &c.; Chaplain Duparc, 43; Christy, _passim_; Cursiter, Mr., of Kirkwall, 124, 171, 190, 221, 224, 252; Clément, Dr., 161; Courvale, M. de, 161; Duke, the late Rev. E., 267; Durden (in Brit. Mus.), 69, 93, 125, 126, 174, 176, 230; Evans, _passim_; Finlay, late Dr., of Athens, 114, 205; Flower, the late J. W., 74, 93, 107, 125, 175, 247–255, 291, 295, 309; Foresi, 367; Greenwell, _passim_; Jewitt, the late Mr. Llewellynn, 198, 202, 352; Klemm, 49, 157, 163, 165, 252, 294; Litchfield, Mr., 326; Lucas, the late Mr. J. F., 96, 107, 136, 343, 352, 463; Meyrick, 195, 351, 423, 575, &c.; Monkman, the late Mr. C., 92, 121, 122, 188, 191, 319, 333, 334, 342; Mortimer, Messrs., of Driffield, _passim_; Neuberg, Baron de, 51; Perthes, Boucher de, 226, 327; Poley, the late Rev. W. Weller, 341; Ransom, Mr. W., 196; Reboux, M., 187; Rivers, General Pitt, 88, 140, 144, 155, 231, 247, 277, 278, 279, 309, 332, 334; Sturge, Dr. Allen, see Greenwell; Warren, the late Mr. Joseph, of Ixworth, 88, 110, 113, 192, 229, 539

Comb-like instruments in Kent’s Cavern, 489, 492

Commerce in amber, 449

Commodus, the Emperor, his skill in archery, 396

Cone of percussion, 273, 274

Congarees, stone implements of the, 241

Continent, British connection with, in Drift Period, 698

Contracted position in interments, 149

Conyers, Mr., “British weapon” found by, 581, 582

Cooking vessels of steatite, 451

Copeland, Colonel A. J., 173; pointed drift implement obtained by, 613

Copiapo, human vertebra, with arrow-head embedded, found near, 406

Copper, bracelet of, 405; needle, 440; smelted, in Kent’s Cavern, 492

Copper mines, American, stone hammers in, 235; of Maghara, 6; objects found in old workings of, 233; Spanish, &c., mauls found in, 234

_Corbicula fluminalis_, former presence of, 578, 584, 586; found above worked flints, 606; found below drift implements, 621

Cores or nuclei, 20, 23, 276; boat-shaped, 27; and flakes, their mutual relation, 31, 272; possibly resulting from tube-boring, 47; flint, used as hammers, 248; occasionally used as sling-stones, 419; palæolithic, from Kent’s Cavern, 503; flakes refitted to, 20, 598, 606; long, their absence from River Drift, 648

_Corisco_, Portuguese name for stone axe, 59

Corn-crushers from Swiss Lake-dwellings and others, 246, 250; -grinding, Irish, 251, 258; -mills, stone spindles for, 242

_Coscinopora globularis_, possible use of, as beads, 657

Cotton, Mr., his gift of flint arrow-heads to Dr. Plot, 362

“Cramp-stones,” ammonites used as, 470

Crannog, possible hatchet-haft found in, 155; ridged hammer stones in, 247; scraper from, 310; polished stone discs in, 440

Craveri, Signor, on Mexican arrow-making, 39

Crawshay, Mr. de B., palæolithic implements found by, 605, 608

Crayford beds, Arctic fauna of, 607

Crescent-like implements, 559, 571

Crinkling of flint dagger-handles, 359

Croll, Mr., as to date of Arctic Period, 705

Cross-bow, use of by Romans, 411

Cross-chipping, practice of, in Scandinavia, 28; shewn by Greek obsidian cores, 28

Crystal, balls of, in Merovingian graves, 470; arrow-heads of, 406; quartz, modern use of as pick, 235; used as drill, 322

_Culter lapideus_, 289

Cuming, Mr. Syer, as to so-called club, 118; on slickstone, 442

_Cuneus fulminis_, 63

Cunnington, Mr. W., barrows examined by, 83, 460; celt belonging to, 91

Cup-shaped marks on stones, 245; vessels of chalk, 450, 451

Cups in interments, of hollow flints, 83; ornamented, 148; earthenware, 149; rude, 266; with pyrites, 313; with jet objects, 352; containing arrow-heads, 399, 432; with gold ornaments, 427; with amber beads, 429; handled, 444, 449; turned in lathe, 446–449; wooden, 448; of amber, 449; of gold, 449

“Curing-stones,” 469

Currier’s tool, perforated stone used as, 442

Carved edge to implements, 576, 624; knives, 355–358; recess in palæolithic flake, 555

Cushing, Mr., arrow-head made by, 39

Custom House rates, “slick-stones” in table of, 441

Cutting powers of flint, 289

Cutting tools of slaty stone, 344; for holding in hand, 247; modern use of, 348

D

Dacotahs, pump-drill used by, 48

D’Acy, M. E., on implements of the French caves, 511

Daggers, bronze, in interments, 185, 193, 194, 208, 211, 212, 214, 268, 269, 331, 398, 448; with gold on handle, 227; fluted, 331

flint, in interments, 208, 313, 353, &c.; for holding in hand, 348; leaf-shaped, 352; leaf-shaped, unknown in Ireland, 353; notched, 353; square-handled, 353; Egyptian and Danish, with crinkled handles, 359; handles of, used for re-chipping, 414

bone, 431

Dagger-knives, bronze, in interments, 265, 309, 313; flint, 208, 313; highly worked Danish, 413, 414

Damour, M. A., on materials of celts, 66

Dana on the malleability of meteoric iron, 5

Danish flint daggers, ornamentation of, 42; perforated celts, 114; celts of great size, 118; tumuli, iron found in, 144; handled scrapers, 308; graves, needles in, 433

Darbishire, Mr. R. D., finds of celts, 84, 152, 236

Darwin, Mr. W. E., 624

Daubrée and Roulin, M.M., on Mexican razors, 290

David, possible nature of his sling, 417

Dawkins, Prof. Boyd, on flints upon Roman sites, 283; on the fauna of British caves, 485; on human skull in Cheddar cave, 486; on condition of bones from cave-earth, 508; on Brixham cave, 512; on Welsh caves, 521; on Crayford beds, 607; ovate implement found by, 611; on possible glaciation of N. Britain in Mammoth period, 697; on the extinction of some Post-Glacial animals, 704

Dawson, Mr. W. C., on a supposed hafted celt, 153

_Débâcle_, results of, on the Rhine, 672

De Bonstetten, 287, 470

Decorations, personal, 452–472

Deer, representations of on stag’s horn adze, 434, 435

Deer’s horn, see Stag’s horn.

Deluge, stone implements taken as evidence of, 526

Dendritic-markings on implements, 558; as testimony to authenticity of implements, 659; to what cause due, 660

Denmark, approximate dates of Periods in, 2, 23; bracers in, 430; cores of boat-shaped form from, 27; square-sided hatchets from, 32; grinding stones, 43; mode of testing thunderbolts in, 57; general use of flint for celts in, 85; comparative rarity of arrow-heads in, 404

Denudation, opening of caves by, 478; of the Fen country, 680, 681; of Hampshire gravels, 688

Deposits, implementiferous, due to river action, 696; marine, in Fen gravels, 681, 686; ossiferous, in caves, 478; in valleys, varying with the elevation, 699, 701

Depressions for holding, worked in cutting tool, 344

Desor, Professor, on method of boring stone, 51; referred to, 159, 161, 310

Detritus, amount of, brought down by rivers, 667, 705

Deventer, modern use of stone axe at, 157

Devonian limestone, caverns in, 491, 512

Dickinson, the late Mrs., on collective burial of celts, 75; her collection referred to, 93, 465

Diodorus Siculus on the use of stone in embalming, 8; on the implements of the Ichthyophagi, 288

Diorite, axe-hammer of, 205; axe-head of, 213; bastard-gouge of, 182; polished celt of, 107; ring of, 465

Discs, imperforate, 440 perforate, of dolerite, 230; as fly-wheels of drilling-sticks, 231; of jet, 455; ovoid, in Kent’s Cavern, 493; possible uses of, 244, 439; quoit-like, 440; sharp-rimmed, 216

Discoidal implements possibly used as missiles, 648

Discoloration of flints, evidence afforded by, 659, 660, 661

Dish with lid, 451

Dishes, stone, 440; with handles, 451

Distaff and spindle, recent use of, 436, 437

Divining, grooved stone used in, 470

Dog, bones of in cist, 426; first appearance of, in Neolithic times, 486

Dolmens of Brittany, arrow-heads in, 385, 400; axe-hammer in, 212; carved illustration of celt in, 153; jadeite celts in, 109; chisel-ended implement from, 395; long whetstone from, 268; pyrites and flint in, 318

of other parts of France, lance-heads from, 352, 354; polished chisel from, 176; stag’s horn sockets from, 160; worked flakes, 327; Danish, stone bracer in, 430; Spanish, arrow-heads in, 430

Dolomieu, on French gun-flint making, 18; his estimate of work of _Caillouteur_, 21

Dolomitic conglomerate, cave in, 517

Domestic use, instruments for, 436, 599

_Donderbeitels_ and _Donnerstein_, 58, 63

Dordogne caves, objects from, 262, 292, 296, 312, 329; nature of, 476; deposits in, 478, 480

Doughty, Mr. Charles M., his finds at Hoxne, 376

Douglas, Mr., suggestion as to celt in interment, 145

Downes, Mr. W., chert implement found by, 639

Drainage area of ancient Solent River, 691, 692

Drift-stages of the Darent Valley, 690

Drill, antiquity of use of, 48; hollow, probable use of in America, 50

Drilling by flint-flakes, 321; by quartz crystals, 322

“Drinking cups.” See Cups.

“Druidical circle,” 149; objects found in, 197

_Druten-stein_, as charm against witches, 469

Dubois, Dr., his _Pithecanthropus_, 703

Dugdale, Sir William, on stone celts, 3

“Dug-out” canoes hollowed by stag’s horn chisels, 434

Dunn, Mr. E. J., African drift-implement found by, 653

Dupont, Dr. E., on a worn nodule of pyrites, 318; his investigation of Belgian caves, 481; his classification of cave deposits, 482

D’Urban, the late Mr. W. S. M., on the ballast pit at Broom, 639

E

Ear-rings, bronze, in interment, 207

Earthenware, cup of, in interment, 149; spindle whorls of, 439

East Anglia, relations of palæolithic deposits in, 577

_Eben_, double meaning of, 443

_Echini_, fossil, in interments, 468, 469

Edkins, Mr. Joseph, on stone hatchets in China, 114

Eggs of wild goose, portions of in Fisherton beds, 631

Egypt, boring by tubes in, 51; drill and bow used in, 48; early use of sling in, 417; evidence as to date of iron in, 6; flakes from, replaced on each other, 20; meteoric origin of iron used in, 5

Egyptian arrows, chisel-shaped, 368, 395, 409; blades, leaf-shaped, 8, 354; flint flakes, 287; knives, leaf-shaped, 8; knives of polished stone, 6, 348; knives, ripple-marked, 359; mode of mounting adzes and hatchets, 167, 169; notched hammer, 169; sickle, mounting of flakes in, 297, 358; soldiers, carved wooden, 360; wrist-guards, 430

Elagabalus, the Syrian god, 10

Elephant-bed at Brighton, 622

Elf-arrows, 302–366; -bolts, 387; probable interment of as charms, 397; -darts, mounted as amulets, 365; -shot, arrow-heads as protection against, 365

Elissa, bronze sickle of, 5

Embalming, use of stone implement in, 8

Emery-powder, alleged use of in drilling _meres_, 52

Encampments, ancient, presence of flakes in, 280, 281

Engelhardt, M. C., his method of preserving wood, 152

Engelhardt, M., on the formation of ground-ice, 671

Engravings on bone by cave-dwellers, 484, 523, 657

Enniskillen, late Earl of, on Irish gun-flints, 397

“Eolithic,” use of term deprecated, 702

Erosion of valleys, 665–671; chronological data from, 707

Eskimos, their arrow-flakers, 25, 37, 412, 414; ball-weapon, 219; bone harpoons, 394, 505; bone tool for straightening arrow-shafts, 410; flail stone, 219; “flensing knife,” 292; hammer of jade or nephrite, 25; iron knife of, 293; meteoric iron used by, 5; mode of hafting knives, 347; pyrites, their use of for producing fire, 15, 317; steatite cooking vessel, 451; stone scrapers, 39, 208, 299, 344; stone scrapers used as planes, 299; weighted throw-strings, 422; whetstones for bone implements, 268; wrist-guard, 430

Etruscan necklaces, arrow-heads as charms in, 65, 366; tombs, gold wreaths for, 84

Euphotide or Gabbro, hatchet chipped of, 36

Europe, early use of the bow in, 360

Evans, Mr. Arthur John, implement found by, 72; Dr. Philip Norman, drift implements found by, 518, 617, 635, 636

Evolution of arrow-heads, 369

Experiments on arrow-flaking by pressure, 39; on arrow-shaft forming, 320, 408; on fashioning a hatchet, 36; on drilling bone, 321, 322; on drilling stone, 48, 50; on sawing stone, 45; on tree-cutting, 69, 162; on the wearing of flint flakes, 504; on woodcutting, 297

External flakes defined, 641

F

Fabricators and flaking-tools, 412–416; dagger-hilts used as, 413, 414

Faces of celts, definition of, 66

Fairy darts, effect of on cattle, 365, 366; mill-stones, 437

Falconer, the late Dr. Hugh, on the “bulb of percussion,” 274; his work at Brixham cave, 512; on tooth found at Wookey, 520; on worked flints at Abbeville, 527

Fauna, climatal changes shown by, 486, 584, 631, 689; mammalian, altered by man, 482; Brixham, 513; of the caves, 479, 483–486; Creswell, 524; French, 510; Happaway, 517; Kent’s Cavern, 507, 508; Long Hole, Gower, 520; Palæolithic and Neolithic compared, 485; Tor Bryan, 517; Welsh, 521; Wookey hyæna den, 519; of the River drift near Aylesford, 611; Bury St. Edmunds, 542, 543; changes of, between Drift and Surface Periods, 704; Fisherton beds, 631; French, 528; Hitchin brick-earth, 537; Lark valley, 543, 550; Little Ouse valley, 551, 556, 561, 569; northern character of in high level gravels, 699; Ouse gravels, 533–538; Spanish, 529; Thames valley, 586, 591; molluscan, at Bury St. Edmunds, 540; of Cam, 539; characteristic of brackish water, in Stour valley, 621; of Fisherton beds, 631; of Hitchin brick-earth, 536; at Hoxne, 575; of Little Ouse valley, 551; marine, in Fen gravels, 681; of Milford Hill, 632; of Ouse gravel, 531–3; at Stutton, 578; in Thames valley, 584, 585

Feathering of arrow-shafts, 410

Felsite, hammer-head of, 230; ovate implement of, 591

Felstone, implements of, 66, 96, 116, 119, 124, 135, 521, 566; spherulitic, celt of, 124

Fenni, use of bone arrow-heads among the, 361

Fens, denudation of the, 680, 681

Fergusson, Mr. James, on the three Periods of antiquities, 3; on changes in the Ganges delta, 667

Fern roots used as food by the Ahts, 250

Fibrolite, traces of sawing on French hatchets of, 43; Spanish celt of, 44; hatchet, 144; stone resembling, celt of, 188

_Fibula_, pins and skewers made from the, 431

Fibula, Roman, found with celt in Saxon grave, 144

“Finger flints,” 416; -ring, spiral, of bronze, 398

Fire-arms, flints used for, 17

“Fire-drill,” widespread use of, 48

Fire, early use of flints for procuring, 15; early modes of producing, 312, 313; use of pyrites in producing, 15, 315; traces of, on bones in caves, 510

Fish, scales of, in river drift, 540, 541

Fisher, Rev. Osmond, 538; on successive Palæolithic Periods, 568

Fishing, mode of twisting lines for, 437

Fishing-hooks of combined flint and bone, 294

Fishing Indians, use of sink-stones by, 236

Flail, military, its nature, 423

“Flail-stones,” 218, 230; possibly whetstones, 269

Flakes, bevel-edged, 546, 559; as borers, 321; broad, 701; circular, 341; in caves, 492, &c.; classification of Neolithic, 275; of Palæolithic, 641; effects of different uses on, 289; external, 275, 641; as fish-hooks, 294; flat, 276, 642; hafted, 228, 229, 292, 293, 327; in interments, 279, &c.; leaf-shaped, 326, &c.; long, 28, 35, 641, 642; manufacture, &c., of, 22, 35, 83, 606; manufacture of for gun-flints, 19, 20; minute, 325; modes of fracture of, 272; notched by use, 642; on Palæolithic floor, 586, 598, 606; polygonal, 276, 642, 643; rarely ground at edge, 290; relation of cores to, 20, 31, 272; replacement of, on cores, by Mr. Archer, 20; by Mr. W. Smith, 20, 586, 598, 599; by Mr. Spurrell, 20, 606; ridged, 275, 641; in River Gravels, 536, 546, 555, 586, &c.; on Roman sites, 283; row of, mounted as knives, &c., 293; row of, as armature of sickles, 297; sawing by means of, 45; as scrapers, 298, 312; serrated, 294–297; side scrapers, 548, 643; square-ended, 597; of Surface Period compared with Palæolithic, 642; Swiss, mounted, 292; tools employed for making, 24, 25; triangular, 340, 343; trimmed, 326, &c., 642; wide range of, 283, 288

Flaking tools, 24, 412; probable uses of, 413; dagger-hilts used as, 414

Flax, possible use of stone bats in preparing, 257; early use of, for weaving, 436

“Flensing-knife,” Eskimo, 292; Shetland blades resembling, 347

“Flint Chips” referred to, 234

Flint Jack, arrow-heads made by, 42, 659

Flint-knapping, 17–22

Flint, alteration in structure of, 494, 489, 497, 498; ancient workshops of, 22, 606; as article of barter, 35, 80; brittle condition of, 558; cutting powers of, 281, 282; difficulty of perforating, 223, 224; durability of, 655; experiments in shaping, 30, 41; flakes and cores of, 20, 31, 272, 279; grinding of, 43; hardened by exposure, 18, 32, 33; importation of, 281; minute tools of, 325; modern ceremonial use of, 9; necessity of, in savage life, 282; ochreous, 536, 553, 597, 602; pits for extraction of, 33, 35, 78, 79; prismatic splitting of, 88; processes for grinding, 43; result of abundance of, in chalk districts, 677; scarcity of in Northern Britain, 580; softening of in red brick-earth, 596; and steel, early use of, 16, 271, 282; and steel, meaning of, in interments, 283; tools for working, 41; use of, with pyrites, 16, 313, 319; whitening of, 494, 498, 499, 545, 549, 596, 611, 619; whitening, cause of, 497; worn by use, 311, 312, 414, 416

Flints, accidentally fractured, M. Hardy on, 658; heaps of, on Palæolithic floor, 598

Flood deposits, varying nature of, 668, 669; their removal by subsequent floods, 670

Floods, their action in valley-erosion, 666, 706; as caused by ground-ice, 671

“Floor-stone,” gun flints made from, 33

Flora, temperate, below brick-earth, 537; recent, in Oxford peat, 593; of various climates at Hoxne, 577, 697

Flower, the late Mr. J. W., on East Anglian flint implements, 551, 556; on section at Bromehill, 681; on French and English palæolithic implements, 650; on Drift-beds of the Fens, 681; on the Drift-beds of Brandon, 683

Fluting on arrow-heads, 392; on axe-hammer, 203; on Danish dagger-hilts, 42, 393; on Egyptian blades, 359; probably effected by pressure, 42, 393

Fluviatile origin of implementiferous beds, 688

Folklore Society referred to as to fairy darts, 365

“Food-vessels” in interments, 224, 462

Fooks, Mr. C. C. S., implement found by, 606

Forbes, the late Mr. David, Bolivian implements described by, 169, 232, 239

Forel, Dr. F. A., his experiment in stone-working, 36

“Forest Bed,” Norfolk, supposed worked flints from, 572

Forest, submerged, at Bournemouth, 695

Forgeries of arrow-heads, 42; of Palæolithic implements, 658, 659

“Fort,” cup found in, 444

Fossils, ascription of, to diabolical agency, 363; use of, as ornaments, 470, 657; in interments, 466, 469

Foster, Dr. C. Le Neve, drift implement found by, 610

Fox, Rev. W., as to origin of Solent Sea, 690

Fracture of flint, natural and artificial compared, 273

Fragments of implements, use of, 223, 242, 339

Frankish Cemeteries, objects found in, 283, 307

Frankland, Prof., on climatal conditions of glacier formation, 698

Franks, Sir A. Wollaston, on an abraded pyrites nodule, 318; on hafting of American flint blades, 349; on perforated discs, 439; on present use of stone vessels, 450

French, Mr. J., drift implements found by, 578

Frere, Mr. John, his discoveries at Hoxne, 573, 576

Friction, polish of stone saw by, 295

Frost, disintegrating effect of, 672

Fuegians, their arrow chipping, 39, 406; their use of arrow-heads as knives, 334; their mode of fire-producing, 15, 317; their mode of using scrapers, 299

Fungus, its use as tinder, 16, 317

_Fustibalus_, Roman use of the, 418

Future existence, belief in, implied by objects in interments, 84, 283

G

Gabbro, tools for flint-working made of, 22

Gaillard, M. F., Breton finds of pyrites and flint by, 318

Gallas, form of scraper among the, 299

Games, possible use of stone balls in, 244, 245

Ganges, estimate of detritus carried by, 667

Gastaldi, Prof., on arrow-head superstitions, 367; engravings by, 120, 200, 333, 337

Gatty, Rev. Reginald A., on minute flint tools, 325

Gaudry, M., sections of San Isidro valley by, 529

Gaul, Celtic, importation of amber from, 449

Gaulish coins, stone hatchet found with, 144

Gautier de Bibelesworth quoted as to slickstones, 441

Gaviller, Mr. G. H., oval implement found by, 584

Gay, the late Mr., 178

Geikie, Sir Archibald, on lowering of river-basins, 668; on chronology of valley erosion, 705, 706

Gems on hilt of Mexican chalcedony blade, 355

Geological data as to antiquity of man in Britain, 704, &c.

George, Mr. T., his find at Elton, 573

Georgius Agricola on thunderbolts, 64

Germany, superstitions in, regarding celts, 57, 58

Gesenius, his mention of stone knives in Palestine, 9

Gibb, Dr. G. D., drift implement found by, 617

Gibraltar, objects found in caves of, 177, 182, 252, 287, 428, 433

Gimawong, sacrificial use of stone in honour of, 10

Glacial deposit, celt found in gravel of, 136; deposit in Little Ouse valley, 682; Period, flint-bearing deposits subsequent to, 697; Period, attempt to date astronomically, 705; Periods, their relation to Palæolithic periods, 568

Glaciers, heat action indicated by, 698

Gladstone, Dr. J. H., broad flake found by, 606

_Glandes_, the Roman sling-stones, 418

Glass beads in barrows, 437, 456; modern ceremonial use of flakes of, 9; “slickstones” of, 441, 442

Glossiness of surface of palæolithic implements, 659; to what cause due, 660

_Glossopetra_, Pliny’s account of the, 363

Glovemakers, recent use of stone nodules by, 416

Godwin-Austen, Mr. R. A. C., his exploration of Kent’s Cavern, 489; on gravels of Wey valley, 594; on origin of Bournemouth gravels, 694; on former temperature of English Channel, 701

Gneiss, hammers of, 221, 223, 224

Gnostic inscriptions, Egyptian celt bearing, 60, 61

Goat’s horn, use of, by Mexicans in arrow making, 39

Gog and Magog, their military flail, 423

Gold, armilla of, 460; box-like objects of, 460; circular ornaments of, 427; cup of, in barrow, 449; engraved haft of, with Egyptian blade, 359; on handle of bronze dagger, 227; perforated studs covered with, 456; plates of, in barrow, 227, 428

Gold mines of Egypt, bronze chisels in, 6

Gooch, Mr. W. D., on African palæolithic implements, 653

Goose, wild, remains of in Fisherton drift beds, 631

Gordon, Robert, of Straloch, on elf-darts, 364

Gouges, abundance of, in Scandinavia, 178; bronze mould for, 269; Irish, 181; rare in Britain, 178

Granite, ball of, in Kent’s Cavern, 503; blocks of, used as anvils, 245; celt of, 108; hammer stone of, in Kent’s Cavern, 503; hand-mills of, in recent use, 253; ironing stones of, 443; perforated axes of, 195, 198; polished hammer of, 222; saddle-quern of, 252; wedge-shaped blades of, 97; water-worn fragments of, in Bournemouth gravels, 694

Grass, asserted hafting of implement with, 645

Grass-tree, Australian use of gum from the, 170

_Grattoirs_, 298

_Grattoir-bec_, 305

Gravel, pipes of in chalk, 551; bones of animals smaller than man not found in, 656

Gravel Hill, Brandon, 562–567

Gravels, French, 526–8, 698; Spanish, &c., 529; English, 530 _et seq._; deposited, transported, and re-laid, 670, 693, 700; nature of, governed by local causes, 678; see “Sections”; relations of to Boulder Clay, 577, 685, 697

Graves, Rev. J., on recent use of a quern, 258

Greece and Italy, precedence of bronze to iron in, 6; obsidian cores from, 28; stone implements as thunderbolts in, 59

Greek language, priority of bronze and iron shown by, 5; inscription on celt, 61, 62

Greeks, their reverence for the hatchet, 62; use of sling bullets among the, 418

Greenhill, Mr. J. E., on the London gravels, 586

Greenland, fish-hook in grave in, 294; harpoon points of chalcedony in, 405

Greenough map, the, referred to, 683

Greenstone celt, sawing of, with flint flake, 45

Greenwell, Canon, his explorations at Grime’s Graves, 33, 40; of barrows, _passim_

Gregory, Mr. A. G., on stone-working in Australia, 26

Grew, Dr. Nehemiah, on “the flat Bolthead,” 364

Grewingk, Herr, on stone-boring tools, 47

Griffiths, Rev. Dr., ovate implements found by, 601

Grime’s Graves, explorations by Canon Greenwell at, 33, 40

Grinding implements, absence of, in palæolithic times, 649; corn, mediæval litigation as to, 25; corn in Ireland, 251; maize, Kaffir mill for, 250

Grinding stones and whetstones, 261–271; in interments, 83, 84; fixed, not revolving, 43, 261; Scandinavian, 43, 261

Grit, from mill-stones, teeth worn by, 253

Grooved hammers, 233–236; sharpening stone from La Madelaine, 484

Grooves worked on axes, 168, 169, 211, 212; for hafting, on hammer stones, 233; on rocks, due to sharpening tools, 262; pebbles with, 271

Grottoes, funereal, 160

Ground-ice, formation of, 671

Guanches, obsidian knives used by the, 8

Guernsey, manufactory of arrow-heads in, 401

Gum, Australian implements hafted with, 97,137

Gun-flints, present manufacture of, 14, 18

Gutsmuths on ancient stone-boring, 49

Gutteridge, Mr. William, drift implement found by, 598

H

Habits of Palæolithic Period, 656–658

_Hâches à bouton_ and _à tête_, 135

Hacket, Mr., Indian quartzite implement found by, 651

Hacquet, M., on the manufacture of gun-flints, 18, 21

Hæmatite, celts made of, 127; hammer of, 219; scraped, for personal decoration, 248, 263, 264, 312, 484; sling bullets of, 418

Haft of celt, carved, 152; of Mexican blade, jewelled, 355

Hafts, club-like, 155; forked, for hatchets, 163, 164

Hafted celts, discoveries of, 151–155

Hafting, Carib method of, 155; contrivances for assisting, 141, 151–172; of daggers by split wood, 349; of flakes, 288, 289, 292, 293, 502; by flexible wooden binding, 167; of flint blade by moss, 349; of hammers with small perforations, 217; of Maori chisels, 178; by means of growing wood, 155, 218; of spear-heads, 350, 351

_Hakke_, or hoes, 191

Halberd, meaning of, 146

Halliwell, Mr., on the Stone axe, 146

Hallstatt, objects from, 460, 464, 465; ornaments from, 84; perforated whetstones, 269; transitional period of cemetery of, 7

Hamard, Abbé, his researches at Hermes, 314

Hammers, barrel-shaped, 224; boulders used as, 234; broken celt converted into, 242; for chipping flints, 248–258; conical, 223; cylindrical, 224; with depressions of faces, 239, 240; egg-shaped, 224, 225; Eskimo, 25; grooved, 233–236; from Kent’s Cavern, 503; ornamented, 226; horn, in contracted interment, 434; ovoid pebbles perforated for, 228; of peculiar forms, 219; perforated, 217–232; possible use of, as weapons, 220, 221; Purgatory, 183; of stag’s horn, 35, 41, 434; stone, still used in Iceland, 11

Hammer-stones, in barrows, 235, &c.; of bronze, 246; cavities worked in, 238; definition of, 238; with depressions of faces, 240–246; discoidal, 249; flint, at Cissbury, 32; grooved for hafting, 233; made from cores, 248; North American, 241; palæolithic, 536; on Palæolithic floor, 606; perforated, abundance of in Ireland, 232; polished by use, 248; ridges on, 246

Hand, implements adapted for holding in the, 136, 140, 151, 358, 552, 557, 645

Hand-hatchets, 137

Hand-mills of stone, recent use of, 253; with rotatory upper stone, 258

Handle, jewelled, of Mexican blade, 355; skin, of flint flake, 293; of turned stone cups, how left, 446, 447; wooden, of celts, 119, 152; wooden, of celts, rare in Britain, 151; wooden, of stag’s horn axe, 434

Handled celt, representation of in dolmen, 153

“Handled wedges,” 205

Hardening of flints by exposure, 32

Hardy, M. Michel, on accidentally fractured flints, 658

Harland, Mr. H. S., grinding tools found by, 266

Harpoon-heads, of horn or bone, in French caves, 484; of horn in Kent’s Cavern, 504; Eskimo, single barbed, 394; perforated, 410; of quartz in S. America, 407

Harrison, Mr. Benjamin, as to drift caps on chalk downs, 608; implements found and given by, 92, 174, 198, 604, 611

Hastings, stone missiles probably used at Battle of, 147

Hatchets, Australian, fitted with handles, 70; bronze, Egyptian, 169; butt-end roughened for socketing, 46; of Danish type, 68, 69; hafting of, 151, 161; oblique-bladed, 152; of one piece with handle, 171; sacred importance of, with Greeks, 62; stone, form of, affected by bronze influences, 75; stone, method of forming, 31; with loop for suspension, 171; with semicircular cutting edge, 136; worn, re-chipping of, 102; nuclei made into, at Spiennes, 35

Hawk, skull of, in interment, 429

Hawkins, Mr. C. E., drift implement found by, 612

Haynes, Prof., Egyptian implements found by, 652

Heaps of flints prepared for slingers, 419

Heathery Burn Cave, bronze and bone objects in, 432

_Hellebarde_, etymology of, 146

Helwing on the true nature of celts, 63

Hemp, absent from Lake Dwellings, 436; possible use of stone bats in preparing, 257

Hernandez, his account of obsidian-working, 24

Herodotus on the ritual use of stone, 8; on the arrows used by the army of Xerxes, 368; on the featherless arrows of the Lycians, 410

Hesiod, his mention of the early use of bronze, 4; as to the feathering of the arrows of Hercules, 410

Hickes, Dr., on the shooting of elf-arrows, 366

Hicks, Dr. H., on date of Welsh caves, 521

Hides, importance of, in savage life, 311; present use of stone scrapers in preparing 36, 299; stone implements possibly hafted by, 217, 235; stones used for smoothing, 442; wear of implements by scraping, 332; wet, assagai-beads bound on by, 410

Hildebrand and Hadubrand, song of, 146

Hill-forts, querns found in, 259

Hilton, Mr. R., 94, 341; drift implements found by, 622

Hilts of flint daggers, their probable use as flaking tools, 413

Hindoos, pebble superstition among, 568

Hippopotamus, its evidence as to former volume of English rivers, 699, 700

Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, examination of barrows by, 143, 148, 210, 211, 227, 244, 260, 280, 291, 308, 314, 352; on pebbles in tumuli, 443; on whetstones, 268

Hoe, use of stone implements as, 71, 191; of stag’s horn with handle attached, 434

Hoe-like implements in Mexico, 216

Holes through stones, natural, utilization of, 225, 226

Hollow scrapers, 319, 320

Hollowing canoes, stone gouges for, 178; wapiti horn used for, 434

Holmes, Mr. W. H., on a chert quarry in Missouri, 80

Homer, mention of bronze arms in, 4, 368

Hones, 268, 269; burial of, 208

Hone-stone, celts of, 96, 105, 106, 117, 120, 121; green, hollow adze of, 180

Hornblendes, various, implements of, 125, 128, 206, 224, 230

Horse, representation of, on bone, 523

Horse trappings, late Celtic, pebbles found with, 442

Houghton, Mr. W. H., drift implement found by, 572

Hove, amber cup found at, 449

Hoxne, brick-field at, 574; climatal changes shown by, 697; implements found at, 374

Hughes, Prof. T. McK., cave researches by, 521; drift implements found by, 539, 611; on production of flint flakes, 272

Human race, evidence for antiquity of, 658, &c.; palæolithic evidence for unity of, 654; probable origin in favourable climate, 703

Human remains in palæolithic caves, 487, 517; in gravel pit, 542; in Thames gravel, doubtful evidence of, 607; causes of their rarity, 656, 669, 702; in Seine valley, 703

Huntley, the late Dowager Marchioness, implements found by, 573

Hurons, asserted methods of hafting among, 155, 218

Hut-circles, hammer-stones found in, 234; discoidal stones in, 244; saddle-quern in, 251; scraper in, 309; spindle whorls in, 438; whetstones in, 270; worn pebbles in, 248

Hyænas, alternate occupation of caves by man and, 519; absent from Kent’s Cavern, 508

_Hydrobia marginata_, former presence of, in England, 531, 533, 539, 584, 586

I

Ice, possible action of, in Darent gravel-bed, 610; transporting power of, 671, 672

Ice-chisels, possible use of early implements as, 645, 654

Iceland, stone hammers in use in, 11

Ichthyophagi, the, Diodorus on their use of stone, 288

Icklingham, gun-flint factory formerly at, 14

“Imp-stones,” 437

Implements, palæolithic, chronology of, retrogressive, 473; from caves and drift compared, 474; large, rarity of in caves, 475; with extinct fauna, 481–486, 490, &c., 513, 620, 701; of caves, classification of, 483, 484; joined up, 20, 514, 586; British area of, 524, 580; of the River Drifts, 526 _et seq._; of materials other than flint, 565, &c.; below the Palæolithic floor, 586, 591; first discovery of in quaternary beds, 581; beneath mammoth remains, 630; classification of, 640, 648; compared with neolithic, 648–650, 657; from Asia and Africa, 650; forms of, almond-shaped, 529, 540, 557, 647; bevel-edged, 546, 559; broad and short, 594; circular, 559, 608; crescent-like, 559, 571, 647; discoidal, 648; flat-faced, 645; kite-shaped, 492, 542, 593, 644; lanceolate, 554; large and heavy, 532, 569, 613; lozenge-shaped, 647; oblique-edged, 567, 568; oval, 589, 625, 604, 629; ovate, 515, &c., 593, &c., 602, 618; ovoid, 492, 493; perch-backed, 646, 647; pointed, 557, 563, 603, 613, 644, &c.; scraper-shaped, 500, 632; sharp-rimmed, 642, 647, 701; shoe-shaped, 537, 554, 593, 645; tongue-shaped, 539, 572, 644, 649; triangular, 492; wedge-shaped, 529

Incantations regarding stones, 469

“Incense-cup” in barrow, 211

Incisions on bone objects, 523, 656

India, small chalcedony cores in, 23; superstitious reverence for jade in, 60; celts in, 88, 89; ivory wrist-guard used in, 430

Indians, North American, arrows, 370; Californian, arrow-chipping by, 39; Californian, obsidian worked by, 27; Cloud River, arrow-chipping by, 39; of Ecuador, axe-mounting among, 170; flaking tools of, 24; fleshing instruments, 126; hatchets, 97; hatchets, mounting of, 168; holes drilled by, 50, 52; lozenge-shaped lance-heads, 372; pyrites used among, for fire-producing, 317; quoits, 440; Snake River, obsidian-working by, 40; tomahawks made by, 52

Indra, hammer as attribute of, 62

Indus, large nuclei from banks of, 23

Ingram, the Rev. Canon, as to bracers, 429

Interments, stone and bronze found together in, 123, 143, &c.; primary and secondary, mixing of, 210, 211; Saxon, with quern, 259; late presence of flint in, 282; objects accompanying, _passim_; burnt, objects found with, 96, 105, 186, 194, 197, 210, 253, 291, 330, 377, 398, &c.; contracted, cause of position, 149; objects found in, 230, 280, 371, 385, 429, &c.

Intrenchments, old, relation of sling-stones to, 419

Ireland, abundance of flint arrow-heads in, 399, 408; arrow-heads relatively larger in, 400; blades of slaty stone in, 353; flint celts rare in, 84, 133; late use of stone implements in, 11; recent use of stone anvils in, 232; superstitions in, concerning celts, 57

Iron Age, Bronze Age succeeded by, 5; grooved stones with objects of the, 271; axe-head in barrow, 463; axes, French, resembling stone types, 205; blades, Eskimo, skin-hafted, 293; late use of, in Egypt, 6; date of discovery as given by Arundelian marbles, 4; early use of, in Britain, 10; infrequent mention of by Homer, 4; knife, 487; meteoric, probably first used, 5; -mould, staining of scrapers by, 315; objects of, in interments, 210, 394, 397, 438, 455; ore in barrow, 263, 313, 338; Period, Early, “strike-a-light” stones of the, 241; pick-axe in old workings of lead mine, 234; used for pins of querns, 259

Ironing stones of granite, 443

Iron-stone, Sussex, celt of, 84; axe-head of, 186; cave implement of, 522

Iroquois, the use of pump drill by, 48; sword of, 294

Isle of Wight, severance of, from mainland, 690; former extent of, 693

Italy, arrow-head superstitions in, 367; iron preceded by bronze in, 5; ridged flake in, 327; stone “thunderbolts” in, 59

Ivory, articles of, at Paviland, 487; carved bracers of, 430; fossil, used by Eskimos for arrow-flaking, 37; fossil, Eskimo scraper hafted in, 298; fossil, present use of, in Siberia, 488; plates of, in necklaces, 457; rod of, in Brixham cave, 516; spindle-whorls of, 439; used for shafting arrows of Bushmen, 410

J

Jacquard, M. Ed., on “Céraunies,” 57

Jade, adzes, New Zealand, 166, 167; boring of, in New Zealand, 46; celts of, 109, 114; discs of, 216; Eskimo hammer of, 25; found in Europe, 110; Maori chisels of, 178; sawing of, 45; wooden-hafted blade of, 299

Jade-like stone, French chisel of, 176

Jadeite, celt of, worn as charm, 57; celts of, 58, 107, 129; celts of, in Brittany dolmens, 109

Japan, European appearance of arrow-heads from, 405; stone axes considered as thunderbolts in, 59; stone blades from, 355

Jasper, flakes, cutting power of, 6; hammer-head of, 229; pendants of, 465; scraper of, 310; Spanish flake of, 287

Java, stone axes in, 59

Javelins and arrow-heads, 360–411; distinction between, 370

Javelin-heads in interments, 371, 455; Australian mode of shafting, 288; Irish, with polished faces, 372; Italian, 333; present use of flakes as, 288; stemmed, 379

Jaw-bone of animal, implement formed from, 434

Jaw, human, from Moulin-Quignon, 703

Jeffreys, the late Mr. J. Gwyn, 345

Jet, armlets of, 464; beads, 309; beads, oblong, 149; buttons, 265, 398, 453; cone of, 308, 352; necklaces of, 456–463; ornaments of, 332, 385, 394; rings, 265, 426; rings associated with studs, 266, 454; Solinus on the properties of, 464

Jewitt, the late Mr. Llewellynn, on elf-arrows, 366

Jews, modern, ceremonial use of flint by, 9; their use of stone-struck fire, 16

Jones, Prof. Rupert, on the London gravels, 586

Joshua, his ceremonial use of stone knives, 9; discovery of flint flakes in tomb of, 9

Judd, Prof. J. W., drift implement found by, 611

K

Kaffirs, their present use of stone implements, 11; their present use of bed-stone and rolling pin, 250; their mode of shafting assagais, 410

Kahun, manufacture of stone implements at, 45

Keller, Dr., on the tools of Moosseedorf, 22; on sawing stone implements, 44; on tube-boring, 49, 50; referred to, 159, 162, 242, 310, 323; on weights for weaving, 443

Kemble, Mr., on stones in Teutonic tombs, 468

Kennett, Bishop, quoted as to slickstones, 441

Kentmann, thunderbolts described by, 63, 64

Kent’s Cavern, Torquay, awl of bone from, 506; bone, objects of, 504–506; bones, mineral condition of, 508; bronze objects in upper layer, 492; charcoal in, 492, 511; co-existence of man with extinct animals in, 510; cores and hammers from, 503; correlation of, with foreign caves, 511; deposits of, 491; examinations of, 488–491; fauna of, neolithic, 508; fauna of, palæolithic, 507; flakes from, 498, &c.; flint implements from, 492–503; harpoons, 504; human remains, 492; implements below the stalagmite, 489; implements, neolithic, from upper layers, 492; needle of bone, 321, 506; pin, 506; sabre-toothed tiger, 508; scrapers, 500, 502; whetstone, 504

Kerr, Mr. Richard, ovate implement found by, 621

Kilkenny, modern use of quern in, 258

Kimmeridge coal, beads of, 309; buttons of, 455; “coal money,” how made, 465; shale, bead of, 463; shale, ring of, 456; shale, saucer of, 445; shale, waste pieces of from lathe, 447, 465

King, Mr. C. W., on an engraved Egyptian celt, 60

Kintore, Earl of, battle-axe presented to Edinburgh Museum by, 197

Kioway Indians, stone hammer used by, 235

Kirchner on stone-boring, 51

Kirwan, Rev. R., on a worn perforated pebble, 225; on turned stone cups, 445, 447, 448

Kist-vaen, vessels found in, 450

Kite-shaped palæolithic implements, 542, 592, 644

Kjökken-möddings, Danish, axes of the, 68; flakes in, 280, 286; hatchets from, 32; motive for their position, 479; post-Roman, hammer-stones in, 247; scrapers, 310; serrated flints in, 296; sling-stones in, 419

Klah-o-quat Indians, their wapiti-horn chisels, 434

Klebs, Dr. R., on amber ornaments of Stone Age, 450

Knife Gallery, Brixham, 514

Knife-shaped implements, 535, 646

Knives, blunted at one edge, 335, 336; bronze, 5; chipped, not ground, 356; circular, 341, 342; curved, 355–358; Egyptian, 8, 354, 359; Eskimo, of meteoric iron, 5; fluted, 359; flint, 290, 356, &c.; ground, from Scotland, 338; hafting of, 346; horseshoe-shaped, 342; Japanese, 355; of mica-schist, 381; peculiar, in Lake dwellings, 348; Picts’, perforated, 346; Picts’, probably handled, 347; of polished slate, 358; Scandinavian, of slate, 404; serrated, 331; of small flakes continuously mounted, 277, 293; of stone, ceremonial use of, 8–10; triangular, 340, 343

“Knockin’-stones” in Scotland, 11

Knowles, the late Rev. Dr., 138

Kotzebue Gulf, arrow-flaker from, 38

Kruse on perforated axes, 184

L

Labour necessary for stone-working, 107, 226, 231

Lafitau on the time required for tomahawk-making, 52

Laing, the late Mr. S., rude implements found by, in Caithness, 281

Lake-dwellings, arrow-heads of, 402; axes, socketed, in, 158; corn-crushers in, 246; flakes in, 281–287; grinding-stones in, 262; handled flakes from, 292; mealing-stones in, 250; narrow rubbers in, 267; perforated hammer, 232; perforated whetstones, 269; scrapers, 310, 318; slings of flax, 417; spinning and weaving in, 436; stag’s horn sockets, 43, 136, 161, 177; wooden spindle-whorls, 439

La Madelaine, characteristics of Age of, 484

_Lamiarum sagittas_, 362

Lamps of stone, 445, 450, 451

Landon, Mr. Joseph, examination of Rea gravels by, 578

Lance-heads, from barrows, 333; of bone, 431; flakes used as, 288; of flint, 348–351; fluted, at Sourdes, 43; lozenge-shaped, 372; notched, in Norway, 404

Lane-Fox, Col., see Rivers, Gen. Pitt.

_Langues-de-chat_, 644

_Lapis lydius_, celt of, 114

Lapps, the, divination by stones among the, 470; flint and steel buried with the, 283; their use of sinews for thread, 507

Lark River, older representative of the, 682

Lartet, Prof. E., on boring with flint flakes, 321; his chronological classification of caves, 481; experiments with flint tools, 507; on _grattoirs_, 298

Lartet, Prof. Louis, his Spanish finds, 529

Lasham, Mr. Frank, on the gravels of the Wey valley, 595

Lastic, Vicomte de, his cave at Bruniquel, 296

Latchmore, Mr. Frank, drift implements found by, 536, 602, 604

“Late-Celtic” Period, stone ornamentation of, 260

“Lateritic” beds in Madras, implements found in, 651, 654

Lathe, amber cup turned in, 449; use of, probably pre-Roman, 446; for turning cups, 446; for turning spindle-whorls, 438; “coal money” the waste product of, 465

Lauth, Prof., on the origin of iron in Egypt, 5

Lavers, Mr. Edward, ovate implement found by, 578

Lawrence, Mr. G. F., implements found by, 111, 604

Layton, Mr. T., Thames finds in possession of, 74, 161

Lead, present use of for Bolas, 422; sling bullets of, 418; spindle-whorls of, 439

Lead-mines, implements found in, 234

Leather, celts buried in case of, 109; method of sewing, 433; scrapers for preparing, 311; stones used in preparation of, 440; stones used for smoothing seams in, 443

Leech, Mr. Thomas, implements found by, at Reculver, 613

Left-handedness, early evidence as to, 429

Leg-bones of animal, chisels of, 434; implements made from, 431; used as net-sinkers, 237

Lehaie, M. A. Houzeau de, on the flint factory at Spiennes, 34

Lemming, remains of, at Wookey, 519; remains of in Fisherton beds, 631; remains of, as indicative of climate, 699

Le Moustier, Age of, implements of, 483, 496

Leonora Christina, Princess, flint used by for cutting, 348

Lepic, Vicomte, his suggestions as to mounting stone implements, 162

Lepsius on Egyptian flakes, 287

Lewis and Clarke quoted as to _pogamoggon_, 424

Lightning, connection of stone implements with, 63; stone implements as safeguards against, 145, 361

Lightning-teeth, stone axes known as, in Java, 59

Lignite, rings of, in urn, 465; pendant of, 466

Limestone, buttons of, 453; celt of, 122; oolitic, knife of, 345; rocks, caves in, 520, 522

Lindenschmit, on stone-boring, 49; referred to, 163, 177, 191, 194, 232

Lindsay, Dr. W. Lauder, on Maori hatchets, 172

Linen, polishing of, by slickstones, 441

_Lingue di San Paolo_, 367

Lisch on stone-boring, 49

Lithuania, central core from tube-boring found in, 47

Little, Mr. W. C., on the development of flint arrows, 369

_Livres de beurre_, 27

Loadstone, sling bullets of, 418

Loams, red, in caves, 479

Loir et Cher, manufacture of gun-flints in, 15

Londesborough, objects found by the late Lord, in barrows, 148, 160, 290, 328

Long barrows, flakes in, 280; leaf-shaped arrow-heads peculiar to, 399

Long Hole, Gower, fauna of and flints from, 520

Longman, Mr. C. J., his series of early bracers, 430

Longpérier, M., on hatchet worship, 62

Looms, early, use of weights in, 443

Lorraine, Prince François de, Turkish stone hatchet presented to, 59

Lottin, Dr., on the manufacture of gun-flints, 18

Lower Tertiary conglomerate, flakes of, 281; querns of, 259; pebble, palæolithic implement made from, 613

Lubbock, Sir John, Algerian implement found by, 652; on the comparative numbers of men and objects of chase, 656; as to date of Glacial Period, 705; names of Neo- and Palæolithic due to, 12, 474; referred to, 272, 299, 310; on sling-stones, 419; on the uses of stone implements, 655

Luco, Abbé, pyrites and flint found by, in dolmen, 318

“Lucky Stones,” virtues of, 469

Lucretius as to successive Periods of culture, 4

Lukis, Capt., polished celt found by, with skeleton, 149

Lukis, the late F. C., M.D., on the connection between celts and lightning, 57; on elf-arrows and elf-darts, 365; on the handling of celts, 171; oval armlet found by, 464; referred to, 127, 141

Lukis, the late Rev. W. C., of Wath, referred to, 188, 204, 240, 268

Lycians, the, their arrows featherless, 410

Lydian stone, celt of, 115, 167; Irish flakes of, 281, 291

Lye, his dictionary referred to as to stone bill, 145

Lyell, Sir Charles, on the Fisherton beds, 630; on the formation of caverns, 480; on geological changes near Wookey, 519; as to Glacial Period, 705; on rhinoceros in Gower, 520; on river action, 663; on the Shasta method of arrow-chipping, 40

Lyme Regis, manufactory of flint implements at, 35

Lyon, Mr. Caleb, on Shasta arrow-head making, 40

Lysons, Mr. Samuel, excavations at Witcombe, 144

Lyttelton, Bishop, on stone hatchets, 3, 202, 204

M

Mace-head, lenticular, of breccia, 232

Maces, flints naturally perforated used for, 184

Maces, see Hammers

MacEnery, the Rev. J., his researches in Kent’s Cavern, 488, 495

_Machairodus_, the, 508, 524

Maghara, copper mines of, 6; stone hammers at, 230; flint arrow-head from, 405

Mahanuddy, small nuclei from banks of, 23

Mahudel, on the early use of stone, 3

Maize, Kaffir mill for grinding, 250; stone pestles for crushing, 257

Mallet, Indian mode of hafting, 239

_Malleus fulmineus_, 63

Mammoth, caves of the Age of the, 481

Man, antiquity of in Britain, 703; his co-existence with extinct animals, 474, 508, 513, 524, 700, &c.; early occupation of caves, 475, 480, &c.; mammalian fauna altered by, 482

Mandingoes, single-barbed arrows of the, 394

Manethonian dynasty, the third, use of grooved hammers in, 235

Manganese, dendritic markings due to presence of, 660

Mangles, Mr. H. A., drift implements found in Wey valley by, 595

Manning, Mr. Percy, implements found by, near Oxford, 594

Mantell, the late Dr., 84, 148, 308

Manufactories of flint implements, 34, 268, 280, 359, 401, 402; at Cissbury, 79; at Crayford, 606; in Guernsey, 401; at the Lake of Varese, 402; at Lyme Regis, 35; at Massingham Heath, 83; at Moosseedorf, 22; “wasters” found at, 80, 649

Maoris, bows unknown among the, 360; their jade chisels, 178; uses of the “Toki” among the, 172

Marathon, source of stone arrow-heads at, 368, 403

Marbodæus quoted as to the _ceraunius_, 64

Marcou, M., on N. American mauls, 235

Marine deposits in Fen gravels, 681

Marmot in Crayford beds, 607; in Fisherton beds, 631; presence of, indicative of climate, 699

Marrow of bones, a primitive delicacy, 504, 657

Marten, Mr. John, drift implement found by, 620

Martha’s Hof, celt kept in a granary at, 58

Martin, Mr. C. Wykeham, scraper found by, 309

Mas d’Azil, painted pebbles in cave of, 484, 485

Mason, Mr. Otis T., “on aboriginal skin-dressing,” 299

Massagetæ, their bronze arrow-heads, 368

Materials of which British celts are made, 65, 66, &c.; relative durability of, 655

Matter, solid, amount of in turbid water, 667

Mauls, stone, method of hafting, 169; in old copper workings, 233

Mealing-stones, absent in palæolithic times, 657; and muller, 251; from Swiss Lake-dwelling, 246, 250; on the site of Troy, 253

Medicinal powers, supposed, of stone implements, 271, 365, 437

Meillet, M., referred to, 327; on the causes of alteration in flint, 497

“Mell” for preparing barley, 451

Memnon, bronze sword of, 4

Mentone, intermediate age of deposits in caves near, 475, 487

Mercati, his suggestion as to the origin of celts, 62

_Meres_, New Zealand, difficulty of boring, 52; mode of using, 118; as denoting chieftainship, 226

Merewether, the late Dean, implements found by, 309

Meriones, bronze arrow of, 4

Merovingian interments, flint chips in, 283; flint implements in, 144, 145; iron arrow-heads in, 394; iron-mounted scrapers in, 314; stone objects in, 470

Mesolithic, use of term deprecated, 702

Metal-working, possible use of, small hammers for, 223; stone discs perhaps connected with, 257

Meteoric iron, probably the first used, 5

Mexican arrow-heads, 24, 39; English appearance of, 406; blade with original handle, 355; flakes of obsidian, 288; hafting of metal axes, 155, 156; obsidian cores, 23; obsidian razors, 290; obsidian swords, 294

Meyer, Dr. A. B., his catalogue of jade objects, 110

“Meyrick’s Armour” referred to, 200

Mica schist, with garnets, celt of, 97; battle-axe of, 197; hammer of, 225

Micaceous grit, axe-head of, 195; celt of, 97; perforated adze of, 189

Mid-Pleistocene character of Crayford beds, 607

Mildenhall, recent arrow-heads made by workman of, 42

Mill, bed-stone and rolling pin as, 250; rotatory, 254

“Mill-bill” of present day, 146

Mill-dues of St. Albans, 258

Mills and balls in barrows, 253

Milner, Col., his celt with Gnostic inscriptions, 60

Mine de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest, mauls found in, 235

“Miners’ hammers,” Irish, 234

Mining, in chalk, 33, 79, 172; stone mauls used for, 233, 234

Mining instruments of bronze, 233

Miocene Age, evidence doubtful as to existence of man in the, 374

Mirrors, possible use of polished stone discs as, 440

Missiles, possible use of discoidal implements as, 655

Mississippi, estimated amount of detritus carried by, 667

Missouri, chert quarry in, 80

Mitchell, Sir A., on the spindle and whorl, 437

Mitten, Mr., on the fossil mosses from Hoxne, 577

Mongols, use of military flail among the, 423

Monkman, Mr. C, on sling-stones and intrenchments, 419

Montelius, Prof., referred to, 154, 261

Montezuma, arrow-making in palace of, 406; stone axe of, 157

Moraines of glaciers, boulder-clay mainly derived from, 697

Morison, Fynes, on Irish corn-grinding, 251

Morlot, M., his suggestions as to grinding flints, 43

“Morning star,” a modification of the staff-sling, 423

Morse, Miss, her assistance with fossil plants from Hoxne, 577

Mortars, 245, 257, 450

Mortillet, M. A. de, on celt with haft-mark, 154; M. Gabriel de, on boring of Swiss axes, 51; on the chronological sequence of cave deposits, 475; classification of caves by, 483; on a cubical grindstone, 245; on early cruciform ornaments, 454; on Greek inscribed celt, 62; his subdivisions of Palæolithic Period, 528; on tube-boring, 47; referred to, 194, 232, 278, 296

Moscardo on the _Pietre ceraunie_, 364

Moseley, Mr. H. N., worked jade brought by, from New Zealand, 46

Moss, flint blade handled with, 349

Mosses, fossil, at Hoxne, 577

Moulds, bronze, for celts, &c., 269; stone, for bronze implements, 443

Mound in Tennessee, hatchet from, 171

Moustérien Age, characteristics of, 483

Much, Dr., on the Hellebarde, 146

Müller, Dr. Sophus, on the burial of axes, 76; referred to, 261

Mullers, present use of, 248; various forms of, 244, 252

Mumford, Rev. George, celt fixed in a tree found by, 150

Munro, his “Lake Dwellings” referred to, 45, 297

Mur de Barrez, flint pit at, 35

Museums of—Antiquaries, Soc. of, England, 78, 126, 141, 150, 196, 229, 346, 377, 405; Berlin, 188, 191, 294; Blois, 187; Bonn, 136; Brighton, 449, 518; British, _passim_; Brunswick, 191; Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 73, 74, 88, 92, 100, 104, 178, 191, 251, 336, 390, 538; Fitch, 100; Woodwardian, 92, 100, 538, 595; Canterbury, 353; Castleton, 342; Charterhouse School, 596; Clermont Ferrand, 286, 465; Copenhagen, Ethnological, 167, 183, 191, 226, 245, 246, 286, 292, 347; Derby, 225; Devizes, 428; Douai, 169; Dresden, Ethnological, 111; Historical, 157; Economic Geology, Jermyn Street, 84, 174, 357, 583, 613; Edinburgh, National, _passim_; Exeter, Albert, 192, 407, 445, 639; Geneva, 113, 185; Ghizeh, 359, 369; Grierson, at Thornhill, 200; Kelso, 119; Keswick, Crosthwaite collection, 106, 117; Kirkcudbright, 442; Königsberg, 403; Lausanne, 185, 292, 327; Leeds, Bateman collection, _passim_; Philosophical Society, 187, 191, 221; Leicester, 103, 230, 254, 470; Leipzig, 191, 220; Le Puy, 101, 296, 411; Leverian, 212, 441, 575, &c.; Lewes, 101, 174; Leyden, 114, 128, 205, 403, 405; Egyptian, 174, 354; Liverpool, Mayer collection, 96, 151, 235, 354; Lund, 418; Lyons, 109; Madras, Central, 569; Mainz, 109, 160, 268; Montrose, 224, 421; Morbihan, Société Polymathique de, 109; Namur, 402; Nancy, Musée Lorrain, 59; Naples, 354; Neuchâtel, 232; Newcastle, Soc. Ant., 104, 123, 124, 126, 128, 193, 200, 383; Northampton, 110, 124; Norwich, 91, 100, 150, 202, 223, 229, 240, 440; Fitch collection, _passim_; Over Yssel, 157; Oxford, 337, 341, 518, 593; Ashmolean, 104, 354, 357; Paris, Musée d’Artillerie, 327; Perth, 421; Peterhead, Arbuthnot, 425, 463; Plymouth Institute, 200, 495; Powysland, 208, 342; Royal Irish Academy, 43, 85, 215, 308; St. Germain, 109, 160, 187, 262; Salisbury, Blackmore, _passim_; Scarborough, 207; Southampton, Hartley Institute, 293, 294; Stockholm, 418, 435; Stourhead Collection, 427; Sussex Archæological Society, 185, 242, 249; Swansea, Royal Institution, 187; Toulouse, 559; Troyes, 262; Truro, 187; Turin, Arsenal of, 379; Turin, Egyptian, 354; Upsala, 58; Vannes, 109; Vienna, Ambras, 157; Warrington, 234; Weimar, 109; Wilts Archæological Society, 268; Zurich, 269

Musk ox, remains of, in Cray Valley, 604, 607; remains of, in Fisherton beds, 631; as indicative of climate, 699

Mussel-shell adzes, present use of, 182

Mycenæ, earthenware spindle-whorls at, 439; obsidian arrow-heads at, 403

N

Nardoo, Australian stones for grinding, 243

Necklaces, of arrow-heads, as charms, 367; Greek or Etruscan, 10; of jet, and other materials, 455–463

Needles, bone, in cave deposits, 433; in Creswell caves, 523, 524; drilled with flint, 321; in French caves, 484, 506; in Kent’s Cavern, 506; bronze, central-eyed, 433; copper, 440

Needs, identical, like results produced by, 325

Neolithic Period, characteristics of, 54; difficulties of chronology of, 471; its range in time, 147; sepulchres, frequent disappearance of bones in, 656

Nephrite, traces of sawing on celt of, 43; engraved celt of, 60

Net-sinkers, 236, 237

Netting, possible use of bone instruments for, 432

New Caledonians, sling-stones of, 418, 419

Neuwied, Prinz, on Australian stone blades, 171

Newton, Mr. E.T., on human remains in Thames valley gravel, 607

New Zealand, jade adzes of, 166, 167; sawing of jade in, 45; thong-drill used in, 48

Nickel, presence of, in meteoric iron, 5

Nightmare, perforated stones good against, 469

Nilsson, Prof., on the date of certain axes, 52; on the obliquity of celt edges, 113; on perforated discs, 439; on rude sling-stones, 419; suggestion as to David’s sling, 417; referred to, 184, 204, 241, 261, 271, 293, 294, 296, 297, 339, 350, 450

Nodule of flint, bludgeon-shaped, in grave, 277

Nodules of pyrites, their use in producing fire, 313–319

Norman, Mr. H. G., palæolithic implements found by, 604

Norway, method of testing celts in, 57

Notches on axes, for hafting, 169; on hammer-stones, 246, 247; worn on flakes, 642

Nouter, axe personified by, 62

Nuclei, their relation to flakes, 272; French, 277; small, 23

O

Oak, coffin, gold cup in, 449; trees, bark removed by bone chisels, 435; trees, experimental felling of, 162; trunks, hollowed, interments in, 398, 448

Oaks, present in brick-earth at Hoxne, 537

Obsidian, arrow-heads of, in California, 37; arrow-heads at Mycenæ, 403; arrow-heads from the Caucasus, 405; arrow-heads made in the Palace of Montezuma, 406; cores of, from Greek sites, 28, 278; Easter Island tool of, 289; flakes of, in Greece, 278, 284, 286; jade bored by, in New Zealand, 46; knives of, skin-hafted, 293; knives of, in Teneriffe, 8; methods of working, 23–25, 39; Mexican dagger-blades of, 354; scrapers of, 310

Ochre, red, in interment, 149; use of as cosmetic, 263

Ochreous tinting of gravel implements, 617, &c.

_Ofai ara_, Polynesian sling-stones, 420

Ohio Valley, steatite tubes from, 50

Ojibway Indians, 168

Oliver, Lieut., R.E., drift implement found by, 626

Ophthalmia, Burmese treatment of, 60

Ore, iron, in interment, 313, 317

Ornament, cruciform, early occurrence of, 453

Ornaments, funereal, 84; perforated for suspension, 321; personal, 452–472, 484, 657; pulley-like, of jet, 398

Ornamentation on axes, 196–198, 211; on baking stones, 440; on balls, 420; on beads, 457, 458; on cups, 444, 448; on cylinders of chalk, 421; on hammer, 226; on jet ring, 454; on lamp, 445; on querns, 259, 260; on spindle-whorls, 438; on stone vessel, 451

Ostrich, egg-shell, discs of, worn by Bushmen, 277; bone used by Bushmen for arrow-shafting, 410

Otter-skin, Californian knives hafted with, 293

Out-door and in-door use, varying implements for, 641

Ouvry, late Mr. F., Egyptian implement found by, 652

Overlapping of the three Ages, 11, 227

Ovid, his mention of the sickle of Medea, 5; his mention of the stone used by Atys, 9; on the wearing action of water, 477

Oviedo on sawing with sand and string, 44

Ox, African, sacrifice of, with stone implement, 10

Ox horn, possible use of, in tube-boring, 50; dagger-hilt of, 265

P

Paint, red, early use of, 149, 263, 264; from hæmatite, 312; stone mullers used for grinding, 248

Palæolithic deposits, their relation to Boulder clay, 577, 685, 697

floors, buried under “trail,” 698; discovery of, 586, 591; flint workshop on, 606; heaps of flint lying on, 598; implements from, 587; preservation of delicate flakes in, 643; replacement on original cores of, flakes from, 598; under brick-earth, 598; under Wey valley gravels, 595

implements, compared with neolithic, 12, 648, 657

man, evidence for unity of races of, 654

Palæolithic Period, characteristics of implements of, 53; grindstones apparently unknown in, 85; conditions of human life in, 657

Palestine, ceremonial use of stone knives in, 9

Palstaves, bronze, hafting of, 163

Patagonians, arrow-heads of, 406; varieties of Bolas among, 422

Patination of flints, 187, 660

Patroclus, prize at funeral games of, 5

Paulus Jovius on bone bracers in England, 430

Pausanias on the use of metals in the heroic times, 4, 7

Peale, Mr. T. R., on the use of bone in arrow-chipping, 39

Peat, injurious effect of, on wood, 152; moss, hafted hatchet found in, 151; moss, sling-stones in, 419; moss, stone knives arranged in, 593; Oxford, recent flora in, 593; palæolithic implements at base of, 539

Pebbles, as amulets, 466, 469; cheese-shaped, 244; with depressions worked, 241, 244, 270; flint, disintegration of, 497; grooved, 271; in interments, 467, &c.; naturally perforated, 469, 470; painted, in the cave of Mas d’Azil, 484; perforated, for hammers, 217; perforated, for net-sinkers, 439; polished, in tumuli, 214, 443, 467; as pounders, 244; of quartz, battered by use, 25; of quartzite, hammers of, 228; sacred, 468; for slinging, 419

Pemberton, American inscribed axe from, 58

Pendants of amber, 460; of bone, 463; of bronze at Hallstatt, 464; of jasper and callais, 465; of jet, 461, &c., 466; of serpentine, 470

Pengelly, Mr., exploration of Brixham cave by, 512; of Kent’s Cavern, 488, 491

Pennacooks, mode of using pestle among the, 257; their scrapers, 299

Pennant, Mr., on querns in the Hebrides, 258

Penning, Mr. W. H., on African palæolithic implements, 653; palæolithic implements found by, 602, 603

Pennington, Mr. Rooke, barrow opened by, 467

Perceval, Mr. Spencer G., drift implement found by, 624

Perforations in celts, 142; incomplete, of axe-heads, 205, 226; natural, in flints, 184, 225; in pebbles, 217, 470; in stone, how effected, 46, 47; in stone, possible use of in cord-making, 428; in whetstones, 268; in wooden handle of flake, 292

Perrault, M., researches in the Camp de Chassey, 159

Persian arrows, iron, 394, 396

Persians, myth as to their skill in archery, 361

Personal ornaments, amulets, &c., 452–472

Perthes, M., Boucher de, discoveries in Somme valley, 12, 490; on celt handle, 160; on uses of pointed implements, 655; on worked flints at Abbeville, 526

Peru, obsidian working in, 24

Pestle and mortar, 252, 254

Pestle-like implements, 135, 149

Petrie, Prof. Flinders, on Egyptian blades, ripple-marked, 359; on fibre-hafted knife, 293; flint hatchets, hafting of, 169, 170; lance-head, 354; palæolithic implements found by, 652, 653; on sickles, 297; on tube-boring, 51

Pfahl-bauten, Swiss, flint workshop in the, 22; sawing on celts of, 43

Philip II. of Macedon, imitations of coin of, found with arrow-head, 397

Phillips, Mr. B., on softening amber, 449

Pickel, Conrad, his name Latinized into _Celtes_, 56

Picks of red deer horn used for flint extraction, 33

Picks and chisels, 173–182

“Picts’ Castle,” 138

“Picts’ houses,” see Brochs.

“Picts’ knives,” flakes resembling, 281, 292; not of flint, 345; recent use of, 348; possible use of in whaling, 348

_Pierre de tonnerre_, 57

Pig, Roman sacrifice of, with flint weapon, 10

“Pikelet stones” now made of iron, 440

Pins or awls, 433; bone, in interments, 83; from Kent’s Cavern, 488, 506; bronze, 214; possible use of, in interments, 432

Pipes of erosion, 548, 602, 707

Pisander, bronze axe of, 4

“Pisky grinding-stones,” 437

Pitcairn on the diabolical origin of elf-arrows, 366

Pitch, Scandinavian use of, for mounting bronze implements, 170

_Pithecanthropus erectus_, Dr. Dubois’, alluded to, 703

Pits for the extraction of flints, 33, 35, 78

Pivot stones, 242

Planes, Eskimo, use of scrapers as, 299

“Plateau type,” doubtful character of flints of, 609, 643, 658

Plate of gold in barrow, 227

Plates of amber for necklaces, 460; of jet, 457, &c.

Pleistocene fauna, association of worked flints with, 606, 700, 701, &c.; implements, European, similarity of those of Somaliland with, 653

Pliny as to _Cerauniæ_, 64, 481; on the _Glossopetra_, 363; on the _ovum anguinum_, 437; on pyrites, 16

Plot, Dr., on the true character of stone axes, 63; on flint arrow-heads, 362

Ploughshare, bronze, ceremonial use of, by the Tuscans, 5

Plowright, Dr. C. B., on a Norfolk flint factory, 83

Plutarch on the bronze weapons of Theseus, 4

“Pluvial Period,” Mr. Tylor on the, 698

Poem, early German, referred to, 146

_Pogamoggon_, its use by Shoshone Indians, 424

Poison, etymological testimony to its use on arrows, 362

Pole-lathe, mechanism of, 447

Polished patches on celts due to hafting, 89, 337

Polishers of stone, 266, 267; in Kent’s Cavern, 492

Polishing, absence of from palæolithic implements, 649; processes for, 43

“_Polissoirs_,” 262

Polygonal flakes, abundance of, in River-Drift, 642

Poppe, Mr. A., doubtful discoveries of hafted hatchets by, 163

Porphyritic greenstone, axes of, 193, 198; celts of, 104, 116, 124, 125, 129, 130, 136; chisel-like implement of, 176; knife of, 346; perforated adze of, 189

Porphyry, rolled fragments of, in Bournemouth gravels, 694; Spanish implements of, 529; slate, polished pebble of, 467

Pottery, absence of, from palæolithic deposits, 658; association of, with celts, 152; fragment of, from Cissbury, 79; in interments, 160, 248, 464; materials pounded for making, 257; possible use of bone instruments in making, 432; Roman, flint flakes with, 283; serrated flints for decorating, 296

“Pot-stone,” or steatite, 444; why so called, 451

Poulton, Prof. E. B., drift implements found by, 626

Pounders, pebbles used as, 244–248; ridged by use, 246; spherical, 250

Pounding-stones, palæolithic, probable uses of, 657

Pourtalès, M. F. de, on the use of bone in arrow-chipping, 39

Pressigny-le-Grand, cores from, 27, 28; long flakes at, 29

Prestwich, the late Sir Joseph; researches with author in Somme valley, 490, 527; at Icklingham, 539; at Reculver, 613; his report on Brixham Cave, 512; section of Ouse valley, 531; section of Lark valley, 543; section of Reculver Sands, 617; on drift deposits at Hoxne, 574; on drift deposits capping chalk downs, 608; implements found by, 593, 632; on Fisherton beds, 630; on uses of pointed implements, 645, 654; on river action, 663; on transporting power of ground-ice, 671; on disintegrating effect of frost, 672; on materials of drift gravels, 678; on level of Waveney valley, 683; old sea-beach found by at Waterbeach, 687; on valley erosion, 697; on difference between high and low level valley deposits, 699; on time needed for forming pipes of erosion, 707

Probert, Mr. C. K., drift implement found by, 538

Prometheus as to cave-dwelling men, 480

_Promptorium Parvulorum_ quoted as to slickstones, 441

Ptahmes, his name on stone knife, 8

Pudding-stone, Hertfordshire, querns of, 259

Pulley-beads, 560

Pulley-shaped rings, of jet, 352, 398, 455; of cannel-coal, 456

“Pump-drill” for producing fire by friction, 48, 49

Punches, probable uses of in flint-flaking, 23, 25, 278; in making axes, 32

“Purgatory Hammer,” 183

“Pygmy flints,” 325

Pyrenees, Claudian on worked flints of the caves of, 480

Pyrites, association of, with worked flints, 5, 313, 314, 316; in Belgian bone caves, 15, 318; in interments, 265, 313, &c., 467; scored, in Trou de Chaleux, 318, 501; use of with flint for fire-producing, 5, &c.; its use evidenced by its name, 16

Pyrodes, myth as to his introduction of fire, 16, 313

Q

Quarries of stone for implements, 80

Quartz, American arrow or harpoon heads of, 407; Australian hafting of flakes of, 293; beads of, 465; celt of, 136; crystals of, used for boring, 322; Egyptian celt of, 113; flat disc of, 244; pebbles, association of, with flint flakes, 25; hammers of, 243, 248; pebbles in interments, 467; slickstones of, 442; Swiss arrow-head of, 402; implements, African, 653; implements from Portugal, 529

Quartzite, axe-hammer of, 207; celt of, 113; flakes of, 281; hammer-heads of, 225, 228, 229; implements of, 587, 593, 650, 651, 654; implements from Somaliland, 653; mauls of, 234; pebbles of, battered glacial, 561; pebbles, implements of, 566, 579, 594; pebbles in Little Ouse valley, 682; plano-convex disc of, 231; qualities of, for implement making, 581; Scotch arrow-head of, 377; spherical implement of, 244

Quaternary beds, freshwater origin of, 679; first discovery of implements in, 581; in Portugal, 529; reported human remains in, 703; fauna, continental conditions of in England, 707; gravel, character of flint implements from, 12

Queen Charlotte Islands, basalt hammer from, 25

Querns, 258–260; from Brochs, 463

Quoit, disc resembling, 440

R

Rabut, M., hammer-stone found by, in the Lac du Bourget, 246

Rain, proportion of, that reaches chalk springs, 675

Rainfall, dependence of height of saturation of chalk on, 664; valley erosion dependent on amount of, 666, 668

Rats, perforated discs for guarding against, 439

Rau, Prof., his experiments on boring stone, 48; referred to, 237, 241

_Rayos_ or _Centellos_, 58

Razors, Mexican, of obsidian, 290

Read, Mr. C. J., on Milford Hill finds, 632

Read, Mr. C. H., on Bolas, 423

Read, Mr. W., C.E., drift implements found by, 623

Red deer, antlers of, used in flint digging, 33; found at Cissbury, 79; flat instrument made from, 432; circle of in barrow, 466; sockets made from, 160

“Red woman of Paviland,” 487

Reeds, use of, for shafting arrows, 369, 409, 410

Refuse heaps in Dordogne caves, 478

“Regenbogen-schüsseln,” with flint arrow-head, 397

Reid, Mr. Clement, on the Arctic flora of Hoxne, 577; on the Hoxne deposits, 685

Reindeer or Cavern Period, arrow-heads of, 361; cave-dwellers of, in S. of France, 277; characteristics of, 53; characteristics of caves of the, 482; objects found in caverns of, 321; scrapers of, 311; toothed flakes of, 296; use of red paint in, 264; worked stones in caves of, 245

Reindeer horn, Eskimo flaking-tool tipped with, 37; harpoon-heads of, 484; rows of holes bored in, 321

Religious rites, survival of ancient customs in, 5, 7

“Reliquiæ Diluvianæ,” Dean Buckland’s, 487

Resin, its use in mounting flakes, 293, 409

Rhinoceros, bones of leg of, in apposition, 701; hemitœchus, remains of, in Wales with human works, 520

Rib, with incised horse on it, 523

Rib-like bone, marks of sawing on, 539

“Ribbon-sling,” 417

Richard, Abbé, flint flakes found by, in tomb of Joshua, 9; Syrian drift implements shewn by, 652

Rickard, Mr. J. C., on palæolithic African implements, 653

Ridged flakes defined, 641

Ridges worn on hammer stones, 246

Ridley, Messrs. E. P. & H. N., on fossil plants at Hoxne, 577

Rigollot, Dr., on implements at St. Acheul, 526, 527

Rings of jet in interments, 265, 266, 308, 352, 426, 455; with radial perforations, 454, 456; of Kimmeridge shale, 456; penannular, of bronze, 456; of Samian ware, 466; spiral, of bronze, 398; of stone, 465; studs combined with, for fastenings, 454

Ripple marking on Egyptian and Danish blades, 359; on British arrow-heads, 392, 393

River basins, present lowering of, 668

River Drift, antiquity of, 662, &c.; causes of crumpling, 697, 698; and surface periods, gap between, 650, 704; implements of, 526, _et seqq._; implements compared with those of caves, 474; French and English, resemblance of, 627, 630; mammalian remains in, 528, &c.; molluscan in, 531, 536, 539, &c.; sorting of materials, of, by water action, 667, 673

River gravels, scrapers rarely found in, 311; stone implements found in, 147–150

Rivers, amount of detritus carried by, 667; former, near Cromer, 572; former, preceding the Solent, 622, 634, 690, 694; former, connected with the Waveney, 577; former, represented by the Wye, 521; origin of systems of, 665; transporting power of, 666, &c.

Rivers, General Pitt, his explorations at Cissbury, 33, 78–82; on the classification of flint arrows, 370; on implements in the London gravels, 589; flint flakes found by, in Egyptian gravel, 652; palæolithic implements found by, 604

Robenhausen, pyrites found in lake settlement of, 15

Robinson, Sir J. C., palæolithic implements found by, 626

Rock-crystal, perforation of, on the Rio Negro, 52; piece of in cist, 468

Rocks, calcareous, erosion of, 477, &c.

Rock-shelters, formation of, 476

Rolled condition of implements in lower parts of valleys, 681

Rolleston, the late Prof., his find at Oxford, 593

Rolling-pin and bed-stone, 250

Romano-British village, “coal money” in, 465; shale cups in, 448

Roman remains, stone objects with, 109, 144, 237, 244, 283; in Lark valley, 543; sites, flakes found on, 283; sites, bone pins on, 431; sites, discoidal stone weights on, 443; soldier with bracer represented on monument, 430

Romans, ceremonial use of flint by the, 9; pyrites used by, for fire-producing, 313; staff-sling used by, 418

Rome, bronze shears used at, by priest of Jupiter, 5

Roots, possible use of pointed implements in digging for, 645, 655

Rose, Mr., his suggestion as to tube-boring, 50

Rotatory mill, 254

Roughening of implements for insertion into sockets, 46, 125, 128, 136; of hammers for grasping, 243

Roundels of stone, suggested use of, 49

“Round-nosed chisels,” stone implements resembling, 180

Rowe, Rev. A. L., quartzite drift implement found by, 578

Rubbers needed for polishing concave surfaces, 266

Ruddle, rubbing stone associated with, 263; nodules of, with charcoal, 263, 264

Rumph on the “Dondersteenen” of Java, 59

Runic characters on stone celts, 58

Rushes, use of, for cord in hafting, 292

Rutley, Mr. F., drift implement found by, 616

S

Sabines, use of bronze knives by priests of the, 5

Sabre-toothed tiger, presence of, in British caves, 508, 524

Saddle-querns, 251

St. Acheul, Kent’s Cavern implements of the age of, 495

St. Alban’s mill dues, 258

“Salagramma pebble,” Indian custom concerning, 468

Salmon, M. Philippe, his division of the Stone ages, 485

Salt-mines, grooved axes in, 169; stone mauls found in, 234

“Samian ware,” ring of, 466

Sand, use of, in boring stone, 49; use of, in grinding concave surfaces, 266; polishing effect of, 659

Sandars, Mrs. E., side scraper found by, 636

Sandstone, cup of, 444; grooved pieces of, 83; grooved nodule of, as sink-stone, 236; perforated plates of, 428, 431; pyriform piece of, 442

Sarmatians, their early ignorance of the use of iron, 7

“Sarsen-stone,” mullers of, 248; interment under, 352

Saucer of shale, 445

Savage Island, shaped sling-stones in, 418

Savages, modern, hafting of implements by, 155, 161, &c.; their use of perforated implements, 215; of stone implements, 172; of unmounted tools, 171

Savoy, superstition regarding celts in, 57

Saws, flint, in La Madelaine caves, 484; serrated flakes as, 249, 297; small flakes mounted as, 293

Sawing, mechanical aids to, 44; modern experiments in, 44, 297; signs of, rare in British implements, 43; traces of, on Spanish celt, 44

_Saxo Grammaticus_ on Thor’s Hammer, 62

Saxon graves, fibula and flints in, 144; flint arrow-heads in, 397; quern in, 259; steels and chipped flints in, 283

Saxon remains in Lark valley, 543; spindle-whorl with, 439

Scales of fish in river drift, 540, 541

Scaling fish, possible use of scrapers for, 312, _note_

Scalping knife, possible use of stone blade as, 355

Scandinavian axes, 184; how bored, 49; blades, crescent-shaped, 297; flint knives, 8; harpoon-heads, 277; hone, 271; superstitions as to stone implements, 366, 469; two-edged flint blades, 294

Schlalum Indians, adze of the, 166

Scheffer, on burial customs of the Lapps, 283; Lapp divining stone engraved by, 470

Schliemann, arrow-heads found by, at Mycenæ, 403; flakes for sickles found by, 297; grooved stone mentioned by, 235; mealing stones found by, 253; on Trojan sling bullets, 418

Schmerling, Dr., his discoveries in Belgian caves, 481

Schoolcraft on American perforated maces, 216; on hammer-stones, 219, 241

_Sciat-hee_, Sir D. Wilson on the, 366

“Scies,” 296

Scotch fir, submerged forest of, at Bournemouth, 695

Scrapers, classification of, 300; discoidal, 302, 308; double-ended, 307; duck-bill shaped, 304, 305; from Palæolithic Floor, 600; hollow, 319; horseshoe-shaped, 300, 308, 311; in brick-earth, 599; iron-mounted in Merovingian graves, 314; irregular in form, 306; kite-shaped, 303, 304; in kjökken-möddings, 310; method of making, 36, 298, &c.; modern use of, 299, 320; numerous, where flint abounds, 310; rare in River Drift, 643; resemblance between ancient and modern, 314, 315; of the Reindeer Period, 311; spoon-shaped, 308, 310; straight, 319; traces of wear on, 311, 495; use of, in preparing hides, 311, 312; use of, in producing fire, 312–319, 501; why so named, 643; with bronze weapons, 309

Scraping, results of, on flint flakes, 289; wear from, on Brixham flints, 516

Scythes, myths concerning, 361

Scythians, their skill in archery, 361; their bronze arrow-heads, 368

Sea, rate of encroachment by the, 695; on soft cliffs, 707; at Reculver, 686

Sea shells in Whittlesea Mere, 681

Sections of Brixham Cave, 512, 513; at Bromehill, 560, 561; at Hackney Down, 584; of Hitchin brickfield, 536, 537; at Hoxne, 574, 575; of Isle of Wight, 626; of Kent’s Cavern deposits, 491; of Lark valley, 543; of Ouse valley, 531, 551; of Rea valley, 579; of Reculver cliffs, 617; at Shrubhill, 569; of gravels at Southampton, 623

Seeley, Mr. H., on an incised bone, 539

Sehested, Mr., his experiments with stone implements, 50, 69

_Selci romboidale_, 325

Sellers, Mr. G. E., on stone-chipping, 24

Sérifontaine, pits for flint extraction at, 35

Serpentine arrow-head, Swiss, 402; axe-hammers, 206, 213; celts, 66, 125, 130, 138; chisel, Swiss, 177; Merovingian pendants, 470; ovoid implement, 467; perforated discs, 216; hammers, 221, 224; ring, 465

_Serpula_ limestone, instruments of, 128, 227

Serration, varying, of flint saws, 294, 297

Seton-Karr, Mr. H. W., discoveries in Somaliland, 652, 653; palæolithic Egyptian implements found by, 652

Sets or punches, 24, 25

Shafting of arrow-heads, methods of, 408–411

Shafts of arrows, compound, 410; concave scrapers for, 320; grooved pebbles for straightening, 268; South American, 407

Shale, cups of, 445; pendants of, 463; rings of, 466

Sharpening-stones, 161–171

Sharp-rimmed implements, classification of, 646

Shasta Indians, arrow-chipping among, 39, 40

Shelley, Mr., flakes collected by, 278

Shell-gouges, Carib use of, 182

Shells, extinct in England, in Cam river-drift, 539; fossil, as ornaments, 484; fresh water, their evidence as to source of gravels, 679; fresh water, with Hoxne implements, 684; fresh water and land, in Ouse gravels, 531; land and marsh at Hampton, 617; used as pendants, 470

Shetland blades, 347

Shield, wooden, in Saxon tumulus, 163

Shoe-shaped implements defined, 645

Shore-ice, transporting power of, 672

Shoshonee Indians, military flail used by, 423

Shrubsole, Mr. O. A., on the Caversham beds, 592

Sibbald, Sir Robert, on elf-arrows, 362; on the artificial nature of flint arrow-heads, 363

Siberian use of stones for pounding, 245

Sickle, bronze, of Medea, 5

Sickles, Egyptian, 297; possible use of curved knives as, 358

Side-scrapers, definition of, 300, 302; in caves and River drifts, 548, 635, 643

Silex, suggested etymology of, 15

Silica, two forms of, in flint, 497

Silver, arrow-heads mounted in, 365, 367; present use of stone tools in working, 232

Similarity of wants, similarity of implements due to, 235, 407

Sinew, animal, modern use of, in arrow-shafting, 409, 410; Eskimo weapon of chase made of, 422; its use for sewing, 507, 657

Sink-stones, present use of, 236, 237

Siret, M. M., saddle-querns found by, in Spain, 252

“Skelbs,” Scottish for flakes, 275

Skeletons, bracers on arms of, 426, 429, 456; cause of contracted attitude, 149; contracted, articles with, 309, 313; female, necklaces with, 457, 459, 462, 463; jet ornaments with, 454; pebbles in hands of, 467, 468; in Quaternary beds, 656, 703; in Spain, articles found with, 333, 352

Skertchley, Mr., on manufacture of gun-flints, 15, 18; on the date of the Brandon beds, 568

Skins, flakes hafted by, 293; preparation of, with stone implements, 127, 299, 340; scraper for, from Kent’s Cavern, 499

Skull, human, in Cheddar Cave, 486; in gravel pit of Ouse valley, 542; near Bury St. Edmunds, 656, 703

Slabs for sharpening stone implements, 261

Sladen, Major, jade celts brought from China by, 127

Slate, chlorite, perforated plates of, 425; knives of, 358; used for arrows and lance-heads, 404

“Slekenstone,” its renderings into Latin, 441

Slickstone of glass in woman’s grave, 442

Slickstones, various, 441

Sling, early use of the, 417

Slinging by means of split stick, 417

Sling-stones, early forms and materials of, 418; in Kjökken-möddings, 419; their relation to intrenchments, 420

Sloane catalogue, reference to “British weapon” in, 581

Smith, Mr. G., implement found by, at Southsea, 626; Captain G. V., experiments with Kjökken-mödding axes, 69; Captain John, on arrow-chipping in Virginia, 40; Mr. Worthington G., _echini_ found by, in barrow, 468; flakes fitted on to palæolithic cores by, 20, 598; finds old land surface under brick-earth, 598; palæolithic implements found by, in gravels, 530, 583–586, 601–604, 611, 624

Smoothing stone, tanged, 443

Snake River Indians, arrow-chipping by, 40

Snake-stones, snake bites treated by, 437

Socket of celts, polishing due to friction of, 89, 142; intermediate, of stag’s horn, 158, 160; mode of fastening axe in, 156; stone, for hinge, 242

Solent, ancient river of the, 634, 637; its former basin, 638, 690; subsequent widening of, 691

Solinus on the abundance of jet in Britain, 464

Solutré, characteristics of Age of, 484

Solvent power of carbonic acid, 675

Somme, implements in the drift of the valley of the, 490

Sophocles, his mention of the bronze sickle of Medea, 5

Sotacus, concerning _Cerauniæ_, 64, 480; his date, 65

South Sea Islanders, adze-like implement of, 138

Spanish _trillas_, 284

Spalls of flint, 564

Spalding, Mr. F., 179

Spear-heads of flint, 348, &c.; with notches at side, 351

Spear-shafts, concave scrapers for shaping, 320

Specks, shining, on flints from the gravel, 565, 659

Spiennes, cores from, 27; flint manufactory at, 34; stag’s horn hammers at, 35

Spindles, upright, of corn-mills, 242

Spindle-whorls, 436, &c.; absent in palæolithic times, 657; _cidares_ used as, 469; in Kent’s Cavern, 492; varieties of, 438

Spinning and weaving, early practice of, 436; method of, 437

Spinning-wheel, possible classical use of, 436

Spiral ornament on bone bead, 211; on glass bead, magic virtue of, 437

Splinters and flakes of flint, distinction between, 275

Springs in the chalk, 664, 675

Spurrell, Mr. Flaxman C. J., flint flakes replaced on cores by, 20, 606; on final flaking of Danish daggers, 42; implements found by, 572, 605, 606; on ripple-marked Egyptian blades, 359; on stone implement making at Kahun, 45; on flakes mounted for sickles, 297

Staff-sling, its use in Roman times, 418

Stag’s horn, axe or hoe of, 434; bone-tipped implement of, 416; for hafting celts, 128; for hafting flakes, 292; hammers of, 35, 41, 186, 434; implements for arrow-flaking, 41, 393; in interments, 148, 398; in mines, 233, 234; picks of, 33, 34; punch of, for obsidian working, 25; sockets of, 158, 161; in Swiss Lake-dwelling, 321

Stalactite, formation of, 479; piece of in barrow, 466

Stalagmite, deposition of, 479; of Kent’s Cavern, 511

_Stan-æx_ and _stan-bill_, 145

Stanley, the late Hon. W. O., researches in Holyhead, 230, 234, 244, 252, 450, 466

Steatite, cup of, 444; New Caledonian sling-stones of, 418; sawed with string and sand, 45; tubes of in Ohio valley, 50; its use for hollow vessels, 451

Steels with flints in Saxon graves, 283

Steenstrup, on marks of attrition on celts, 89, 297; as to use of Kjökken-mödding axes, 69

“Steenstrup’s markings” on oval blade, 337

Stevens, Mr. Alfred H., implements found by at Bournemouth, 635; the late Mr. E. T., classification by, of palæolithic implements, 641, 644, 646–648; implements found by, 627; Dr. Joseph, drift implements found by, in Thames valley, 143, 591, 592; referred to, 277

Stick, split, slinging by means of, 417

Stone of the Arrows, 262

Stone of Heaven, 5

Stone Age, division of into Earlier and Later stages, 12, 474

Stone and Bronze Periods, overlapping of, 89, 143, 150, 211, 471, &c.

Stone weight, name suggestive of origin, 443

Stopes, Mr. H., Syrian and Egyptian implements found by, 652

Strabo, on the exportation of amber to England, 449

“Strahlhammer,” 63

Streams, carrying power of, 666

“Strike-a-light” flints, arrow-heads used for, 400; present manufacture of, 17, 21; their resemblance to early scrapers, 314

Studs of amber, 456; of jet with rings in interments, 454–456

_Strombus gigas_, gouge-like instrument formed from, 182

Stukeley, his account of a stone axe, 183; on elf’s arrows, 366

Submarine forest at Bournemouth, 695; at Hunstanton, celt found in tree of, 150

“Subterranean reservoir” of the chalk, 664

Suetonius on a portentous find of stone axes, 65

Superstitions concerning stone: adzes, 59; arrow-heads, 363–367; axes, 62, 63, 145, 183; celts, 56–61; hammers, 62; “lucky-stones,” 469; pebbles, 467, 468; “witch-stone,” 470

Surface-flaking of arrow-heads, 392, 393

Surface Period, synonymous with Neolithic, 12

Surface drainage, lessening with amelioration of climate, 676

Survival of bronze implements in religious rites, 5

Swiss Lake-dwellings, arrow-heads, bone, in, 402; animals, domesticated, 358; awls, perforated, 323; bastard gouges, 182; bitumen, use of in hafting, 170, 409; celts, socketed, 128, 136; degree of civilization in, 358; disc, perforated, 191; flakes, trimmed, 327; flakes, mounting of, 502; hafting of celts, 167; hafting of hatchets, 155, 158, 162; knife, peculiar, 348; needles of bone, 433; sling-stones, 418

Swords, bronze, 4; leaf-shaped Egyptian, 8; Mexican obsidian, 294

Sword-like blades, Irish, of slaty stone, 363

Syenite, axe-hammer of, 211; celt of, 127; and greenstone, celts of at Kent’s Cavern, 488

Symonds, Rev. W. S., on changes in Wye valley, 521

T

“Taawisch,” Nootka Sound war axes, 157

Tacitus, on the arrows of the Fenni, 361

Tahitians, their shaped sling-stones, 419; sharpening of hatchets by, 263; stone pestle of, 257

Tasmanians, pebble superstitions among the, 468; unmounted celts used by, 171

Taunus slate, perforated hoe of, 191

Taylor, Mr. J. B., African palæolithic implements brought by, 653

Teeth, attrition of, by grit from grinding-stones, 253, 254

Teneriffe, use of obsidian knives in, 8

Terraces of gravel left during erosion of valleys, 673; near London, 590, 685; in Waveney valley, 578

Tertiary implements, so called, 658

Teutonic interments, stone objects in, 468, 470

“Thesaurus Brandenburgicus,” occurrence of _Celtes_ in, 55

Thong-drill, use of, 48

“Thor’s Donnerkeil,” 51

Thor’s hammers, 62, 145, 184

Threshing instrument resembling the _tribulum_, 284

“Thumb-flint,” method of making, 36

“Thunder axes,” 56

“Thunder-stones” in Dutch Guiana, 271; in Western Africa, 60

Thurburn, Capt. H., Greek celts brought by, 126; African celt brought by, 241

Thurnam, the late Dr., on the connection of leaf-shaped arrow-heads with long barrows, 377; on flat plates of stone, 427; on javelin-heads, 370; referred to, 244, 250, 269, 280, 291, 294, 309

_Tibia_, its use suggested by its name, 432

Tierra del Fuego, pyrites used in for producing fire, 15

Tiffin, Mr., junr., implements found by, 627, 634

Tiger, sabre-toothed, in Kent’s Cavern, 508; in Creswell Crags, 524

“Tilhuggersteene,” Danish, 241

Time, incalculable, needed for geological changes, 609, &c.

Tindall, Mr. E., implements found by, 249, 251, 295, 332

Tinder-boxes, no early record of the use of flint for, 17

Tiryns, flint flakes from, 403

Tobacco pipes, N. American, boring of, 52

“Toki” of the Maoris, 172

Toltecs, use of stone mortars by, 257

Tomahawks, Australian, 26; mounting of, 166; time required to make, 52; North American, 216

“Tonderkiler” and “Torden-steen,” 57

Tongue-shaped implements defined, 644; found, 539, 572, 649

Topley, Mr. W., on possible ice action in Darent valley, 610; ovate implement found by, 621

Tor Bryan Caves, 516, 517

Torquay Nat. Hist. Soc., exploration of Kent’s Cavern by, 490

Torquemada, his account of Aztec obsidian working, 23; on Mexican razors, 290

Touraine, flint industry of, 30

“Traba,” a form of _tribulum_, 284

“Trail and warp,” 698

Trees, branches of, with bones under gravel, 595; species of, in Bournemouth submarine forest, 695; below Hitchin brick-earth, 537; in Hoxne brick-earth, 575

Tremlett, Admiral, on the cutting power of jasper flakes, 6

Trephining, practice of, in the Stone Period, 289

Tribrach-formed instrument, 77, 78

_Tribulum_, Varro’s description of the, 284

Trigg formerly Prigg, the late Mr. Henry, implements found by, 539–542, 550, 554–556, 558, 578; section of Redhill by, 551

Trimmer, Mr., on Trail and Warp, 698

Trou de Chaleux, pyrites in, 286

Trough, triturating, 252

Troy, earthenware whorls from site of, 439; sling-bullets from, 418

Troyon, M., on stone boring, 50; on the use of sand in sawing stone, 44

Truguet, M. Franck de, Swiss boring instrument found by, 46

Trunk interments, 398, 447, 448

Tube, boring by means of, 47, 49, 52; in Klemm collection, 49

_Tubularia_, hammer-head of fossil mass of, 229

Tumulus, mixing of objects of different date in, 210

Turquoise mines, stone hammers found in, 234

Turquoises on Mexican dagger-hilt, 325

“Turtle-backs” of Trenton, 80, 654

Tuscans, their ceremonial use of a bronze plough-share, 5

Tusks of wild boar in interments, 83, 148, 328, 427

Tweezers, bone, 433; bronze, 433, 440

“Twibill,” 146

Twigs, hafting of stone blade by, 347

Tylor, Mr. Alfred, on detritus brought down by rivers, 667; on fluviatile beds, near London, 584; on the “Pluvial Period,” 698

Tylor, Dr. E. B., on etymology of “superstition,” 8; on obsidian working in Peru, 24, 290; on stone drilling, 48

Tyndall, Prof., on conditions of glacier formation, 698

U

Ulna of whale, axe made of, 435

_Ulus_, or Eskimo women’s knives, 343

Ulysses, his use of the drill, 48

“Underground house of Skaill,” objects found in, 255

Upsala, axe in museum of, with Runic inscription, 58

Urns, bronze and stone objects in, 208, 269, &c.; ornamented, found with bracer, 427; jet ornaments with, 456; wooden bodkin in, 433

Use, traces of, on implements, 504, 555, 647

Utensils, domestic, 436–451

V

Valleys, climatal changes shewn by deposits in, 699; erosion of, later than cave deposits, 513, 521; erosion of, later than gravel deposits, 580; erosion of, affected by changes of climate, 666, 676, 697; erosion of, hypothetical, 662–678; retrogression of heads of, 674, 683, 686

Valley slopes, detritus gradually left on, 673

Varro, his description of the _tribulum_, 284

Vegetable fibre, use of, in hafting arrows, 407, 409; matter, decaying, a source of carbonic acid, 675

Venus, Paphian, on Cypriote coins, 10

_Vesica piscis_-formed implements, 647

Vessels, stone, in English barrows, 450, 451

Vertebræ, human, with arrow-heads embedded, at the Grotte du Castellet, 375, 401; in la Marne, 396; near Copiapo, 406

Victoria Cave, doubly barbed harpoon from, 505; River, stone working on the banks of the, 26

Viking grave of woman, slick-stone in, 442

Villas, Roman, stone celts found in, 144

Vincent of Beauvais as to derivation of “silex,” 15

Vincent, M., his early discovery of flint implement, 527

Virginia, early account of arrow-chipping by Indians of, 40

Virgil, bronze arms mentioned by, 4; bronze sickle of Elissa, 5; on flint and steel, 16; quoted as to _jactare_, 147

Vivian, Mr. E., his examination of Kent’s Cavern, 488, 490

Vogt, Prof. Carl, suggestions as to stone roundels, 49

Vogué, M. de, Syrian palæolithic implement obtained by, 652

Von Estorff on stone boring, 49

Von Sacken, Baron, on the Hallstatt graves, 7

Vulgate, occurrence of _Celte_ in, 55

W

Wallong, the Australian, 243

Walrus, remains of, in Whittlesea Mere, 681

Walrus tooth used for tipping flaking tools, 24

Wapiti, chisels made from horn of, 434

War-axe of Gaveoë Indians, 156; of Nootka Sound Indians, 157

War, blunting of axes for, 196; or chase, probable use of stone balls in, 422; decorations on weapons of, 226

War maces, possible use of circular pebbles as, 231; paint, interment of, with the dead, 264

Waring, Miss, drift implement found by, 608

“Warp and trail,” 593, 698

Warren, Mr. Hazzeldine, implements found by, 139, 603

Washing linen, “batting staff” employed in, 256

“Wasters,” presence of, in flint implement manufactories, 385, 649

Water, its action on flint, 497; carbonic-acid-charged, its action on chalk, 477, 557; fresh, drift beds deposited by, 662; transporting power of, 513; transporting power dependent on rate of flow, 667

Water-mills, stone pivots and sockets for, 242

Watson, Mr. Knight, on the word _Celte_ in Vulgate, 56

Wauwyl, flint manufactory at, 22

Way, the late Mr. Albert, his finds at Bournemouth, 635, 637; on the submerged forest at Bournemouth, 695; referred to, 74, 160, 254, 340, 347; Miss, drift implement found by, 636

Weapons, association of, with decorations in graves, 460; bronze, in the heroic times, 4; elaboration of, a mark of dignity, 216, 226; hammer-heads as, 224; probable use of perforated axes as, 215; Scandinavian form of, found in Britain, 213; wearing and re-chipping of, 349

Wear on implements, its evidence as to mode of use, 311

Weaving, early practice of, 436; possible use of perforated stones in, 237

Weaverthorpe, stag’s horn pick found at, 34

Wedding dress cut out by stone knife, 348

Wedge, bone, 24; certain celts possibly used as, 82, 87, 655; of granite, 97; tightening of hafting by means of, 233

Wells in the chalk, varying height of water in, 664

Westlake, Mr. E., implement found by, 632

Wexovius as to reindeer marrow, 504

Weights for scales, stones as, 443

Whale, axe made from ulna of, 435; remains of near Cambridge, 681

Wheel-lock, use of pyrites in, 16

Whetstones, 261–271; of the Bronze Period, 268; in caves, 504; Danish, 264, 265; with gold cup in coffin, 449; in interments, 185, 268, 271, 332, 353; with iron loop for suspension, 270; with metal handles, 270, 271; Spanish perforated, 438

Whitaker, Mr. W., palæolithic implements found by, 538, 587, 607, 611, 612, 613

Whitbourn, the late Mr., implement found by, in Wey valley, 319, 594

White pebbles, symbolism of, 468

Whitening of flint, 497, 549, 556

Wild goose, remains of, in Fisherton beds, 631

Wilde, Sir William, on boring instruments for stone, 47; on classification of arrow-heads, 370; late use of stone implements recorded by, 11; on Irish treatment of sick cattle, 365; on use of celt in Irish weaving, 440; referred to, 154, 177, 215, 223, 232, 270, 272, 308

Willett, Mr. Ernest, his explorations at Cissbury, 78; his discovery at Brighton, 622

William of Poitiers quoted, 146

Williams. Rev. T. J., on white stones in interments, 468

Wilson, the late Sir Daniel, on American stone hammers, 235; on celt found in canoe, 150; on “elf-arrows,” 366; on a find of “Picts’ knives,” 346; on stone boring, 47; on stone cups as lamps, 445

Wire, Mr. A. P., pointed implement found by, 603

“Witch-stone” as protection for cattle, 476

Withies, stone implements hafted by, 167, 168, 233, 239

“Witters” or barbs of arrow-heads, 370, _note_

“Women’s knives,” Eskimo, 343

Wood, bodkin of, in urn, 433; fire produced by friction of, 313; fossil, from Thanet sands, 620; method of preserving, 152; spindles of, with Roman remains, 439; split, hafting of daggers in, 349; split, hafting of spear-heads in, 350; stone boring by means of, 48, 49, 50, 52; used for splintering obsidian, 24

Wood, Rev. J. G., his Nat. Hist. of Man referred to, 166, 167, 168, 299

Woods, various, used for hafting implements, 153, 155, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164

Wooden cup with handle in barrow, 448; figures, carved Egyptian, 369; objects associated with celts, 152

Woodward, Dr. Henry, crystal pick described by, 235; the late Dr. S. P., referred to, 627

Woodward, Dr., his suggestion as to arrow-heads, 407

Wookey Hyæna Den, 517–520

Wool, tissues of, in bronze interments, 437

Woollen cloth, skeleton wrapped in, 448

Worm, Olaf, on early stone implements, 363; his recognition of a Greenland harpoon, 410

Worsaae, Prof., suggestions as to early stone boring, 47, 48; referred to, 191, 232, 261, 271, 278, 298, 308, 353, 448

Wright, Mr. Arthur G., drift implement found by, 539

Wrist-guards of stone, 425–428

Wyatt, the late Mr. James, finds of implements, 572, 613; his section of Ouse valley, 531; referred to, 101, 110, 245, 340

Wye Valley, geological changes in, 521

Wyeth, Mr., on arrow-chipping by Snake River Indians, 40

X

Xanthorrhæa gum, its use in hafting hatchets, 137, 170

Xerxes, stone and iron-tipped arrows used by army of, 368

Y

Yew, flake-handle of, 292; in Hoxne beds, 575; probable use of for British bows, 411

Young, Mr. Lambton, C.E., drift implement from the Thames found by, 588

Yun-nan, jade-working in, 110

Z

Zinck, M., his criticisms on distinctions between palæo- and neo-lithic forms, 649

Zigzag incised lines on sandstone cup, 444; ornamentation on stone bracer, 430

Zunis of New Mexico, arrow-head charms among the, 367

|732|

INDEX, GEOGRAPHICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL.

BEDFORDSHIRE. Bedford, 530, 645 Bedfordshire, 277 Biddenham, 495, 531, 532, 680 Biggleswade, 538 Bossington, 530 Cardington,531 Dallow Farm, near Luton, 598 Dunstable Downs, 72, 468 Harrowden, 531 Henlow, 536 Honey Hill, 531 Houghton Regis, 598 Kempston, 105, 125, 245, 340, 353, 531, 535 Leagrave Marsh, 598 Leighton Buzzard, 91, 530 Luton, 229 Maiden Bower, near Dunstable, 69, 281, 301, 310, 334, 374, 376, 379, 415 Miller’s Bog, near Pavenham, 101 Sandy, 427 Summerhouse Hill, 531 Tempsford, 536 Wanlud’s Bank, Luton, 68

BERKSHIRE. Abingdon, 103, 389 Berkshire, 381 Cherbury Camp, Pusey, 111 Childrey, 391 Cholsey, 593 Cockmarsh, 309 Gould’s Heath, 393 Great Shefford, 309 Grovelands, 591 Kennet Mouth Pit, near Newtown, 592 Lambourn Down, 186, 318, 349, 384, 399, 434, 455 Maidenhead, 174, 591 Pig’s Green, near Reading, 592 Reading, 591, 592 Redlands, 592 Ruscombe, 591 Sunninghill, 229 Sutton Courtney, 389 Thatcham, near Newbury, 76 Wallingford, 343, 390, 592 Wokingham, 592

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. Burnham, 591 Chalvey Grove, Eton Wick, 101 Dawley, near West Drayton, 591 Great Missenden, 596 Iver, 591 Langley, 591 Marlow, 591 Pulpit Wood, Prince’s Risborough, 281, 310 Taplow, 591

CAMBRIDGESHIRE. Aldreth, 390 Barnwell Gravels, 538, 539 Bartlow Hills, 68 Bottisham Fen, 68, 73, 116, 174, 335, 350, 539 Bottisham Lode, 110 Bourn Fen, 383 Burnt Fen, Prickwillow, Ely, 68, 330, 351, 376, 383 Burwell Fen, 68, 72–75, 88, 92, 93, 107, 109, 115, 125, 174, 175, 178, 191, 263, 332, 336, 340, 343, 351, 390, 538 Cambridge, 310, 326, 340 Cambridge Fens, 70, 71, 92, 100, 104, 116, 125, 178, 251, 277, 332, 334, 343, 431, 538, 539, 680 Cambridgeshire, 77, 202, 251, 439, 443 Chatteris, 538 Chatteris Fen, 200, 384 Chesterford, 139, 194 Chesterton, 229, 538, 539 Coldham’s Common, 125 Coton, 101, 104, 116 Cottenham, 135, 200, 269 Digby Fen, 104 Ely, 202 Girton, 431 Grantchester, 129 Hare Park, 352 Histon, 103 Ickleton, 144 Inglewood Forest, 198 Isleham, 383 Jackdaw Hill, 351 Kate’s Bridge, 104 Kennett Station, 539 Litlington, 240 Manea, 116 March, 681 Melbourn, 173 Newmarket, 229 Orwell, Wimpole, 222 Quy Fen, 174, 340, 351 Rampton, 111 Reach Fen, 75, 88, 92, 102, 122, 138, 222, 383, 385, 389 Redmore Fen, Littleport, 228 Six-Mile Bottom, 539 Soham Fen, 116, 459, 539 Swaffham Fen, 92, 95, 110, 125, 191, 343, 431, 539 Upper Hare Park, 539 Waterbeach, 681, 687 Wicken Fen, 68, 389 Whittlesea Mere, 681

CHESHIRE. Alderley Edge, 234 Cheshire, 200 Gatley, 243 Macclesfield, 251 Northenden, 194 Siddington, Macclesfield, 200 Tabley, Knutsford, 183 Tranmere, 151

CORNWALL. Angrowse Mullion, 314 Bochym, Cury, 130, 242 Boscregan, 455 Brane Common, 269 Carn Brê, 309, 331, 334, 389 Cornwall, 56, 130, 251, 252, 253, 279, 437, 439 Falmouth, 107 Kerris Vaen, 257 Pelynt, 72, 214 Rillaton, 448, 449 St. Agnes, Truro, 389 St. Just, 84 Tregaseal, St. Just, 269 Trevelgue, 210 Truro, 122, 138

CUMBERLAND. Burns, Keswick, 225 Carlisle, 202, 255 Castle Carrock, 330 Cumberland, 106, 112, 117, 194, 200, 257, 395 Ehenside Tarn, 133, 152, 200, 251, 259, 265 Great Salkeld, 117 Hallgaard Farm, Birdoswald, 224 Inglewood Forest, 198 Irthington, 353 Keswick, 96, 118, 225 Kirkoswald, 200 Lazenby Fell, 262 Melmerby, 240 Mawbray, 198 North Lonsdale, 200 Ousby Moor, 202 Penrith Beacon, 104 Plumpton, Penrith, 198 Red Dial, Wigton, 201 Rusland, 200 Solway Moss, 119 Troutbeck, 200 Wigton, 117

DERBYSHIRE. Alsop, 467 Arbor Low, 72, 343, 352, 458 Ashford-in-the-Water, 443, 467, 632 Bakewell, 463 Ballidon Moor, 280 Belper, 230 Biggin, 434 Blake Low, 352 Borrowash, 197 Borther Low, Middleton, 398 Brassington, 389 Breadsale Moor, 225 Brierlow, Buxton, 108 Buxton, 366, 455 Carder Low, Hartington, 194, 467 Castleton, 467 Church Hole Cave, Creswell, 522, 523 Cow Low, Buxton, 309, 457 Creswell Caves, 522 Cronkstone Hill, 309 Cross Low, Parwich, 149 Derbyshire Moors, 394, 400 Derbyshire, 143, 279, 309, 324, 332, 341, 352, 375, 377, 378, 381, 385, 389, 394, 400, 432, 459, 467 Dow Low, 313 Elton Moor, 139, 148, 313, 467 Gospel Hillock Barrow, Buxton, 149 Green Low, Alsop Moor, 313, 352, 388, 399, 416, 432 Grind Low, Over Haddon, 458 Haddon Field, 432 Harborough Rocks, 372 Hargate Wall, 457 Hay-Top Barrow, Monsal Dale, 463 Hollingsclough, 279 Hopton, 107 Hungry Bentley, 394, 463 Ken’s Low Farm, 214 Lean Low, Newhaven, 340 Liff’s Low, Biggin, 91, 148, 295 Longcliffe, 372 Mam Tor, 342 Middleton, 253, 467 Middleton Moor, 96, 136, 389, 393 Mining Low, 343 Monsal Dale, 309, 434 Mother Grundy’s Parlour, Creswell Crags, 522 Nether Low, Chelmorton, 352 Net Low, Alsop Moor, 453 Newhaven, 343 Parcelly Hay Barrow, Hartington, 214 Readon Hill, Ramshorn, 467 Ringham Low, 377 Robin Hood’s Cave, Creswell, 522, 523 Smerrill Moor, 432 Stanton Moor, 463 Thor’s Cave, 438 Three Lows, The, Wetton, 352 Throwley, 186, 467 Tideswell, 186 Upper Edge, 279 Wetton, 451 Winster, 198, 259 Wormhill, Buxton, 96, 104

DEVONSHIRE. Ashbury, 200 Axminster, 639 Beer Head, 15 Blackbury Castle, 279 Bridge Farm, Tawton, 92 Brixham, 222 Brixham Cave, 490, 499, 512–517 Broad Down, Honiton, 264, 314, 445–7 Broom, 639 Burnt Tor, Dartmoor, 200 Cattedown, Plymouth, 517 Chagford, 331 Chard, 639 Comb-Pyne, 249 Croyde, 279 Cullompton, 639 Dartmoor, 257, 279, 389 Devonshire, 195, 279, 300, 421, 694 Happaway Cavern, Torquay, 517 Hartland, 89 Hawkchurch, 639 Holsworthy, 200 Kentisbeare, 630 Kent’s Cavern, Torquay, 321, 325, 465, 488–511, 535, 657 Langtree, 240 North Bovey, 192 Penbeacon, Dartmoor, 266 Plymouth, 389 Prince Town, Dartmoor, 378, 390 Thorverton, Exeter, 225 Tor Bryan Caves, Denbury, 516, 517 Torre Abbey Sands, Torbay, 415 Torquay, 116 Ugborough, 192 Withycombe Raleigh, 200

DORSETSHIRE. Afflington, 456 Badbury Rings, 310 Blandford, 60, 390 Bradford Abbas, 309, 373 Creakmoor, Poole, 122 Dewlish, 638 Dorsetshire, 77, 248, 249, 279, 301, 389, 432, 691, 694 Farnham, 75 Hod Hill, 93, 176, 230, 310, 419 Isle of Portland, 113, 249 Iwerne Minster Down, 174, 379 Jordan Hill, Weymouth, 249 King Barrow, Stowborough, Wareham, 447 Knowle, 269 Langton, Blandford, 125 Lyme Regis, 35 Maiden Castle, 70 Morton, Dorchester, 91 Pistle Down, 377 Poundbury Camp, Dorchester, 301, 310 Povington, 445 Ridgway Hill, 328, 385 Tarrant Launceston, 126 Wareham, 127 Wimborne Minster, 634 Winterbourn Steepleton, 210 Woodcuts Common, 144, 448, 465

DURHAM. Coves Houses, Wolsingham, 229 Cowshill in Weardale, 106 Heathery Burn Cave, Stanhope, 432, 464 Jarrow, 101 Lanchester Common, 383 Millfield, Sunderland, 194 Newton Ketton, 378 Raby Castle, 105 Sherburn, 125

ESSEX. Audley End, 254 Barking, 603 Battlebridge, 583 Blunt’s Hill, Witham, 75 Clacton, 687 Colchester, 193, 578 East Ham, 603 Epping Forest, 254 Epping Uplands, 229 Felstead, 578 Forest Gate, 603 Gray’s, 15 Gray’s Thurrock, 603 Great Easton, Dunmow, 173 Grove Green Lane, Leyton, 603 Higham Hill, 603 Ilford, 603 Lake’s Farm, Camshall Lane, Wanstead, 603 Lea Marshes, 111 Lexden Park, Colchester, 578 Leyton, 603 Leytonstone, 603 Littlebury, Saffron Walden, 538 Little Thurrock, 536, 603 Mucking, 603 North End Place, Felstead, 578 Orsett, 603 Plaistow, 603 Quendon, 538 Rainham, 603 St. Swithin’s Farm, Barking Side, 603 Shoeburyness, 604 Southend, 603 Stifford, Gray’s Thurrock, 93, 229 Stratford, 603, 604 Temple Mills Lane, Stratford, 100 Tilbury, 603 Upton, 603 Wallend, 604 Waltham, 229 Walthamstow, 603 Walton-on-the-Naze, 125, 310 Wanstead, 603 West Ham, 603 Windmill Hill, Saffron Walden, 336 Wolseys, Dunmow, 351

GLOUCESTERSHIRE. Cirencester, 116 Gloucestershire, 277, 381, 393, 400 Great Witcombe, 144 Hinchcombe, 89 Mitcheldean, 291 Oakley Park, Cirencester, 280 Rodmarton, 280, 377, 468 Snowshill, 212 Snow in the Wold, 390 Turkdean, 389 Uley, 280 Whittington Wood, 244

HAMPSHIRE. Alton, 595 Andover, 70 Ashey Down, Isle of Wight, 469 Barton, 637, 687 Barton Cliff, 647 Basingstoke, 314 Bembridge, Isle of Wight, 105, 626, 693 Bere, Forest of, 77, 82 Bishopstow, 101 Boscombe, 635, 636 Bournemouth, 74, 291, 378, 390, 392, 635, 687, 690, 693–696 Bourne Valley Pottery, 636 Brown Down, 689 Brunage, 625 Chuton Bunny, 637 Dunmer, 72 Ellisfield Camp, 72 Fleming Arms, Swathling, 624 Fordingbridge, 634 Foreland, Isle of Wight, 626, 693 Freemantle, 623 Hampshire, 81, 92, 100, 279, 687 Hengistbury Head, 694 Hill Head, 623, 625, 689 Hordwell, 687, 694, 707 Horndean, 389 Isle of Wight, 78, 101, 687 Lee on the Solent, 626, 689 Lichfield, 309 Milford, 637 Minley Manor, Blackwater, 125 Needles, The, Isle of Wight, 691 New Forest, 687 Petersfield Heath, 468 Portsmouth, 111 Redbridge, 624 St. Mary Bourne, Andover, 70, 277, 281 Seaview, Isle of Wight, 626, 693 Selsey, 693, 701 Solent, 690, &c. Southampton, 623, 688 Southampton, Town Pit, 624 Southampton Water, 689 Southbourne-on-Sea, 498 Southsea Common, 626 Stone, 638 Swathland, 624 Warsash, 626

HEREFORDSHIRE. King Arthur’s Cave, Whitchurch, Ross, 521

HERTFORDSHIRE. Abbot’s Langley, 78, 87, 139, 291, 301 Albury, Bishop’s Stortford, 100 Apsley, 597 Ashwell, 380, 382 Ayot St. Peter, 602 Baldock, 177 Bayford, 602 Bearton Green, Hitchin, 536 Bedmond, 78, 596, 597 Bengeo, 602 Bishop’s Stortford, 602 Bushey Park, Watford, 597 Caddington, 598, 686, 698 Eddlesborough and Tring, between, 382 Fisher’s Green, Stevenage, 602 Flamstead End, 603 Harpenden, 601 Hertford, 602 Hertfordshire, 70, 277, 664 Hitchin, 537 Hitchin and Pirton, between, 114, 437, 536, 685 Hunsdon, Ware, 389 Ickleford, Hitchin, 536 King’s Langley, 572 Knebworth, 602 Mount Pleasant, Kensworth, 600 No Man’s Land, Wheathampstead, 601, 602 North Mimms, 602 Panshanger, 101 Pesterford Bridge, Bishop’s Stortford, 603 St. Alban’s, 258 Sandridge, 229 Stocking Pelham, 603 Tring Grove, 383, 398, 426, 456 Verulamium, 283 Ware, 70, 228, 334, 602 Watford, 597 Wellbury, Offley, 190 Welwyn, 602 Welwyn Tunnel, 602 Wheathampstead, 601 Wigginton, 597

HUNTINGDONSHIRE. Abbots Ripton, 538 Elton, Oundle, 573 Hartford, 104, 538 Keystone, 137 Little Orton, 573 Overton Longville, 573

KENT. Ash, 144, 145, 608 Aylesford, 610 Bewley, 608 Bexley, 103, 357 Bigborough Hill, Canterbury, 389 Bigborough Wood, Tunford, Canterbury, 102 Bishopstone, 613 Canterbury, 70, 616, 618 Canterbury, New Cemetery, 620 Chart Farm, Ightham, 174, 608 Chatham, 469 Chatham, Engineering School, 611 Chilham, 542, 620 Chislet, 617 Cobham, 611 Cockerhurst Farm, Shoreham, 608 Crayford, 606, 607 Currie Farm, 605 Currie Wood, Shoreham, 605 Dartford Heath, 605 Dover, Priory Valley, 91 Erith, 607 Fane Hill, 608 Faversham, 611 Ferry Harty, Isle of Sheppey, 154 Folkestone, 281, 621 Galley Hill, 607 Gillingham, 611 Green Street Green, 604, 605 Grovehurst, Milton, 331, 357, 378 Hampton, 540 Hartlip, 611 Harty, Isle of Sheppey, 269 Herne Bay, 613 High Street, Chislet, 291 Hollingbourne, 258 Horton Kirby, 607 Ightham, 608 Isle of Thanet, 309, 331, 334 Kingsdown, 139 Kit’s Coty House, 378 Leeds Castle, 309 Lewisham, 604 Lullingstone, 608 Maidstone, 281, 353 Marden Church, 610 Meopham, 611 Milton, 310 Milton Street, 607 Moldash, 612 Newington, 611 North Downs, 609, 686 Northfleet, 607, 686, 703 Nursted, 611 Oldbury, Ightham, 92 Oldbury Hill, 608 Old Haven Gap, 617 Ospringe, Faversham, 611 Otterham Quay, Chatham, 611 Ramsgate, 389 Ravensbourne Valley, 604 Reculver, 613–617, 642 Regulbium, 283 Rowton Chapel, Lenham, 618 St. Mary, Hundred of Hoo, 611 Sandling, 610 Seal, 608 Selling, 612 Shoreham, 71 Sittingbourne, 279, 427 Slade’s Green Pit, Crayford, 606 Stoke, 611 Stone Pit Farm, 608 Stone Street, 608 Studhill, 617 Summer Hill, Canterbury, 279 Swalecliffe, 617 Swanscombe, 607 Teynham, 611 Thanington, 540, 619 Tunbridge, 309 Tweedale, 611 Wear Farm, Chislet, 620 West Malling, 610 West Wickham, 248, 295, 310, 334 Wickham Road, Lewisham, 604 Wincheap, Canterbury, 619, 620

LANCASHIRE. Ayside, Newby Bridge, Windermere, 198 Bull Hill, 378, 380 Claughton Hall, Garstang, 210 Conishead Priory, 104 Dean, Bolton, 200 Furness, 202, 229 Haydock, Newton, 230 Heathwaite, Furness, 465 Hopwood, 200 Lancashire, 209, 257, 279, 325, 389 Lancaster, 427 Liverpool Docks, 168 Newton, 118 Saddleworth, 200 Shaw Hill, Flixton, 118 Silverdale, 230 Solway Moss, Longtown, 119, 151 Torver, 230 Toxteth, 96 Wavertree, 389 Windy Harbour Farm, Pendle, 117 Winwick, Warrington, 212

LEICESTERSHIRE. Barrow-on-Soar, 200 Breedon, 259, 467 Cliff Hill, 103, 254 Leicester, 144, 200, 389, 435 Loughborough, 111, 129 Osbaston, 251 Sutton Cheney, 432 Wymeswold, 470

LINCOLNSHIRE. Broughton, 279, 332 Fiskerton, 350 Gunthorpe, 373 Lincolnshire, 431 Manton, 389 Newport, 225 Spalding, 124

MIDDLESEX. Abney Park Cemetery, 586 Acton, 589, 590, 591 Bull’s Cross, Enfield, 603 Bush Hill Park, Enfield, 603 Dalston, 586 Dawley, West Drayton, 591 Ealing Dean, 589 Ealing, The Mount, 591 Edmonton, 603 Forty Hill, Enfield, 603 Gunnersbury, 591 Hackney, 586 Hackney Downs, 584 Hanwell, 591 Highbury New Park, 585 Hillingdon, 591 Homerton, 586 Hounslow, 591 Hounslow, Heath, 334 Kingsland, 586 London, 127, 229, 530, 656 London, City, 586 London, Clerkenwell, 583, 586 London, Drury Lane, 583 London, Gray’s Inn Lane, 583 London, Jermyn Street, 583 London, London Fields, 586 London, Main Drainage Works, 101 London, Prince’s Street, Oxford Street, 583 Lower Clapton, 586, 587 Mildmay Park, 586 Mill Hill, 589 Northwood, Harefield, 102 Rowan Tree Farm, Lower Edmonton, 603 Shacklewell, 584, 586 South Hornsey, 586 Southwell, 591 Stamford Hill, 586, 587 Stoke Newington, 310, 586, 587 Teddington, 76, 279 Twickenham, 222 Upper Clapton, 586

MONMOUTHSHIRE. Penhow, 269, 279

NORFOLK. Ash Wicken, 572 Attleborough, 390 Aylsham, 100, 381 Barton Bendish, 100 Beachamwell, 100 Blofield, 100 Bolton, Great Yarmouth, 100 Breccles, 100 Bromehill Pit, Weeting, 560 Buckenham, 34 Caistor, 229 Catton, 15 Congham, 229 Corton Beach, Yarmouth, 357 Cromer, 253, 463, 572 Dull’s Lane, Loddon, 125 Dunham, 91 East Runton, 572 Eaton, 34 Elsing, 100 Feltwell, 174, 458 Gallows Corner, Aylmerton, 572 Grime’s Graves, Brandon, 33–35, 40, 72, 77, 125, 248, 277, 281, 322, 390, 431, 451 Harleston, 228 Heckingham Common, 103 Hilgay Fen, 100, 255 Hunstanton, 150 King’s Lynn, 572 Leziate, 572 Little Cressingham, 460 Little Dunham, 70 Lopham Ford, 107 Lyng, 229 Massingham Heath, 83 Narborough, Swaffham, 100 Narford, 231 Necton, 202, 390 Norfolk, 77, 200, 279 North Walsham, 173 Norwich, 77 Oxburgh, 100 Pentney, 103, 151 Redhill, Therford, 550, &c. Rockland, 223 Shrub Hill, Feltwell, 96, 390, 550, 568, 569 South Wootton, 572 Sporle, Swaffham, 229, 240 Stanford, 91 Swannington, 110 Tasborough, 200 Thetford, 69, 75, 92, 93, 142, 291, 385 Thorpe, 91 Trimingham, 100 Wereham, Stoke Ferry, 142 Westacre Hall, 102 Weston, 90, 139 West Runton, Cromer, 572 Whitehill, 550, 556 Yarmouth, 229

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. Gilsborough, 110 King’s Sutton, 130 Little Wansford, Great Weldon, 350 Northampton, 124 Norton, Daventry, 352 Oundle, 301, 373, 378 Peterborough, 681 Pytchley, 281 Towcester, 104

NORTHUMBERLAND. Alnwick, 199 Amble, 280 Barrasford, 200 Bellingham, North Tyne, 126 Birtley, 259 Branton, 126 Burradon, 103, 116 Chollerford, 330 Coldstream, 168 Doddington, 116 Eglingham, 463 Ford Common, 330, 333 Great Tosson, 453 Halton Chesters, 105 Harbottle Peels, 241 Haydon Bridge, 200 Helton, 202 Hipsburn, 200 Holystone, 194 Ilderton, 117 Kielder Burn, North Tyne, 388 Northumberland, 244, 331 Percy’s Leap, 235 Ponteland, 105 Seghill, 208 Shilbottle, 200 Thirstone, 200 Throckley Fell, 128 Tosson, Rothbury, 455 Twisel, Norham, 223 Weetwood, 253 Woodhall, Harbottle, 92

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Beeston, 210 Sand Hills, Wollaton, 204

OXFORDSHIRE. Alchester, 144, 442 Bagley Wood, 593 Barcoot, Dorchester, 264 Brighthampton, 294 Broadwell, 594 Callow Hill, 281, 309, 376 Caversham, 592 Caversham, Henley Road, 592 Cockshott Hill, Wychwood Forest, 160 Dorchester, 247 Dorchester, Dykes, 332, 384 Eynsham, 101 Ipsden, 593 Marston Ferry, 593 Oxford, 593 Oxfordshire, 279, 381, 400 Sarsden House, Chipping Norton, 390 Shiplake, 592 Standlake, 125, 389, 398 Toots Farm, Caversham, 592 Wolvercote, 593, 594

SHROPSHIRE. Hardwick, Bishop’s Castle, 202

SOMERSETSHIRE. Athelney, 468 Barwick, 390 Camerton, 269 Chard, 639 Cheddar Pass, 486 Glastonbury, 200 Hamden Hill, Ilchester, 396 Little Solsbury Hill, Bath, 25, 247, 277, 281, 310, 374 Priddy, 389 Somersetshire, 281 Stourton, 192, 200 West Coker, 249, 259 West Cranmore, 295 Wookey Hyæna Den, 517–520 Worle Hill, 283

STAFFORDSHIRE. Bailey Hill, 433 Beresford, 362 Castern, 263, 455 Elkstone, 253 Grub Low, 377 Leek, 362 Long Low, Wetton, 234, 377 Mouse Low, 399, 432 Musdin, 330 Ribden Low, 330, 432, 433 Shuttlestone Barrow, Parwich Moor, 309 Staffordshire, 377, 432 Stone, 202 Wetton, 451

SUFFOLK. Alderton, 102 Bardwell, 192 Barrow, Bury St. Edmund’s, 439 Barton Mills, 390 Beeches Pit, West Stow, 542 Botany Bay, Brandon, 568 Botesdale, 100, 110 Brandon, 14, 17–21, 427, 550, 562, 568 Brick-kiln Farm, Brandon, 565, 566 Bury St. Edmund’s, 91, 174, 540, 656 Cardwell, 550 Cavenham, 142 Clare Castle, 229 Cross Bank, Mildenhall, 337 Culford, 88 Debenham, 91 Eriswell, 550 Eye, 229 Felixstow, 207, 218 Fornham All Saints, 542 Gravel Hill, Brandon, 507, 562, 563 Great Wratting, Haverhill, 229 Grindle Pit, Bury St. Edmund’s, 540 Grundisburgh, 100, 223 Helmingham, 280 Helperthorpe, 89 Hepworth, 100, 102 Herringswell, 539 High Lodge Hill, Mildenhall, 549, 643, 685 Hoxne, 373, 390, 530, 573, 574, 577 Icklingham, 14, 70, 87, 93, 176, 228, 249, 278, 281, 291, 329, 332, 334, 335, 337, 339, 341, 343, 373–375, 382, 383, 389, 390, 393, 543, 546, 643 Ipswich, 34, 100, 193, 353 Kenny Hill, Mildenhall, 78, 295 Kesgrave, 100 Lackford, 112, 113 Lakenheath, 73, 125, 307, 334, 340, 341, 373, 375, 376, 385, 389, 391, 393, 394 Livermere, 116 Maid’s Cross, 550; Old Churchyard, 566; The Broom, Maid’s Cross, 566 Market Weston, 100 Martlesham Hill, 89 Melford Junction, 578 Melton, Woodbridge, 174 Mildenhall, 42, 56, 67, 68, 73, 75, 88, 91, 93, 104, 110, 229, 230, 291, 336, 341 North Stow, 176, 356 Nowton, 542, 559 Playford, 101 Rampart Hill, Icklingham, 539, 543, 544, 545 Redgrave, 110, 228 Santon Downham, Thetford, 70, 92, 99, 542, 550, 552, 554–559, 647, 660 Shelley, 106 Sicklesmere, Bury St. Edmund’s, 542 Sproughton, 126 Stanifield, Bury St. Edmund’s, 228 Staunton, Ixworth, 389 Stonham, 281 Stow Heath, 100 Stowmarket, 110 Stutton, 578 Sudbury, 117, 578 Suffolk, 71, 89, 177, 248, 277, 279, 301, 307, 310, 324, 328, 332, 335, 337, 377, 381, 382, 383, 391, 393, 395, 400, 419, 539 Sutton, 111, 231, 427 Swan Brake, North Stow, Bury St. Edmund’s, 342 Thetford Warren, 74, 75, 556 Thingoe Hill, Bury St. Edmund’s, 541 Thurston, 97 Troston, 97, 128 Undley Common, Lakenheath, 94; Hall, 100 Wangford, 389, 562 Warren Hill, 543, 544, 546, 547 Warren Lodge, 548 Westhall, 442 Westleton Walks, 179 Westley, 542 West Stow, 92, 176, 389 Wilton Heath, 193

SURREY. Anstie Camp, Dorking, 389 Ash, Farnham, 101 Battersea Rise, 604 Carshalton, 351 Chart Park, Dorking, 389 Cookham, Maidenhead, 591 Croydon, 101 Earley, 592 Earlsfield, 604 East Hill, Wandsworth, 604 East Sheen, 591 Egham, 101 Farley Heath, 596 Farnham, 595 Frimley, 596 Godalming, 319 Hurlingham, 351 Kingston-on-Thames, 120; Chelsea Waterworks at, 150 Lavender Hill, 604 Limpsfield, 609, 610 Lingfield Mark Camp, 389 Normandy, Wanborough, 228 Peasemarsh, Godalming, 353, 594 Peperharrow, 596 Redhill, 244, 277, 378 Reigate, 100, 229, 277, 278 Ridland’s Farm, Limpsfield, 610 Roehampton, 604 Sheen, 253 Sonning, 592 Surrey, 127, 279, 389 Titsey, 144, 230 Walton-on-Thames, 351 West Hill, Wandsworth, 604 Wishmoor, 70 Wisley, 101 Wracklesham, 596

SUSSEX. Alfriston, 84, 148 Avisford Bridge, 687 Bell’s Field, Friston, 622 Beltout Castle, 281 Berling Gap, 301, 303, 305 Bow Hill, 268 Brighton (Elephant bed), 622 Cissbury, 32, 33, 35, 72, 75, 78, 80, 81, 82, 248, 277, 281 Clayton Hill, 76 Cliffe, Lewes, 229 Crow Link Gap, East Dean, 622 Cuckmare Haven, 304 Eastbourne, 76, 87, 126, 144, 179, 357 Hardham, 283 Hastings, 71, 281, 309, 325, 389 High Down, Ferring, 314 Horsham, 389 Hove, Brighton, 185, 268, 449 Mitchdean, 154 Mount Caburn, Lewes, 229, 249, 268, 440 Mount Harry, Lewes, 174 Newhaven, 278, 295 Newhaven and Telscombe, between, 71 Oving, Chichester, 69 Pallingham Quay, 229 Possingworth Manor, Uckfield, 281 Pulborough, 254 Pycombe Hill, 93 Ringwood Gore Farm, East Dean, 94 St. Leonard’s Forest, Horsham, 229, 295, 389 Seaford, 71, 149, 249, 278, 295, 309 Sussex, 68, 84, 277, 279, 301, 419, 443 Sussex Downs, 32, 36, 79, 101, 248, 263, 307, 310, 319, 400 Willington Mill, 341 Windore Hill, Alfriston, 308 Wolsonbury, 465

WARWICKSHIRE. Castle Ring, Cannock Chase, 281 Hartshill Common, 187 Rugby, 259 Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Coventry, 240 Saltley, 522, 578 Sutton Coldfield, 224 Walsgrave-upon-Sowe, 198

WESTMORLAND. Burns, Ambleside, 235 Haversham, 201 Loughrigg Tarn, 133 Westmorland, 112, 117, 200, 235

WILTSHIRE. Aldbourne, Hungerford, 78, 96, 227, 427, 463, 466 Alton Down, 377 Ashford-in-the-Water, 443, 467, 632 Ashton Valley, 210 Avebury, 248, 281, 332, 454, 467 Avebury Down, 309 Bemerton, 70, 627–629, 632 Bradford Abbas, 281 Breamore, 107, 632 Brigmilston, 280, 314 Britford, Salisbury, 632 Bulford, 427 Bush Barrow, Normanton, 227 Clarendon, 15 Collingbourne, 434 Collingbourne Ducis, 254 Cop Hill Barrow, Warminster, 434 Crudwell, 111 Cutterly Clump, 378 Downton, 632 Durrington, 269 Durrington Walls, 308, 352, 455 East Kennet, 193 Elm Grove, Milford Hill, 632 Everley, 160, 268, 291, 384, 466 Everley and Amesbury, between, 314 Fisherton, 628 Fisherton Anger, 630 Fovant, 385, 455 Fyfield, 377 Galley Hill, 656 Great Bedwin, 102 Hacpen Hill, 432 Hamptworth, 335 Harnham Hill, 283 Heytesbury, 254 Highfield, Salisbury, 251, 538, 629 Kingston Deverill, 460 Knook Castle, Upton Lovel, 148 Lambourn Downs, 186, 308, 318, 349 Lake, Salisbury, 125, 269, 388, 627 Liddington, 229 Littleton Drew, 280 Long Street Down, 280 Marlborough, 229, 230 Mere Down, 427 Milford Hill, 631–633 Milton, Pewsey, 390 Monkton Down, 328 Morgan’s Hill, 309 Normanton Down, 267, 269 Norton, Daventree, 352 Ogbourne, 377 Overton Hill, 295 Ozengall, 283 Peter’s Finger, Salisbury, 277 Pewsey, 627 Pick Rudge Farm, Overton, 339, 380 Rolston Field, 186 Rotherley, 309 Roundway Hill, Devizes, 268, 398, 426 Rushmore Park, 309 Salisbury, 627 Salisbury, Plain, 202 Selwood, Stourton, 198, 211 Silk Hill Barrow, 269 South Newton, 628 Stanton Fitzwarren, 101 Stonehenge, 107, 212, 269, 291, 352, 466 Stourton, 192 Sutton, 427 Temple Bottom, 434 Upton Lovel Barrow Down, 88, 143, 148, 213, 244, 267, 428, 431, 456, 460, 467 Walker’s Hill, 377 West Kennet, 248, 250, 263, 277, 280, 291, 294, 309, 432, 463 Wilsford, 213, 268, 269, 398 Wiltshire, 77, 83, 244, 260, 267, 279, 310, 352, 385, 389, 396, 397, 456 Windmill Hill, Avebury, 186, 385 Winterbourn Bassett, 240 Winterbourn Stoke, 266, 277, 280, 309, 371, 466 Wishford, Great Bedwin, 111 Woodyates Barrow, 385, 397

WORCESTERSHIRE. Aldington, 426 Bewdley, 186 Doddenham, 230 Grimley, 186, 202 Lindridge, 427 Worcestershire, 393

YORKSHIRE. Acklam Wold, 140, 415 Aldro’, Malton, 205 Allerston, 189 Amotherby, Malton, 105, 379, 391 Athelney, 468 Baildon Common, 388 Barmston, 128 Barugh, 114 Bempton, 72 Birdsall, Malton, 126 Bishop’s Burton, 331 Bridlington, 124, 125, 176, 242, 251, 290, 295, 307, 322–324, 329, 332, 335, 339, 340, 581 Brompton, 386 Brompton Carr, 202 Broughton-in-Craven, 208, 269 Buckthorpe, 205 Butterwick, 374, 453 Calais Wold Barrow, Pocklington, 371, 377, 455 Carnaby Moor, 91, 115 Cawton, 206 Charleston, Bridlington, 176, 290, 291 Cleveland, 252 Cliffe, Carlebury, 389 Corbridge Fell, 244 Cowlam, 176, 207, 262, 267, 434 Coxwold, 206 Crambe, 125, 345 Crosby, Garrett Fell, 317 Dalton, 176 Danby, North Moors, 211 Drewton, North Cave, 269 Driffield, 280, 328, 456 Duggleby, 140 Easton, Bridlington, 128, 243 Egton, 459 Egton, Bridge, 462 Etton, 331 Fimber, 105, 140, 266, 337, 341, 356, 380, 393, 462 Flamborough, 225 Flixton, 335 Folkton Wold, 421 Fridaythorpe, 105 Fylingdales, 463 Ganthorpe, 181 Ganton, 94, 241 Ganton, Wold, 73, 89, 267, 335, 336, 356, 358 Garton, 91, 350 Gilling, Vale of Mowbray, 119, 120, 339 Grindale, Bridlington, 96, 249, 375 Gristhorpe Barrow, Scarborough, 279, 398 Harome, Ryedale, 133, 221, 343, 344 Helmsley, 239 Helperthorpe, 89, 177, 262, 302 Heslerton Carr, 120 Heslerton Wold, 202, 224, 357 Holme, Spalding Moor, 100, 117 Hull, 202 Hunmanby, 184, 187, 455 Huntow, Bridlington, 181, 243, 342, 572 Jervaux, Bedale, 204 Kelleythorpe, Driffield, 429 Kilham, 91 King’s Field, Bridlington, 91 Kirby Underdale, 91 Kirklington, 209 Lady Graves, Fimber, 91 Langdale End, 391 Leeds, 222 Malton, 46, 105, 128, 135 Marton, 332 Mennithorpe, 136 North Burton, 96 Northdale, Bridlington, 174, 334 Northdale Farm, Grindale, Bridlington, 378, 382, 392 North Holme, 128 Norton, Malton, 102 Nunnington, 104, 115, 116, 191 Osgodby, 122 Oulston, 106 Pickering, 148, 197, 207, 250, 253, 279, 291, 352, 459 Pilmoor, 128, 191 Potter Brompton Wold, 194, 332 Ravenhill Tumulus, Scarborough, 143 Robin Hood Butts, Scarborough, 330 Rochdale, 389 Rookdale, 396 Rudstone, 34, 176, 195, 230, 235, 245, 265, 295, 307, 308, 316, 330, 331, 334, 356, 384, 454, 467 Rye Bank, Ness, 119 Ryedale, 136, 344 Salton, 228 Sawdon, 89, 415 Scalby, Scarborough, 202 Scampston, 126, 438 Scamridge, 77, 246, 247, 335 Scamridge Dykes, 121 Scarborough, 160, 221, 269, 332 Seackleton, 191 Seamer, 91, 126 Seamer Moor, 96, 105, 148, 290, 371, 379, 399 Settle, 435 Settle, Victoria Cave at, 505, 524 Sewerby, Bridlington, 355 Sherburn, 34, 128, 295, 331, 391 Sherburn, Carr, 342 Sherburn, Wold, 333, 380, 385 Skelton Moors, 198, 211 Sledmere, 195 Snainton Moor, 333 South Back Lane, Bridlington, 129 South Dalton, Beverley, 190 Speeton, Bridlington, 125 Stainton Dale, Scarborough, 198 Stanwick, 210 Swinton, Malton, 121 Thixendale, 128 Thorn Marsh, 102 Thwing, 454 Topcliffe, 268 Uncleby, 96, 271, 283 Weapon Ness, 223 Weaverthorpe, 34, 243, 246, 266, 276, 300, 302, 331, 391, 439 Weaverthorpe Ling, 461 Westerdale Moors, 211 West Huntow, Bridlington, 334 Wetwang, 356 Whitby, 187, 191, 196, 295, 343, 459 Whitwell, 122 Willerby, 125 Willerby, Carr, 189, 228 Willerby, Wold, 89, 180, 334, 374 Wold Newton, 243 Wykeham Moor, 331 York, 92, 96, 150, 334 Yorkshire, 41, 77, 143, 177, 186, 200, 277, 279, 290, 304, 307, 331, 341, 345, 374, 377, 389, 391, 392, 393, 395, 420, 440–443 Yorkshire Barrows, 244, 245, 309, 432, 468 Yorkshire Wolds, 23, 30, 77, 89, 223, 248, 262, 266, 276, 290, 294, 301, 302, 303, 304, 308, 310, 311, 319, 322, 323, 324, 328, 329, 352, 356, 374, 376, 378, 379, 381, 382, 385, 389, 390, 400, 412, 415, 416

ISLE OF MAN. Cregneesh, 378 Isle of Man, 444 Port Erin, 378 Port St. Mary, 277

CHANNEL ISLANDS. Channel Islands, 57, 188 Guernsey, 127, 188, 401 Herm, 247 _La Roche qui sonne_, 464 St. Clement’s, Jersey, 396 St. Sampson, Guernsey, 141

RIVERS. Avon, Valley of, 626, 627, 632–634, 692 Axe, Valley of, 639 Beane, 602 Blackwater, 692 Bourne, Valley of, 631, 636, 637, 695 Bulbourne, Valley of, 597 Cam, Valley of, 538, 539 Chelmer, 578 Cherwell, 593 Colne, Valley of, 578, 597 Cray, Valley of, 604, 605 Culm, Valley of, 639 Darent, Valley of, 605–607, 609, 610 Gade, Valley of, 596, 597 Gipping, Valley of, 578 Goldstream, 574 Hamble, Valley of, 689 Hiz, Valley of, 536–538 Itchen, Valley of, 622, 688 Ivel, Valley of, 536–538 Kent, Valley of, 542 Kennet, 592 Lambourn, 126 Lark, Valley of, 499, 539–543, 554, 559, 681, 682 Lea, 229; Valley of, 586, 598, 602, 603 Linnet, 540 Little Ouse, Valley of, 551–559, 681–683, 707 Maran, Valley of, 602 Medway, Valley of, 608, 610 Misbourne, Valley of, 596 Nadder, 630 Nar, or Setchy, 572 Nene, 681 Oughton, 536 Ouse, Valley of, 530, 531, 680 Ravensbourne, Valley of, 604 Rea, Valley of, 578, 579 Severn, at Ribbesford, 210 Shode, Valley of, 608 Solent, Valley of the ancient, 635 Stort, Valley of, 602 Stour, Valley of, 578, 618, 619, 634, 687–692 Swale, Valley of, 686 Teise, Valley of, 610 Ter, Valley of, 578 Test, Valley of, 622, 688 Thames, 74, 75, 91, 123, 206, 222, 229, 350, 389, 431, 581; Valley of, 581, 604–607, 668, 685; at Battersea, 71, 237, 587, 588; Chelsea, 588; Coway Stakes, Egham, 110; Greenwich, 357; Hammersmith, 588; Hampton Court, 110; Kew, 161, 434; London, 100, 122, 195, 210, 213, 219, 350, 357; London Bridge, 351; Long Wittenbam, 337; Oxford, 594; Parliament Stairs, 194; Putney, 588; Reading, 143; Richmond, 588; Teddington, 100; Twickenham, 174; Wandsworth, 434, 588; Windsor, 227, 341, 431 Thet, 550 Trent, at Beeston, 210 Trent or Piddle, Valley of, 638, 692 Ver, Valley of, 597 Wandle, Valley of, 604 Waveney, Valley of, 573, 577, 578, 683, 684 Wear, 193 Wey, Valley of, 594–596 Wiley, Valley of, 628–630 Wissey, or Stoke, 572 Wye, 521

WALES. South Wales, 439

ANGLESEA. Amlwch Parys Mine, 234 Anglesea, 84, 104, 198, 236, 247, 251, 252, 257, 259, 260, 269, 309, 438, 450, 463 Caer Leb, Llanidan, 230, 468 Heneglwys, 281 Holyhead, Island of, 230, 244, 248, 254, 257, 264, 270, 309, 438, 455 Llangwyllog, 103, 460 Llanidan, 234 Old Geir, 234, 236, 249 Penmynydd, 468 Pen-y-bonc, Holyhead, 89, 230, 234, 247, 252, 442, 459 Ty Mawr, 230, 234, 248, 251, 252, 270, 438, 450, 466

BRECON. Hay, 328 Ty ddu Llanelieu, 353

CARDIGANSHIRE. Lampeter, 259 Llangynfelin Mine, 234

CARMARTHENSHIRE. Cae Gwyn, 521 Coygan Cave, 521 Ffynnon Beunos Cave, 521 Pont Newydd Cave, Cefn, 521

CARNARVONSHIRE. Aber, 262 Bangor, 279 Carreg-y-Saelhau, Aber, 262 Dwygyfylchi, 84 Llandudno, 233 Llanfairfechan, 198 Nantlle, 236 Pen-maen-mawr, 84, 450 Tomen-y-Mur, 433

DENBIGHSHIRE. Brynbugeilen, Llangollen, 279 Denbighshire, 244 Moel Fenlli, Ruthin, 239, 283 Pentrefoelas, 340 Rhos Digre, 126 Ty-newydd, Llansilin, 143

GLAMORGANSHIRE. Cardiff, 110 Llanmadock in Gower, 187 Long Hole, Gower, 520 Melyn Works, Neath, 125 Paviland Caves, 487, 520

MERIONETHSHIRE. Cader Idris, 198 Harlech, 279 Llanaber, 279 Maesmore, near Corwen, 226 Merionethshire, 279

MONTGOMERYSHIRE. Carno, 281, 389, 438 Llanbrynmair, 202 Llanidloes, 198 Llanrhaiadr-yn-Mochnant, 225 Rhayader, 230 Snow Brook Lead Mines, Plinlimmon, 234 Trefeglwys, 240, 342

PEMBROKESHIRE. Hoyle’s Mouth, Tenby, 521 Oyle Cave, Tenby, 521 Pembrokeshire, 230 St. Botolph’s Priory, 242 Tenby, 383

RADNOR. Abbey Cwm Hir, 230

SCOTLAND. Scotland, 123, 199, 200, 242, 245, 252, 255, 267, 269, 270, 322, 323, 338, 377, 378, 386, 419, 420, 437, 439, 442, 443, 469

ABERDEENSHIRE. Aberdeenshire, 22, 97, 103, 130, 149, 199, 236, 244, 250, 280, 333, 362, 377, 386, 444 Ashogall, Turriff, 224 Ballater, 421 Ballogie, 428 Balmoral, 444 Bogingarry, Old Deer, 89, 94 Brindy Hill, 117 Clashfarquhar, 280 Cloister-Seat Farm, Udny, 388 Corennie, Hill of, 413 Critchie, Inverurie, 197 Cromar, 291, 338, 388, 444 Crookmore, Tullynessle, 444 Cruden, 149, 388, 398, 425, 463 Don River, 22 Drumkesk, Aboyne, 444 Dudwick, 420 Ellon, 390 Fernie Brae, Slains, 138 Forgue, 388 Fyvie, 408, 428 Gallow Hill, Turriff, 224 Garioch, Chapel of, 420 Kildrummy, 388 Kinellar, 388 Kintore, 342, 388 Knockargity, 444 Leochel River, 22 Loch Skene, 463 Migvie, Tarland, 420 Newburgh, 68 Newton, 106 Old Deer, 35 Rothie, 459 Slains, 388 Strathdon, 388, 444 Tarland, 331, 388 Towie, 421 Turriff, 342 Tyrie, 237 Udny, 331 Ythanside, Gight, 230

ARGYLLSHIRE. Ardrossan, 198 Argyllshire, 242, 280 Campbelton, Kintire, 143 Inveraray, 211 Island of Coll, 241 Islay, 442 Southend, Kintire, 143 Strachur, 338

AYRSHIRE. Ardrossan, 198 Ayrshire, 310, 388 Kilmarnock, 386, 420 Kirkmichael, 353 Lochlee, 247 Maybole, 440 Middleton, Stevenston, 198 Stevenston, 456

BANFF. Alvah, 388 Balveny, 357 Banff, 280, 377, 387, 444 Bowiebank, King Edward, 388 Cullen, cave near, 252 Cullen of Buchan, 388 Cullen, Bin of, 280 Eden, 388 Forglen, 296 Glen Avon, 388 Glenlivet, 386 Lesmurdie, 282, 388 Longman, Macduff, 230, 388 Mains of Auchmedden, 388 Montblairy, 386, 420 Mortlach, 388

BERWICKSHIRE. Berwickshire, 108, 130 Butterlaw, Coldstream, 338 Dunse Castle, 202 Fireburn Mill, Coldstream, 189 Lamberton Moor, 264

BUTE. Ambrisbeg Hill, 128 Isle of Arran, 225, 280 Mountstuart, 460

CAITHNESS. Aucorn, 451 Breckigoe, 195 Caithness, 129, 221, 222, 281, 291, 376, 388, 444, 451 Camster, 338 Horned Cairn of Get, Garrywhin, 376 Kettleburn, 259, 440 Ormiegill Ulbster, 338 Wick, 208, 220, 252, 451

CLACKMANNAN. Alloa, 230 Tillicoultry, 280 Tillicoultry Bridge, 199

CROMARTYSHIRE. Cat’s Cairn, 149

DUMFRIESSHIRE. Annandale, 195 Dumfriesshire, 420 Gretna Green, 388 Mains, Dumfries, 108 Robgill, 388 Ruthwell, 388

EAST LOTHIAN. East Lothian, 259 Gilmerton, 103, 130 Longniddry, 213 Pencaitland, 463 Stenton, 269, 332

EDINBURGH. Edinburgh, 259 Leith, 200 Redhall, 106 Trinity, 142

ELGIN (see also MORAYSHIRE) Culbin Sands, 249, 280, 295, 319, 320, 324, 331, 339, 372, 377, 388 Elgin, 280, 377 Fochabers, 112 Rafford, 459 Urquhart, 90, 226, 280, 310, 328, 331, 338, 376, 377, 378, 386, 388, 394, 395

FIFE. Balmerino, 202 Dairsie, 388 Dunfermline, 109 Dunino, 270 Fifeshire, 126, 241 Kirkcaldy, 112, 120 Ormiston Abdie, 190 St. Andrew’s, Lhanbryd, 388 Tay River, near Newburgh, 184 Tayfield, 457, 475

FORFARSHIRE. Aberlemno, 459 Balcalk, Tealing, 460 Carmyllie, 388 Dundee, 89, 92, 114 Dundee Law, 453 Dunnichen, 270 Drumour, Glenshee, 119, 133 East Braikie, 420 Forfarshire, 128, 230, 390, 444, 451, 469 Glamis, 224 Glenshee, 151, 154 Guthrie, 353 Letham, 450 Leuchland Toll, Brechin, 459 Lunan-head, 457 Montrose, Tidal Basin at, 224

HADDINGTON. Gullane Links, 310 Nunraw, 353

INVERNESS. Abernethy, 388 Ballachulish, 231, 386 Daviot, 107, 135, 149, 254 Druim-a-shi, Culloden, 112, 149 Roy Bridge, 259

KINCARDINE. Arbuthnot, 388 Bervie, 388 Cleugh, Glenbervie, 230 Dunnottar Castle, 242 Fordoun, 91, 388, 413, 459 Garvoch Hill, 421 Little Barras, Drumlithie, 138 Pitlochrie, 230, 342 Tullo of Garvoch, 420

KINROSS. Lochleven, 114

KINTIRE. West Coast of, 263

KIRKCUDBRIGHT. Balmaclellan, New Galloway, 219, 259 Borness, 270 Castle Douglas, 202 Kelton, 199 Parton, 451

LANARKSHIRE. Aikbrae, Culter, 179, 201 Biggar, 420 Braidwood, 388 Carluke, 242, 388 Crawfurd Moor, 454 Culter, 230, 237, 242, 442 Dolphinton, 154 Glasgow, 129, 150 Lanark, 280, 342, 387, 396 Lesmahago, 456

LINLITHGOW. Dalmeny, 113 Silvermine, Torphichen, 200

MIDLOTHIAN. Cobbinshaw Loch, West Calder, 184

MORAYSHIRE. Elchies, 388 Keith, 388 Morayshire, 377, 444 Old Town of Roseisle, 388

NAIRN. Cawdor Castle, 434

PEEBLES. Linton, 388 South Slipperfield, West Linton, 91

PERTHSHIRE. Aberfeldy, 109 Abernethy, 187 Benlochy, Blairgowrie, 250 Doune, 224 Dunning, 240 Dunsinane, 259 Needless, 444 Perth, 281, 444 Pitlochrie, 230 Rattray, 109 Tay, near Mugdrum Island, 194

RENFREWSHIRE. Houstoun, 459

ROSS-SHIRE. Assynt, 457 Dalmore, Alness, 331, 425 Flowerburn, 318 Fyrish, Evantown, 425 Kinlochew, 91 Standing Stones of Rayne, 42

ROXBURGHSHIRE. Craigfordmains, 296, 335 Cunzierton, Jedburgh, 109 Lempitlaw, 119 Roxburgh, 112, 280 Sprouston, Kelso, 115, 206 Teindside, Minto, 318

SELKIRKSHIRE. Philiphaugh, 244, 388 Yarrow, 456

STIRLINGSHIRE. Blair-Drummond, 222, 346 Craigengelt, 194, 353 Falkirk, Carse of, 488 Fochabers, 112 Killearn, 387, 388 Meiklewood, 346 Stirling, 133 Stirlingshire, 118, 132 Tappock, Torwood, 463

SUTHERLANDSHIRE. Golspie, 391 Kintradwell, 271 Melness, 142 Sutherland, 444 Torrish, 457

WIGTOWNSHIRE. Baldoon, 256 Burgh-head, 388 Claycrop, Kirkinner, 220 Dowalton, Sorbie, 440 Earlston, 339 Ervie, Glenluce, 154 Goldenoch Moor, 240, 241 Glenluce, 109, 263, 269, 280, 296, 339, 376, 377, 388, 391, 428, 455, 464, 466 Kirklauchline, 131, 135 Machermore Loch, 241 Portpatrick, 230 Sorbie, 194 Stranraer, 259 West Calder, 466 Wick, 252, 451 Wigtownshire, 199, 234, 247, 310, 466

HEBRIDES. Broadford Bay, Isle of Skye, 425, 427 Coll, Island of, 241 Harris, Island of, 437 Hebrides, 252, 258 Lewis, Island of, 348, 437 Mull, Isle of, 428 Skye, Isle of, 112, 117, 386, 387, 421, 444 South Uist, Isle of, 440 Western Islands, 470

ORKNEYS. Blows Moss, South Ronaldsay, 353 Firth, 221, 238 Lingrow, Broch of, Scapa, 221, 271, 416 Northmavine, 76 Orem’s Fancy, Stronsay, 468 Orkneys, 97, 150, 171, 255, 257, 280, 345, 348, 421, 440, 443, 451 Quoyness, Sanday, 255 Rousay, 328 Shapinsay, 269, 387 Skaill, Underground House of, 255, 281 Skara, Skaill, 264, 450 Stronsay, 206 Unstan Cairn, 372, 415

SHETLAND ISLANDS. Bressay, 256 Clickemin, Lerwick, 138 Cunningsburgh, 128 Easterskild, Sandsting, 346 Firth, 221 Hillswick, 345 Lerwick, 130 Lunnasting, 124 Sand Lodge, 440 Sandsting, 124, 346 Sandwick, 190 Scarpiegarth, 221 Selter, Walls, 124 Shetland, 116, 122, 123, 124, 130, 135, 138, 150, 208, 221, 234, 236, 252, 255, 345, 346–8, 353, 444, 451 Tresta, Aithsting, 124 Trondra, 124 Unst, Isle of, 450 West Burrafirth, 116 Whiteness, 224 Yell, Isle of, 124

IRELAND. Antrim, 310, 358 Armagh, 115 Arran, Island of, 469 Ballykillen Bog, King’s Co., 408 Ballymena, Antrim, 342, 421 Bann River, 198, 349; Lower, 353; Valley of, 286 Belfast Lough, 286 Cookstown, Tyrone, 154 Cork, 234, 251 Dundrum, Down, 466 Bay, 20 Farney, 223, 224 Ireland, 84, 85, 124, 128, 130, 137, 140, 142, 150, 175, 177, 194, 218, 223, 224, 232, 237, 241, 242, 247, 251, 253, 269, 270, 310, 320, 322, 326, 328, 329, 342, 365, 372, 390, 392, 394, 399, 400, 420, 422, 428, 437, 468 Kanestown Bog, Antrim, 408 Kilkenny, 258 Killarney, 234 Lough Gur, 224 Lough Neagh, 77, 175, 181, 291, 649 Monaghan, 154 Portglenone, 353 Toome Bridge, Lough Neagh, 286 Trillick, Tyrone, 445 Tullamore, King’s Co., 224 Ulster, 73, 92, 286

FRANCE

AISNE. Aisne, 401, 647 Caranda, 327 Chassemy, 252 Laon, 402 Sablonnières, 397 Soissons, 109, 327

ALPES MARITIMES. Mentone, 475, 487

ARDÈCHE. Du Charnier, 327

ARIÈGE. Massat, Caves of, 560 Pyrenees, Caves of the, 281

AUBE. Troyes, 527

AUVERGNE. Province of, 43, 286, 402 Corente, 401

AVEYRON. Des Costes, 401 Mont Sargel, 160 Mur de Barrez, 35 Pilaude, 401 St. Jean d’Alcas, 327, 354, 401 Taurine, Dolmen of, 401 Vinnac, Dolmen of, 352

BRITTANY. Province of, 57, 62, 109, 142, 253, 268, 395, 400, 401 Carnac, 135, 212, 249, 465 Ile d’Arg, 318 La Table des Marchands, Locmariaker, 153 Ploucour, 340

CHAMPAGNE. Province of, 69, 528

CHARENTE. Department of, 187, 262, 335 Bernac, Dolmen of, 77, 401 La Péruse, 401 Tilloux, 528

CORRÈZE. Department of, 528

CÔTE D’OR. Labruyère, 144

CÔTES DU NORD. Department of, 400, 428 Bois du Rocher, Dinan, 528

DAUPHINÉ. Province of, 133

DORDOGNE. Department of, 262, 528 Caves of, 292, 296, 329, 476, 478–481 La Madelaine, 248, 484, 505 Laugerie basse, 506 Laugerie haute, 53, 498 Le Moustier, 79, 483, 496, 500, 501, 515, 548 Les Eyzies, 501, 506 Mas d’Azil, 484

EURE ET LOIRE. Chateaudun, 252 Marboué, 528 Neuilly-sur-Eure, 327 St. Jean, Chateaudun, 109 St. Prest, Chartres, 658

FINISTÈRE. Department of, 141

FRANCE. 22, 70, 85, 87, 97, 113, 114, 124, 125, 127, 130–136, 140, 147, 154, 186, 205, 216, 286, 299, 310, 311, 320, 325, 395, 396, 435, 465, 470, 653, 657; North of, 93; South of, 40, 43, 245, 277, 333, 475, 476, 480, 481, 510, 511

GARD. Department of, 401 Grailhe, Dolmen of, 354 Grotte des Morts, Durfort, 335, 337, 402 Grotte du Castellet, 373, 401 Grotte Duruthy, 327

GERS. Pauilhac, Valley of Gers, 286

GIRONDE. Department of, 401

HAUTE GARONNE. Aurignac, Cave of, 499 Toulouse, 528

INDRE ET LOIRE. Department of, 528 Pressigny le Grand, 27, 28, 29, 31, 35, 69, 262, 278, 286

LANDES. Department of, 401 Poyanne, 231 Sourdes, 43

LOIR ET CHER. Pontlevoy, 69, 314, 396 Vendôme, 538

LOIRE INFÉRIEURE. Department of, 135 Dijon, 465 Mont Beuvray, 144 Penhouet, St. Nazaire-sur-Loire, 160 Pornic, 176

LORRAINE. Province of, 286

LOZÈRE. Dolmens of the, 268, 327, 354

LYONNAIS. Mont d’Or, 244

MACONNAIS. District of the, 528

MORBIHAN. Department of, 385 Bernon, Arzon, 109 Cruguel, 400 Rocher de Beg-er-Goallenner, Quiberon, 318

NIÈVRE. Department of, 528

NORD. Quiévy, 528

OISE. Beauvais, 182, 528, 541 Breteuil, 109 Camp de Catenoy, 69, 176, 262, 286, 396 Champignolles, 35 Hermes, 314 Montguillain, Beauvais, 528, 541 Sérifontaine, 35

PAS DE CALAIS. Guînes, 528 Hydrequent, 647 Sangatte, 528 Vaudricourt, Béthune, 554

PÉRIGORD. Province of, 101

PICARDY. Province of, 246

POITOU. Province of, 71, 73, 77, 262, 295, 647 Poitiers, 244 Tombelle de Brioux, 141 Villaigres, 401

PUY DE DÔME. Clermont Ferrand, 401, 402, 559 Gergovia, 286

PYRÉNÉES. Caverns of the, 505 Nougaroulet, 131

SAÔNE ET LOIRE. Camp de Chassey, 159, 324, 401 Saône, Valley of the, 401 Solutré, 484

SAVOIE. Lac du Bourget, 246 Lakes of, 439 Savoie, 234

SEINE. Clichy, 703 Paris, 109, 528, 656, 659, 703 Seine, at Paris, 77, 186, 187, 327 Seine, Valley of the, 528

SEINE ET MARNE. Chelles, 528 Grand Morin, 528

SEINE ET OISE. Allée Couverte, Argenteuil, 160, 327 Argenteuil, 401, 465

SEINE INFÉRIEURE. Argues, Dieppe, 528 Auquemesnil, 231 Dieppe, 528 Eu, 109 Londinières, 177, 401 St. Saen, 528 Sotteville, Rouen, 528 Vauvray, 160

SOMME. Abbeville, 68, 258, 527 Amiens, 77, 241, 527, 698 Camp de César, Pontrémy, 174 Drucat, 707 Menchecourt, Abbeville, 701 Mesnil-en-Arronaise, 187 Miannay, Abbeville, 109 Montiers, 69, 77, 541, 616, 642, 701 Porte Marcadé, 555 St. Acheul, 483, 526 Somme River, 647 Somme Valley, 69, 160, 262, 490, 526, 554, 584, 698 Thenay, 528, 658 Thézy, 528

TARN ET GARONNE. Bruniquel, Cave of, 296, 505, 506

TOURAINE. Province of, 30

VIENNE. Châtellerault, 69 Coussay les Bois, 528 Savanseau, 327 Thorus, Poitiers, 395

YONNE. Sens, 528

AUSTRIA. Austria, 404, 529 Egenburg, 404 Hallstatt, Salzkammergut, 84, 188, 234, 269, 460, 464 Hungary, 268, 529 Salzburg, 163 Styria, 194, 255

BELGIUM AND NETHERLANDS. Aerschot, 161 Belgium, 71, 72, 87, 92, 97, 113, 262, 278, 286, 310, 318, 396, 470, 475, 478, 481 Brussels, 109 Curange, 528 Flanders, 145 Gelderland, 232, 391, 403 Ghlin, 23 Groningen, 205 Hasledon, 402 Heistert, Roermond, 403 Holland, 58 Luxembourg, 262, 403 Maffles, 109 Mesvin, 528 Meuse, District of, 325 Mons, 90 Namur, 396 Samson, 397 Spiennes, Mons, 27, 34, 77, 80, 93, 248, 278, 354 Trou de Chaleux, 318, 501 Winterswyk, 163 Yvoir, 402

DENMARK, NORWAY, AND SWEDEN. (SCANDINAVIA.) Aarhus, Jutland, 310 Assens, 430 Denmark, 27, 32, 43, 49, 51, 57, 58, 62, 68, 69, 71, 73, 76, 77, 84, 85, 97, 104, 114, 118, 121, 125, 142, 144, 169, 177, 178, 191, 194, 197, 205, 218, 222, 237, 247, 261, 264, 268, 296, 310, 353, 355, 396, 404, 413, 419, 422, 430, 478, 479, 601 Faroe Islands, 445 Iceland, 410 Jutland, 118 Langeland, 430 Lindormabacken, Scania, 396 Norway, 57, 348, 358, 404, 450 Scandinavia, 28, 43, 170, 174, 184, 232, 252, 261, 271, 278, 286, 296, 297, 327, 355, 396, 434, 469 Store Lyngby, Denmark, 70 Sweden, 57, 77, 85, 154, 177, 178, 185, 261, 339, 348, 353, 404, 418 Thorsbjerg, 271 Vissenberg, Odense, Isle of Fünen, 409

GERMANY. Bavaria, 58, 469 Berlin, 163 Bohemia, 51, 101 Brandenburg, 186, 253 Brunswick, 191 Camenz, 49 Cracow, 358 Dienheim, 160 Gerdauen, 187 Germany, 22, 57, 58, 145, 160, 177, 181, 182, 184, 194, 197, 205, 232, 244, 297, 353, 396, 403, 404, 408, 529 Gonsenheim, Mainz, 144 Hanover, 435 Inzighofen, Sigmaringen, 404 Island of Rügen, 252 Jülich, 64 Kästrich, Gonsenheim, 109 Lang Eichstätt, 163 Lüneburg, 194, 468 Mainz, 182, 191, 267 Martha’s Hof, Bonn, 58 Mitterberg, Bischofshofen, 234 Monsheim, 252, 268 Moravia, 58 Neverstorff, Schleswig Holstein, 310 Ochsenfurt, Lower Franconia, 431 Oldenburg, 404 Oldenstadt, Lüneburg, 232 Pomerania, 403 Posen, 296 Prenzlow, 431 Prussia, 252, 294 Rhenish-Hesse, 286 Rhine, 259, 271, 404 Schleswig, 448 Schraplau, 163 Scudnitz, Schweinitz, 191 Sigmaringen, 177 Soden, 136 Thuringia, 403 Torgau, 63 Trier, 315 Uelzen, Hanover, 185 Weser and Elbe, district between, 163 Wesseling on the Rhine, 109 Wiesbaden, 283

GREECE. Greece, 61, 62, 114, 126, 127, 337, 529 Marathon, 286, 368, 403 Megalopolis, 530 Melos, Island of, 28, 278 Mycenæ, 403, 439 Sardis, Lydia, 117 Tanagra, Bœotia, 205

ITALY. Bergamo, 403 Brescia, 337 Brionio, Veronese, 386 Ceppagna, Molise, 529 Civitanova, Piceno, 403 Cumarola, Modena, 402 Elba, Island of, 310, 367, 403 Gabbiano, Abruzzo, 529 Imola, 200 Imolese, 529 Italy, 59, 120, 126, 142, 205, 221, 287, 299, 310, 529; Central, 403, 655; Northern, 47, 129, 397, 402; Southern, 396 Majorca, 357 Mantua, 391 Mercurago, Arona, 402 Perugia, 367, 396, 403, 529 Piedmont, 242 Sicily, 114 Telese, Pæstum, 327, 333, 354 Tiber Valley, 529 Tuscany, 333 Varese, Lago di, 267, 268, 396, 402 Vercelli, 333 Vibrata, Valley of, 402

PORTUGAL. Algarve, 287 Casa da Moura, 255, 268 Leiria, 529 Portugal, 44, 133, 140, 182, 247, 284, 372, 396, 403, 463, 459, 470 Ruy Gomes, copper-mines of, Alemtejo, 234

RUSSIA. Aleutian Islands, 48, 166 Archangel, 404 Armenia, Russian, 169 Caucasus, 169, 405 Courland, 184 Ekaterinoslav, 404 Finland, 181, 186, 215 Kiev, 358 Koulpe, salt-mines of, 169 Kozarnia, Poland, 332 Lithuania, 47, 181, 194 Livonia, 184 Moscow, 358 Olonetz, 278, 404 Russia, 181, 205, 215, 310, 355, 358, 456, 529 Siberia, 181, 245, 488 Vladimir, 78, 354, 372 Volhynia, 358

SPAIN. Albuñol, 287 Andalusia, 105, 333, 403 Cadiz, 130 Cantabria, 65 Cerro Muriano, 234 Cordova, 234 Cueva de los Murciélagos, 262 Genista Cave, Gibraltar, 252, 287, 428, 433 Gibraltar, 177, 182 Manzanares Valley, 529, 653 Milagro, 234 San Isidro, Madrid, 529 Spain, 44, 58, 247, 252, 284, 296, 396, 403, 428 Villanueva del Rey, 234

SWITZERLAND. Agiez, Vaud, 185 Attersee, 357 Auvernier, 310 Bodmann, 22, 357 Bully, Neufchâtel, 528 Concise, 158, 161, 232 Cortaillod, 418 Geissboden, moss of, 409 Greug, 281 Inkwyl, 348, 470 Lausanne, 327 Meilon, 323 Moosseedorf, 22 Nussdorf, 167, 246, 292, 310, 402 Robenhausen, 15, 155, 159, 432 Sipplingen, 167, 182 Swiss Lake Dwellings, 43, &c. Switzerland, 46, 47, 51, 136, 162, 167, 170, 177, 182, 191, 232, 242, 250, 262, 267, 292, 402, 408, 443 Ueberlinger See, 167, 402 Unter Uhldingen, 16 Vaud, Canton de, 287 Wauwyl, 22 Zurich, 269

TURKEY IN EUROPE. Armenia, 141 Avlona, Albania, 21 Crete, 28 Dardanelles, 652 Kostainicza, Turkish Croatia, 367 Transcaucasia, 287

AFRICA. Accra, 127 Æthiopia, 368 Africa, 60, 245, 250, 410; Northern, 284, 405, 653; South, 155, 216, 231, 277, 337, 370, 654 Aleppo, 284 Alexandria, 169 Algeria, 182, 287, 405 Assiut, 369 Cape Colony, 653 Cape of Good Hope, 248, 310 Capetown, 288 Diamond Fields, 653 East London, 653 Egypt, 51, 60, 113, 167, 169, 214, 223, 247, 277, 284, 287, 293, 297, 320, 344, 354, 358, 359, 368, 391, 394, 395, 417, 652 Embabaan, Swaziland, 653 Gafsa, Tunis, 652 Gold Coast, 60, 127, 231 Grahamstown, 288 Helouan, Egypt, 297, 325 Issutugan River, Somaliland, 652 Kolea, Algeria, 652 Kahun, 45 Libyan Desert, 287 Madeira, 284 Medum, Egypt, 170 Natal, 322, 653 Naucratis, 242, 243 Ousidan, Algeria, 652 Palikao, Algeria, 652 Port Beaufort, Cape of Good Hope, 241 Port Elizabeth, 653 Process-fontein, Victoria West, 653 Qûrnah, Egypt, 71 Sahara, 405 Somaliland, 652, 653 Southern Shoa, 299 Spring of Moses, Cairo, 652 Teneriffe, 284 Thebes, 71; tombs of the Kings at, 652 Tunis, 405 Wady Maghara, 6, 234, 405

AMERICA. Alabama, 219 Alaska, 25 America, Arctic, 355; Central, 24, 80, 216; North, 24, 50, 52, 85, 97, 121, 127, 165, 167, 182, 215, 231, 244, 250, 257, 264, 299, 348, 349, 353, 370, 372, 405, 406, 410, 411, 423, 428, 433, 440, 470; South, 250, 394, 418 Araucania, 406 Arica, 407 Barbados, 182 Bolivia, 157, 169, 178, 232, 239 Brazil, 59, 157, 166 California, 37, 231, 268, 293, 409; North, 39, 40 Canada, 182 Cape Lisburne, 37 Cayuga County, New York, 71, 244 Chili, 231, 406, 407 Chiriqui, 103 Cloud River, 25, 39 Comayagua, Spanish Honduras, 337 Copiapo, 406 Costa Rica, 141 Delaware Water Gap, 247; River, 241 Greenland, 241, 246, 286, 294, 404, 405 Guadaloupe, 155, 218 Guiana, 169; British, 141, 169; Dutch, 271 Honduras, 78, 337, 353 Icy Cape, 292, 347 Jamaica, 129 Kotzebue Gulf, 38 Lake Erie, 237; Superior, copper-mines near, 235 Merrimac Valley, 257 Mexico, 23, 24, 39, 155, 191, 216, 239, 278, 288, 289, 290, 294, 310, 354, 406, 439 Missouri, 80 Napo River, Ecuador, 170 Newfoundland, 182, 310, 406 New Granada, 407 New Jersey, 355 New Mexico, 367 New York, State of, 237 Nootka Sound, 157, 434 Ohio Valley, 50, 288 Oregon, 406 Patagonia, 322, 406, 422 Pemberton, New Jersey, 58 Pennsylvania, 268 Peru, 24, 232, 239, 407 Puget’s Sound, 166 Queen Charlotte’s Islands, 25 Quito, 142 Rio Frio, Nicaragua, 155 Rio Grande, Patagonia, 406 Rio Negro, Patagonia, 52, 406 St. George’s Sound, 235 St. Isabel, Brazil, 257 South Carolina, 136, 232, 257 Smith’s Sound, 15 Snake River, 40 Straits of de Fuca, 166 Surinam, 169 Tennessee, 171, 337 Tezcuco, Mexico, 355 Tierra del Fuego, 15, 39, 299, 406, 498 Trenton, New Jersey, 80, 654 Vancouver’s Island, 236 Victoria River, 26 Virginia, 40 West India Islands, 129 Yucatan, 78

ASIA. Abu Shahrein, S. Babylonia, 651 Abydos, 45, 393, 395 Abyssinia, 250 Arabian Desert, 278, 286 Arconum, India, 232 Asia, 277; Minor, 126, 127 Assam, 59, 114 Banda District, India, 325 Bethsaour, Bethlehem, 652 Bundelcund, 88 Burma, 59, 158 Cambodia, 60, 158, 181 Ceylon, 445 Euphrates Valley, 653 Ghenneh, Wady Sireh, Sinai, 405 Hissar, Damghan, Persia, 405 Hyderabad, 651 India, 62, 97, 126, 127, 140, 141, 158, 232, 262, 278, 405, 468, 481, 650, 654 Indus River, 23 Jerusalem, 652; Nablus road from, 287 Jubbulpore, 232, 276, 288 Madras Presidency, 89, 651 Mahanuddy River, 23 Malprabba Valley, 651 Mount Lebanon, 405 Mount Sinai, 405 Mount Tabor, 652 Muquier, S. Babylonia, 114 Narbada Valley, 651 Orissa, 651 Pergamum, 232 Persia, 306 Ranchi, Chota-Nagpore, 405 Siam, 121 South Mahratta, 651 South Mirzapore, 651 Tiryns, 403 Trichinopoly, 239 Troy, site of, 187, 206, 235, 253, 297, 418, 439 Upper Scinde, 23 Vindhya Hills, 325 Yun-nan, Southern China, 110, 114, 127

OCEANIA, &c. Admiralty Islands, 156, 288, 498 Australia, 25, 80, 82, 85, 97, 137, 166, 167, 170, 171, 243, 245, 250, 277, 288, 293 Borneo, 97 Carandotta, Australia, 293 Caroline Islands, 164 Celebes, 162 Easter Island, 289 Entrecasteaux Islands, 162 Fiji, 164 Hervey Islands, 76 Japan, 59, 97, 114, 116, 128, 181, 322, 355, 358, 405 Java, 59, 114 King George’s Sound, 293 Malay Peninsula, 121 Mangaia, 167 Murray River, Australia, 167, 293 New Caledonia, 162, 163, 164, 210, 419 New Guinea, 162, 216 New Hanover, Island of, 156 New Ireland, 167 New Zealand, 45, 48, 52, 138, 166, 172, 178, 216 Perak, 114 Polynesia, 69, 167, 420 Queensland, 293 Samoa, 439 Savage Islands, 166, 418 Solomon Islands, 182 South Sea Islands, 166 Tahiti, 167, 263, 419 Tasmania, 171, 468 Torres Straits, 216

PRINTED BY J. S. VIRTUE AND CO., LIMITED, CITY ROAD, LONDON.

NOTES—CHAPTER I.

[1] Some interesting remarks on the succession of the three periods and the possibility of abnormal variations from it will be found in a lecture to the Archæological Institute delivered by the late Mr. E. T. Stevens in 1872. (_Arch. Journ._, vol. xxix., p. 393.)

[2] 1872, p. 11, _et seqq._

[3] _Mém._, vol. xii., 163.

[4] _Archæologia_, vol. ii. p. 118.

[5] p. 778.

[6] I would especially refer to an excellent article by the Rev. John Hodgson in Vol. I. of the _Archæologia Æliana_ (A.D. 1816), entitled “An inquiry into the æra when brass was used in purposes to which iron is now applied.”

[7] “Op. et Di.,” I., 150.

[8] “De Rerum Nat.,” v. 1282.

[9] Suetonius, Vit. Aug., cap. lxxii. M. Salomon Reinach has disputed my views as to the meaning of this passage, but I see no reason for changing my opinion as to the “arma heroum” referring to “res vetustate notabiles.” (See _Mém. de l’Acad. des Inscr._, 14th Dec., 1888.)

[10] “Laconica,” cap. 3.

[11] Op., ed. 1624, vol. i., p. 17.

[12] Wilkinson, “Anc. Egypt.,” vol. iii. p. 241.

[13] Æn., 1. vii. 743.

[14] Χαλκεύειν δὲ καὶ τὸ σιδηρεύειν ἔλεγον, καὶ χαλκεάς τοὺς τὸν σίδηρον ἐργαζομένους, Jul. Pollux, “Onomasticon,” lib. vii. cap. 24.

[15] Macrobius, “Saturnal.,” v. 19. Rhodiginus, “Antiq. Lect.,” xix. c. 10.

[16] Met., lib. vii. 228.

[17] Homer, Il., xxiii. 826.

[18] _Zeitsch. f. Ægypt. Sprache, &c._ 1870, p. 114.

[19] _Cong. Préh. Bruxelles_, 1872, p. 242.

[20] See a valuable paper by Dr. L. Beck, _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. xii. (1880) p. 293.

[21] See De Rougemont, “L’Age du Bronze,” p. 159.

[22] See Percy’s “Metallurgy,” vol. i. p. 873.

[23] De Rougemont, _op. cit._, p. 158. See “Ancient Bronze Imps.,” p. 6, _seqq._

[24] Photii “Bibliotheca,” _ed._ 1653, col. 1343.

[25] _Jour. Anth. Inst._, vol. xx. p. 330.

[26] Lib. i. c. 21.

[27] “Das Grabfeld von Hallstatt und dessen Alterthümer.” Vienna, 1868.

[28] London, 1881.

[29] De Nat. Deor., Lib. ii. c. 28.

[30] Lib. iv. c. 28.

[31] Lib. i. v. 66.

[32] “Early History of Mankind,” p. 218; 2nd edit. p. 221, _q. v._

[33] Lib. ii. 86.

[34] Lib. i. 91.

[35] _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. vii. 112.

[36] Exod. iv. 25.

[37] Josh. v. 2.

[38] Ib. xxiv. 30.

[39] See also Tylor’s “Early History of Mankind,” 2nd ed., p. 217. The entire chapter on the Stone Age, Past and Present, is well worthy of careful perusal, and enters more fully into the whole question of the Stone Age throughout the world than comes within my province.

[40] _C. R. du Cong. Int. des Sc. Anth._ 1878. Paris 1880, p. 280. _Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des Sciences_, vol. lxiii, August 28, 1871.

[41] _Comptes Rendus_, 1871, vol. lxxiii. p. 540.

[42] Livy, lib. i. c. 24.

[43] Rapt. Proserp. I. 201.

[44] “Horæ Ferales,” p. 136. _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 169.

[45] _Arch. für Anthropol._, vol. iii. 16.

[46] “Coins of the Ancient Britons,” pp. 42, 263, _et alibi_.

[47] Herodian, lib. iii. c. 14.

[48] “Cat. of Stone Ant. in R. I. A. Mus.,” p. 81.

[49] Wood’s “Nat. Hist. of Man,” i. p. 97.

[50] Klemm, “Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft,” part i. p. 86. _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. x. 360.

[51] Mitchell’s “Past in the Present,” p. 10, 44. _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xix. p. 385, xx. p. 146, xxiii. p. 16.

[52] _Phil. Trans._, 1860, p. 311. _Archæologia_, vol. xxxviii. p. 293.

[53] “Prehistoric Times,” (1865), p. 60.

NOTES—CHAPTER II.

[54] This chapter was for the most part written in 1868, and communicated to the International Congress of Prehistoric Archæology held at Norwich in that year. See _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 191, where a short abstract is given.

[55] _N. and Q._ 7th S., vol. x. p. 172.

[56] _Mat._ 3me S., vol. ii. (1885) p. 61.

[57] _Op. cit._, p. 38.

[58] Spec. Naturæ, lib. ix. sect. 13.

[59] Morlot in _Rec. Arch._, vol. v. (1862), p. 216. _Geologist_, vol. v. p. 192. Engelhardt found several similar pieces of pyrites at Thorsbjerg, with iron and other antiquities of about the fourth century of our era. He says that steels for striking fire are not at present known as belonging to the Early Iron Age of Denmark. This late use of pyrites affords strong evidence of iron and steel having been unknown to the makers of flint implements, for had they made use of iron hammers, the superior fire-giving properties of flint and iron would at once have been evident, and pyrites would probably soon have been superseded, at all events in countries where flint abounded.—Engelhardt, “Thorsbjerg Mosefund,” p. 60; p. 65 in the English edit. The quartz pebbles with grooves in them which belong to the Iron Age seem, however, to have been used for producing fire by means of a pointed steel.

[60] Weddell, “Voyage towards the South Pole,” p. 167; Tylor, “Early History of Mankind,” 2nd edit., p. 249. Wood’s “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 522.

[61] Hist. Nat., lib. xxxvi. cap. 19.

[62] Lib. vii. cap. 56.

[63] II. Macc. x. 3.

[64] Æneid, i. v. 174.

[65] Æneid, vi. v. 6. See also (Georg. I. 135)—“Ut silicis venis abstrusum excuderet ignem.” On this passage Fosbroke remarks (Enc. Ant. i. 307), “A stone with a vein was chosen as now.”

[66] Eidyllia, v. 42.

[67] Keller, “Lake-dwellings,” p. 119.

[68] Vol. ii. p. 536. Bohn’s edit., 1846.

[69] An interesting paper on tinder-boxes will be found in _The Reliquary_, vii. p. 65. See also Mitchell’s “Past in the Present,” p. 100, and _Arch. Camb._, 5th s., vol. vii. p. 294.

[70] Stevens’. “Flint Chips,” p. 588.

[71] _Op. cit._, vol. ii., p. 537.

[72] “Classe Mathématique et Physique,” t. 3, an. ix. An abstract of this account is given in Rees’ Encyclop., _s. v_. Gun-flint.

[73] “Physische und technische Beschreibung der Flintensteine,” &c., von Hacquet. Wien, 1792, 8vo. A nearly similar account is given in Winckell’s “Handbuch für Juger,” &c., 1822, Theil iii. p. 546.

[74] Skertchly, _op. cit._, p. 78.

[75] _Mat._, 3me, s. ii., 1885, p. 61.

[76] An account of the process of making gun-flints, written by the late Mr. James Wyatt, F.G.S., has been published in Stevens’ “Flint Chips,” p. 578. A set of gun-flint makers’ tools is in the Musée de St. Germain, and the process of manufacture has been described by M. G. de Mortillet (“Promenades,” p. 69). An account of a visit to Brandon is given by Mr. E. Lovett in _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, xxi p. 206, and an article on “Flint-Knapping,” by Mr. H. F. Wilson, is in the _Magazine of Art_, 1887, p. 404.

[77] See _postea_ p. 273.

[78] Petrie, “Medum,” 1892, Pl. xxix., p. 18, 34.

[79] _Nature_, vol. xxv. p. 8.

[80] P. 52.

[81] “Bosnia and Herzegovina,” 2nd ed. (1877), p. 153, _B.A. Rep._ 1885, p. 1216.

[82] “Stone Age,” p. 6.

[83] “Lake-dwellings,” p. 36.

[84] _l. c._ pp. 86 and 97.

[85] _Comptes Rendus_, 1867, vol. lxv. p. 640.

[86] Troyon, “Mon. de l’Antiquité,” p. 52.

[87] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 385.

[88] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd series, vol. iii. p. 38.

[89] _Geol. Mag._, vol. iii. (1866) p. 433.

[90] “Monarquia Indiana,” lib. xvii. cap. 1, Seville, 1615, translated by E. B. Tylor, “Anahuac,” p. 331. See a correction of Mr. Tylor’s translation in the _Comptes Rendus_, vol. lxvii. p. 1296.

[91] Tylor’s “Anahuac,” p. 332.

[92] P. 871.

[93] _Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada_, 1889, p. 59.

[94] Tylor’s “Anahuac,” p. 99.

[95] “Last Rambles amongst the Indians,” 1868, p. 188. The whole passage is reprinted in “Flint Chips,” p. 82.

[96] B. B. Redding in _Am. Naturalist_, Nov., 1880. _Nature_, vol. xxi. p. 613.

[97] _Transactions of the Ethnological Society_, N. S., vol. iv. p. 242.

[98] _Op. cit._, N. S., vol. i. p. 138.

[99] “Völkerkunde,” vol. ii. (1888), p. 748.

[100] _Zeitsch. f. Ethnol._, vol. xvi. p. 222.

[101] _Rep. of U.S. Nat. Mus._, 1888, Niblack, Pl. xxii.

[102] _Rep. of Bureau of Ethn._, 1887–8, p. 95.

[103] _Anthrop. Rev._, vol. iv. p. civ. Mr. Baines has also communicated an interesting letter on this subject, with illustrations, to Mackie’s “Geol. Repertory,” vol. i. p. 258.

[104] _Archæologia_, vol. xl. p. 381. See also Prof. Steenstrup and Sir John Lubbock in the _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. v. p. 221.

[105] _Arch._, vol. xlii. p. 68. _Arch. Jour._, vol. xxv. p. 88. _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xxiv. p. 145. _Jour. Anth. Inst._, vol. v. p. 357; vi. p. 263, 430; vii. p. 413.

[106] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. ii. p. 419. See also _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. viii. p. 419.

[107] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. i. p. 73.

[108] Pennant describes a flint axe as having been found stuck in a vein of coal exposed to the day in Craig y Parc, Monmouthshire.

[109] “Rapport sur les Découvertes Géologiques et Archéologiques faites à Spiennes en 1867.” Par A. Briart, F. Cornet, et A. Houzeau de Lehaie. Mons, 1868. Malaise, _Bull. de l’Ac. Roy. de Belg._, 2° S. vols. xxi. and xxv., and _Geol. Mag._, vol. iii. p. 310. See also _Cong. Préh. Bruxelles_, 1872, p. 279; _l’Anthropologie_, vol. ii. p. 326. _Mat._ 3me s. vol. i. (1884), p. 65, likewise _Bull. de la Soc. d’Anthrop. de Bruxelles_, tom. viii. 1889–90, Pl I. C. Engelhardt has described Spiennes and Grime’s Graves in the _Aarb. for Oldkynd._, 1871, p. 327. What appears to have been a neolithic flint mine at Crayford, Kent, has been described by Mr. Spurrell, _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 332. The Deneholes were probably dug for the extraction of chalk and not of flint.

[110] _l’Anthropologie_, vol. ii. (1891) 445.

[111] _Mat._, 3me s. vol. iv. (1887) p. 1.

[112] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxviii. 220.

[113] Cochet, “Seine Inf.,” pp. 16. 528. _Archivio per l’Antropol., &c._, vol. i. p. 489.

[114] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxx. (1896) p. 346.

[115] _Mat._, vol. x. (1875) p. 521.

[116] Lartet and Christy’s Rel. Aquit., p. 13.

[117] _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, N.S., vol. i. p. 139. See also _Rev. Arch._, vol. iii. (1861) p. 341.

[118] “Rel. Aquit.,” p. 18. For the loan of this cut I am indebted to the executors of the late Henry Christy. The same specimen has been engraved by the Rev. J. G. Wood. “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 717. Another example from Greenland is figured in _Mat._, vol. vi. p. 140.

[119] Gastaldi’s “Lake Habitations of Northern and Central Italy,” translated and edited by C. H. Chambers, M.A. (Anth. Soc., 1865), p. 106.

[120] Mortillet, _Mat. pour l’Hist. de l’Homme_, vol. ii. p. 517.

[121] “Flint Chips,” p. 78.

[122] _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. vii, p. 263. _Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Survey_, vol. iii. p. 547.

[123] _Nat._, vol. xxi. p. 615.

[124] _Nat._, vol. xxii. p. 97.

[125] _Amer. Anthrop._, 1895, p. 307. _Nat._, vol. xx. p. 483.

[126] _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. iii. p. 365. “Rel. Aquit.,” p. 17.

[127] “Articles on Anth. Sub.,” 1882, p. 9.

[128] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 212.

[129] Sixth voyage, “Pinkerton’s Travels,” vol. xiii. p. 36, quoted also in “Flint Chips,” p. 79.

[130] Bracer, a girdle or bandage.

[131] Schoolcraft, “Indian Tribes,” vol. iii. p. 81; see also 467.

[132] _Arch. Journ._, vol. liii. 1896, p. 51.

[133] P. 46.

[134] Mortillet, _Matériaux_, vol. ii. p. 353.

[135] “Pfahlbauten, 1ter Bericht,” p. 71. “Lake-dwellings,” pp. 18, 125. See also Lindenschmit, “Hohenz. Samml.,” taf. xxvii.

[136] _Proc. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. vii. p. 47.

[137] _Anzeiger für Schweiz. Alterth._, 1870, p. 123.

[138] “Habit. Lacust.,” p. 19.

[139] See _Comptes Rendus_, vol. lxvii. p. 1292, where a suggestion is made of some stone implements from Java having been sawn in this manner.

[140] An article by Dr. Rudolf Much on the preparation of Stone Implements is in the _Mitth. d. Auth. Ges. in Wien_, 2d. S., vol. ii. (1883), p. 82; and one by Mr. J. D. McGuire, in the _Amer. Anthrop._, vol. v., 1892, p. 165. He has also written on the Evolution of the Art of Working in Stone, in a manner that has called forth a reply from Mr. C. H. Read, F.S.A., _Amer. Anthrop._, 1893, p. 307; 1894. p. 997.

[141] “Illahun, Kahun, and Gurob,” 1891, p. 51.

[142] Fischer in _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. xv., 1884, p. 463.

[143] _The Reliquary_, vol. viii. p. 184.

[144] _Matériaux_, vol. iv. p. 293.

[145] “Prehist. Ann. of Scotland.” 2nd edit., vol. i. p. 193.

[146] “Cat. Stone Ant. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 78.

[147] P. 26.

[148] _Matériaux_, vol. i. p. 463; vol. iii. p. 307.

[149] _Anz. f. Schweiz. Alt._, 1870, pl. xii. 18–20.

[150] _Archivio per l’Ant. e la Etn._, vol. xx. 1890, p. 378.

[151] “Primeval Ants. of Denmark.” p. 16.

[152] P. 392. _Archiv für Anthrop._, vol. iii. p. 187.

[153] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. iii. pp. 228, 466.

[154] Tylor, “Early Hist, of Mankind,” p. 248.

[155] Wilkinson, “Anc. Egyptians,” vol. ii. pp. 180, 181; vol. iii. pp. 144, 172.

[156] Odyss., ix. 384.

[157] 2nd ed., pp. 341 _et seqq._; see also “Flint Chips,” p. 96.

[158] _Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus._ for 1894, p. 623.

[159] “Guide ill. du Mus. des Ant. du Nord,” 2nd edit. p. 8.

[160] _Anzeiger f. Schweiz. Alt._, 1870, pl. xii. 24. Munro’s “Lake Dw.,” fig. 24, No. 12.

[161] Keller’s “Lake-dwellings,” p. 22. 1ter Bericht, p. 74. See also _Anzeiger für Schweiz. Alterth._, 1870, p. 139.

[162] _Aarsb. Soc. Nor. Ant._, 1877, pl. i. 5. Montelius, “Ant. Suéd.,” 1874, fig. 34.

[163] _Morgenblatt_, No. 253.

[164] “Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft,” vol. i. p. 80. See also Preusker, “Blicke in die Vaterländische Vorzeit,” vol. i. p. 173.

[165] _Mém. de la Soc. des Ant. du Nord_, 1863, p. 149.

[166] “Heidnische Alterthümer,” p. 66.

[167] “Alterthümer. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft viii. Taf. i.

[168] “Frederico-Francisceum,” p. 111.

[169] _Journal of the Anthrop. Soc._, vol. vi. p. xlii.

[170] “Archæol. Undersögelser,” 1884.

[171] “Smithson. Report,” 1868, p. 399. “Drilling in Stone without Metal.”

[172] Schoolcraft, “Indian Tribes,” vol. i. p. 93.

[173] _Anzeiger f. Schweiz. Alt._, 1870, p. 143.

[174] _Mitth. d. Anth. Ges. in Wien_, vol. vii. (1878), p. 96.

[175] “Habitations Lacustres,” p. 66. _Rev. Arch._, 1860, vol. i. p. 39.

[176] _Matériaux_, vol. iii. p. 264.

[177] Ibid., vol. iii. p. 294.

[178] “Les Palafittes,” p. 19.

[179] Keller, “Lake Dwellings,” xxv. 1. 7, p. 91.

[180] _Op. cit._, xxvii. 11, 24, p. 110.

[181] _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1881, p. 698.

[182] “Thor’s Donnerkeil,” p. 13.

[183] “Stone Age,” p. 79. The boring-tool is, in the English edition, mistakenly called a centre-bit.

[184] “Stone Age,” p. 80.

[185] Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 157.

[186] “Mœurs des Sauv. Amér.,” 1724, vol. ii. p. 110. “Flint Chips,” p. 525.

[187] Tylor, “Early Hist. of Mankind,” 2nd edit., p. 191. Wallace, “Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro,” p. 278.

[188] C. C. Abbott in _Nature_, vol. xiv. p. 154.

NOTES—CHAPTER III.

[189] Cap. xix. v. 24. It also occurs in a quotation of the passage by St. Jerome, in his “Epist. ad Pammachium.” See _Athenæum_, June 11, 1870.

[190] P. 329, 1. 23.

[191] Vol. iii. p. 418.

[192] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S. vol. vii. p. 395.

[193] _N. and Q._, 5th S. vol. ix. p. 463.

[194] _Op. cit._, x. p. 73.

[195] _Mitth. d. Anth. Ges. in Wien_, vol. xxiv. (1894) p. 84.

[196] _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. x. (1876) p. 140.

[197] Barnes, “Notes on Ancient Britain,” 1858, p. 15.

[198] Tylor, “Early Hist. of Man.,” 2nd ed. p. 226, which also see for many of the facts here quoted. See also Tylor’s “Prim. Culture,” vol. ii. p. 237, &c.

[199] Halliwell, “Rambles in West Cornwall,” 1861, p. 205. _Rev. Celt._, 1870, p. 6. Polwhele’s “Traditions, &c.,” 1826, vol. ii. p. 607. _Folk-lore Journ._, vol. i. p. 191.

[200] Sibbald mentions two perforated _cerauniæ_ found in Scotland. “Prod. Nat. Hist. Scot.,” ii. lib. iv. p. 49. See also _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxiv. p. 379.

[201] _Comptes Rendus_, 1864, vol. lix. p. 713. Cochet, “Seine Inf.,” p. 15. B. de Perthes, “Ant. Celt, et Antéd.,” vol. i. p. 522, &c.

[202] F. C. Lukis, F.S.A., in _Reliquary_, viii. p. 208.

[203] _Bull., Soc. de Borda, Dax_, 1894, p. 159. See also De Nadaillac, “Les Premiers Hommes,” vol. i. p. 12; Cartailhac, “La France préh.,” p. 4.

[204] Ibid.

[205] Nilsson, “Stone Age,” pp. 199–201.

[206] “Mus. Wormianum,” p. 74.

[207] Preusker, “Blicke in die Vaterländische Vorzeit,” vol. i. p. 170.

[208] “Old Northern Runic Monuments,” p. 205. _Ant. Tidsskr._, 1852–54, p. 258. Sjöborg, “Samlingar för Nordens Förnälskara,” vol. iii. p. 163.

[209] _Ant. Tidsskr._, 1852–54, p. 8. _Mém. de la Soc. des Ant. du Nord_, 1850–60, p. 28.

[210] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 116.

[211] “Preh. Man,” vol. ii. p. 185.

[212] _Jahrb. d. V. v. Alth. am Rheinl._, Heft lxxvii. 1884, p. 216, lxxix. 1885, p. 280.

[213] _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. xxii. 1894, Corr. Bl. p. 102.

[214] _Mitth. d. Anth. Ges. in Wien_, 1882, p. 159. _Zeitsch. f. Eth._, vol. xii. 1880, p. 252.

[215] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 92.

[216] Tylor, “Early Hist. of Man.,” p. 227.

[217] _Ann. for Nord. Oldk._, 1838, p. 159. Klemm., “C. G.,” vol. i. p. 268. Prinz Neuwied, ii. p. 35.

[218] Nicolucci, “di Alcune Armi, &c., in Pietra,” 1863, p. 2.

[219] “Mus. Mosc.,” 1672, p. 144.

[220] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xv. p. 358; xvi. p. 145. Finlay, “Πρόιστ. Ἀρχάιολ.,” p. 5.

[221] Alexius, Lib. iii. p. 93, _et seqq._, quoted by Gibbon, “Dec. and Fall,” c. 56.

[222] Cartailhac, p. 4.

[223] “Early Hist. of Mankind,” p. 211. Klemm, “Cultur-Geschichte,” vol. vi. p. 467.

[224] Tylor, _op. cit._ 214.

[225] Franks, _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 260.

[226] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxvii. 1895, p. 326.

[227] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 92. _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 121.

[228] _Arch. für Anthrop._, vol. iv. _Corr. Blatt_, p. 48. Rumphius, “Curios. Amboin.,” p. 215.

[229] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2d S., vol. iii. p. 97.

[230] _Proc. Ethnol. Soc._, 1870, p. lxii. _Jour. Anth. Inst._, vol. i. p. lxi.

[231] _Proc. As. Soc. Beng._, July, 1869. _Nature_, vol. ii. p. 104.

[232] Noulet, “L’âge de la pierre en Cambodge,” Toulouse, 1877.

[233] Morlot, _Actes de la Soc. jurass. d’Emul._, 1863. Earl, “Native Races of the Indian Archip.,” vol. v. p. 84.—Von Siebold, _Nature_, vol. xxxiv. 1886, p. 52.

[234] _Nature_, vol. xxxii. 1885, p. 626.

[235] _Proc. As. Soc. Bengal_, 1861, p. 81. Do., 1862, p. 325.

[236] “Ausland,” 1874, p. 82.

[237] Rev. T. J. Bowen, “Gram. and Dict. of Yoruba Language.” “Smithsonian Contr.,” vol. i. p. xvi., quoted by Dr. E. B. Tylor, _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 14.

[238] _Jour. Anth. Inst._, vol. xii. p. 450.

[239] _Arch. per l’Ant. e la Etn._, vol. xiv. (1884), p. 371.

[240] 1882, p. 111.

[241] Vol. iii. 1868, p. 1.

[242] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 151.

[243] Ibid. p. 103.

[244] _Matériaux_, vol. iv. p. 9.

[245] _Mat._, vol. xi. p. 538.

[246] _Mat._, vol. xiv. p. 274. _Bull. della Comm. Arch. Comunal. di Roma_, 1870.

[247] “Quæst. Græc.,” ed. 1624, p. 301.

[248] _Congrès Intern. d’Anth. et d’Arch. Préh._, 1867, pp. 39, 40.

[249] Kruse. “Necroliv.,” Nachtrag, p. 21. _Journ. As. Soc. Beng._, vol. v. p. 34.

[250] See also Tylor, _l. c._, p. 228.

[251] “Metallotheca Vaticana,” p. 242. De Rossi, “Scoperte Paleoetnol.,” 1867, p. 11. _Mat._, vol. x. p. 49.

[252] “Lithographia Angerburgica,” cited in _Mat._, vol. x. 297.

[253] “Hist. et Mém.,” vol. xii. p. 163. _Mat._, vol. x. 146.

[254] P. 397.

[255] No. 201.

[256] Aldrovandus, “Mus. Met.,” 1648, p. 607–611. Gesner, “de Fig. Lapid.,” p. 62–64. Boethius, “Hist. Gem.,” lib. ii. c. 261. Besler, “Gazophyl. Rer. Nat.,” tab. 34. Wormius, “Musæum,” lib. i. sec. 2, c. 12, p. 75. Moscardi, “Musæo,” 1672, p. 148. Lachmund, “de foss. Hildeshem.,” p. 23. Tollius “Gemm. et lapid. Historia,” Leiden, 1647, p. 480. De Laet, “de Gemm. et lapid.,” Leiden, 1647, p. 155.

[257] Gesner, “de Fossilibus,” p. 62 _verso_.

[258] “De re metallicâ,” Basel, 1657, pp. 609, 610.

[259] “Marbodæi Galli Cænomanensis de gemmarum lapidumque pretiosorum formis, &c.” (Cologne, 1539), p. 48.

[260] “Hist. Nat.,” lib. xxxvii. c. 9. For a series of interesting Papers on “La Foudre, &c., dans l’Antiquité,” see M. Henri Martin in the _Rev. Arch._, vol. xii. _et seqq._

[261] An interesting paper on “Bætuli” by Mr. G. F. Hill, is in the _Reliquary and Illustrated Archæologist_, vol. ii. 1896, p. 23.

[262] Geason, Scarce. “Scant and geason.” Harrison’s “England.”—Halliwell, _Dict. of Archaic Words_, s. v.

[263] “Nec multo post in Cantabriæ lacum fulmen decidit, repertæque sunt duodecim secures, haud ambiguum summi imperii signum,” Galba, viii. c. 4.

[264] See _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 127, and Wilde’s “Cat. R. I. A.,” p. 72.

[265] _Comptes Rendus de l’Ac. des Sci._, 1865, vol. lxi. pp. 313, 357; 1866, lxiii. p. 1038.

NOTES—CHAPTER IV.

[266] Madsen, “Afbild.,” pl. iii. 1 to 3. _Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selskabs Forhand._, 1861, Fig. 1.

[267] De Baye, “l’Arch. préhist.,” p. 55.

[268] Lubbock, Preh. Times, 4th ed., p. 100.

[269] _Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selskabs Forh._, 1861, p. 342.

[270] _Aarb. for. Nord. Oldk._, 1891, p. 383. See also S. Müller, _Mém. des Ant. du Nord_, 1884–89, p. 371; _Aarb._, 1888, p. 238.

[271] “Archæol. Undersögelser,” 1884, p. 3.

[272] _Jour. Anth. Inst._, vol. ii., p. 368, pl. xxi.

[273] _Smithsonian Report_, 1863, p. 379; 1868, p. 401. “Flint Chips,” 445.

[274] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v., p. 331.

[275] Vol. xix., 53; xxxii., 173.

[276] “Nænia Cornubiæ,” p. 194.

[277] The discoveries of Mr. Worthington Smith at Caddington, a few miles from Dunstable, suggest the possibility of this specimen being, after all, palæolithic.

[278] _Jour. Eth. Soc._, N. S., vol. ii., pl. xxviii. 7.

[279] _Arch._, vol. xlii., pl. viii. 10, 11.

[280] _Arch. Assoc. Jour._, vol. xlv., p. 114.

[281] _Arch._, vol. xlii., pl. viii. 17.

[282] _Arch. Jour._, vol. xxxi., p. 301.

[283] “Exc. on Cranborne Chase,” vol. ii., pl. xc.

[284] See also Chichester vol. of Arch. Inst., p. 61.

[285] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. x., p. 34.

[286] Rev. W. W. Gill, LL.D., _Rep. Austral. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science_, vol. iv., 1892, p. 613.

[287] Low’s Tour., quoted in _Folklore Jour._, vol. i., p. 191.

[288] _Aarb. f. Nord. Oldk._, 1886, p. 200; _Mèm. Soc. R. des Ant. du Nord_, 1886–91, p. 227; _Mat._, 3rd. S., vol. v., 1888, p. 105.

[289] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv., p. 521.

[290] Vol. vi., p. iii.

[291] _Jour. Eth. Soc._, vol. ii., pl. xxviii. 4, 5.

[292] Watelet, “Age de Pierre du Dép. de l’Aisne,” &c.

[293] “Restes de l’Ind., &c.,” pl. xiii. 1.

[294] _Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. viii., 1896, pl. xi. 1.

[295] See _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v., p. 113; _Arch. Jour._, vol. xxx., p. 28.

[296] _Zeitsch. f. Eth._, vol. xii., p. 237.

[297] _Cong. Préh. Moscou_, 1893, p. 249.

[298] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v., p. 94; _Arch. Jour._, vol. xxx., p. 35.

[299] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ii., p. 268.

[300] Vol. xlii., p. 53; xlv., p. 337.

[301] _Arch._, vol. xlii., pl. viii. 1.

[302] “Reliq. Aquit.,” A., pl. v.

[303] _Jour. Anth. Soc._, 1869, p. cxii.

[304] _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. iii., p. 269.

[305] _Smiths. Inst. Rep._, 1894.

[306] Vol. xlii., pl. viii. 18.

[307] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ii. 36.

[308] _Arch._, vol. xlii. pl. viii. 21.

[309] _Trans. Norf. and Norw. Naturalists’ Soc._, vol. v., 1891, p. 250.

[310] Vol. xv., p. 122, pl. ii., iii., iv., v.

[311] “South Wilts,” p. 75, pl. v., vi., vii.

NOTES—CHAPTER V.

[312] _Arch._, vol. xv., pl. iv. 1. Hoare’s “South Wiltshire,” pl. v. 1. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 9_b_.

[313] _Arch. Assoc. Jour._, vol. xxxvii., 1881, p. 214.

[314] _Arch. Jour._, vol. xxxi., pp. 296, 301.

[315] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xiv., p. 265; xxiv., p. 6.

[316] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix., p. 258.

[317] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xi., p. 24.

[318] “Vest. Ant. Derb.” p. 43. Cat., p. 31.

[319] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi., p. 178.

[320] See _Cambridge Antiq. Comms._, vol. ii, 285, where there is a woodcut of the skull, and _Geol. Mag._, Dec. II., vol. i. p. 494.

[321] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, 1869, vol. ii., pl. xv., fig. 11.

[322] _Proc. Soc. Ant., Scot._, vol. xiv., p. 265.

[323] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 406.

[324] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, 1869, vol. ii., fig. 7.

[325] A large celt formed of “indurated clay-stone with garnets,” is mentioned by Mr. F. C. Lukis, F.S.A., as having been found in the Channel Islands (_Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. 128).

[326] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 101.

[327] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. 213.

[328] _Proc. Ethnol. Soc._, 1870, p. xxxix.

NOTES—CHAPTER VI.

[329] “Man the Primeval Savage,” p. 310.

[330] See “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ii. 8.

[331] Vol. xvii., pl. xiv. “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ii. 10.

[332] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxviii., p. 242.

[333] _Surr. Arch. Coll._, vol. xi. pp. 247, 248.

[334] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 194. “Salisbury vol.,” p. 112.

[335] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. v. p. 102.

[336] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 192.

[337] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S. vol. ix. p. 71.

[338] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxx. p. 284.

[339] Anderson’s “Croydon: Preh. and Present,” pl. ii.

[340] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xvi. 437.

[341] L. Simonin, “La Vie Souterraine,” &c., 1867. Mortillet, _Mat._, vol. iii. p. 101.

[342] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii., pl. x. 1, p. 164.

[343] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xlviii. p. 436.

[344] Pp. 577, 578.

[345] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v., p. 34.

[346] _Arch. Journ._ vol. xxvii. p. 238.

[347] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ix. p. 71.

[348] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 406.

[349] _Arch._, vol. xii. pl. ii. 1.

[350] _Arch._, vol. vii. p. 414; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vi. 37.

[351] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxvi. p. 175; xxviii. p. 322.

[352] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xvii. p. 382; xxviii. p. 329.

[353] _Op. cit._, vol. x. p. 600; xvii. p. 383.

[354] _Op. cit._, vol. ix. p. 346; xvii. p. 384.

[355] _Op. cit._, vol. xxiii. p. 272.

[356] _Ibid._

[357] Bonstetten, “Supp. au Rec. d’Ant. Suisses,” pl. ii. 1.

[358] _Proc. Ethnol. Soc._, 1870, p. cxxxvii.

[359] Mortillet, “Promenades,” p. 145; “Mus. Préh.,” No. 459.

[360] See the account of the discovery, _Rev. Arch._, 3rd S., vol. xxiv. (1894), p. 260.

[361] “L’homme Fossile,” 2nd Ed., p. 147.

[362] Van Overloop. Pl. ix. and x.

[363] Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. H. V.,” vol. i., Heft. vol. ii., Taf. i. 19, &c.

[364] Voss. “Phot. Album,” vol. vi., sec. vi.

[365] _Jahrb. d. V. v. Alt. im Rh._, L. p. 290.

[366] xix. p. 119. See also, for the origin of Jade, Fischer’s “Jadeit und Nephrit,” Westropp in _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. x. p. 359, and Rudler in _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1890, p. 971.

[367] _Mitth. d. Ant. Ges. in Wien_, N. S., vol. iii. 1883, p. 213–216.

[368] _Op. cit._, N. S., vol. v. 1885, p. 1.

[369] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. x., p. 359; xx. p. 332; xxi., pp. 319, 493; _Aarbög. f. Oldkynd._, 1889, p. 149.

[370] Calcutta, 1871.

[371] Vol. xvi., pl. lii. p. 361.

[372] Canon Greenwell, F.R.S.

[373] Mr. James Brown.

[374] Mr. Frank Buckland, F.Z.S.

[375] Rev. S. Banks.

[376] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol^1 xvi. p. 408.

[377] “Stone Age,” p. 63.

[378] Vol. iv. p. 2.

[379] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 486.

[380] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xiii. p. 306.

[381] _Z. f. Eth._, 1878. Supp. pl. iii.

[382] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ii. 14.

[383] _Nature_, vol. xxx. p. 515. See also _Archiv. f. Anth._, vol. xvi. p. 241, and _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ix. p. 211.

[384] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xvii. p. 66.

[385] _Proc. As. Soc. Beng._, Sept., 1870. _Proc. Ethnol. Soc._, 1870, p. lxii.

[386] Kanda’s, “Stone Implements of Japan,” _Nature_, vol. xxxi. p. 538; _Cong. Préh. Bruxelles_, 1872, p. 337.

[387] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxvi., p. 404.

[388] _Tr. Dev. Assoc._, vol. xix. p. 56.

[389] See “Acct. of Soc. Ant. of Scot.,” p. 55.

[390] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ii. 11.

[391] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ii. 13. _Arch. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 178.

[392] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ii. 7.

[393] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 389.

[394] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv., p. 232.

[395] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 225.

[396] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 174.

[397] _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 165.

[398] _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 165.

[399] _Mem. Accad. R. di Torino_, Ser. 2, vol. xxvi., Tav. iv. 4.

[400] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i., pl. xi. 3; xiv. 2.

[401] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. x. p. 105.

[402] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ii. 5.

[403] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xvii. pp. 14, 15, 18, 19.

[404] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 235.

[405] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. ii. pl. xxx. 3.

[406] Dawkins’ “Cave-hunting,” p. 157. _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. iii., 1872, p. 30.

[407] See Schliemann’s “Mycenæ,” p. 76; “Troy,” p. 71; _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxxiv. p. 163, &c., &c.

[408] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 91. Other North American celts are engraved in the “Anc. Mon. of the Miss. Valley,” pp. 217, 218; Squier, “Abor. Mon. of New York,” p. 77.

[409] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. i. p. xcvi., pl. ii. _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1870, p. 154.

[410] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xii. p. 449, pl. xiii.

[411] “Anc. Mon. of Miss. Val.,” p. 215, fig. 106.

[412] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xv. p. 245.

[413] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxvii. p. 370.

[414] Wilson’s “Preh. Man,” vol. i. p. 154. See _postea_, p. 150.

[415] Vol. xvii. p. 222.

[416] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. pp. 300, 442.

[417] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxix. p. 343. Cumming’s “Churches and Ants. of Cury and Gunwalloe,” 1875, p. 66.

[418] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 62: xi. p. 514.

[419] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 514.

[420] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 207.

[421] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xvii. p. 16.

[422] “Acct. of Soc. Ant. of Scot.,” 1782, p. 91.

[423] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xvii. p. 15.

[424] Vol. vi., 1865.

[425] _Arch._, vol. xliv. p. 281.

[426] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 438.

[427] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 174.

[428] “Etudes Paléoethnol.,” pl. viii. 5.

[429] _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. vii. p. 46.

[430] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 179.

[431] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xvii. p. 14.

[432] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xii. p. 119; xxiii. p. 201.

[433] _Mat._ vol. xiii. p. 135; xv. p. 462. “Mus. préh.,” No. 463.

[434] Jan. 7, 1868. See also _Reliquary_, vol. viii. p. 184.

[435] “Mus. préh.,” No. 430.

[436] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. ii., pl. xliv.

[437] “Anc. Mon. of Miss. Valley,” p. 218.

[438] Lubbock “Preh. Times,” 4th ed. p. 513, figs. 215, 216.

[439] _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. p. 422.

[440] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. x. p. 509. Dalgarno, “Notes on Slains, &c.,” 1876, p. 6.

[441] _P.S.A.S._, vol. xviii. p. 77.

[442] Lubbock, _op. cit._, p. 102, fig. 111–113.

[443] “Vestiges of the Ants. of Derb.,” p. 53.

[444] _Mat._ vol. xvi. p. 464.

[445] Im Thurn, “Among the Indians of Guiana,” 1883, pl. x. 4.

[446] Chantre, “Le Caucase,” 1885, pl. ii. 9.

[447] “Indicateur Arch. de Civrui,” 1865, p. 271.

[448] _Mat._ 3rd S., vol. i., 1884, p. 243.

[449] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i., p. 281.

[450] Bonstetten, “Supp. au Rec. d’Ant. Suisses,” pl. ii., 1.

[451] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. vi., p. 303. Watelet, “Age de Pierre dans le Dépt. de l’Aisne,” pl. v. 9. “Ep. Antéd. et Celt. de Poitou,” pl. x. 7. _Rev. Arch._, vol xii., pl. xv., i.; _op. cit._, vol. xv., pl. viii. and x. Lindenschmit, “Hohenz. Samml.,” Taf. xliii., No. 12. I have an example that I bought in Florence.

[452] Wilde, “Cat. Mus. R. I. Ac.,” p. 44.

[453] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 6.

[454] _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 157.

[455] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxxix. p. 344.

[456] “South Wilts,” p. 75. _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 122.

[457] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 3.

[458] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 161.

[459] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 396.

[460] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. 48.

[461] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 17; xvii. 170.

[462] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 177.

[463] _Sussex Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 258.

[464] _Arch._, vol. xix. p. 183.

[465] _Surrey Arch. Coll._, 1868, pl. iii. 6.

[466] “Exc. on Cranborne Chase,” vol. i. pl. lvii.

[467] “Durobrivæ,” pl. xxix. 4.

[468] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 249.

[469] Douglas, “Nænia,” p. 92.

[470] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xx. p. 322.

[471] _Rev. Arch._, vol. iv. p. 484.

[472] _Ann. for Nordisk Oldkynd._, 1838–9, p. 176.

[473] _Cong. Intern. d’Anth. et d’Arch. Préh._, 1867, p. 119.

[474] Kirchner has collected a number of cases.—“Thor’s Donner-Keil,” p. 27.

[475] “Dictionarium Saxonico-et Gothico-Latinum,” _s. v._

[476] “Twybyl, a wryhtys instrument,” is in the “Promptorium Parvulorum” translated _bisacuta_ or _biceps_, and “Twybyl or mattoke,” _Marra_, or _ligo_.

[477] 1855, vol. ii. p. 811.

[478] Vol. xi., 1876, p. 385.

[479] _Mitth. d. Anth. Gesellsch. in Wien_, vol. vii., 1878, p. 7.

[480] O’Curry, “Mann. and Cust. of the Anc. Irish,” vol. i. p. cccclviii.

[481] Wright’s “The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon,” p. 72.

[482] “Stone Age,” p. 73.

[483] “Georg.,” lib. i. 62.

[484] See p. 105 _supra_.

[485] A woodcut of these is given in the _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 105. The objects are now in the British Museum.

[486] “South Wilts,” p. 85.

[487] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 221.

[488] _Ibid._, p. 222.

[489] “Vestiges of the Ant. of Derbyshire,” p. 53.

[490] _Ibid._, p. 42.

[491] “Vestiges of the Ant. of Derbyshire,” p. 49.

[492] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 216.

[493] Vol. viii. p. 86.

[494] _Suss. Arch. Coll._ vol. xxxii. p. 175.

[495] P. 112 _supra_.

[496] P. 135. See _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 179.

[497] “Cat. Arch. Inst. Mus. at Edinburgh,” p. 8.

[498] _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. p. 422.

[499] “Cat. A. I. Mus. at Edin.,” p. 10.

[500] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 82.

[501] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 159.

[502] Vol. i. p. 53. See p. 129, _supra_. _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. p. 44.

[503] _Arch._, vol. xli. p. 405.

[504] “Horæ Fer.,” p. 134. _Trans. Hist. Soc. Lanc. and Chesh._, vol. xiv. pl. ii. 3.

[505] Vol. iv. 112.

[506] “Stone Age,” Eng. ed., p. 65.

[507] Vol. xliv., pl. viii. fig. 3.

[508] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xviii. p. 268. Mus. Préh. No. 442.

[509] Cartailhac, “La France préh.,” p. 237.

[510] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xxxix. p. 97.

[511] _Lit. Gaz._, 1822, p. 605, quoted in _N. and Q._, 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 32.

[512] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 460.

[513] _Op. cit._, vol. xxx. p. 6.

[514] “La Suède préhist.,” 1874, p. 21.

[515] “Musée préhist.,” 1881, No. 428.

[516] Wilde, “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 46.

[517] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 3.

[518] Wood Martin’s “Lake-dw. of Irel.,” 1886, p. 59, pl. vi. 7.

[519] Keller’s “Lake-Dwellings,” Eng. ed., pl. x. 14.

[520] _Ibid._, pl. xi. 1.

[521] Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. i. pp. 321, 404.

[522] Squier, “Abor. Mon. of New York,” p. 180.

[523] _Mitth. d. Ant. Ges. in Wien_, vol. ix., 1880, p. 135, pl. i.

[524] “Aventures du Sieur C. le Beau,” Amsterdam, 1738, p. 235. Quoted in _Arch. per l’Ant. e la Et._, vol. xiv. p. 372.

[525] Quoted in “Anc. Mon. of Miss. Valley,” p. 198.

[526] _Zeitsch. f. Eth._, vol. xxiv., 1892, p. (229), pl. v. 2.

[527] Ratzel, “Völkerk,” vol. ii. p. 246.

[528] _Intern. Arch. f. Eth._, vol. ii. p. 272. _Arch. per l’Ant. e la Etn._, vol. xx. p. 65.

[529] 2nd S., vol. i. p. 102. See also Ratzel, “Völkerk.,” vol. ii. p. 582.

[530] _Int. Arch. f. Ethn._, vol. iii. p. 195.

[531] “Musæum Metallicum,” p. 158.

[532] It has also been figured by Klemm, “Cult.-Wiss.,” vol. i. fig. 136.

[533] “Cult.-Gesch.,” vol. ii. Taf. vi. a.b.

[534] See _Int. Arch. f. Eth., Bd._ ix., Supp. pl. iii.

[535] Klemm’s “Allgemeine Cultur-Wiss.,” vol. i. p. 71, whence I have copied the figure. See also “Cult.-Gesch.,” vol. ii., p. 352.

[536] Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Armour,” pl., cl. 1.

[537] “Lake-Dwellings,” pl. x. 7; 5ter “Bericht,” pl. x. 17. Another from St. Aubin is engraved by Chantre, “Etudes Paléoethn.,” pl. xi. Keller has published several others. See also “Ant. Lac. du Mus. de Lausanne,” 1896, pl. iii.

[538] “Palafittes,” fig. 17. See also Troyon, “Habit. Lacust.”; but some of his engravings, like those of Meillet in the “Epoques Antédil. et Celtique de Poitou,” appear to have been made from modern fabrications.

[539] Keller, “Lake-Dwellings,” pl. xxii. 7. “Mus. de Lausanne,” 1896, pl. iii.

[540] Wilde’s “Cat. Mus. R.I.A.,” p. 251; Lindenschmit, “Sigmaringen,” pl. xxix. 7; Keller, “Lake-Dwellings,” pl. ii.

[541] _Ibid._, pl. xxii. 12.

[542] “Note sur un Foyer, &c.,” Châlon, 1870. pl. iv.

[543] Cochet, “Seine Inf.,” 2nd ed., p. 16.

[544] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xv. p. 364, pl. viii.; Mortillet, “Promenades,” p. 123.

[545] _Matériaux_, vol. v. p. 96.

[546] Vol. xxi. p. 54. See also vol. xiv. p. 82.

[547] Hoare’s “South Wilts.” pl. xxi.

[548] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 54.

[549] B. de Perthes’ “Antiquités Celtiques, &c.,” vol. i. p. 282, pl. i., ii.

[550] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxxv. p. 307, whence the cut is copied on a reduced scale.

[551] Arch. Préh., 1880, p. 99, pl. i. and v. _Mat._, vol. xvi. p. 298.

[552] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 105. _Supra_, p. 148.

[553] “Palafittes,” fig. 18.

[554] “L’Homme Fossile,” 2nd ed. p. 149.

[555] “L’Homme pend. les Ages de la Pierre.” p. 214.

[556] “Les Ages de la Pierre en Belgique,” pl. ix.

[557] _L’Anthropologie_, vol. i. p. 385.

[558] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xviii. p. 365.

[559] Ratzel, “Völkerk,” vol. ii. 245, 247, &c.

[560] “Les armes et les outils préh. réconst.,” Paris, 1872.

[561] “Lake-Dwellings,” Eng. ed., p. 110. See also pl. x. 16, xi. 2, and xxviii. 24; and Lindenschmit, “Hohenz. Samml.,” pl. xxix. 4.

[562] “Cultur-Wiss.,” fig. 127, p. 70.

[563] “Alt. u. H. V.,” vol. ii. Heft viii. Taf. i. 7; _Archiv. für Anthropol._, vol. iii. p. 105. _Jahrb. d. Ver. f. Alt. im Rhein._, lxi. (1877) p. 156.

[564] _Bericht Nat. Hist. Verein_, Bremen, 1879.

[565] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xi. p. (162).

[566] “Reliq. Aquit.,” fig. 12.

[567] Vol. iv. p. 297.

[568] “Etudes Paléoeth.,” pl. xii. See also Worsaae, “Primev. Ants. of Denmark,” p. 12; “Dänemark’s Vorz.,” p. 10; and “Danmark’s Tidligste Bebyggelse,” 1861, p. 17.

[569] 1868, vol. lxvii. p. 1285.

[570] “Cultur-Wiss.,” p. 70.

[571] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. ii. pp. 423, 424; Wilson’s “Preh. Man,” vol. i. p. 156.

[572] “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 32.

[573] _Op. cit._, vol. ii. p. 201.

[574] _Op. cit._, vol. ii. pp. 369, 373.

[575] _Int. Arch. f. Ethn._, vol. iii. p. 181, pl. xv. 1, 2.

[576] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xviii. p. 266.

[577] Vol. xxxiv. p. 172.

[578] _P. S. A. S._, vol. x. p. 263. See also “Notes on some Australian and other Stone Implements,” by Prof. Liversidge, F.R.S. (_Journ. R. S. of New South Wales_, vol. xxviii., 1894), and Mr. E. J. Hardman’s account of some West Australian implements (Wood Martin’s “Rude St. Mons. of Ireland,” 1888, p. 115).

[579] “Journ. of Voy. to N. S. Wales,” p. 293; Klemm, “Cult.-Gesch.,” vol. i. p. 308.

[580] “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 32. _Conf._ Worsaae, “Dänemark’s Vorz.,” p. 10.

[581] Vol. xxxi. p. 452.

[582] See Jones’s “Hist. of Ojibway Indians.”

[583] “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 652. _Conf._ Catlin, “N. A. Ind.,” vol. i. pl. xcix. _f._

[584] Col. A. Lane-Fox, “Prim. Warf.,” part ii. p. 17.

[585] “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. pl. xv. 1, p. 285.

[586] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxvii. p. 49.

[587] Vol. xxiv. p. 80.

[588] “Arch. of Mersey District,” 1867, p. 15.

[589] _Arch._, vol. xxxii. p. 400; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 1st s. vol. i. p. 131.

[590] Worsaae’s “Nordiske Oldsager,” fig. 14.

[591] Chantre, “Le Caucase,” 1855, vol. i. p. 50, pl. ii.

[592] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. ii. pl. 73; Klemm, “Cult.-Gesch.,” vol. ii. p. 62.

[593] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 287.

[594] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xi. p. 448.

[595] _Int. Arch. f. Eth._, vol. v., Supp. pl. i.

[596] “Illahun” (1891), p. 55.

[597] “Kahun,” pl. xvi. “Illahun.” pl. vii.

[598] “Medum” (1892), Frontisp. 14, p. 31.

[599] Vol. xxxiv. p. 172. See also Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 32.

[600] Bonwick’s “Daily Life of the Tasmanians,” p. 44; _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. iii. p. 267. Several specimens are figured in Ratzel, “Völkerk,” vol. ii. p. 46.

[601] See _Arch. per l’Anth. e la Etn._, vol. xxv., 1895, p. 283.

[602] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 1st s. vol. ii. p. 305.

[603] Quoted by Klemm, “C. G.,” vol. i. p. 268.

[604] _Journ. Eth. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 109, fig. 7.

[605] _Nat._ vol. x. p. 173.

[606] “Smithsonian Contributions,” 1876, p. 46.

[607] (London, 1872) pl. ii. p. 66.

[608] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 327. See also R. Brough Smyth, “Aborig. of Victoria,” vol. i. p. 357.

[609] It is, however, to be observed that among the North American Indians fire was the great agent employed in felling trees and in excavating canoes, the stone hatchet being called in aid principally to remove the charred wood.—Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 75.

NOTES—CHAPTER VII.

[610] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 170.

[611] Wilde, “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 27.

[612] _Archæologia_, vol. xli. p. 402, pl. xviii. 7.

[613] “Brit. Barrows,” pp. 225, 396.

[614] “Le Camp de Catenoy,” N. Ponthieux, Beauvais, 1872, pl. v. i.

[615] Parenteau, “Invent. Archéol.,” 1878, pl. i. 2.

[616] “Flint Chips,” p. 76.

[617] _Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch._, vol. vii. p. 209.

[618] “Seine Inf.,” 2nd ed., p. 528.

[619] “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 27.

[620] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.” Nos. 20, 22; Nilsson, “Stone Age,” pl. vi. 127.

[621] “Hohenz. Samml.,” Taf. xliii. 5.

[622] “Etude Préhist. sur la Savoie,” 1869, pl. ii. 4.

[623] Desor, “Palafittes,” p. 23, fig. 19.

[624] Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 201.

[625] Nilsson, “Stone Age,” pl. vi. 129, p. 54.

[626] _Int. Arch. f. Ethn._, vol. ii. p. 273.

[627] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 181.

[628] _Arch._, vol. xli. pl. xviii. 10.

[629] _Mém. Soc. R. des Ant. du Nord_, 1872–77, p. 105. _Zeitsch. f. Eth._ vol. xix. p. 413.

[630] Cartailhac, “Ages préh. de l’Esp. et du Port.,” p. 91.

[631] _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. vii. p. 47.

[632] _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 130.

[633] Schoolcraft, “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv. p. 175.

[634] Sproat, “Scenes and Studies of Savage Life,” p. 316.

NOTES—CHAPTER VIII.

[635] Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 191; _Arch. Scot._, vol. i. p. 291.

[636] “Itin. Curios.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 57.

[637] P. 58.

[638] “Necrolivonica,” Beil. C., p. 23; and Nachtrag, p. 20.

[639] “Stone Age,” p. 71.

[640] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xviii. p. 310.

[641] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiv. p. 277.

[642] “Heidnische Alterthümer,” 1846, pl. vi. 16.

[643] Vol. ii. fig. 144.

[644] Vol. ix. p. 120. See _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 184, and vol. xv. p. 90.

[645] Greenwell, in _Arch._, vol. lii. p. 60.

[646] Hoare’s “South Wilts,” p. 174.

[647] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xx. pl. vii. 1.

[648] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 155.

[649] “Vest. of Ants. of Derbyshire,” p. 7.

[650] “Ants. of Worcestershire,” pl. iv. 8 and 9.

[651] P. 108, No. 4.

[652] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 399.

[653] Pl. iii. 9.

[654] Aspelin, “Ant. du Nord Finno-Ougrien,” No. 78.

[655] “Mém. sur les Restes d’Indust.,” &c., 1866, pl. x. 12.

[656] Mortillet, “Promenades,” p. 146.

[657] _Cong. préh. Bologne_, 1871, p. 101. _Do. Buda-Pest_, 1876, p. 87. “Mus. Préh.,” No. 500.

[658] _Rev. Arch._, 3rd S., vol. vii. p. 66.

[659] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 67.

[660] P. 17, pl. ii. 3.

[661] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 193.

[662] Simony, “Alt. von Hallstatt,” p. 9; Taf. vi. 3.

[663] Vol. iii. p. 128.

[664] _Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. viii., 1896, p. 176.

[665] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. ii. pl. xvi. 14.

[666] “Nordiske Oldsager,” No. 50.

[667] “Alterthümer,” vol. i. Heft ii. Taf. i. 10 and 12.

[668] _Smithsonian Report_, 1863, p. 379.

[669] _Anz. f. Schw. Alt._, 1870, p. 141.

[670] _Mitth. Auth. Ges. in Wien_, vol. xxv. (1895) p. 39.

[671] _Tr. Dev. Assoc._, vol. xxii. p. 44.

[672] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd. S., vol. iv. p. 339. _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 410. A. C. Smith’s “Ant. of North Wilts.,” p. 168. “Salisbury Vol. Arch. Inst.,” 1849, p. 110; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 29.

[673] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 272.

[674] _Pr. Lanc. and Ch. Arch. Soc._, vol. xi. p. 172.

[675] “Essai sur les Dolmens,” pl. iv. 1.

[676] _P. S. A. S._, vol. viii. p. 264.

[677] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 208.

[678] Wilde, “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 79.

[679] “Alt. u. H. V.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. i. 18.

[680] _Matériaux_, vol. i. p. 462.

[681] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 158.

[682] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 63. Cat., p. 6, No. 49.

[683] Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Armour,” pl. xlvi. 3.

[684] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxix. p. 6.

[685] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 266.

[686] _Trans. E. R. Ant. Soc._, vol. ii. 1894, p. 21.

[687] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. iii. 4.

[688] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 295.

[689] “Vestiges of Ants. of Derbyshire,” p. 7; Cat., No. 36; Brigg’s “History of Melbourne,” p. 15; Wright’s “Celt, Roman, and Saxon,” p. 69.

[690] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 227. Cat., p. 25, No. 256.

[691] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” No. 109; Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. H. V.,” vol. i. Heft iv. Taf. i. 5, 6.

[692] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xxiv., 1892, p. (178).

[693] Lindenschmit, _op. cit._, vol. i. Heft i. Taf. i. 8, 9, and 10.

[694] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 306; xviii. p. 319; “Cat. Arch. Inst. Mus. Ed.,” p. 19; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. iii. 20; “Sculpt. Stones of Scot.,” vol. i. p. xx.; Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. pl. iii.

[695] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 383, pl. xxii.

[696] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxi. p. 264.

[697] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 277.

[698] Vol. iii. p. 234.

[699] _Arch. Camb._, 5th S., vol. v. p. 170.

[700] _Montg. Coll._, vol. xiv. p. 271.

[701] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxi. p. 302.

[702] Vol. viii. p. 421.

[703] “Cat. Arch. Inst., Mus., Ed.” p. 6.

[704] _Ibid._, p. 45.

[705] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iii., App., p. 121.

[706] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 478.

[707] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 55.

[708] _Ibid._, vol. vi. p. 86.

[709] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 379.

[710] Pl. xlviii. 1.

[711] See _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 568; xiv. p. 126; xv. p. 266; xvi. p. 76; xxiii. p. 205, 210; and Smith’s “Preh. Man in Ayrshire,” 1895, p. 39.

[712] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv., p. 232.

[713] _Geologist_, vol. vii. p. 56.

[714] _Arch. Ael._, vol. xii. p. 118.

[715] “Cat. Arch. Inst. Mus., Ed.,” p. 38.

[716] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 65.

[717] _Arch._, vol. xliv. p. 284.

[718] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 489.

[719] _Tr. Lanc. and Chesh. Ant. Soc._, vol. v. p. 327. See also xi. p. 171.

[720] _Tr. Dev. Assoc._, vol. xxvi. p. 51.

[721] _Tr. Dev. Assoc._, vol. xxii. p. 208.

[722] _Rep. Leic. Lit. and Phil. Soc._, 1887–8, pl. iii.

[723] _Mem. Real. Acc. delle Scienze, &c., di Torino_, Ser. II., vol. xxvi. Ta. i. 1. See also for Italy, _Bull. di Pal. Ital._, 1882, p. 1.

[724] Vol. xvii. p. 20.

[725] Vol. ii. p. 125.

[726] Vol. xxxi. p. 452.

[727] _Arch._, vol. ii. p. 118.

[728] _Arch._, vol. xxx. p. 459.

[729] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiii. p. 334; xxii. p. 384.

[730] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. iii. 3.

[731] Allies’ “Ants. of Worc.,” p. 150, pl. iv. 10.

[732] P. 111.

[733] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 349.

[734] _Arch._, vol. ii. p. 127.

[735] “Stone Age,” p. 73.

[736] _L’Anth._, vol. vi., 1895, p. 10.

[737] “Abitaz. lac. di Fimon,” 1876, p. 150, pl. xiv.

[738] “Cat. of Objects found in Greece,” fig. 3.

[739] Pl. iii. 24.

[740] Schliemann’s “Troy,” 1875, p. 94. Atlas, pl. xxii. 610.

[741] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 61. “Brit. Barrows,” p. 222.

[742] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 60. “Brit. Barrows,” p. 224.

[743] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxix., 1895, p. 66.

[744] Thoresby’s Cat. in Whitaker’s ed. of “Ducatus Leod.,” p. 114.

[745] Leland’s “Coll.,” vol. iv. vi.

[746] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxvii., 1893, p. 56.

[747] _Montg. Coll._, vol. xiv. p. 276.

[748] “Celtic Tumuli of Dorset,” p. 63.

[749] _Arch._, vol. xliv. p. 427.

[750] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 74.

[751] “South Wilts,” Tumuli, pl. viii. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” Nos. 15, 17.

[752] “Ants. of Worcestershire,” pl. iv. 5, p. 146.

[753] “Celt, Roman, and Saxon,” p. 70.

[754] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. iii. 15.

[755] _P.S.A.S._, vol. xxiii. p. 8.

[756] “South Wilts,” Tumuli, pl. i. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 283.

[757] _Arch._, vol. lii. p. 70.

[758] _Archæol. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 158. _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 295, pl. xxv. 8; _Trans. Hist. Soc. Lanc. and Chesh._, vol. xii. p. 189.

[759] “Guide des Touristes, &c., dans le Morbihan,” 1854, p. 43.

[760] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxviii. p. 241.

[761] “South Wilts,” Tumuli, pl. v.; “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 8; _Arch._, vol. xv. pl. v. 1.

[762] _Supra_, p. 83.

[763] Hoare’s “South Wilts,” p. 209; _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 411; A. C. Smith’s “Ants. of North Wilts,” p. 19.

[764] _27th Report Roy. Inst. of Cornw._, 1846, p. 35. I am indebted to the Secretaries of this Institution for permission to engrave the specimen. It is also figured in Borlase’s “Nænia Cornubiæ,” p. 191.

[765] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xiii. p. 347; xxvi. p. 398.

[766] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 24.

[767] “Crania Brit.,” vol. ii. xviii. pl. 2.

[768] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 29. Smith, “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. pl. xx. 3.

[769] _Mém. Soc. R. des Ant. du Nord_, 1872–77, p. 107. _Aarbög. for Oldk._, 1872, d. 309–342. _Cong. préh. Stockholm_, 1874, p. 290. Aspelin, “Ant. du Nord. Finno-Ougrien,” No. 71–76.

[770] “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv. p. 174.

[771] _Op. cit._, vol. i. p. 92; vol. ii. pl. 48.

[772] _Op. cit._, vol. iv. p. 167.

[773] “Mus. préh.,” No. 449. _Mat._, vol. xvii. p. 284.

[774] Ratzel, “Völkerk.,” vol. ii. p. 247. _Mitth. d. Anth. Ges. in Wien_, vol. ix. (1880) pl. ii.

NOTES—CHAPTER IX.

[775] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 102.

[776] Stevens, “Flint Chips,” p. 499.

[777] Vol. vii. p. 385.

[778] “Indian Tribes,” vol. iv. p. 168.

[779] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xvi. p. 57.

[780] Bellucci, “Mat. Paletn. dell’ Umbria,” Tav. xi. fig. 3.

[781] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 327.

[782] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 499.

[783] _Ant. Tidsk._, 1858–60, p. 277.

[784] Vol. xxx. p. 461.

[785] “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 80.

[786] P. 94. See also _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 94; and Worsaae’s “Prim. Ants. of Den.,” p. 15.

[787] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S. vol. vii., p. 268.

[788] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 155.

[789] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 39; xvii. p. 453.

[790] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xvi. p. 171.

[791] Vol. xxvii. p. 142.

[792] _Montg. Coll._, vol. xiv p. 275.

[793] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 240.

[794] _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. iii. p. 497.

[795] “Ant. Celt. et Antéd.,” vol. i. pl. xiii. 9, p. 327.

[796] _Arch. Jour._, vol. xix. p. 92. _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. vi. p. 307.

[797] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 43. See also _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. vii. p. 183.

[798] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 259.

[799] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. xv. p. 349.

[800] “South Wilts,” p. 204. “Cat. Devizes Mus., No. 150.”

[801] _Supra_, p. 128.

[802] _Surr. Arch. Coll._, vol. xi. p. 248–9.

[803] _Archæologia_, vol. xiv. p. 281, pl. lv.; Cat., p. 14.

[804] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 297.

[805] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 72.

[806] _Archæologia_, vol. xxxi. p. 452.

[807] _Sussex Arch. Coll._, vol. ix. p. 118.

[808] _Sussex Arch. Coll._, vol. xxvii. p. 181.

[809] _Arch._, vol. xlvi. p. 492, pl. xxiv. 22.

[810] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 406.

[811] Vol. xxvi. p. 190.

[812] _Essex Nat._, vol. viii. p. 164.

[813] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxix. p. 77.

[814] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 400.

[815] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 248.

[816] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 250.

[817] _Rep. Leic. Lit. and Phil. Soc._, 1878, pl. iii.

[818] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxix. p. 305.

[819] _Tr. Cumb. and West. Ant. Soc._, vol. ix. p. 203.

[820] _Tr. Lanc. and Ch. Ant. Soc._, vol. ii. pl. i.

[821] _Arch. Camb._, 5th S., vol. xii. p. 247.

[822] _Op. cit._, p. 249.

[823] _Arch. Camb._, 5th S., vol. v. p. 315.

[824] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xx. p. 105.

[825] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 183.

[826] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 314. _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. xii. p. 212.

[827] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 321; vol. xxvii. p. 147.

[828] _Surrey Arch. Coll._, vol. iv. p. 237; 1868, p. 24.

[829] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 233.

[830] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. pl. iv. p. 5.

[831] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 41.

[832] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 437.

[833] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 55.

[834] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. 568.

[835] _Op. cit._, p. 610.

[836] _Rev. d’ Ant._ 1st S., vol. iv. p. 255.

[837] “Seine Inf.,” 2nd ed., p. 313.

[838] Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man.” vol. i. p. 254. _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xi. p. 140.

[839] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiv. p. 173.

[840] Rau. “Smithson. Arch. Coll.,” p. 31.

[841] Sir J. Lubbock, in _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. i. p. xcv.

[842] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. i. p. 198.

[843] _Sup._, p. 64.

[844] “Stone Age,” pl. i. 12.

[845] “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. i. 4.

[846] _Op. cit._, vol. i. Heft viii. Taf. i. 6.

[847] “Or. de la Navig., &c.,” fig. 20.

[848] _Trans. preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 236.

[849] _Proc. As. Soc. Beng._, 1866, p. 135.

[850] _Proc. As. Soc. Beng._, Mar., 1874.

[851] _Zeitsch. f. A. and E._, vol. viii., 1876, pl. xxv.

[852] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 68; _Gent.’s Mag._, 1819, p. 130.

[853] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 234.

[854] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 69.

[855] _Arch. Camb._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 331.

[856] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. v. p. 181.

[857] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 66.

[858] Vol xxvi. p. 320, figs. 10 and 11.

[859] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. p. 161.

[860] _Lib. Cit._, p. 164.

[861] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. v. p. 2.

[862] Cat., p. 28, No. 293.

[863] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 213.

[864] “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.” p. 85. The chisel-edged specimens there described are not improbably American.

[865] P. 557.

[866] Mortillet, “_Matériaux._” vol. iii. p. 98; vol. iv. p. 234. Tubino, “Estudios Prehistoricós.” p. 100. Cartailhac, p. 202.

[867] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xiii. p. 137.

[868] _Jorn. de Sci. Math. Phys. y Natur._, 1868, pl. viii.

[869] Simony, “Alt. von Hallstatt.” Taf. vi. 5.

[870] “Präh. Atlas.” Wien, 1889, Taf. xix.

[871] Perrin, “Et. Préhist. sur la Savoie,” pl. xv. 17.

[872] _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._, 1869, vol. xxv. p. 34.

[873] “Troy and its Remains,” p. 97.

[874] Schoolcraft, “Indian Tribes,” vol. i. p. 96; Squier’s “Ab. Mon. of New York,” p. 184; Lapham, “Ants. of Wisconsin,” p. 74.

[875] “Prehist. Man,” vol. i. pp. 246, 253.

[876] _Comptes Rendus_, 1866, vol. lxii. p. 470; _Geol. Mag._, vol. iii. p. 214; Mortillet, “_Mat._,” vol. ii. pp. 331, 401; vol. iii. p. 99.

[877] _Brit. Assoc. Report_, 1870, p. 158.

[878] Brit. Barrows, p. 239.

[879] Vol. x. p. 64.

[880] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. p. 164, pl. xi. 5.

[881] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. v. p. 181; ix. p. 34.

[882] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 209.

[883] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 382; xii. p. 266. Mitchell, “Past in the Present,” p. 124.

[884] _Mem. Anthrop. Soc. Lond._ vol. iii. p. 261.

[885] “Ind. Tribes,” vol. ii. pl. 39.

[886] _Op. cit._, vol. ii. p. 90.

[887] 1884, p. 156 _seqq._, also _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. v. p. 262.

[888] “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 95, fig. 77.

[889] “Nord. Oldsag.,” fig. 88; Nilsson, “Stone Age,” pl. ii. p. 34.

[890] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 327.

[891] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 489.

[892] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 19.

[893] See a paper on “Antike Gewicht-steine,” by Prof. Ritschl, in the _Jahrb. d. Ver. v. Alterthums-fr. im Rheinl._, Heft. xli. 9; also xliii. 209.

NOTES—CHAPTER X.

[894] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 274.

[895] _Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind._, vol. iv. pl. i. p. 203. _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 238.

[896] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 263, pl. xxi. 7.

[897] Catlin’s “Last Rambles,” p. 188.

[898] _Arch. Camb._, 5th. S., vol. i. p. 307.

[899] _Tr. Dev. Assoc._, vol. xii. p. 71.

[900] _Montg. Coll._, vol. xiv. p. 273.

[901] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 440; xiv. p. 127; xv. p. 108.

[902] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 583, Munro “Lake-dw.,” p. 448.

[903] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiv. 127; xv. 267; xxiii. p. 211.

[904] Kindly lent by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

[905] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxii. p. 62.

[906] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 688.

[907] Worsaae’s “Nord. Oldsager,” No. 32, 33. Nilsson’s “Stone Age,” pl. i. 14. A Lüneburg specimen, with deep conical depressions, is given by Lindenschmit. “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft viii. Taf. i. 4.

[908] Wilde’s “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 75.

[909] “Ind. Tribes,” vol. iv. p. 165.

[910] “Stone Age,” p. 12, pl. i. 2, 3.

[911] “Prim. Industry,” p. 425, _et. seqq._

[912] _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. v. p. 263.

[913] Vol. ix. p. 118.

[914] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxix. p. 344. Cumming’s “Churches and Ants. of Cury and Dunwalloe,” 1873, p. 69.

[915] _P. S. A. S._, vol. x. p. 634. Mitchell, “Past in the Present,” p. 126.

[916] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. iv. p. 139.

[917] _Anz. f. Schw. Alt._, 1876, Taf. viii.

[918] “Cat. Arch. Inst. Mus., Edin.,” p. 12.

[919] “Naukratis,” 1886, pl. i. p. 42.

[920] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 200.

[921] _Pr. Lanc. and Ch. Arch. Soc._, vol. xi. p. 172.

[922] “Naukratis,” pl. i. 1886, p. 42.

[923] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. vi. pp. 41, 195.

[924] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 71.

[925] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 171.

[926] _Amer. Anthropologist_, vol. iv., 1891, p. 301.

[927] “South Wilts,” Tumuli, pl. vi. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 3.

[928] See _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 408.

[929] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 320, figs. 14, 15. _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. v. p. 181.

[930] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 396.

[931] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. pp. 64, 160.

[932] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 208.

[933] Greenwell, “Brit. Par.,” pp. 200, 239, 242.

[934] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxviii. p. 148.

[935] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxviii. p. 341.

[936] “Etudes Paléoéthnol.,” 1867, pl. iv. 1.

[937] Squier and Davis, “Anct. Mon. of Mississ. Valley,” p. 222.

[938] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiv. p. 314, xxi. p. 135.

[939] “Mus. préh.,” fig. 592.

[940] See Sir J. Y. Simpson, _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. App.

[941] “Brit. Barrows,” 341, _et seqq._

[942] See “Reliquiæ Aquit.,” p. 60.

[943] “Rel. Aquit.,” p. 108.

[944] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 84. See Eyre’s “Central Australia,” vol. ii. pl. iv. p. 14.

[945] Keller’s “Lake-dwellings,” p. 137. Lindenschmit, “Hohenz. Samml.,” pl. xxvii. 8.

[946] “Hab. Lac. de la Savoie,” 1st Mem. pl. xi. 2.

[947] _Rev. Arch._, 3rd S., vol. vii. p. 68.

[948] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 193.

[949] _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. iv. p. 242.

[950] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 413.

[951] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. v. p. 184.

[952] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiii. p. 204, Munro, “Lake-dw.,” p. 102.

[953] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 214.

[954] _Journ. Anth. Soc._, 1869, p. cxvii.

[955] The burnishing stones in use among pewterers are, when dismounted from their setting, curiously like these blunt-ended celt-like instruments. They have no ridge, however, at the truncated end. Some of the stone burnishers used by bookbinders are also in form like celts, but have a flattened edge.

[956] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. p. 161.

[957] _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. vii. p. 48.

[958] De Gongora, “Ant. Preh. de Andalusia,” p. 108.

[959] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xx. p. (365).

[960] Vol. xxiv. p. 251.

[961] Vol. xxvi. p. 320; xxvii. 147.

[962] _Arch._, vol. xxxviii. p. 416.

[963] “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. 58, p. 2.

[964] _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 70.

[965] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxv. p. 496.

[966] Vol. xxvii. pl. xi. 2, 3.

[967] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xxxii. p. 174.

[968] _Arch._, vol. xlvi. p. 492, pl. xxiv. 26.

[969] Miln’s “Excav. at Carnac,” 1881, pl. xv.

[970] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 47.

[971] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 265.

[972] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 393.

[973] _Ibid._, vol. xxiii. p. 391.

[974] _Arch._ vol. xxxviii. p. 416.

[975] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxiii. p. 391.

[976] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 223.

[977] _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. iii. p. 278.

[978] Sproat’s “Scenes and Studies of Savage Life,” p. 55.

[979] Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. i. p. 152. Ratzel, “Völkerk.,” vol. i., 1887, p. 216.

[980] “Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,” Baker, p. 78. See also “The Albert Nyanza,” vol. i. p. 65. Klemm’s “Cult.-Wiss.,” p. 88.

[981] Rev. Dr. Hume, “Illust. of Brit. Ants. from Objects found in S. Amer.,” p. 69.

[982] See _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 244, where much information is given concerning such stones.

[983] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. p. 160, &c. _Arch. Camb._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 210; 3rd S., vi. 376; vii. 40; viii. 157; 4th S., xii. p. 32.

[984] _Arch._, vol. xlvi. p. 285.

[985] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. vii. p. 245.

[986] Wilde’s “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.” p. 104.

[987] “Itinerary,” 1617, pt. iii. p. 161.

[988] “Flint Chips,” p. 62.

[989] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 377.

[990] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. p. 9.

[991] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 176.

[992] Garrigon et Filhol, “Age de la Pierre polie,” &c., p. 27. _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. i. p. 292.

[993] “Mus. Préh.,” No. 587.

[994] _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 155.

[995] “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. ii. Heft viii. Taf. i. 16.

[996] “Cult.-Wiss.,” p. 88.

[997] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. iii. p. 356.

[998] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 117.

[999] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. p. 160, pl. ii. 1.

[1000] _A. J._, vol. xxiv. p. 247.

[1001] Atkinson’s “Cleveland,” p. 40.

[1002] “Nænia Cornub.,” p. 221.

[1003] Wood-Martin “Lake-dw. of Ireland,” 1886, p. 85.

[1004] Kirchner, “Thor’s Donnerkeil,” 1853, p. 97.

[1005] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 172.

[1006] _Ibid._, p. 177.

[1007] _Ibid._, pp. 213, 224, 226.

[1008] “Vestiges Ant. Derb.,” p. 99.

[1009] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 190.

[1010] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 81.

[1011] “Troy,” 1875, pp. 151, 163.

[1012] _British Med. Journ._, April 2nd, 1887, quoted in _Essex Naturalist_, vol. i. p. 92.

[1013] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 252.

[1014] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 357; xvii. 170.

[1015] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ix. p. 117. “Chich. Vol. Arch. Inst.,” p. 63. This cut has been kindly lent me by the Sussex Arch. Society.

[1016] _Essex Naturalist_, vol. ii. p. 4.

[1017] _Arch._ vol. xliii. p. 408. A. C. Smith, “Ants. of N. Wilts,” p. 14.

[1018] See _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 179, where the measurements hardly agree with mine.

[1019] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 253.

[1020] _Sitzungsb. der K. Akad. der Wiss. in Wien_, vol. lv. p. 528.

[1021] _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. vii. p. 49.

[1022] See Laing’s “Prehistoric Remains of Caithness,” 1866. _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. _Passim_; viii. 64. pl. vi. _Mem. Anthrop. Soc. Lond._, vol. ii. p. 294; iii. 216. I am indebted to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland for the loan of Figs. 174 to 179. See also _P. S. A. S._, vol. viii. pl. vi.; xi. p. 173; xii. p. 271; and Mitchell’s “Past in the Present,” p. 140.

[1023] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 136.

[1024] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. pp. 358, 400.

[1025] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. p. 125.

[1026] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. p. 127.

[1027] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 219.

[1028] See Whitaker’s “Hist. of Craven.,” 2nd ed., p. 468.

[1029] Wright’s “Prov. Dict.,” _s.v._ Cotgrave translates the word _Baton_ “a laundress’s batting-staff.”

[1030] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 65.

[1031] _Op. cit._, vol. xv. p. 232.

[1032] 3rd S., vol. iii. p. 358.

[1033] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 80.

[1034] “Anct. Mon. of Mississ. Val.,” p. 220.

[1035] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 90.

[1036] _Op. cit._, vol. ii. p. 89.

[1037] _Op. cit._, vol. iv. p. 175.

[1038] Cuming in _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 83, where some interesting information relating to mortars will be found. Ratzel, “Völkerk.,” vol. ii. p. 179.

[1039] Vol. iv. p. 136. See also a paper by Mr. R. N. Worth, on the progress of mining skill in Devon and Cornwall, in the _Trans. Cornw. Polyt. Soc._

[1040] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. 393.

[1041] Vol. ii. p. 323.

[1042] “Die Burg Tannenberg,” &c., _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 404.

[1043] Vol. iii. p. 130.

[1044] “Gesta. Abb. Mon. S. Alb.,” vol. ii. p. 249.

[1045] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 175.

[1046] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol iii. p. 203.

[1047] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 335.

[1048] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 99.

[1049] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiii. 227.

[1050] _Ibid._, vol. xv. p. 337.

[1051] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 329.

[1052] Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 112. _Arch._, vol. xviii. p. 435; xix. 183; xxx. 128. _Proc. Bury and W. Suff. Arch. I._, vol. i. p. 230, &c. _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 259.

[1053] _Arch._, vol. xliv. p. 285.

[1054] _Arch._, vol. xlv. p. 366.

[1055] _Arch. Camb._, 5th S., vol. viii. p. 320.

[1056] _Arch. Camb._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 240.

[1057] Lee’s “Isca Silurum,” p. 114.

[1058] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. p. 267.

[1059] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ii. p. 97. See also vol. v. p. 30.

[1060] _Preh. Annals of Scot._, vol. i. p. 214.

[1061] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 261. Mitchell’s “The Past in the Present,” p. 34.

[1062] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iv. p. 417.

[1063] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiii. p. 178.

[1064] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxi. p. 162.

[1065] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. vii. p. 38.

[1066] “South Wilts,” p. 36.

[1067] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” 127.

[1068] _Arch._, vol. xxxv. p. 246.

[1069] 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 89.

NOTES—CHAPTER XI.

[1070] “Nord. Olds.,” Nos. 35 and 36.

[1071] _Tidskrift for Oldkyndighed_, vol. i. pl. ii. p. 423.

[1072] “Stone Age,” p. 16.

[1073] “Ant. Suéd.”

[1074] Keller’s “Lake-dwell.,” p. 24.

[1075] Keller, “Pfahlbauten,” 1ter Bericht, Taf. iii. 19; 3ter Ber., Taf. ii. 2.

[1076] “Les Polissoirs préh. de la Charente,” G. Chauvet, Angoulême, 1883.

[1077] “Les Polissoirs néol. du Dép. delà Dordogne,” Testut. _Mat._, 3rd S., vol. iii. (1886) p. 65.

[1078] “Notice sur deux Instruments,” &c., p. 4. Mortillet, _Matériaux_, vol. ii. p. 420.

[1079] See “Ant. Celt et Antéd, de Poitou,” pl. xxx.

[1080] _Ann. Soc. Arch. de Bruxelles_, vol. x., 1896, p. 109.

[1081] B. de Perthes, “Ant. Celt et Antéd.,” vol. ii. p. 165. Mortillet, “Prom. au Mus. St. Germain,” p. 148.

[1082] De Gongora y Martinez, “Ant. Preh. de Andalusia,” p. 34, fig. 19.

[1083] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xvi. p. 73.

[1084] See _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 170.

[1085] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 168.

[1086] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 220.

[1087] _Arch._, vol. xxxviii. p. 417.

[1088] “Cook’s Voyages,” quoted by Tylor, “Early Hist. of Mank.,” 2nd ed., p. 201.

[1089] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xv. p. 263.

[1090] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 169.

[1091] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 43.

[1092] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 295.

[1093] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. p. 161.

[1094] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 219.

[1095] See Lyell, “Ant. of Man,” 3rd ed. p. 189.

[1096] Worsaae, fig. 36. Nilsson, “Stone Age,” pl. ii. 15.

[1097] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xv. p. 74.

[1098] _Arch._, vol. xliv. p. 286.

[1099] _Malton Messenger_, Nov. 12, 1870. “Brit. Barrows,” p. 263.

[1100] _Trans. Dev. Assoc._, vol. v. p. 551.

[1101] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 426.

[1102] “South Wilts.,” p. 118, pl. xiv.

[1103] P. 43.

[1104] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 399.

[1105] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xv. p. 264.

[1106] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 173.

[1107] Hoare’s “South Wilts,” p. 75. _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 125. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 2.

[1108] Hoare, “South Wilts,” p. 182. “Cat. Dev. Mus.,” No. 97.

[1109] “S. W.” p. 209.

[1110] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 423. A. C. Smith, “Ants. of N. Wilts,” p. 68. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 172A.

[1111] _Arch._, vol. xlvi. p. 435, pl. xxiv. 20.

[1112] _Reliquary_, N. S., vol. v., 1891, p. 47.

[1113] _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. ix. p. 249.

[1114] _13th Rep. Bureau of Ethn._, 1896, p. 126.

[1115] “Musée préh.,” No. 593.

[1116] Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” vol. ii. Heft viii. Taf. i. 2. _Zeitsch. des Vereins für Rhein. Geschichte, &c., in Mainz_, vol. iii. _Archiv für Anthrop._, vol. iii. Taf. ii. _Rev. Arch._, vol. xix. pl. x. 2.

[1117] Sophus Müller, “Stenalderen,” fig. 196.

[1118] _Zeitsch. f. Eth._, 1891, p. 89.

[1119] _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, N. S., vol. vii. p. 49.

[1120] _Sussex Arch. Coll._, vol. ix., p. 120, whence the cut is borrowed. _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 184; xv. 90.

[1121] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 356. “Chichester Vol.,” p. 52.

[1122] Thoresby’s Cat. in Whitaker’s “Duc. Leod.,” p. 114.

[1123] Hoare’s “South Wilts,” p. 194.

[1124] _Ibid._, p. 199.

[1125] _Ibid._, p. 209.

[1126] _Ibid._, p. 211.

[1127] _Ibid._, p. 172.

[1128] _Ibid._, p. 164. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 85.

[1129] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 424.

[1130] _Arch._, vol. xlix. p. 194.

[1131] “Nænia Cornubiæ,” 1872, p. 212.

[1132] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxviii. p. 247.

[1133] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxi. p. 302.

[1134] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 101.

[1135] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 490.

[1136] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 71. Lee’s “Isca Silurum,” pl. xlii. p. 108.

[1137] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 105.

[1138] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 120; xxiii. p. 219; xxviii. p. 230.

[1139] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiv. p. 221.

[1140] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxii. p. 67.

[1141] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 188.

[1142] Wilde’s “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.” p. 87.

[1143] Perrin, “Et. Préhist. sur la Savoie,” pl. xv. 12.

[1144] Von Sacken, “Grabf. von Hallstatt,” Taf. xix. Simony, “Alt. von Hallstatt,” Taf. vi. 6, 7.

[1145] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. pl. iii. 1.

[1146] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 321, figs. 18, 19.

[1147] “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 75.

[1148] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 358.

[1149] _P. S. A. S._, vol. x. pl. xviii. 115.

[1150] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 234.

[1151] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiv. p. 276.

[1152] “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 343.

[1153] Pl. i.

[1154] Engelhardt, “Thorsbjerg Mosefund,” p. 51, pl. xii. 12.

[1155] See _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1881, p. 692.

[1156] _Jahrb. d. Ver. v. Alt. fr. im Rheinl._, Heft xliv. p. 139, Taf. vi. 21.

[1157] _Notes and Queries_, 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 92.

NOTES—CHAPTER XII.

[1158] “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 7.

[1159] “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 87.

[1160] “Geol. and Nat. Hist. Rep.,” vol. i. p. 208.

[1161] “G. and N. H. Rep.,” vol. ii. p. 128; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 95.

[1162] I first learnt the art of producing these cones from the late Rev. J. S. Henslow, F.R.S., and have since then instructed many others in the process, among them the late Dr. Hugh Falconer, F.R.S., whose account of the manufacture of flakes (“Palæont. Mem.,” vol. ii. p. 605) is, I find, curiously like what I have written above. He insists rather more strongly on the different characteristics of “iron-struck” and “stone-struck” facets than I should be inclined to do. There is, however, in all probability a difference in the fracture resulting from hammers of different degrees of hardness and elasticity. The mechanics of the fracture of flint have also been studied by the late M. Jules Thore, of Dax. (_Bull. de la Soc. de Borda_, Dax, 1878.)

[1163] _Archæologia_, vol. xxxix. p. 76.

[1164] “Spalls or broken pieces of stones that come off in hewing and graving.” — “Nomenclator,” p. 411, quoted in Halliwell’s “Dict. of Archaic Words, &c.” “Spalle, or chyppe, _quisquilia_, _assula_.” — “Promptorium Parvulorum,” p. 467.

[1165] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 38. _Proc. As. Soc. Beng._, 1867, p. 137.

[1166] Dr. Gillespie, in _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. vi. p. 260.

[1167] Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. pp. 36–38.

[1168] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 73.

[1169] _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. iv. p. 241.

[1170] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 170.

[1171] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc. Lond._, vol. ii. p. 430.

[1172] For neolithic implements from this place, see _Trans. Berks. Archæol. and Archit. Soc._, 1879–80, p. 49.

[1173] “Manx Note Book,” vol. i. (1885) p. 71.

[1174] _Mem. Anthrop. Soc. Lond._, vol. i. p. 142.

[1175] See Worsaae “Nord. Olds.,” No. 60; “Guide to North. Arch.,” p. 39; and the authors already cited at p. 272.

[1176] “Mus. préh.,” pl. xxxiii.

[1177] _Mém. Soc. R. des Ant. du Nord._, 1872–7, p. 103.

[1178] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xvii. p. (133).

[1179] P. 23. See also Tylor, “Anahuac.,” p. 96.

[1180] _Geol. Mag._, vol. iii. p. 433; iv. 43.

[1181] “Objects Found in Greece,” G. Finlay, 1869. _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. v. p. (110).

[1182] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 69. See also _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 171.

[1183] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 438.

[1184] _Tr. Dev. Assoc._, vol. xvii. p. 70; xviii. p. 74. _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxviii. p. 220.

[1185] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. v. p. 30. _Notes and Queries_, 5th S., vol. vii. p. 447.

[1186] “Flint Impts., &c., found at St. Mary Bourne,” Jos. Stevens, 1867.

[1187] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xiii. p. 137.

[1188] _Tr. Lanc. and Chesh. Arch. Soc._, vol. ii. pl. i. iv. p. 305.

[1189] _Journ. R. Inst. Cornwall_, Oct., 1864.

[1190] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 22.

[1191] _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 89. _Tr. Devon. Assoc._, vol. i.; pt. v. p. 80.

[1192] _Op. cit._, p. 128.

[1193] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 226.

[1194] _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. p. 343.

[1195] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 241.

[1196] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 48.

[1197] _Arch._, vol. xxxvi. p. 176.

[1198] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 71.

[1199] _Reliquary_, vol. vi. p. 4.

[1200] _Arch. Journ._, vol xii. p. 189.

[1201] _Arch. Camb._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 331; ii. 222.

[1202] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 58.

[1203] _Tr. Devon. Assoc._, vol. vi. p. 272, fig. 2.

[1204] _Reliquary_, vol. iii. p. 162.

[1205] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 92.

[1206] _Arch. Camb._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 102.

[1207] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 306.

[1208] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 281.

[1209] _Arch._, vol. xxxiv. p. 252.

[1210] “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. 1, p. 2.

[1211] “Cr. Br.,” vol. ii. pl. 24, p. 3.

[1212] _Mem. Anthrop. Soc. Lond._, vol. i. p. 142.

[1213] _Arch._, vol. lii. p. 12, and “British Barrows,” _passim_.

[1214] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 73.

[1215] _Arch._, vol. xxxviii. p. 416.

[1216] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 278.

[1217] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 322.

[1218] _Wiltsh. Mag._, vol. iii. p. 170.

[1219] “South Wilts,” p. 193.

[1220] “South Wilts,” p. 195.

[1221] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 172.

[1222] “Cat. Arch. Inst. Mus. Edin.,” p. 20.

[1223] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 507.

[1224] _Op. cit._, vol. iv. p. 385, and vi. 234, 240. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._, 1865, vol. xxi. p. 1.

[1225] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vi. p. 251, and v. 61.

[1226] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 35.

[1227] _Anthrop. Rev._, vol. ii.; lxiv.

[1228] Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 177.

[1229] _Ibid._, p. 178.

[1230] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 13.

[1231] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 46.

[1232] _Arch._, vol. xlii. p. 64.

[1233] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 198.

[1234] “Salisb. Vol. Arch. Inst.,” p. 106.

[1235] _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, vol. i. p. 10.

[1236] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiii. p. 300; vol. xxv. p. 155.

[1237] _Geol. Mag._, vol. vii. 443.

[1238] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 68.

[1239] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xix. p. 53.

[1240] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 182, &c.

[1241] _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 421.

[1242] “Flint Impts.,” Jos. Stevens, 1867.

[1243] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 168.

[1244] 3rd S., vol. iii. p. 304.

[1245] _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 141.

[1246] “Prehist. Rem. of Caithness,” _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 37.

[1247] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. p. 73.

[1248] _P. S. A. S._, vol. i. p. 101.

[1249] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 203.

[1250] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 319.

[1251] Garrigou et Filhol, “Age de la Pierre polie.” &c., pl. vii. and viii.

[1252] De Bonstetten, “2nd Supp. au Rec. d’Ant. Suisses,” pl. i.

[1253] On this custom see _Trans. Lanc. and Chesh. Arch. Soc._, vol. vi. p. 58; viii. p. 63; xi. p. 27.

[1254] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 116.

[1255] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. p. 210.

[1256] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 299.

[1257] See _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 211, and xx. 189; Wright, “Rems. of a Prim. Peop. in Yorksh.,” p. 10.

[1258] See Cochet, “Normandie Souterr.,” p. 258; Baudot, “Sép. des Barbares,” p. 76; Troyon, “Tombeaux de Bel-Air”; Lindenschmit, “Todtenlager bei Selzen,” p. 13.

[1259] _Arch._, vol. xxxv. p. 267.

[1260] “Hist. of Lapland,” Ed., 1704, p. 313; Keysler, “Ant. Sept.,” p. 173.

[1261] _Sussex Arch. Coll._ vol. xvi. p. 63.

[1262] _Arch. Camb._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 88.

[1263] Isaiah, chap. xli. ver. 15.

[1264] “De re Rust.,” lib. i. cap. 52.

[1265] Smith’s “Dict. of Gk. and Rom. Ant.,” _s.v._ Tribulum. Wilkinson’s “Anc. Egyptians,” vol. ii. p. 190; iv. 94. “_Arch, per l’Ant. e la Etn._,” vol. xxiii. 57; vol. xxvi. p. 53. Fellows, “Journ. in Asia Minor,” 1838, p. 70. Paul Lucas, “Voyage en Asie,” Paris, 1712, p. 231. _N. and Q._, 7th S., vol. vii. p. 36.

[1266] For the use of this cut I am indebted to Sir A. Wollaston Franks, F.R.S.

[1267] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 253.

[1268] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. x. p. 150.

[1269] _Arch._, vol. xli. p. 404. See also Wilde, “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 10.

[1270] See Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 94.

[1271] _Mém. Soc. R. des Ant. du Nord._, 1886–91, p. 232. _Aarb. f. Oldkynd_, 1886, p. 227.

[1272] “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. ii. Heft. viii. Taf. i. 4.

[1273] Tom. vi. 1865.

[1274] Ponthieux, pl. xxvi.

[1275] Chantre, “Etudes Paléoéthnol.,” 1867. Watelet, “L’Age de Pierre dans le Dép. de l’Aisne,” 1866. De Ferry, “Anc. de l’Homme dans le Mâconnais,” 1867.

[1276] “L’Homme Fossile,” 2nd ed., p. 150.

[1277] _Comptes Rendus_, 1866, vol. lxii. p. 347; 1867, vol. lxv. p. 116.

[1278] De Gongora, “Ant. Preh. de Andalusia,” p. 49, fig. 60.

[1279] _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, pl. viii. 3.

[1280] “Ant. do Algarve;” da Veiga, 1886, vol. ii. p. 162, pl. viii.

[1281] “Di alcuni armi ed Utensili in Pietra,” 1863, Tav. ii.

[1282] Keller, “Pfahlbauten,” 6ter Ber., p. 272.

[1283] “Supp. au Rec. d’Ant. Suisses,” pl. i. 5.

[1284] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xvi. p. (105), pl. iii.

[1285] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xx. p. 441. _Matériaux_, vol. v. p. 399 bis; _Comptes Rendus_, 1869, vol. lxix. p. 1312. Arcelin, “Ind. prim. en. Egypte et en Syrie,” 1870.

[1286] _Zeitschrift für Ægypt. Sprache_, &c., Juli 1870.

[1287] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. iv. p. 215 (Lubbock): vii. p. 290. _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xxi. pl. iv. v. “Die Stein-zeit Afrika’s,” R. Andrée. _Intern. Archiv_, vol. iii. p. 81. “Ægypten’s vor-metallische Zeit.” Much, Würzburg, 1880. _Nature_, vol. xxxii. p. 161: xxxiii. 311 (Wady Halfa).

[1288] _Tr. Cong. Préh. Stockholm_, 1874, p. 76.

[1289] _Comptes Rendus_, 1869, vol. lxviii. pp. 196, 345.

[1290] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. i. pp. 337, 442.

[1291] _Quart. St. Palest. Expl. Fund_, 1874, p. 158.

[1292] _Trans. Cong. Preh. Arch._, 1868, p. 69. _Geol. Mag._, vol. v. p. 532. _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xi. p. 124. _Camb. Ant. Comm._, vol. v. p. 67.

[1293] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 38. _Journ. of Ant. Soc. of Cent. Prov._, vol. i. p. 21. _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. i. p. 175.

[1294] “Anct. Mon. of Mississ. Vall.,” p. 215.

[1295] Lib. iii. c. 15.

[1296] Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 38.

[1297] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. vi. p. 409, pl. xx.

[1298] For the use of this block I am indebted to the executors of the late Mr. Henry Christy. See also Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th Ed., p. 93.

[1299] “Mus. Metall,” p. 157.

[1300] Two are figured in _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. viii. p. 321. See also Ratzel, “Völkerk,” vol. ii., 1888, p. 151.

[1301] _Comptes Rendus_, 1868, vol. lxvii. p. 1296.

[1302] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iv., 1848, p. 105.

[1303] _Arch._, vol. xxxviii. p. 417.

[1304] “Anc. Wilts,” p. 195. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 124A.

[1305] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 230.

[1306] “T. Y. D.,” p. 224.

[1307] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. p. 320.

[1308] _Op. cit._, vol. vii. p. 499.

[1309] _Arch._, vol. xli. p. 404.

[1310] Others are engraved in Keller’s “Pfahlbaut.,” 1ter Bericht, Taf. iii. 8. Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. i., Heft. xii. Taf. i. 15. “Hohenzollernsch. Samml.,” Taf. xxvii. 18. Mackie, “Nat. Hist. Rep.,” vol. i. p. 139. Le Hon, “L’homme Foss.,” 2nd ed., p. 175. “Ant. Lac. du Mus. de Lausanne,” 1896. Pl. x.

[1311] “Mus. préh.,” Nos. 276, 277. “Ant. Lac. du Mus. de Lausanne,” 1896. Pl. x., 10, 11.

[1312] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xiv. p. (531).

[1313] Keller’s “Lake-Dw.,” pl. iii. 1; xxi. 10; xxviii. 9, 10. Troyon, “Hab. Lac.,” pl. v. 11. “Pfahlbauten,” 2ter Ber. Taf. iii. pl. 40. Desor, “Palafittes,” fig. 12. Rau’s “Preh. Fishing,” 1884, p. 186.

[1314] “Stone Age,” pl. v. 86.

[1315] _P. S. A. S._, vol. x. p. 263.

[1316] _Tr. Lanc. and Chesh. Arch. Soc._, vol. iv. p. 377.

[1317] _Ibid._

[1318] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol., xiv. p. 28.

[1319] “Illahun, &c.,” 1891, p. 13, pl. xiii.

[1320] “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 32.

[1321] See _Archiv. f. Anth._, vol. v. p. 234.

[1322] Worsaae, “Prim. Ants. of Den.,” p. 17. Nilsson, “Stone Age,” pl. vi. 125, 126. Madsen, “Afb.,” pl. xl.

[1323] Wilson’s “Preh. Man,” vol. i. p. 225. “Anct. Mon. of Missis. Valley,” p. 211. Squier, “Abor. Mon. of New York,” p. 180.

[1324] “Cultur-wiss.,” vol. i. p. 61.

[1325] “Stone Age,” pl. ii. pp. 28, 29.

[1326] “Remains of a Primitive People, &c., in Yorkshire.”

[1327] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. 233.

[1328] _Arch._, vol. xxxviii. p. 417.

[1329] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. p. 74.

[1330] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxix. p. 284.

[1331] _Antiq._, vol. xv., 1887, pp. 237–8.

[1332] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xxxii. p. 175.

[1333] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xxvii. p. 177.

[1334] _Wilts Arch. Mag._, vol. xx. p. 346.

[1335] “Brit. Barr.,” pp. 251, 262.

[1336] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 43.

[1337] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxv. p. 497.

[1338] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 584.

[1339] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 208.

[1340] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxviii. p. 337.

[1341] _Bull. de la Soc. des Ant. de l’Ouest_, 4 Trim., 1863, fig. 18.

[1342] “Mus. Préh.,” pl. xxxiv., xxxv.

[1343] Madsen, “Afbildninger,” pl. i. 15.

[1344] _Zeits._ f. _Ethn._, vol. xxviii., p. 348.

[1345] H. and L. Siret, “Les premiers Ages du Métal,” pl. xiii., xvi. Capelle, “L’Esp. centr.,” 1895, p. 70, pl. vi.

[1346] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xvii. p. 93.

[1347] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xiv. p. (483); xv. p. (116).

[1348] “Stone Age,” p. 80, pl. v. 93.

[1349] “Nord. Olds.,” No. 56.

[1350] “Nord. Olds.,” No. 58.

[1351] Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 102. “Flint Chips,” p. 74.

[1352] _Nordisk Tidskrift for Oldk._, 1832, p. 429.

[1353] “Stone Age,” p. 42.

[1354] Franks, “Horæ Ferales,” p. 137. Lisch, “Frederico-Francisc.,” p. 145.

[1355] “Celt, Roman, and Saxon,” p. 70.

[1356] “Kahun,” 1890, p. 29, pl. ix. “Illahun, &c.,” 1891, p. 50 _seqq._ “Medum,” 1892, p. 31 _seqq._

[1357] “Troy,” 1875, p. 94. Atlas, pl. xxv.

[1358] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xvii. p. (303).

[1359] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xlix. p. 53.

[1360] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xlix. p. 164.

NOTES—CHAPTER XIII.

[1361] Pt. ii. p. 14. One from Alaska of this form and another with a long handle are figured in _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xvi. p. (222).

[1362] “Prehist. Times,” 4th ed., p. 513, figs. 214–6.

[1363] “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 699.

[1364] “Rel. Aquit.,” p. 13.

[1365] _Proc. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. i. p. 137. See _Rep. Bureau of Ethn._, 1887–8, p. 294.

[1366] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiv. p. 142.

[1367] _Rep. of U. S. Nat. Mus._, _Washington_, 1891, p. 553.

[1368] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. iv. p. 175.

[1369] _Intern. Archiv._, vol. ii. p. 212.

[1370] _Arch. per l’Ant. e la Etn._, vol. xxiv., 1894, p. 245.

[1371] _Bull. Soc. d’Anth. de Paris_, 4th S. vol. vii., 1896, p. 374.

[1372] P. 319.

[1373] “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 8.

[1374] “Nord. Olds.,” No. 29.

[1375] “South Wilts,” p. 172, pl. xix.

[1376] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pp. 420, 421.

[1377] “Salisb. Vol. Arch. Inst.,” p. 106.

[1378] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. xii. p. 239.

[1379] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 450. _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 420.

[1380] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xxxii. p. 174. _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. vi. p. 287.

[1381] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd. S., vol. x. p. 18.

[1382] _Trans. Dev. Assoc._, vol. xii. p. 140.

[1383] “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii, pl. 50, p. 2. _Arch._, vol. xxxviii. p. 416.

[1384] _Reliq._, vol. xxxii., 1896, p. 109.

[1385] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 83; xxii. 116, 245, 251; xxvii. 71. _Reliquary_, vol. ix. p. 69. “Ten Years’ Dig.,” pp. 205, 208. “Brit. Bar.” pp. 251, 348, and _passim_.

[1386] “T. Y. D.,” p. 56.

[1387] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 92.

[1388] “T. Y. D.,” p. 78.

[1389] “T. Y. D.,” p. 35. _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 217.

[1390] Pitt Rivers, “Exc. on Cranb. Chase,” vol. ii. pl. lxvi. and lxxxix.

[1391] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 76.

[1392] _Sussex Arch. Coll._, vol. xix. p. 53.

[1393] _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, vol. i. pl. i.

[1394] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 155.

[1395] _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, vol. i. p. 4.

[1396] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. ix. p. 37.

[1397] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxi. pp. 297, 301.

[1398] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 385.

[1399] _Arch. Cant._, vol. xiii. p. 124. “Coll. Cant.,” p. 4.

[1400] _Arch. Cant._, vol. xiv. p. 88.

[1401] _Essex Nat._, vol. ii. p. 67.

[1402] _Essex Nat._, vol. iii. p. 159.

[1403] A considerable number of them are in the Lewes Museum. _Sass. Ant. Coll._, vol. xxxviii. p. 226; xxxix. p. 97.

[1404] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xv. p. 109. Munro’s “Lake-dw.,” pp. 109, 174.

[1405] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 461; vol. xix. p. 250.

[1406] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xviii. p. 249.

[1407] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. vii. p. 202; ix. pp. 167, 320.

[1408] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xvi. p. (356).

[1409] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. x. p. 352.

[1410] “Preh. Times,” 4th ed. p. 110.

[1411] _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 69. _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. i. p. 52.

[1412] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. v. p. 239, pl. xi., 4.

[1413] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 101.

[1414] As another purpose to which these instruments may have been applied, Dr. Keller (“Lake-Dwellings,” pp. 34, 97) has suggested that some of the scrapers found in the Swiss Lake-dwellings may have been in use for scaling fish.

[1415] P. 16.

[1416] P. 15.

[1417] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 53.

[1418] _Op. cit._, p. 59. _Reliq._, vol. iii. p. 176. “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. xli.

[1419] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 96.

[1420] “Nænia Cornub.,” p. 227.

[1421] “South Wilts,” p. 195. _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 422.

[1422] _Reliquary_, vol. xxiv. p. 128.

[1423] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 295.

[1424] _Cong. Préh. Lisbonne_, 1880, p. 387.

[1425] “Normandie Souterraine,” p. 258.

[1426] _Arch._ vol. liv. p. 375.

[1427] “British Barrows,” p. 266.

[1428] “Brit. Barr.,” pp. 266, 390.

[1429] Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 522.

[1430] Hough, “Fire Making Apparatus” in _Rep. of U. S. Nat. Mus._, Washington, 1888, p. 573.

[1431] Figured in _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 422.

[1432] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xix. p. 356.

[1433] _P. S. A. S._, vol. viii. p. 137.

[1434] “Expl. des Dolmens,” Vannes, 1882, I. p. 6.

[1435] _C. R. de l’Assoc., fr. pour l’av. des Sciences_, Grenoble, 1885.

[1436] “Les Cav. de la Belgique,” vol. ii. pl. ix. 2. “L’homme pendant les Ages de la Pierre,” 1871, p. 74.

[1437] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxv. p. 499.

[1438] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxv. p. 497.

[1439] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 512.

[1440] Dr. J. S. Houlder, _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. iii. p. 338; iv. p. 19. See also _Journ. R. H. and Arch. Assoc. of Irel._, 4th S., vol. v. p. 124.

[1441] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xi. pl. xxx.

NOTES—CHAPTER XIV.

[1442] Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 103. Monkman, _Yorks. Arch. and Top. Journ._, 1868.

[1443] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. ii. pl. xxviii. 2, 3.

[1444] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxix. p. 284.

[1445] See _Arch._, vol. xli. pl. xviii. 5.

[1446] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xi. p. 546; xxv. p. 498.

[1447] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xv. p. 265.

[1448] _Aarböger f. Nord. Oldk._, 1866, p. 311.

[1449] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiii. p. 106. _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. iv. p. 311.

[1450] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. viii. p. 15.

[1451] “Lake-Dwellings,” p. 25. “Pfahlbauten,” 1ter Bericht, p. 76.

[1452] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxvii. p. 361; vol. xxviii. p. 338.

[1453] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxv. p. 498.

[1454] Perrault, “Note sur an Foyer, &c.,” pl. ii. 15.

[1455] _Science Gossip_, vol. ii. (1895) p. 36.

[1456] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xxv. pp. 122, 137.

[1457] _Bull. de Palet. It._, vol. i. (1875) pp. 2, 17, 141; vol. ii. (1876) _passim_.

[1458] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxvi. p. 409. The cut is kindly lent by the Society. _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xviii. p. 134. _Proc. Vict. Inst._, March, 1889.

[1459] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 229. _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 614. _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. vii. p. 396. De Morgan, “Rech. sur les Orig. de l’Egypte,” 1896, p. 130. He regards the crescents as arrow-heads, but I cannot agree with him.

[1460] Pierpont, _Bull. de la Soc. Arch. de Brux._, 1894–5.

NOTES—CHAPTER XV.

[1461] _Rev. Arch._, N. S., vol. ii. p. 129.

[1462] Marchant, “Notice sur divers insts.,” 1866, pl. i. Parenteau, “Inv. Arch.” 1878, pl. ii.

[1463] “Ant. Celt. et Antéd.,” vol. i. p. 379.

[1464] Cazalis de Fondouce, “La grotte sép. de St. J. d’Alcas,” pl. i. 1.

[1465] _Rev. Arch._, N. S., vol. xv. pl. ix. 26.

[1466] Mortillet, _Matériaux_, vol. v. p. 321.

[1467] _Rev. de la Soc. Lit. de l’Eure_, 3rd S., vol. v.

[1468] “Coll. Caranda,” Moreau, 1877, pl. iii.

[1469] “L’anc. de l’homme dans le Vivarais,” De Marichaud, 1870, pl. xi. 5.

[1470] _Mat._, vol. ix. p. 162.

[1471] “Ant. Lac. du Mus. de Lausanne,” 1896, pl. ix.

[1472] “Horæ Ferales,” p. 137, pl. ii. 32.

[1473] “Arch. Inst. Salisb. Vol.,” p. 105.

[1474] _Arch._, vol. xxx. p. 333.

[1475] _Arch._, vol. xxxiv. p. 253.

[1476] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xvii. p. 72.

[1477] _Arch._, vol. xli. pl. xviii. 6.

[1478] “Reliq. Aquit.,” p. 18.

[1479] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 380, where it is figured full size. See also pp. 196, 270, &c.

[1480] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 151. See also p. 227, and “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 105.

[1481] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. xi. p. 188. _P. S. A. Newc.-on-Tyne_, N. S., vol. ii. p. 171.

[1482] “Hist. of Berwicksh. Nat. Club, 1863–68,” pl. xiii. 4. “Brit. Bar.,” p. 407.

[1483] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 153.

[1484] _Op. cit._, p. 285.

[1485] By permission of the delegates of the Clarendon Press.

[1486] _Arch._, vol. lii. p. 31.

[1487] _Reliq. and Ill. Archæologist_, vol. ii. p. 46.

[1488] _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. xii. p. 367.

[1489] _Arch. Cant._, vol. xiii. p. 124.

[1490] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xiii. p. 254.

[1491] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxii. p. 25.

[1492] “Brit. Barr.,” p. 198.

[1493] _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, vol. i. pl. i. 14.

[1494] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xix. p. 10; vol. xxv. p. 498.

[1495] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 243. “Brit. Barr.,” p. 359.

[1496] _Trans. E. R. Ant. Soc._, vol. i., 1893, p. 49.

[1497] “The Bone Caves of Ojcow,” 1884, pl. i. 7.

[1498] “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. 58, p. 2.

[1499] “Brit. Barr.,” p. 158, and 41, where it is figured full size.

[1500] _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. 344.

[1501] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 414.

[1502] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 243.

[1503] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xiv. p. 221.

[1504] “Brit. Barr.,” p. 153, fig. 98.

[1505] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 102.

[1506] _Mat._ vol. xvi. p. 239.

[1507] _Mem. Acc. R. delle Sc. di Turino_, vol. xxvi. Tav. v. 1.

[1508] _Op. cit._, Tav. viii. 20.

[1509] Le Hon, “L’Homme foss.,” 2nd ed., p. 184.

[1510] De Gongora, “Ant. Preh. de And.,” p. 78, fig. 92.

[1511] “Brit. Barr.,” p. 410.

[1512] Nilsson. “Stone Age,” p. 44. See Col. A. Lane-Fox, “Prim. Warfare,” pt. II. p. 11.

[1513] _Arch. Cant._, vol. xiv. p. 87. _Antiquary_, vol. xv. p. 234.

[1514] _Reliq. and Ill. Arch._, vol. ii. p. 46.

[1515] _Yorks. Arch. and Top. Journ._, 1869, figs. 12, 13, 16. _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 159.

[1516] _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, vol. i. pl. i. 15, 17.

[1517] _Yorksh. Arch. and Top. Journ._, 1868, fig. 46.

[1518] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxviii. p. 339.

[1519] “Mém. sur les Restes d’Indust.,” &c., pl. x. 6.

[1520] _Matériaux_, vol. v. p. 249.

[1521] Kindly communicated to me by the late Mr. Joseph Clarke, F.S.A.

[1522] “Nuovi Cenni, &c.,” Torino, 1862, pl. vi. 16.

[1523] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xv. p. 17.

[1524] “Anc. Mon. of Mississ. Vall.,” p. 211, fig. 3.

[1525] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 34. _Arch. Journ._, vol. xl. p. 323; xli. p. 50. _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. vi. p. 37.

[1526] Jones, “Ants. of Tenn.” (Smithson. Coll.), p. 58.

[1527] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. i. p. xcvi. pl. i.; vol. xiii. p. 162.

[1528] _Matériaux_, vol. v. p. 249.

[1529] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 239.

[1530] _Mem. Anthrop. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 248. _P. S. A. S._, vol. vi. p. 450.

[1531] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 239.

[1532] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xxviii. p. 324.

[1533] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 204.

[1534] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxv. p. 499.

[1535] “Stone Age,” pl. x. 205.

[1536] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 285.

[1537] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 414; xvii. p. 171.

[1538] “Cat.,” p. 66, No. 18.

[1539] Bateman, “Cat.,” p. 66.

[1540] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 414; xvii. p. 171.

[1541] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd. S., vol. vi. p. 138.

[1542] “Flint Chips,” p. 75.

[1543] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 95.

[1544] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 441. _Montg. Coll._, vol. v. p. xxvi.; vi. p. 215; xii. p. 26; xiv. p. 278.

[1545] Rooke Pennington, “Barrows and Bone-caves of Derbyshire,” 1877, p. 62.

[1546] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 576.

[1547] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii p. 207.

[1548] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxix. p. 285.

[1549] Otis Mason, _Rep. of U. S. Nat. Mus._ for 1890, Washington, 1892.

[1550] P. 341.

[1551] P. 299.

[1552] “Cat. Ant. Soc. Ant.,” p. 14. “Cat. A. I. Mus. Ed.,” p. 7.

[1553] Pl. ii. 15.

[1554] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 437; iv. p. 52.

[1555] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 271; xxix. p. 54.

[1556] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 270.

[1557] Smith’s “Preh. Man in Ayrshire,” 1895, p. 45.

[1558] “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 184.

[1559] “Statist. Account of Zetland,” 1841, p. 112, _et seqq._, quoted at length in _Mem. Anthrop. Soc. Lond._, vol. ii. p. 315. The late Dr. Hunt appears to have thought that the passage referred to rude pestle-like stone implements such as he found in Orkney, and not to these knives.

[1560] “Cat. Arch. Inst. Mus. Ed.,” p. 7.

[1561] See _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 579.

[1562] _N. and Q._, 4th. S., vol. xi. p. 302.

[1563] _Cong. préh. Stockholm_, 1874, p. 177, _et seqq._

[1564] De Bonstetten, “Supp. au Rec. d’Ant. Suisses,” pl. i. 1.

[1565] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. ii. pl. xlv. 1.

[1566] _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. p. 329. “Brist. Vol. Arch. Inst.,” p. lix. _Proc. R. I. A._, vol. v. p. 176.

[1567] “Hor. Fer.” p. 137.

[1568] “Stone Age,” p. 38, pl. iii. 65.

[1569] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 413.

[1570] “Hor. Fer.,” pl. ii. 27.

[1571] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 170.

[1572] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 73.

[1573] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 441.

[1574] Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Armour,” vol. i. pl. xlvi. 5.

[1575] _Lond. and Midd. Notebook_, vol. i. (1891), p. 21.

[1576] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 170.

[1577] _Mat._, vol. xi. p. 87.

[1578] Jewitt’s “Grave Mounds,” fig. 155, where it is shown full size.

[1579] “South Wilts,” p. 172, pl. xix. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 85B.

[1580] “South Wilts,” p. 164, pl. xvii. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 84.

[1581] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 59. “Cran. Brit.” pl. 41, p. 3. _Reliq._, vol. iii. p. 177.

[1582] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 52.

[1583] _Ibid._, p. 167. Bateman, “Cat.,” p. 38.

[1584] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 5.

[1585] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 228. Bateman, “Cat.,” p. 43.

[1586] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. x. p. 177.

[1587] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 327.

[1588] March, 1797, p. 200.

[1589] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 182.

[1590] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 18.

[1591] Smith, “Preh. Man in Ayrshire,” 1895, p. 184.

[1592] Wilde’s “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 34.

[1593] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 170.

[1594] Cazalis de Fondouce, “La Gr. sép. de St. J. d’Alcas,” 1867, pl. i.

[1595] _Matériaux_, vol. v. p. 321; viii. p. 39.

[1596] _Matériaux_, vol. v. p. 538.

[1597] _Cong. Préh. Bruxelles_, 1872, pl. 67, 3. Van Overloop, “Les Ages de la Pierre,” pl. viii.

[1598] _Cong. Préh. Moscou_, 1892, ii. p. 241.

[1599] _Mem. R. Acc. delle Sc. di Torino_, xxvi. Tav. viii. 24. See also _Bull. di Pal. Ital._, 1881, pl. vii.

[1600] _Arch. Journ._ vol. liii. p. 46. See also _Mat._, vol. ix. p. 24, and De Morgan, “Rech. sur les Or. de l’Égypte,” 1896, p. 121.

[1601] _Zeitschr. für Ægypt. Sprache_, &c., July, 1870. Wilkinson, “Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. p. 262.

[1602] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxvi. p. 399.

[1603] _Zeitschr. für Æg. Sp._, ibid.

[1604] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xi. pl. xxxiii. See also vol. xiv. p. 56; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vi., p. 21: and Petrie’s “Hawara,” 1889, pl. xxviii.

[1605] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xxii., 1890, p. (516).

[1606] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. i. p. xcvi. pl. i. 3.

[1607] See Fig. 1 p. 8.

[1608] _Archæologia_, vol. liv. 391.

[1609] “Musæum Metallicum,” p. 156.

[1610] _Aarb. f. Oldk._, 1879, p. 290.

[1611] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 328.

[1612] _Mat._, vol. ix. p. 401, pl. vii. 9.

[1613] _Nature_, vol. xii. p. 368.

[1614] “Madsen,” pl. xxxvi. 8.

[1615] “Nord. Olds.,” Fig. 51. _Mém. de la Soc. des Ants. du Nord._, 1845–49, p. 139.

[1616] Vol. xxii. p. 75.

[1617] 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 19, where it is erroneously stated to be only 5 inches in length.

[1618] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 210.

[1619] _Arch. Cant._, vol. xiii. p. 124, xi. Payne’s “Coll. Cant.,” 1893, p. 3.

[1620] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 18.

[1621] Keller, “Pfahlbauten,” 6ter Ber., Taf. vii. 32.

[1622] “Präh. Atlas,” Wien, 1889, Taf. xiii.

[1623] Cartailhac, “Mon. prim. des Iles Baléares,” 1892, p. 54.

[1624] _Cong. Préh. Moscou_, 1892, ii. p. 243.

[1625] _L’Anthrop._, vol. vi., 1893, p. 12. De Baye, “C. R. du neuv. Congrès russe d’Arch.,” 1893, p. 54.

[1626] _Arch. Journ._, vol. liii. 1896 p. 46. See also _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xx., 1888, p. (209), (344); vol. xxiii., 1891, (p. 474), pl. vii. viii.

[1627] “Naquada and Ballas,” 1896, p. 60.

[1628] J. De Morgan, “Recherches sur les Origines de l’Égypte. L’âge de la pierre et Les métaux,” 1896, p. 115.

NOTES—CHAPTER XVI.

[1629] _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. iii. p. 266.

[1630] See Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 478.

[1631] Pliny, “Nat. Hist.,” lib. vii. cap. 56.

[1632] Herodotus, lib. iv. cap. 132; v. 49; vii. 61.

[1633] “Sola in sagittis spes, quas inopiâ ferri ossibus asperant.”—“Germ.,” cap. 46.

[1634] Smith’s “Dict. of Ant.” _s. v._, Sagitta.

[1635] Homer, “Il.,” viii. 296.

[1636] P. 396.

[1637] “Prod. Nat. Hist. Scotiæ,” pt. 2, lib. iv. c. vii.

[1638] “Mus. Met.,” lib. iv. c. xvii.

[1639] P. 49.

[1640] “Mus. Wormianum” (1655), p. 39.

[1641] _L. c._ 85.

[1642] “Mus. Met.,” p. 604.

[1643] “Nat. Hist.,” xxxvii. c. 10.

[1644] London, 1681.

[1645] “Mus.,” lib. i., sect. 3, c. xiii.

[1646] “Mus. Mosc.,” lib. ii. c. 1.

[1647] Mus. Mosc. (1672), p. 148. See _Mat._, vol. xi. p. 1.

[1648] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 66. In the _Theatrum Scotiæ_ of Blaeuw’s “Atlas,” is a plate of arrow-heads found in Aberdeenshire. This has been pointed out to me by the late Dr. J. Hill Burton. See his “Hist. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 136 _n._

[1649] Reliquary, vol. viii. p. 207.

[1650] “Cat.,” pp. 8 and 127.

[1651] “Nænia,” pl. xxxiii. 6, p. 154. See Vallancey, “Coll. de Reb. Hibern.,” N. xiii. pl. xi.

[1652] Pt. iv. pl. iv. fig. 11.

[1653] Vol. iv. p. 232, pl. xviii.

[1654] “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 19. See also _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 323, and xxii. p. 316.

[1655] _Journ. R. S. A. of Irel._, 5th S., vol. v. p. 61.

[1656] _Folklore Record_, vol. iv. p. 112. _Journ._, vol. ii. p. 260. See also “Folklore of the Northern Counties,” p. 185.

[1657] Pennant’s “Tour,” vol. i. p. 115. “Stat. Account of Scotland,” vol. x. p. 15; xxi. 148. Collins’ “Ode on Pop. Superst. of the Highlands.” “Allan Ramsay’s Poems,” ed. 1721, p. 224. Brand’s “Pop. Ant.,” 1841, vol. ii. p. 285.

[1658] _Reliquary_, vol. viii. p. 207.

[1659] “Itin. Cur.,” (ed. 1776), vol. ii. p. 28.

[1660] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 178, _et seqq._

[1661] Pepys’ “Diary and Cor.” (ed. 1849), vol. v. p. 366.

[1662] See Nilsson’s “Stone Age,” p. 197. Wilson’s “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 180.

[1663] _Mat._, vol. xi. p. 540.

[1664] Gastaldi, “Lake Habitations of Northern and Central Italy,” Chambers’s transl., p. 6.

[1665] Nicolucci, “Di Alcune Armi ed Utensili in Pietra,” 1863, p. 2.

[1666] Mortillet, _Mat._, vol. iii. p. 319.

[1667] _Archivio per l’Antropologia_, vol. i. pl. xv. 8.

[1668] “L’âge de Pierre dans les Souvenirs et superstitions populaires,” Paris, 1877.

[1669] _Bull. di Paletn. It._, 1876, pl. iv. 7.

[1670] A. J. Evans, “Bosnia and Herzegovina,” 1876, p. 289; 1877, p. 291.

[1671] _2nd Ann. Rep. of Bur. of Ethn._, 1880–1. _Mat._, 3rd S., ii., 1885, p. 532.

[1672] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xv. p. 145. Leake, “Demi of Attica,” p. 100. Dodwell’s “Class. Tour,” vol. ii. p. 159. _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 86.

[1673] See Smith’s “Geog. Dict.,” vol. ii. p. 268.

[1674] Lib. vii. cap. 69.

[1675] “II.,” xiii. 650.

[1676] “II.,” v. 393.

[1677] IV. 81.

[1678] See De Morgan, _op. cit._ p. 121.

[1679] _Academy_, Oct. 27, 1894.

[1680] _Archæologia Scotica_, vol. i. p. 389.

[1681] This word, still in use in Scotland for the barbs of a fishing-spear or hook, is a good old English term derived from the Saxon ƿiðer. Withther-hooked = barbed:—

“This dragoun hadde a long taile That was withther-hooked saun faile.” “Arthour and Merlin,” p. 210.

Halliwell, “Dict. of Arch. and Prov. Words,” _s. v._

[1682] _Journ. R. U. Serv. Inst._

[1683] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. vi. p. 482.

[1684] _Journ. R. S. A. of Irel._, 5th S., vol. v. p. 41.

[1685] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 212.

[1686] Wood’s “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. i. p. 284.

[1687] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 429.

[1688] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 324. _Reliquary_, vol. vi. p. 185.

[1689] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 103.

[1690] _Reliq._, N. S., vol. iii. pl. iv. 8.

[1691] _Op. cit._, p. 224.

[1692] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xix. p. 350.

[1693] _P. S. S. A._, vol. xxv. p. 499.

[1694] See Wakeman, “Arch. Hib.,” p. 270.

[1695] _Cong. Préh. Moscou_, 1892, vol. ii. p. 240.

[1696] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. pl. xxvi. 4.

[1697] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 261.

[1698] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 156.

[1699] Vol. vi. pl. xvi. 5.

[1700] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. i. p. 5.

[1701] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. p. 500.

[1702] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 246.

[1703] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 586.

[1704] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 170.

[1705] A. C. Smith, “Ants. of N. Wilts,” p. 182.

[1706] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 278; iii. p. 168.

[1707] _Reliquary_, vol. v. p. 28.

[1708] _Wilts Arch. Mag._, vol. xix. p. 71. A. C. Smith’s “Ants. of N. Wilts,” p. 197.

[1709] _Reliquary_, vol. vi. p. 185.

[1710] Warne’s “Celtic Tum. of Dorset,” _Errata_, pp. 15 and 27.

[1711] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 148.

[1712] See _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 20. _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 362. _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 362; iv. 54, 377, 553; v. 13, 185; vi. 41, 208, 234; vii. 500; viii. 10.

[1713] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiv. pp. 111, 129.

[1714] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxv. p. 499.

[1715] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xix. p. 251.

[1716] _Arch. Cant._, vol. xiii. p. 124.

[1717] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 74. _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 171.

[1718] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xix. p. 251.

[1719] _Tr. Lanc. and Chesh. Arch. Soc._, vol. iv. p. 306.

[1720] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 75.

[1721] “Manx Note-book,” vol. i. (1885) p. 72.

[1722] _Trans. Biol. Soc., L’pool._, vol. viii., 1894, pl. xii.

[1723] Mortillet, _Mat._, vol. ii. p. 89.

[1724] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 103.

[1725] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 285. “Cat. Mus. Arch. Inst. at Ed.,” p. 40.

[1726] _Trans. Lanc. and Chesh. Arch. Soc._, vol. iv. p. 306.

[1727] _Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. viii., 1896, pl. xii. 1.

[1728] _Arch._, vol. viii. p. 429, pl. xxx.

[1729] _Arch. Camb._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 292.

[1730] P. 579.

[1731] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 60.

[1732] Miller and Skertchly, “Fenland,” p. 579.

[1733] “South Wilts,” pl. xxii. p. 183. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 105.

[1734] “The Barrow Diggers,” p. 75, pl. ii. 7.

[1735] “South Wilts,” pl. xxxiv.

[1736] “The Barrow Diggers,” pl. ii. p. 6.

[1737] _Ib._, pl. xxxiv. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 203.

[1738] “Salisb. Vol. of Arch. Inst.,” p. 94.

[1739] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 398.

[1740] _Assoc. franç. pour l’avancem. des Sciences_, Nancy, 1881, 16 aôut.

[1741] Wilson’s “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” p. 127 (2nd ed. p. 182. pl. ii. 15). “Cat. Mus. Arch. Inst. Ed.,” p. 6, Fig. 9. For the loan of this block I am indebted to Messrs. Macmillan and Co.

[1742] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. pp. 240, 262.

[1743] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xix. p. 251.

[1744] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 93.

[1745] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxvii. p. 355.

[1746] Smith, “Preh. Man in Ayrsh.” (1895), p. 105.

[1747] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. pl. ii. 14.

[1748] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” p. 182.

[1749] “Acc. of Inst., &c., of S. A. Scot.,” p. 389.

[1750] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 183.

[1751] “Tour. in Scot.,” vol. i. p. 156, pl. xxi.

[1752] Vol. xvii. p. 19.

[1753] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xii. p. 62.

[1754] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 294.

[1755] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vi. p. 208.

[1756] _Ib._, vol. vi. p. 234.

[1757] _Ib._, vol. iv. p. 54; vii. 105.

[1758] _Ib._, vol. viii. p. 10.

[1759] _Ib._, vol. vi. p. 89.

[1760] _Ib._, vol. iv. p. 54; v. 185.

[1761] _P. S. A._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 19.

[1762] _Ib._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 20.

[1763] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iv. p. 54; v. 13.

[1764] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 362.

[1765] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 20.

[1766] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vi. pp. 41, 234.

[1767] _Ib._, vol. iii. p. 362.

[1768] _Ib._, vol. v. p. 326; iii. 438; viii. 50; xiv. 267; xxiv. 13.

[1769] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxvii. p. 360. See also “Smith’s Preh. Man in Ayrshire,” (1895).

[1770] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iii. App. 135. _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 270.

[1771] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iv. p. 55.

[1772] _Ib._, vol. iv. pp. 67, 377.

[1773] Wilson’s “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 182.

[1774] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxi. p. 133.

[1775] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiv. p. 267; vol. xxiv. p. 13. For a list of Kincardineshire arrow-heads see vol. ix. pp. 461, 499; xi. p. 26.

[1776] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 585.

[1777] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxviii. p. 341.

[1778] “Cat. Arch. Inst. Mus. Ed.,” pp. 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 20.

[1779] _P. S. A._, 1st S., vol. iii. p. 224.

[1780] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iii. p. 490.

[1781] _Geologist_, vol. i. p. 162.

[1782] _P. S. A. S._, vol. i. p. 42; vol. xix. p. 11; xxv. 500.

[1783] _Ib._, vol. i. pp. 67, 190.

[1784] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 60.

[1785] _Arch._, vol. xxxi. p. 304. “York Vol. of Arch. Inst.,” p. 1.

[1786] Hoare’s “South Wilts,” pl. xxx.

[1787] _Reliquary_, vol. iii. p. 177. “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. 41, p. 3.

[1788] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xiii. p. 309.

[1789] _Tr. Hist. Soc. Lanc. and Chesh._, N. S., vol. viii. p. 131.

[1790] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd. S., vol. iii. p. 303.

[1791] Hoare’s “South Wilts,” the “Barrow Diggers,” Bateman’s “Vestiges,” _Arch._, vol. xxx. p. 333; vol. xliii. pp. 418, 420; vol. lii. pp. 48, 53, 61. _Wilts Arch. Mag._, vol. vi. p. 319.

[1792] Vol. xiv. pl. iii.

[1793] _Tr. Lanc. and Chesh. Arch. Soc._, vol. ii. pl. i. _Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc._, vol. xiii. p. 141; xiv. p. 284.

[1794] _Op. cit._, viii. p. 127. _Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc._, vol. xvi. p. 287.

[1795] For Yorkshire arrow-heads see _Yorksh. Arch. and Top. Journ._, vol. i. (1870), p. 4.

[1796] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 64.

[1797] _Arch._, vol. xxxvii. 369.

[1798] _Surr. Arch. Coll._, vol. xi.

[1799] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xxvii. p. 177.

[1800] _Tr. Dev. Assoc._, vol. xx. p. 44.

[1801] _Op. cit._, xxvi. p. 53.

[1802] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 372.

[1803] Bateman’s “Cat.,” 47, _et seqq._ See also the York, Norwich, and Lincoln Volumes of the Arch. Inst.

[1804] Harrison’s “Geol. of Leic. and Rutl.,” p. 49.

[1805] _Rel. and Ill. Archæol._, vol. ii. p. 45. _Journ. Roy. Inst. of Cornw._ vol. xiii. p. 92.

[1806] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 354.

[1807] _Op. cit._, vol. xiv. p. 79.

[1808] _Op. cit._, vol. xvi. p. 151.

[1809] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. p. 309.

[1810] “Trans. Arch. Assoc. at Glouc.,” p. 94.

[1811] _A. A. J._, vol. iv. p. 152.

[1812] _Op. cit._, vol. xviii. p. 272.

[1813] _Op. cit._, vol. iv., p. 396.

[1814] _Arch._, vol. ix. p. 100.

[1815] _Yorksh. Arch. and Top. Journ._, 1868, fig. 5.

[1816] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiv. p. 267; xxiv. p. 13.

[1817] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 585.

[1818] _Arch._, vol. lii. p. 63.

[1819] “Kahun, &c.” (1890), p. 21, pl. xvi.

[1820] _Bull. di Pal. Ital._, 1877. pl. v. 25.

[1821] Wilde, “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 15, fig. 7.

[1822] _Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club_, vol. x., 1889–90, p. 22, pl. i.

[1823] _Proc Soc. Ant._, March 10, 1897.

[1824] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. p. 500.

[1825] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxi. p. 201; xxii. p. 51. _Journ. R. Hist. and Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 4th S., vol. viii., 1887–88, p. 241.

[1826] _Archivio per l’Anthrop._, &c., vol. i. pl. xii. 16.

[1827] Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. i. p. 679.

[1828] _Ann. de la Soc. Arch. de Namur_, 1859, pl. ii. 9.

[1829] _Arch. Journ._, vol. liii., 1896, p. 46, pl. iv. 3, 4. De Morgan, _op. cit._, p. 124.

[1830] _Op. cit._, pl. vi. 11.

[1831] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. pp. 240, 262; xi. p. 510.

[1832] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xv. p. 367.

[1833] “L’Arch. Préh.,” p. 191, ed. 1888, p. 253. _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxvii., 1874, pl. xi. p. 401. _Mat._, vol. viii. pl. ii. _Bull. Soc. Anthrop._, 19 Dec., 1889.

[1834] _Bull. Soc. Ant. de Bruxelles_, vol. vi. pl. i.

[1835] “Afbild.,” pl. xxii. 18, 19. See also _Aarb. f. Oldk._, 1890, p. 325, 329.

[1836] “Stone Age,” pl. ii. 36, 37.

[1837] “Antiq. Tidskr. för Sverige,” vol. iii. fig. 3.

[1838] “Mat. paletnol. dell’ Umbria,” pl. ix.

[1839] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xv. p. 361; xvi. p. (118).

[1840] Siret, p. 10.

[1841] Cartailhac, pp. 53, 173.

[1842] _Riv. Arch. della Prov. di Como_, Dec. 1879.

[1843] _Arch. per l’Ant. e al Etn._, vol. xiii. (1883), Tav. i.

[1844] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 118. Lee’s “Isca Silurum,” p. 112.

[1845] Herodian, lib. i. c. 15.

[1846] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 247.

[1847] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 69.

[1848] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 19.

[1849] _Ann. de la Soc. Arch. de Namur_, 1859, p. 361.

[1850] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxxiv. p. 183.

[1851] _Cong. Préh. Lisbonne_, 1880, p. 372.

[1852] See also _Nature_, vol. xxiii. p. 218.

[1853] _Berliner Blätter_, vol. iii. p. 172.

[1854] _Num. Chron._, N. S., vol. iii. p. 54.

[1855] “South Wilts,” p. 239.

[1856] Vol. xxx. p. 460.

[1857] See “Cran. Brit.,” pl. 52, p. 9.

[1858] “Vest. of the Ant. of Derbysh.,” p. 48.

[1859] “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. xlii. p. 3. _Wilts Arch. and N. H. Mag._, vol. iii. p. 185.

[1860] _Arch._, vol. viii. p. 429; _supra_, p. 383.

[1861] “Cat. Arch. Inst. Mus. Ed.,” p. 11. Wilson, “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 224.

[1862] _Arch._, vol. xxxvii. p. 369.

[1863] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 151; xxii. p. 249. “Ten Years’ Diggings,” pp. 60, 95, 96, 116, 127, 167, 178, &c. _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 103; vii. 215. _Arch._, vol. xxxi. p. 304. “Salisb. Vol. Arch. Inst.,” pp. 25–105. Hoare’s “South Wilts,” pp. 182–211. Greenwell’s “British Barrows,” _passim_.

[1864] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 223. _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 103.

[1865] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 59. “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. 41, p. 3.

[1866] _A. A. J._, vol. iv. p. 105.

[1867] “T. Y. D.,” p. 116. _A. A. J._, vol. vii. p. 215.

[1868] For a comparison of arrow-heads from different countries see also Westropp’s “Prehistoric Phases,” pl. i.

[1869] _Nature_, vol. xxiii. p. 218.

[1870] Dr. Mantell, however, found a flint arrow-head in a barrow near Lewes.—“York Vol. of Arch. Inst.,” p. 1.

[1871] “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 19 _seqq._

[1872] “Archæol. Hibern.” (1891), p. 269 _seqq._

[1873] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 40.

[1874] _Rev. Arch._, 3rd S., vol. xvi. pl. xvii. p. 304.

[1875] Cochet, “Seine Inférieure,” 2nd ed., p. 528.

[1876] “Epoques Antédil. et Celt. du Poitou,” p. 102, pl. iv. _bis._ 3, 4, 5.

[1877] De Rochebrune, “Mém. sur les Restes d’Industrie, &c.,” pl. x. 8, 9.

[1878] Chantre, “Etudes Paléoéthn.,” pl. xiii. 7.

[1879] Watelet, “L’Age de Pierre, &c.,” pl. iv. 2. Coll. Caranda, Moreau, 1877.

[1880] Perrault, “Note sur un Foyer, &c.,” Châlons, 1870, pl. ii.

[1881] _Rev. d’Anthrop._, vol. iv. p. 258.

[1882] _Matériaux_, vol. xi. p. 207.

[1883] De Baye, “Arch. préh.,” 1888, pp. 225, 255, 291, 292.

[1884] _Bull. de la Soc. d’Etude des sc. nat. de Nîmes_, 1894.

[1885] Mortillet, “Mus. préh.,” pl. xliii. _et seqq._

[1886] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. ii. p. 68.

[1887] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xx. p. 359.

[1888] De Rochebrune, pl. xiii. 2.

[1889] Cazalis de Fondouce, “La Pierre polie dans l’Aveyron,” pl. i. 9 and 10; pl. iv. 2, 3, &c. _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1867, p. 189; 1868, p. 351. Mortillet, _Matériaux_, vol. ii. p. 146; vol. iii. p. 231.

[1890] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xv. p. 364.

[1891] Cazalis de Fondouce, “All. couv. de la Provence,” 2nd Mém. pl. ii. 18. _Mat._, vol. xii. p. 452, pl. xii. 18.

[1892] _Matériaux_, vol. v. p. 395. Perrault, _op. cit._

[1893] Watelet, “Age de Pierre dans le Dépt. de l’Aisne,” pl. iv. 4.

[1894] _Matériaux_, vol. v. p. 249.

[1895] In the Wessenbergische Sammlung, Constance.

[1896] Keller’s “Pfahlbauten,” and “Lake-dwellings,” _passim_. Desor’s “Palafittes,” p. 17. Troyon, “Hab. Lac.,” pl. v. Ant. Lac. du Mus. de Lausanne, pl. ix.

[1897] “Les âges de la pierre,” pl. vi. and vii.

[1898] Keller, _op. cit._, 4ter Ber. Taf. i. and ii. Strobel, “Avanzi Preromani,” Parma, 1863, 1864.

[1899] “Di Aleune armi ed utensile in pietra.” _Atti della R. Accad. delle Scienze_, Napoli, 1863 and 1867.

[1900] Gastaldi, “Lake Habs. in Italy,” p. 7. “Nuovi Cenni, &c.,” Torino, 1862, p. 10. _Mem. Acc. R. di Sc. di Torino_, vol. xxvi. (1869).

[1901] _Archivio per l’Antropol_, &c., vol. i. p. 457.

[1902] Mortillet, _Matériaux_, vol. ii. p. 87. “Promenades,” p. 152. A. Angelucci, “Le Palafitte del Lago di Varese” (1871); and Ragazzoni, “Uomo preh. di Como” (1878).

[1903] Mortillet, _Matériaux_, p. 89.

[1904] “Alterth. uns. heid. Vorz.,” vol. i., Heft vi. pl. i. 9. “Hohenz. Samml.,” Taf. xliii.

[1905] Mortillet, _Mat._, vol. iii. p. 319.

[1906] _Archivio per l’Ant. e la Etn._, vol. ix. p. 289. See also Marinoni, “Abit. lacust. in Lombardia,” Milan (1868), p. 20.

[1907] Dodwell, “Class. Tour in Greece,” vol. ii. p. 159. Leake, “Demi of Attica,” p. 100.

[1908] F. Lenormant in _Rev. Arch._, vol. xv. p. 146.

[1909] Schliemann, “Tiryns,” (1886), pp. 78, 174.

[1910] “Mycenae,” (Murray, 1878), p. 272. See also pp. 76 and 158.

[1911] “Antigüedades Prehistóricas de Andalusia,” p. 104.

[1912] “Les premiers Ages du Métal, &c.,” Anvers, 1887.

[1913] “Ant. de Algarve,” 1886. Cartailhac, p. 88, 159, 170.

[1914] “Alterth. u. h. Vorzeit,” vol. i. Heft vi. pl. i. “Hohenz. Samml.,” Taf. xliii. 17.

[1915] “Hohenz. Samml.,” Taf. xliii. 25.

[1916] “Frederico-Francisceum,” 1837, Tab. xxvii.

[1917] Von Sacken, “Grabfeld von Hallstatt,” p. 38.

[1918] Kenner, “Arch. Funde, i. d. Oesterr. Mon.,” 1867, p. 41.

[1919] O. Rygh, “Norske Oldsager,” (1881), No. 76.

[1920] Conf. Madsen’s “Afbildninger,” pl. xxxvii. and xxxix. Worsaae, “Nord. Oldsager,” fig. 68 _et seqq._ Nilsson’s “Stone Age,” pl. iii. and v. _Antiq. Tidskrift för Sverige_, 1864, pl. xxiii.

[1921] _Foreningen tal Norske Fortidsmindesmerkers Bevaring, Aarsber._, 1867, pl. i.; 1868, pl. iii. 8.

[1922] Nilsson, “Stone Age,” pl. iii. 59.

[1923] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxx., 1896, p. 291.

[1924] _L’Anthropologie_, vol. vi. (1895), p. 14.

[1925] Bonstetten, “Essai sur les dolmens,” pl. iv. _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xvii. p. (93).

[1926] _L’Anthropologie_, vol. v. (1894), p. 538.

[1927] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xlii. pl. x. p. 1.

[1928] _Arch. Soc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 74.

[1929] _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. lvii. 1889, p. 392, pl. iv. 6, 7.

[1930] _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xxv. p. 35.

[1931] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 322.

[1932] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. pl. xvii. 9.

[1933] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxii. p. 378. _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1871.

[1934] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 330.

[1935] _La Nature_, 25 juillet, 1896. _L’Anthrop._, vol. vii., 1896, p. 571.

[1936] Chantre, “Le Caucase,” (1885), pl. i. _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, 1885, Supp., pl. viii.

[1937] _Journ. R. As. S._, 1876, p. 425. _Mitth. Anth. Ges. in Wien_, 1884, N. S., vol. iv. p. (28).

[1938] _Trans. Preh. Congress_, 1868, p. 266. See also _Bull. de la Soc. Roy. des Ant. du Nord_, 1843–45, p. 26. _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. x. p. 395, pl. xviii. _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 15. _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xxiv., 1892, p. (432). _Matériaux_, vol. viii. p. 92; xiv., p. 32. T. Kanda, “Anc. St. Impts. of Japan,” (Tokio, 1884).

[1939] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. v. p. 241, pl. xi.

[1940] Douglas, “Nænia Brit.,” pl. xxxiii. 8. See Squier and Davis, “Anc. Mon. of Miss. Valley,” p. 212. Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. pl. xvii., xviii.; vol. ii. pl. xxxix.

[1941] Schoolcraft, _op. cit._, vol. i. p. 77. Catlin, “N. A. Ind.,” vol. i. pl. xii. See also _Nature_, vol. vi. pp. 392, 413, 515; xi. pp. 90, 215. Gerard Fowke, “Stone Art,” _13th Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethn._ (1891–2), 1896. _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiv. p. 396. Abbott’s “Primitive Industry,” (Salem, Mass., 1881).

[1942] “Conquista de Mejico,” bk. iii. chap. 14.

[1943] Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed. p. 107. Douglas, “Nænia Brit.,” pl. xxxiii. 9, 10.

[1944] Strobel, “Mat. di Paletnologia comparata,” Parma, 1868. _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. iv. p. 311, pl. xxiii. Nadailhac, “l’Amér. préh.” (1863), pp. 27, 57.

[1945] “Idle Days in Patagonia,” 1893, p. 39.

[1946] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxviii. p. 429.

[1947] “Ill. of Brit. Ant. from objects found in South America, 1869,” p. 89.

[1948] See also _Mat._, vol. xiv. p. 382.

[1949] _Camb. Ant. Comm._, vol. iv. p. 13.

[1950] “Method of Fossils” (1728), p. 43.

[1951] “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 254, fig. 164.

[1952] _Journ. R. H. and A. A. of Ireland_, 4th S. vol. vii., 1885, p. 126.

[1953] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 509.

[1954] “Pfahlbauten,” 2ter Ber. Taf. i. 5. “Lake-dwellings,” pl. xxxix. 15. It is curiously like an arrow of the Zoreisch Indians, figured _Mitth. d. Ant. Gesells. in Wien_, 1893, p. 119.

[1955] Mortillet, _Mat._, vol. ii. p. 512. Mackie, “Nat. Hist. Rep.,” vol. i. p. 137. “Mus. Préh.,” fig. 406.

[1956] Le Hon, “L’homme foss.,” 2nd ed., p. 184.

[1957] “Afbildninger,” pl. xxii. 19.

[1958] See p. 369.

[1959] _Proc._, vol. iv. p. 298.

[1960] “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 107. “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 648.

[1961] Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. i. p. 103.

[1962] _Ib._, vol. i. p. 284.

[1963] One is figured in _Trans. Lanc. and Chesh. Arch. Soc._, vol. iv. p. 369.

[1964] “Mus. Wormianum,” 1655, p. 350.

[1965] “Scut. Herculis,” v. 134.

[1966] “Iliad,” v. 171.

[1967] Smith’s “Dict. of Ant.,” p. 1002.

[1968] Lib. vii. cap. 92.

[1969] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. p. 85. _Nature_, vol. x. p. 245.

NOTES—CHAPTER XVII.

[1970] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xv. p. 5.

[1971] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 25.

[1972] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xix. p. 351.

[1973] _Tr. Dev. Assoc._, vol. xv. p. 138.

[1974] _Arch._, xliii. p. 437, fig. 136.

[1975] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 356.

[1976] Vol. xxii. p. 246, 101 _note_.

[1977] _Yorksh. Arch. and Top. Journ._, 1868.

[1978] P. 40, fig. 24.

NOTES—CHAPTER XVIII.

[1979] _Arch._, vol. xxxii. p. 96. _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. i. p. 157.

[1980] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 73. See also “Flint Chips,” p. 302.

[1981] “Stone Age,” p. 49.

[1982] “Sports and Pastimes,” ed. 1845, p. 74.

[1983] “Stone Age,” p. 49.

[1984] 1 Sam. xvii. 43.

[1985] Keller’s “Lake-dwellings,” pl. lxxxvi. 2.

[1986] “Troy and its Remains,” (1878), p. 101.

[1987] “Stone Age,” pl. v. 115.

[1988] “Lake-dwellings,” p. 135.

[1989] “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” pp. 18, 74.

[1990] Engelhardt, “Nydam Mosefundet,” pl. xiii. 65.

[1991] Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 197.

[1992] “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 105.

[1993] “Stone Age,” p. 51.

[1994] _Yorksh. Arch. and Top. Journ._, 1868.

[1995] Ellis, “Polyn. Researches,” vol. i. p. 291.

[1996] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 195. I am indebted to Messrs. Macmillan & Co. for the loan of this cut.

[1997] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 20.

[1998] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 102.

[1999] _Trans. Lanc. and Chesh. A. A._, vol. iii. p. 255.

[2000] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 393.

[2001] Smith’s “Preh. Man in Ayrshire,” 1895, p. 105.

[2002] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 11.

[2003] “Cat. Arch. Inst. Mus. Ed.,” p. 14.

[2004] _Report Montrose Nat. Hist. and Ant. Soc._, 1868.

[2005] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 340.

[2006] _Ib._, vol. iv. pp. 186, 292; vii. p. 209.

[2007] Wilson, “Preh. Ann. Scot.,” vol. i. p. 195.

[2008] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. pp. 29, 313.

[2009] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 58.

[2010] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 439. Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. pl. iii. Photographs of three of the faces are given in the _Reliquary and Illust. Archæol._, vol. iii. (1897) p. 103, _q.v._

[2011] _Arch._, vol. lii. p. 14, pl. i. and ii.

[2012] _Trans. Dev. Assoc._, vol. xii. p. 124.

[2013] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 87, 88.

[2014] _Report Montrose N. H. and Ant. Soc._, 1868.

[2015] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 56.

[2016] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 20.

[2017] Tylor, “Early Hist. of Mank.,” p. 179.

[2018] Klemm, “Cultur-Gesch.,” vol. ii. p. 17. “Azara,” vol. ii. p. 46. Catlin’s “Last Rambles,” p. 265. “Cult.-Wiss.,” vol. i. p. 55.

[2019] Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 547. Falkner’s “Patagonia,” p. 130. A set of these Patagonian _bolas_ is engraved by the Rev. J. G. Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 529.

[2020] See Ratzel, “Völkerk.,” vol. ii. (1888), p. 664.

[2021] Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Arm.,” pl. xciii. 1.

[2022] Klemm’s “Cultur-Wiss.,” vol. i. p. 129. “Cult.-Gesch.,” vol. x. pl. iii. 4.

[2023] “Anc. Mon. Mississ. Valley,” p. 219.

[2024] The same name, _pogamagan_, is applied by the Indians of the Mackenzie River to a different form. See “Reliq. Aquit.,” p. 52.

[2025] “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. pl. xv.

NOTES—CHAPTER XIX.

[2026] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 223.

[2027] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 233. The Evantown bracer is shown on a larger scale in _P. S. A. S._, vol. xvii. p. 454; and Anderson’s “Scotl. in Pagan Times,” p. 15.

[2028] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 429. “Cat. Mus. Arch. Inst. Ed.,” p. 20.

[2029] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiii. p. 255.

[2030] Wilson, “P. A. of S.,” vol. i. p. 76. “Cat. Mus. A. I. Ed.,” p. 11.

[2031] _Arch._, vol. viii. p. 429, pl. xxx.

[2032] _Wiltshire Arch. Mag._, vol. x. (1867), pl. vi.

[2033] _Wiltsh. Arch. Mag._, vol. iii. p. 186. “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. 42, p. 3. _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 429, fig. 120.

[2034] _Arch._, vol. lii. p. 56.

[2035] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 428.

[2036] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 409. Allies’ “Worcestersh.,” p. 142. _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160.

[2037] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 272. _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 429, fig. 122.

[2038] “South Wilts,” p. 103. _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 429, fig. 121. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 63.

[2039] “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 232.

[2040] Hoare’s “South Wilts,” p. 44.

[2041] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 319.

[2042] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. x. p. 29. Payne’s “Coll. Cant.,” p. 12.

[2043] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxxiii. p. 126.

[2044] Wilson, “P. A. of S.,” vol. i. p. 223. I am indebted to Messrs. Macmillan & Co. for the use of this cut.

[2045] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 537. Anderson, “Scotl. in Pagan Times,” p. 15.

[2046] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxvii. p. 11.

[2047] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 586.

[2048] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiii. p. 73.

[2049] _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, pl. viii. 2.

[2050] P. Salmon, “L’homme,” 1886, p. 279.

[2051] Siret’s “Album,” _passim_.

[2052] Hoare’s “South Wilts,” p. 182. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 96, 19A.

[2053] Hoare’s “South Wilts,” p. 99. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 53.

[2054] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 319. “Cran. Brit.,” vol. i. p. 80.

[2055] “Cat. Mus. Arch. Inst. Ed.,” p. 11.

[2056] Wilson, “P. A. of S.,” vol. i. p. 224.

[2057] “Anc. Mon. Mississ. Valley,” p. 237.

[2058] “Abor. Mon. of New York,” p. 79.

[2059] “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 89.

[2060] _Wilts Arch. Mag._, vol. x. (1867), p. 109.

[2061] _Arch._, vol. xxxiv. p. 254. Since this was written I have had an opportunity of examining this bracer, and find that it is of the same green kind of stone as the others. It is figured by Greenwell, “British Barrows,” fig. 32, p. 36.

[2062] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 289. _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 427.

[2063] Judges, ch. xx. 16.

[2064] Mortillet, _Bull. Soc. Anth. de Paris_, 3 July, 1890.

[2065] Dr. D. G. Brinton, _Amer. Anthrop._, vol. ix. 1896, p. 175. Sir Daniel Wilson, “Lefthandedness,” 1891. Mr. O. T. Mason reduces the proportion to 3 per cent. only. _Amer. Anthrop._, vol. ix. (1896) p. 226.

[2066] “Desc. Angl.,” ap. Bale, Ed. Oporin, vol. ii. p. 21.

[2067] Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Armour,” pl. xxxiv.

[2068] Wilkinson’s “Anc. Eg.,” vol. i. p. 306.

[2069] Bruce, “Roman Wall,” 3rd ed., p. 97.

[2070] Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 710.

[2071] 2nd ed., 1870, p. 7. _Aarbög. for Nord. Oldk._, 1868, p. 100.

[2072] _Ann. for Nord. Oldk._, 1840–1, p. 166. Madsen, “Afbild.,” pl. xxv. 16.

[2073] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xi. p. 24.

[2074] _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. xxiv., 1896, corr. Blatt., p. 59.

[2075] _Arch._, xv. p. 122. Hoare’s “South Wilts,” p. 75.

[2076] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 431; lii. p. 5. “British Barrows,” _passim_.

[2077] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., i. p. 162.

[2078] _Journ. Ethn. Soc._, ii. p. 429.

[2079] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” pp. 75, 114. “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. 60, p. 2.

[2080] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” pp. 44, 77, 83, 112.

[2081] “Salisb. Vol. Arch. Inst.,” p. 91.

[2082] _Arch._, xxxviii. p. 413.

[2083] “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. 41, p. 3. “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 60.

[2084] Catalogue, p. 5.

[2085] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 103.

[2086] _Op. cit._, p. 107.

[2087] _Op. cit._, p. 116. _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vii. p. 215.

[2088] _Op. cit._, p. 127.

[2089] _Arch. Journ._, v. p. 352.

[2090] Keller, “Lake-dwellings,” p. 328.

[2091] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 17.

[2092] Le Hon, “L’homme foss.,” 2nd ed., p. 186.

[2093] _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, pl. ix. p. 126.

[2094] Madsen, “Afbild.,” pl. xvii.

[2095] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” No. 275.

[2096] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 127.

[2097] _Ib._, p. 169.

[2098] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. pl. xxxvii. “Anc. Mon. of Miss. Vall.,” p. 220.

[2099] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 215.

[2100] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 395.

[2101] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 77.

[2102] Keller, “Lake-dw.,” 2nd S., p. 26.

[2103] Catlin’s “Last Rambles,” p. 101.

[2104] Hoare’s “South Wilts,” p. 68. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 224_a_.

[2105] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 438.

[2106] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 42.

[2107] _Arch._, vol. lii. p. 60, fig. 27.

[2108] Sproat, “Scenes and Studies of Savage Life, 1868,” p. 86. _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. v. p. 250.

[2109] _Daily Graphic_, Dec. 28, 1896.

[2110] _Ant. Tidsk._, 1852–54, p. 9. _Mém. de la Soc. des Ant. du Nord_, 1850–60, p. 29. Madsen, “Afb.,” pl. xxv.

[2111] _Mém. de la Soc. des Ant. du N._, 1845–49, p. 168.

[2112] “Alterth. u. heid. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft v. Taf. 1. See also “Horæ Ferales,” pl. i.

[2113] Boucher de Perthes, “Ant. Celt. et Antéd.,” vol. i. pl. ii. 5, 7.

[2114] _Arch._, vol. xxx. p. 330. Hoare’s “South Wilts,” p. 103. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 10, 49_b_, 224, 302.

[2115] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 246.

[2116] Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 69.

NOTES—CHAPTER XX.

[2117] Keller, “Lake-dwellings,” p. 326. Desor, “Les Palafittes,” p. 30.

[2118] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 253. “Brit. Barrows,” pp. 32, 376.

[2119] _Arch. f. Anthr._, vol. xviii. (1889), p. 235. See also _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xxviii. (1896) p. 473.

[2120] _Proc. S. A. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 548.

[2121] “The Past in the Present,” (1880), p. 1.

[2122] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 184.

[2123] _Ib._ xxvi. p. 184.

[2124] Wilde, “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 116.

[2125] _Proc. S. A. Scot._, vol. iv. pp. 72, 119–286.

[2126] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. iv. p. 259.

[2127] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xv. pp. 149, 156.

[2128] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. v. p. 313.

[2129] _A. J._, vol. xxiv. p. 250; xxvii. p. 160. For others from Anglesea see _Arch. Camb._, 5th S., vol. ix. p. 242.

[2130] _Reliquary_, vol. vi. pp. 207, 211.

[2131] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 304.

[2132] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. iii. p. 305.

[2133] _A. J._, vol. viii. p. 427. _Arch. Camb._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 223; 3rd S., vi. p. 376.

[2134] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 170. _Journ. R. I. Corn._, vol. ii. p. 280.

[2135] _Proc. S. A. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 54; v. pp. 15, 82; vi. p. 208. _A. J._, vol. x. p. 219.

[2136] “Brit. Barrows,” pp. 116, 196.

[2137] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 11; xxiv. p. 250.

[2138] “Stone Age,” p. 81.

[2139] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 213.

[2140] C. R. Smith’s “Cat. Lond. Ant.,” p. 70. Lee’s “Isca Silurum,” p. 47.

[2141] Rabut, “Hab. Lac. de la Sav.,” 2me Mém., pl. vii. 1.

[2142] 1863, p. 151.

[2143] “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft ii. Taf. 1, fig. 1.

[2144] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 83.

[2145] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. p. 268. _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 219.

[2146] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xv. p. 108.

[2147] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 217.

[2148] _Arch._, vol. xxxiv. p. 135.

[2149] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 125.

[2150] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 216.

[2151] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xi. p. 351. Sir A. Mitchell, “The Past in the Present,” p. 239 _et seqq._

[2152] Im Thurn, “Among the Indians of Guiana,” 1883, p. 427.

[2153] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. x. p. 717.

[2154] _Arch._, vol. xlvi. p. 430, pl. xxiv. 21.

[2155] “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 45.

[2156] Camd. Soc. Ed., p. 458.

[2157] A polished flint is still used for producing a brilliant surface on some kinds of coloured papers which are known as “flint-glazed.” See “Flint Chips,” p. 101.

[2158] Lilly’s “Euphues and his England,” ed. 1617.

[2159] 2nd ed., p. 468.

[2160] “Vulg. Errors,” ii. c. 4.

[2161] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xiv. p. 64.

[2162] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xv. p. 192.

[2163] _Trans. Lanc. and Chesh. Arch. Soc._, vol. iii. p. 256.

[2164] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi., p. 321.

[2165] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 177.

[2166] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 20, pl. v. 1.

[2167] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. xiii. p. 224.

[2168] _Arch._, vol. xxxvi. p. 456.

[2169] “South Wilts,” p. 124.

[2170] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 29.

[2171] _Arch._, vol. xii. p. 327.

[2172] “Ancient Meols,” p. 314.

[2173] “Ind. Tribes,” vol. ii. pl. 50.

[2174] Mitchell’s “Past in the Present,” pp. 122, 128–132. _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 268.

[2175] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xiii. p. 279.

[2176] “Lake-dwellings,” p. 331.

[2177] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. ix. pp. 154, 174, 557.

[2178] _Arch._, vol. xlvi. pp. 468, 493.

[2179] Vol. i. p. 117. Wilson’s “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 207.

[2180] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 266.

[2181] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. pp. 30, 83.

[2182] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vi. p. 89.

[2183] “Cat. Arch. Inst. Mus. Ed.,” p. 20.

[2184] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xxii. p. 111.

[2185] _P. S. A. S._, vol. i. p. 138.

[2186] “Cat. A. I. Mus. Ed.,” p. 18. _P. S. A. S._, vol. i. p. 267.

[2187] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 186.

[2188] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iii. app. 50.

[2189] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iii. app. 89.

[2190] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ii. pp. 64, 71.

[2191] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. p. 320.

[2192] _Ibid._, vol. v. p. 82.

[2193] _Ibid._

[2194] _Ibid._, vol. vi. p. 12.

[2195] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 180.

[2196] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 104. “Cat. A. I. Mus. Ed.,” p. 47. _P. S. A. S._, vol. ii. p. 330. _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. xi. p. 429.

[2197] Wilde, “Cat. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 114.

[2198] _P. S. A. S._, vol. i. p. 118. “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 208.

[2199] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 104.

[2200] Engraved in _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 299.

[2201] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 290. _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 363. _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. ii. p. 619; xii. p. 124.

[2202] See Pengelly in _Tr. Dev. Assoc._, vol. iv. p. 105.

[2203] _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. iv. p. 302, pl. iv. 2.

[2204] The pole-lathe is also still in use in the manufacture of metallic cocks in which the revolution of the barrel being turned has to be stopped before the complete circle has been gone through.—See Timmins’s “Birmingham and Mid. Hardware District,” (1866), p. 291.

[2205] Hutchins’ “Dorset,” vol. i. p. 38. Gough’s “Camden’s Brit.,” vol. i. p. 70, pl. ii. Warne’s “Celtic Tumuli,” § 3, p. 4.

[2206] Warne, _l. c._

[2207] “Exc. on Cranborne Chase,” vol. i. pl. xlviii.

[2208] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiii. p. 35.

[2209] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 189, whence the cut is borrowed.

[2210] Erroneously called a celt by Mr. Kirwan.

[2211] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 183; xv. 90. _Sussex Arch. Coll._, vol. ix. p. 120.

[2212] “Der Bernstein-schmuck der Steinzeit,” Königsberg in Pr., 1882.

[2213] _Mem. Anthrop. Soc. Lond._, vol. i. p. 296, pl. i. _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 51.

[2214] “Stone Age,” pl. x. 210.

[2215] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. viii. p. 213.

[2216] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. p. 160, pl. ii. 2.

[2217] _Arch. Camb._, 5th S., vol. viii. p. 56.

[2218] Vol. xxvi. p. 288.

[2219] _Journ. Eth. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 430.

[2220] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. p. 478.

[2221] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vii. p. 502, fig. vii.; viii. p. 232; xxix. p. 6.

[2222] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xi. pp. 82, 83.

[2223] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. pp. 4, 59; vol. x. p. 539.

[2224] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. x. p. 539.

[2225] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ii. p. 191.

[2226] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. x. p. 538.

[2227] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 149.

[2228] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. x. p. 548.

[2229] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 263.

[2230] Wilson’s “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 206. Hibbert’s “Shetland,” p. 412. “Cat. Mus. Soc. Ant. L.,” p. 18.

[2231] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 173.

NOTES—CHAPTER XXI.

[2232] “Brit. Barrows,” pp. 33, 187, 188.

[2233] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 431. “Cran. Brit.,” pl. 54.

[2234] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xiv. p. 266; xxiv. p. 10.

[2235] “Le Signe de la Croix avant le Christianisme,” 1866.

[2236] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 264.

[2237] _Antea_, p. 265.

[2238] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 263.

[2239] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 230.

[2240] Vol. ii. pl. 58, 2. See also “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 184A and No. 74.

[2241] Wilson’s “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 442. _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 307. “Cat. A. I. M. Ed.,” p. 22.

[2242] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 68.

[2243] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 152.

[2244] _Reliq._, vol. viii. p. 86.

[2245] Hoare’s “South Wilts,” p. 172.

[2246] _L. c._, p. 239.

[2247] _Arch._, vol. xlix. p. 189.

[2248] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 60. “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. 54, 2.

[2249] Vol. vi. p. 188.

[2250] _Arch._, vol. lii. p. 19.

[2251] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xv. p. 269.

[2252] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 257.

[2253] _Arch._, vol. xxxiv. p. 256. They seem to be incorrectly represented in pl. xx.

[2254] Klebs, “Der Bernstein-schmuck der Stein-zeit.” Königsberg, 1882.

[2255] Hoare’s “South Wilts,” pl. x. and xii. _Arch._, vol. xv. pl. vii. “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 54.

[2256] Wilson’s “Preh. Ann. of Scotland,” vol. i. p. 441.

[2257] _Arch._, vol. viii. p. 429.

[2258] P. 426.

[2259] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 58.

[2260] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 484; vi. 62.

[2261] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 304.

[2262] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 122. Hoare’s “South Wilts,” pl. vii.

[2263] “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. 45, 3.

[2264] Wilson, “P. A. of S.,” vol. i. p. 435. _Arch. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 49, pl. v. _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. iii. p. 47. “Cat. A. I. Mus. Ed.,” p. 15.

[2265] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 515.

[2266] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. viii. p. 409.

[2267] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. viii. p. 412.

[2268] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 294.

[2269] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 89. _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 234.

[2270] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 92. _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 235.

[2271] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 25. _A. A. J._, vol. vii. p. 216. “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. 35, 2.

[2272] “Norfolk Arch.,” vol. viii. p. 319.

[2273] “T. Y. D.,” p. 46. “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. 35, 3.

[2274] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 228.

[2275] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 4; xx. 104.

[2276] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 257. See also _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. i. p. 34.

[2277] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxix. p. 283.

[2278] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iii. p. 78.

[2279] _Ib._, vol. vi. p. 203.

[2280] Wilson, “P. A. of S.,” vol. i. p. 434. “Cat. A. I. Mus. Ed.,” p. 17.

[2281] Wilson, “P. A. of S.,” vol. i. p. 435.

[2282] “Cat. A. I. Mus. Ed.,” p. 15.

[2283] Wilson, “P. A. of S.,” vol. i. p. 436.

[2284] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xiv. p. 261; xxv. p. 65.

[2285] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xxvi. p. 6.

[2286] Hoare, “South Wilts,” p. 46. See also “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” No. 173A.

[2287] A. C. Smith, “Ants. of N. Wilts,” pp. 18, 19. _Wilts Arch. Mag._, vol. xvi. pp. 179, 181. (These objects are now in the British Museum.)

[2288] “Norfolk Archæology,” vol. iii. p. 1.

[2289] “Cat. Devizes Mus.,” Nos. 56, 57. In the _Archæologia_, vol. xv. pl. vii., the rim and the top or bottom of the box are shown as quite distinct. Mr. Cunnington thought they might have covered the ends of staves.

[2290] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd. S., vol. xii. p. 110.

[2291] _Reliquary_, vol. ix. p. 67.

[2292] Vol. xxii. p. 112. “Brit. Barrows,” p. 334.

[2293] Vol. xxii. p. 245. “Brit. Barrows,” p. 366.

[2294] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 74. “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. 60, 2.

[2295] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 420, fig. 159.

[2296] _Arch._, vol. lii. p. 41.

[2297] _Arch._, vol. lii. p. 57.

[2298] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 190.

[2299] “Cat. A. I. Mus. Ed.,” p. 10.

[2300] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 74. _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. xii. p. 97.

[2301] _Arch. Assoc. J._, vol. vii. p. 217.

[2302] _Arch._, vol. viii. p. 59.

[2303] _Arch._, vol. xxxviii. p. 413.

[2304] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vi. p. 112. App. p. 42.

[2305] _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, vol. vii. p. 50.

[2306] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xiii. p. 127.

[2307] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 131. _Arch._, vol. liv. p. 106.

[2308] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xv. p. 268.

[2309] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 344. _Arch._, vol. xxxv. p. 247.

[2310] Hoare, “South Wilts,” p. 124.

[2311] Plin., “Nat. Hist.,” lib. xxxvii. c. 2.

[2312] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xv. p. 364.

[2313] “Exc. on Cranborne Chase,” vol. i. pl. xlix.

[2314] See _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. p. 325.

[2315] Vol. xvi. p. 299.

[2316] _Ibid._, p. 300.

[2317] _Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. and Ant. Field Club_, vol. xiii., 1892, p. 178.

[2318] _Arch._, vol. xxxi. p. 452.

[2319] Hoare’s “South Wilts,” p. 114, pl. xiii.

[2320] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 304.

[2321] _Arch._, vol. lii. p. 52.

[2322] _Op. cit._, p. 56.

[2323] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xv. p. 269.

[2324] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xxiii. p. 219.

[2325] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. xv. p. 268. Munro, “Lake-dw.,” p. 50.

[2326] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 538.

[2327] Wood-Martin, “Rude Stone Mon. of Ireland,” 1888, p. 60.

[2328] Hoare, “South Wilts,” p. 124.

[2329] _Ibid._

[2330] _Op. cit._, p. 165.

[2331] _Op. cit._, p. 183, pl. xxii.

[2332] Hoare, “South Wilts,” p. 75. _Arch._, vol. lii. p. 430.

[2333] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 249.

[2334] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 337.

[2335] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 53.

[2336] _Op. cit._, p. 63.

[2337] _Op. cit._, p. 29. C. R. Smith, “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 55.

[2338] _Arch._, xii. p. 327.

[2339] “Cran. Brit.,” vol. ii. pl. 58, 2.

[2340] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 67.

[2341] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 123.

[2342] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 130.

[2343] _Reliquary_, vol. iii. p. 206.

[2344] _Reliquary_, vol. xiv. p. 88.

[2345] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 278.

[2346] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 90.

[2347] _A. J._, vol. xiii. p. 412.

[2348] _Proc. S. A. S._, vol. viii. p. 350.

[2349] Wood-Martin, “Rude Stone Mon. of Ireland,” 1888, p. 86. _Journ. R. Hist. and Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 4th S., vol. v. p. 107.

[2350] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 314.

[2351] _A. J._, vol. xiii. p. 412.

[2352] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. vii. p. 91. _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 326.

[2353] Bonwick, “Daily Life of the Tasmanians,” p. 194.

[2354] Bonwick, _op. cit._, pp. 193–201.

[2355] Plin., “Nat. Hist.,” lib. vii. cap. 40.

[2356] Ovid, “Met.,” lib. xv. v. 41.

[2357] “Man the Prim. Savage,” p. 338.

[2358] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. x. p. 164.

[2359] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 327.

[2360] “Desc. of West. Isl. of Scot., 1703,” p. 226, quoted by Stuart, “Sculpt. St. of Scot.,” vol. ii. p. lv.

[2361] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iv. pp. 211, 279.

[2362] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxii. p. 63.

[2363] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxiv. p. 157.

[2364] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xxvii. p. 433.

[2365] De Bonstetten, “Rec. d’Ant. Suisses,” p. 8. Nilsson, “Stone Age,” p. 215.

[2366] Blundevill’s “Fower chiefest Offices belonging to Horsemanship,” quoted in _N. and Q._, 6th S., vol. i. p. 54.

[2367] _Arch. f. Anth._, vol. xxii. (1894), “Corr. Blatt.,” p. 101.

[2368] _P. S. A. S._, vol. v. p. 128. _Anthrop. Rev._, vol. iv. p. 401. See also _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xvii. p. 135, and “The Denham Tracts,” vol. ii., Folklore Soc., 1895.

[2369] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 315.

[2370] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 40. _Matériaux_, vol. v. p. 118, 249, &c.

[2371] “Supp. au Rec. d’Ant. Suisses,” pl. i. 2.

[2372] Baudot, “Sép. des Barb.,” p. 78.

[2373] Lindenschmidt, “A. u. h. V.,” vol. ii. Heft xii. Taf. vi. 12.

[2374] “Lapland,” ed. 1704, p. 277.

[2375] “_Cong. Préh. Lisbonne_,” 1880, pl. v. Da Veiga, “Ant. de Algarve,” 1856. Cartailhac, p. 92.

[2376] Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 86.

NOTES—CHAPTER XXII.

[2377] See, for instance, Desnoyer’s “Recherches sur les Cavernes” in the “Dict. Univ. d’Hist. nat.” Pengelly, _Geologist_, vol. v. p. 65. _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. i. pt. iii. p. 31. Lyell, “Princ. of Geol.,” 10th edit., vol. ii. p. 514, &c.; and W. Boyd Dawkins, “Cave-hunting,” 1874. Many British caverns have been well described by Mr. E. A. Martel in his “Irlande et Cavernes Anglaises,” Paris, 1897.

[2378] “Gutta cavat lapidem, consumitur annulus usu.”—De Pont., lib. iv. El. x. v. 5. See also Lucretius, lib. i. v. 313:—

“Annulus in digito subtertenuatur habendo Stillicidi casus lapidem cavat.”

[2379] See Prestwich, _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xi. p. 64.

[2380] See Rev. H. Eley, F.G.S., in _Geol._, vol. iv. p. 521. Pengelly, _Geol._, vol. v. p. 65.

[2381] Lyell, “Princ. of Geol.,” 10th edit., vol. ii. p. 520.

[2382] “Elements of Geol.,” 6th edit., p. 122.

[2383] Plin., “Nat. Hist.,” lib. vii. cap. 56.

[2384] Æschylus, “Prom. Vinct.,” l. 452.

[2385] “Laus Serenæ,” v. 77.

[2386] Described in the “Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ,” London, 1875.

[2387] “Recherches sur les Ossemens fossiles découverts dans les Cavernes de la Province de Liège,” 2 vols., 1833.

[2388] _Ann. des Sc. Nat. (Zool.)_, 4th S., vol. xv. p. 231.

[2389] “Les Temps Antéhistoriques en Belgique,” 1871.

[2390] _Matériaux_, vol. iv. p. 453; v. p. 172. _Cong. Préh. Bruxelles_, 1872, p. 432. _Rev. d’Anthrop._, 1st S., vol. i. p. 432. “Musée Préhist.” Tableau.

[2391] Lartet and Christy in _Rev. Arch._, vol. ix. p. 238. Le Hon, “L’homme foss.,” 36, 62. Mortillet, _Matériaux_, vol. iii. p. 191.

[2392] “Le Mâcon préh.,” _Arch. du Mus. d’hist. nat. de Lyon_, 1872, vol. i.

[2393] _L’Anthropologie_, vol. ii. p. 141; vol. vii., 1896, p. 385. _Nature_, vol. lv., 1897, p. 229.

[2394] “Age de la Pierre,” Alcan, Paris, 1891. _Bull. de la Soc. dauphinoise d’Ethn._, 5 mars, 1894.

[2395] _Quar. Journ. G. S._, vol. xxv., 1869, p. 192. “Cave-hunting,” p. 359.

[2396] _Trans. Prehist. Cong._, 1868, p. 278.

[2397] _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 272.

[2398] _Beitr. zür Anth. Baierns_, vol. ii. p. 210, pl. xii.

[2399] _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 275. “Cave-hunting,” p. 234.

[2400] See “Rel. Aquit.,” pp. 93, 94. _Trans. Dev. Assoc._, vol. vi. p. 322. _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. ii. p. 2.

[2401] Wilson’s “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 48.

[2402] “Pal. Mem.,” vol. ii. p. 522.

[2403] _Trans. Devonsh. Assoc._, vol. ii. p. 469; iii. 191; iv. 467. To this paper I am largely indebted.

[2404] _L. c._, vol. iii. p. 203.

[2405] _Trans. Dev. Assoc._, vol. iii. p. 321.

[2406] _L. c._, p. 327.

[2407] _Proc. G. S._, vol. iii. p. 386. _Trans. G. S._, 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 433.

[2408] Vol. iii. p. 353.

[2409] See _Reports of the Brit. Assoc. for the Advancement of Science_, 1865–71, inclusive. See also a lecture on “Kent’s Cavern, Torquay,” by W. Pengelly, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., in _Proc. R. I. Gt. Britain_, Feb. 23, 1866. Dawkins, “Early Man in Britain,” p. 194. “Cave-hunting,” p. 324.

[2410] Vols. vi. to xviii. See also _Quar. Journ. of Science_, April, 1874.

[2411] See _Report Brit. Assoc._ 1873, pp. 206, 209.

[2412] _Op. cit._, p. 209.

[2413] “Recherches Chimiques sur la Patine des Silex taillés.” Montauban, 1866. See also Judd, in _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, vol. x. p. 218, and Lobley, _op. cit._, p. 226; as also _Comptes Rendus de l’Ac. des Sc._, 1875, p. 979.

[2414] _Nature_, vol. xlii. p. 7.

[2415] Nilsson, “Stone Age,” p. 44.

[2416] Dupont, “L’Homme pend. les Ages de la Pierre,” p. 71.

[2417] See p. 325 _supra_.

[2418] “Lapland” (1704), p. 223.

[2419] Dawkins, “Cave-hunting,” p. 112.

[2420] P. 50.

[2421] _L’Anthropologie_, vol. vi. 1895, p. 276, and Cartailhac, _op. cit._, vii. p. 309.

[2422] P. 127.

[2423] P. 361.

[2424] _Trans. Dev. Assoc._, vol. v. p. 179; vii. p. 247.

[2425] _L’Anthropologie_, vol. v., 1894, p. 371.

[2426] “Palæont. Mem.,” vol. ii. p. 486.

[2427] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, 1860, vol. xvi. p. 189. Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 321. _Geologist_, vol. i. p. 538; vol. iv. p. 153. _Brit. Assoc. Report_, 1858.

[2428] P. 471.

[2429] _Proc. Dev. Assoc._, vol. vi. p. 775.

[2430] “Cave-hunting,” p. 319.

[2431] Lyell, “Ant. of Man,” 3rd ed., p. 99. _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. i. pt. iii. 31.

[2432] Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 296.

[2433] _Geologist_, vol. iv. p. 154.

[2434] Such as “Reliq. Aquit.,” A., pl. v. fig. 2.

[2435] See _Proc. Devon. Assoc._, vol. vi. p. 835. _Phil. Trans._, 1873, p. 551.

[2436] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 247.

[2437] _Op. cit._, p. 462.

[2438] _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. xviii. p. 161.

[2439] _Op. cit._, vol. xix. p. 419.

[2440] Vol. xviii., 1862, p. 115; xix., 1863, 260. See also Dawkins on “The Habits and Conditions of the Two earliest-known Races of Men,” _Quart. Journ. of Science_, 1866, _Macmillan’s Magazine_, Oct. and Dec., 1870, “Cave-hunting,” p. 295, and “Early Man in Brit.,” p. 193, and Hamy, “Paléont. Humaine,” p. 117.

[2441] Vol. xviii. p. 118. For the use of this block I am indebted to the Council of the Geological Society.

[2442] See Lubbock’s “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 329.

[2443] “Ant. of Man,” 3rd ed., p. 171.

[2444] Falconer, “Palæont. Mem.,” vol. ii. p. 538. _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xvi., 1860, p. 487. _Geologist_, vol. iii. p. 413.

[2445] “Pal. Mem.,” vol. ii. p. 540.

[2446] “Ant. of Man,” 3rd ed., p. 173.

[2447] _Geologist_, vol. vi. p. 47; v. 115.

[2448] _Geol. Mag._, vol. ii. p. 471.

[2449] _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, vol. ix. p. 9.

[2450] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xlii. p. 9; xliii. p. 9. _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, vol. ix. p. 26.

[2451] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xliii. p. 112; xliv. 112. _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, vol. x. p. 14. _Nature_, vol. ix. p. 14. _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1886.

[2452] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xliv. p. 564.

[2453] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xliii. p. 116. _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. iii. p. 387. _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xxxii. p. 91. Dawkins, “Early Man in Brit.,” p. 192.

[2454] _Geol. Mag._, vol. viii. p. 433. _Brit. Assoc. Report_, 1871.

[2455] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xxxi. p. 679; xxxii. p. 240; xxxiii. p. 579; xxxv. p. 724.

[2456] “Early Man in Brit.,” p. 175. See also Pennington’s “Barrows, and Bone Caves of Derbyshire,” p. 99. _Journ. Derb. A. and N. H. Soc._, vol. iv. (1882), p. 169.

[2457] _Jour. Anth. Inst._, vol. iii. pp. 392, 516. _B. A. Rep._, 1874–5. Miall’s “Geol., &c., of Craven,” 1878, p. 25. J. Geikie’s “Preh. Europe,” p. 97. Dawkin’s “Cave-hunting,” p. 81.

[2458] _Tr. Derb. A. and N. H. Soc., N. S._, vol. i. p. 177.

NOTES—CHAPTER XXIII.

[2459] See Prestwich, _Phil. Trans._, 1860, p. 277—1864, 247; Evans, _Arch._, vol. xxxviii. p. 280; vol. xxxix. p. 57. Sir J. Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 349. _Nat. Hist. Rev._ (1862), p. 244. Sir C. Lyell, “Ant. of Man,” p. 93. Wilson, “Prehist. Man,” vol. i. p. 105. Falconer, “Palæont. Mem.,” vol. ii. p. 596. _London Review_, Jan., 1860; _Gentleman’s Magazine_, March and April, 1861; _Blackwood’s Magazine_, Oct., 1860; _Quarterly Review_, Oct., 1863; _Edinburgh Review_, July, 1863; _Proc. Royal Inst._, Feb. 26, 1864, &c. It seems needless now (1897) to add to these references.

[2460] “Mémoire sur des Instruments en Silex trouvés à St. Acheul, près Amiens.”

[2461] “Pal. Mem.,” vol. ii. p. 597.

[2462] P. Salmon, “Dict. Pal. du Dép. de l’Aube,” 1882, p. 179.

[2463] _Matériaux_, vol. xiii., 1878, p. 22; vol. xvi., 1881, p. 329, 410. E. Chouquet, “Les Silex taillés de Chelles,” 4to, 1883.

[2464] _L’Anthropologie_, vol. vi., 1895, p. 497.

[2465] Cochet, “Seine Inéfrieure,” p. 248.

[2466] _Op. cit._, p. 503.

[2467] G. Dumoutier, 1882.

[2468] Gosselet, Lille, 1891.

[2469] “Mus. Préh.,” 44, 46. _Mat._, vol. viii., 1873, pp. 163, 245.

[2470] _Rev. Arch. du Midi de la France_, 1868. _Mat._, vol. xiii., 1878, 40.

[2471] _Bull. Soc. Ant. de Brux._, vol. xiii. 1894–5.

[2472] _Ann. Soc. Arch. de Brux._, vol. v. p. 145. _Rev. des Quest. scient._, July, 1891. See also _Cong. Préh. Bruxelles_, 1872, p. 250, and _Cong. Arch. de Brux._, 1891, p. 538.

[2473] _Zeitsch. f. Ethn._, vol. xxiv., 1892, p. 366. _Mitth. d’Ant. Ges. in Wien_, N. S., vol. xiii., 1893, p. 204. _L’Anthropologie_, vol. viii., 1897, p. 53.

[2474] _Cong. Préh. Buda-Pest_, 1876, p. 33.

[2475] _Mitth. d’Anth. Ges. in Wien_, N. S. vol. xiii. 1893, p. 77.

[2476] _L’Anthrop._, vol. vi. 1895, p. 1. De Baye, “Rapport sur les découvertes de M. Savenkow dans la Sibérie Orient.,” 1894.

[2477] Nicolucci, _Rendiconte dell’ Accad. di Napoli_, August, 1868. Rossi, _Rev. Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 48. Ceselli, “Stromenti in Silice di Roma,” 1866. _Macmillan’s Magazine_, September, 1867.

[2478] Concezio Rosa, “Ricerche di Arch. Preist.” Firenze, 1871, pl. ii. 1.

[2479] _Arch. per l’Ant. e la Etn._, vol. viii., 1878, p. 41.

[2480] Gastaldi, “Iconografia,” 1869, 4to, vol. ii.

[2481] _Bull. di Paletn. Ital._, 1876, p. 122, pl. iv. 1.

[2482] _Bull. Soc. Géol. de France_, 2 S., t. xx., 1863, p. 698.

[2483] _L’Anthrop._, vol. vi., 1895, p. 616.

[2484] “Ages préh. de l’Esp. et du Port.,” 1886, p. 26.

[2485] “Les premiers Ages du mét. en Espagne,” 1887, p. 249.

[2486] _Cong. préh. Lisbonne_, 1880, p. 237.

[2487] “Ages préh. de l’Esp. et du Port,” 1886, p. 30.

[2488] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xv. p. 18.

[2489] “Rivers and their Catchment Basins.”

[2490] _Athenæum_, April 4, 1863, p. 459.

[2491] Wyatt in _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xviii., p. 113; xx., p. 187. _Geologist_, vol. iv. p. 242. See also _Bedfordshire Archit. and Archæol. Soc. Trans._, 1861 and 1862. Prestwich, _Phil. Trans._, 1864, p. 253. _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xvii., p. 366. Evans, _Arch._, vol. xxxix. p. 69. Lyell, “Ant. of Man,” p. 163.

[2492] Matt. Paris, “Vit. Offæ II.,” p. 32.

[2493] Walsingham, “Hist. Ang.,” _s. a._ 1399.

[2494] _Phil. Trans._, 1864, p. 254.

[2495] Prestwich, _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xvii., p. 367.

[2496] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xviii., p. 113; xx., p. 185.

[2497] Prestwich, _Phil. Trans._, 1864, p. 284. Wyatt, _ubi sup._

[2498] Vol. xxxix. pl. iii.

[2499] _Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. viii., 1896, pl. xi. 6.

[2500] _Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. viii., 1896, pl. xi. 2.

[2501] _Trans. Watford Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. i. p. lxi. _Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. viii., 1896, pl. xi. 7.

[2502] Several are figured in _Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. viii., 1896, pl. xii.

[2503] “Man the Prim. Savage,” p. 261.

[2504] _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, vol. xiv., 1896, p. 417.

[2505] A detailed account of Mr. Reid’s work is given in the _Proc. Roy. Soc._, March 4th, 1897, vol. lxi. p. 40.

[2506] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 35.

[2507] Seeley, _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1866), vol. xxii. p. 475.

[2508] _Antiquarian Comm._, vol. ii. p. 201.

[2509] _Geol. Mag._, 2nd Decade, vol. v. (1878), p. 400. See also _Camb. Ant. Comm._, vol. iv. p. 177, where the specimens are figured.

[2510] _Nature_, vol. xxx. (1884), p. 632.

[2511] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1866), vol. xxii. p. 478.

[2512] _Nature_, vol. xxxiv. (1886), p. 521.

[2513] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1861), vol. xvii. p. 363.

[2514] “Flint Chips,” p. 43.

[2515] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxxviii. p. 208.

[2516] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xiv. p. 51, pl. iv.–vi. “Man the Primeval Savage,” p. 280.

[2517] _Phil. Trans._, 1864, p. 253. See also _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1861), vol. xvii. p. 364. Evans, _Arch._, vol. xxxviii. p. 302; vol. xxxix. p. 63. Lyell, “Ant. of Man,” p. 169.

[2518] “Rel. Aquit.,” A. pl. v.

[2519] “Rel. Aquit.,” A. pl. xvii. 3, 4.

[2520] _Quar. Journ. Suff. Inst. of Arch. and N. H._, vol. i. p. 4.

[2521] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1866), vol. xxii. p. 567; (1867), vol. xxiii. p. 45.

[2522] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1869), vol. xxv. pp. 272, 449.

[2523] Mr. Trigg (_Quar. Journ. Suff. Inst._, vol. i. p. 5) gives the following section:—

1. Surface soil 1 foot.

2. Yellow sand, slightly argillaceous, interspersed with ferruginous seams and layers of small flint shingle 5 to 7 feet.

3. Slightly rolled and sub-angular flints in an ochreous sandy matrix, with seams of silt and chalky detritus—variable 6 to 9 feet.

4. A similar matrix, with larger chalky patches, large masses of flint but slightly broken, and some sub-angular flints—variable 6 to 9 feet.

It is in No. 3 that the implements are usually met with.

[2524] Mr. Flower is mistaken in saying that these are some feet above the gravel in which the implements occur. Implements are found both above and below such seams, though for the most part towards the base of the gravel.

[2525] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 431.

[2526] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1867), vol. xxiii. p. 47.

[2527] _Arch._, vol. xxxix. p. 77.

[2528] _Q. J. G. S._ (1867), vol. xxiii. pp. 49, 52.

[2529] _Quar. Journ. Suff. Inst._, vol. i. p. 4.

[2530] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1869), vol. xxv. pl. xx.

[2531] See an article, “On some Cavities in the Gravel of the Little Ouse,” _Geol. Mag._, vol. v. p. 443.

[2532] Franks, _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 124.

[2533] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1869), vol. xxv. pp. 272, 449.

[2534] _Geol. Mag._, vol. v. p. 445.

[2535] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1869), vol. xxv. p. 449.

[2536] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1869), vol. xxv. p. 449.

[2537] _Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc._, vol. iii. p. 285.

[2538] _Geol. Survey Mem._ “On the Manufacture of Gun-flints,” 1879, p. 68. J. Geikie, “Preh. Europe,” 1881, p. 263. Miller and Skertchly, “The Fenland,” 1868, p. 546, _et seqq._

[2539] _Quar. Journ. Suff. Inst._, vol. i. p. 4.

[2540] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1869), vol. xxv. p. 452.

[2541] _Essex Nat._, vol. ii. p. 97.

[2542] This discovery is mentioned in Miller and Skertchly, “The Fenland” (1878), p. 353.

[2543] _Natural Science_, vol. x. (1897) p. 89.

[2544] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxv. p. 265.

[2545] _Arch._, vol. xiii. p. 204.

[2546] 4th ed., pp. 353, 354. See also _Geologist_, vol. iv. p. 19.

[2547] 1860, p. 277; 1864, p. 247. See also Lyell, “Ant. of Man,” p. 166.

[2548] Prestwich, _Phil. Trans._, 1860, p. 307.

[2549] _Geologist_, vol. iii. p. 347.

[2550] Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Armour,” pl. xlvi.

[2551] _Phil. Trans._, 1860, pl. xiv. 6.

[2552] _Arch._, vol. xiii. pl. xv.

[2553] 1876, p. 289.

[2554] _Report_, 1888, p. 674.

[2555] _Report_, 1895, p. 679.

[2556] _Report_, 1895, p. lxxxvi.

[2557] _Report_, 1896, p. 400. _Essex Nat._, vol. ix., p. 245.

[2558] _Essex Nat._, vol. ii. p. 187.

[2559] _Essex Nat._, vol. vi. p. 78.

[2560] Vol. i. p. lxiv.

[2561] Vol. xxxviii. p. 301. See also Lyell, “Ant. of Man,” p. 160. Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 352. “Horæ Ferales,” p. 132, pl. i. 21. Dawkins, “Early Man in Brit.,” 1880, p. 156.

[2562] _Nature_, vol. xxviii. p. 564.

[2563] _Nature_, vol. xxix. p. 15.

[2564] _Nature_, vol. xxviii. p. 564.

[2565] Stanford, 1894.

[2566] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xi. p. 107.

[2567] _Geol. Mag._, vol. v. p. 392.

[2568] _Geol. and Nat. Hist. Repert._, vol. i. p. 373.

[2569] “Ant. of Man,” pp. 161, 124.

[2570] _Geol. Mag._, vol. v. p. 391. See also _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1869), vol. xxv. p. 95.

[2571] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1869), vol. xxv. p. 99.

[2572] “Man, the Prim. Savage,” p. 214. _Nature_, vol. xxvii. p. 270.

[2573] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xii. p. 176; xiii. p. 357. _Nature_, vol. xxv. p. 460; xxvi. p. 579. _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, vol. viii. p. 126. _Essex Naturalist_, vol. i. p. 125.

[2574] _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, vol. viii. p. 336.

[2575] _Op. cit._, vol. viii., p. 344.

[2576] _Mem. Geol. Survey_, “The Geology of London, &c.,” vol. i., 1889.

[2577] “Man the Prim. Sav.,” p. 222, fig. 148.

[2578] _Op. cit._, p. 225, fig. 151.

[2579] _Op. cit._, p. 239, fig. 165.

[2580] _Op. cit._, p. 224, fig. 150. See also _Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. viii., 1896. pl. xiii., xiv.

[2581] _Brit. Assoc. Report_, 1869, p. 130. He has also kindly furnished me with other particulars.

[2582] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xxviii. p. 449.

[2583] J. A. Brown, “Palæolithic Man in N.W. Middlesex,” p. 113.

[2584] _Quar. Journ. of Science_, vol. viii., 1878, p. 316.

[2585] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xlii., 1886, p. 197. “Palæolithic Man in N.W. Middlesex,” London, 1887. _Nature_, vol. xxxv., p. 555. _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, June 18, 1887, vol. x., 1888, p. 172. _Trans. Middlesex Nat. Hist. Soc._, Feb. 12, 1889, Whitaker, “Geol. of Lond.,” p. 308.

[2586] _Proc. S. A._, 2nd S., vol. xi. p. 211.

[2587] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. ix. p. 316; 1881, p. 1. _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, vol. xiv., p. 153.

[2588] _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, vol. x., 1888, p. 361.

[2589] “Man the Prim. Savage,” p. 241. _Nature_, vol. xxvi. p. 293; xxviii. p. 617.

[2590] _Tr. Berks. Archæol. and Archit. Soc._, vol. ii., 1896, pp. 16, 39, 43.

[2591] “Pal. Man in N.W. Middlesex,” p. 31.

[2592] _Journ. Arch. Assoc._, vol. xxxvii. pp. 1, 79. _Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. viii. p. 348. Tr. Berks. A. and A. Soc._, 1882.

[2593] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xxxvi. p. 296.

[2594] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xlvi., 1890, p. 582. See also Mr. H. W. Monckton, F.G.S., in _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xlix., 1893, p. 310.

[2595] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xxiv., 1895, p. 44, pl. iii.

[2596] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xlix., 1893, p. 321.

[2597] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xiv., 1885, p. 192.

[2598] See also Hedges’ “Wallingford,” 1881, vol. i. p. 29.

[2599] _Op. cit._, p. 29.

[2600] _Antiquary_, vol. xxx. pp. 148, 192. _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1894 (Oxford), p. 663.

[2601] Evans, _Arch._, vol. xxxix. p. 72; Prestwich, _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1861), vol. xvii. p. 367; Lyell, “Ant. of Man,” p. 161; Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 353.

[2602] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. vii. p. 278.

[2603] _Surr. Arch. Coll._, vol. xi.

[2604] _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, vol. xiii. p. 77.

[2605] _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, vol. xiii. p. 80.

[2606] _Arch._, vol. xxxix. p. 73. Prestwich, _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xvii. p. 368. Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 355.

[2607] _Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. viii. pl. xi. 8.

[2608] Stanford, London, 8vo, 1894.

[2609] “Man, the Prim. Savage,” p. 179.

[2610] _Op. cit._, p. 91.

[2611] _Op. cit._, p. 170. _Nature_, vol. xliii. p. 345.

[2612] _Nature_, vol. xl. p. 151.

[2613] _Nature_, vol. xxiv. p. 582; vol. xxviii. p. 490.

[2614] “Man the Prim. Savage,” figs. 97, 98, 99, pp. 135, 136. See also _Essex Nat._, vol. i.

[2615] Figs. 58, 69, 70, and 71, in “Man the Prim. Savage.”

[2616] Vol. ii., 1888, p. 67.

[2617] _Op. cit._, p. 101, fig. 65.

[2618] _Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. viii., 1896, pl. xi. 4.

[2619] _Op. cit._, p. 180, fig. 125. _Essex Nat._, vol. i. p. 36.

[2620] _Op. cit._ p. 184.

[2621] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 165.

[2622] _Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. viii., 1896, pl. xi. 3.

[2623] _Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. viii., 1896, pl. xi. 5.

[2624] _Op. cit._, p. 184. _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. viii., 1879, p. 278. _Nature_, vol. xxiii. p. 604.

[2625] _Op. cit._, p. 185.

[2626] _Op. cit._, p. 214.

[2627] _Essex Nat._, vol. iii. p. 235.

[2628] _Essex Nat._, vol. iv. p. 17.

[2629] _Essex Nat._, vol. ii. p. 262.

[2630] _Nature_, vol. xxviii. p. 367.

[2631] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xxviii., 1872, p. 462.

[2632] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xii. p. 230.

[2633] “Note on the Disc. at Church Field, West Wickham,” privately printed. _Arch. Cant._, vol. xiv., 1883, p. 88. _Antiq._, vol. ix. p. 213. Clinch, “Antiq. Jottings,” 1889, pp. 180, 186.

[2634] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. xi. p. 164.

[2635] Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 355.

[2636] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xlvii., 1891, p. 145.

[2637] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xxxvi., 1880, p. 547.

[2638] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. 1880, p. 294, pl. i.

[2639] _Geol. Mag._, vol. ix., 1872, p. 268. _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xxviii., 1872, p. 414. _Geol. Mag._, 2nd Dec., vol. i., 1874, p. 479.

[2640] _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1875, p. 175. _Nat._, vol. xii. p. 202. _Proc. W. Lond. Sci. Assoc._, 1876.

[2641] Sep., 1875, p. 263.

[2642] “Early Man in Brit.,” 1880, p. 136.

[2643] _Op. cit._, p. 135.

[2644] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xlvii., 1891, p. 129, pl. vi.

[2645] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. li., 1895, p. 505.

[2646] _Op. cit._, p. 505.

[2647] _Op. cit._, p. 523.

[2648] _Arch._, vol. xxxix. p. 74; Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 355.

[2649] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xxi., 1892, p. 246.

[2650] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xlvii., 1891, p. 130.

[2651] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xxi. p. 263.

[2652] _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1891, pp. 353, 652.

[2653] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xlv., 1889, p. 270.

[2654] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xlvii., 1891, p. 126. See also _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xxi., 1892, p. 246; and Prestwich, “Controverted Questions in Geology,” 1895.

[2655] _Proc. Geol. Assoc._, vol. xi. p. lxxxii.

[2656] “Geology of the Weald,” pp. 193, 194, 297.

[2657] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xxi., 1892, pl. 18.

[2658] _Archæologia_, vol. xxxix. p. 63.

[2659] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xvii. p. 365. Lyell, “Ant. of Man,” p. 161. Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 355. _Geologist_, vol. vii. p. 118. _Once a Week_, June 19, 1869. _Geol. Mag._, vol. iii. p. 335. _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 465.

[2660] _Jour. Anth. Inst._, vol. iv. p. 38.

[2661] Vol. xxxix. pl. i. 1; pl. ii. 1.

[2662] Vol. iii. p. 501.

[2663] _Geologist_, vol. v. p. 333.

[2664] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xvii. p. 364.

[2665] Vol. xxxix. p. 66.

[2666] Lyell, “Prin. of Geol.,” 10th ed., vol. i. p. 523.

[2667] _Arch._, vol. xxxix. pl. ii. 2.

[2668] _Phil. Trans._, 1864, p. 254.

[2669] _Geologist_, vol. iv. p. 391.

[2670] This specimen is also figured in _Once a Week_, June 19, 1869, p. 501.

[2671] “Man the Prim. Savage,” fig. 144, p. 214.

[2672] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xi. p. 110.

[2673] “Flint Chips,” p. 45.

[2674] Codrington, _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xxvi. p. 537.

[2675] _Geologist_, vol. vi. pp. 110–154.

[2676] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xx. p. 188. See also Lyell, “Prin. of Geol.,” 10th ed., vol. ii. p. 560.

[2677] “Flint Chips,” p. 45.

[2678] Codrington, _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1870), vol. xxvi. pl. xxxvi.

[2679] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1870), vol. xxvi. pl. xxxvi. p. 541.

[2680] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. xv. p. 72.

[2681] “Opening of the Blackmore Mus.,” p. 29. “Flint Chips,” p. 47.

[2682] “Flint Chips,” p. 47.

[2683] _Q. J. G. S._ (1861), vol. xx. p. 188. See also Lyell, “Ant. of Man,” 3rd ed., p. 519; and _Geologist_, vol. vi. p. 395.

[2684] “Flint Chips,” p. 47. _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1865), vol. xxi. p. 252.

[2685] _Proc. Geol. Soc._, vol. i. p. 25.

[2686] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1865), vol. xi. p. 101.

[2687] _Phil. Trans._ (1860), p. 302.

[2688] Prestwich, _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xi. p. 103. Stevens, “Flint Chips,” p. 12.

[2689] Formerly described erroneously as _Bos longifrons_.

[2690] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1865), vol. xxi. p. 250. _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxi. pp. 243, 269.

[2691] _Wilts Arch. Mag._, vol. xxii. p. 117.

[2692] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1872), vol. xxviii. p. 39.

[2693] “Flint Chips,” p. 47.

[2694] “Flint Chips,” p. 28. Codrington, _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1870), vol. xxvi. p. 537.

[2695] “Flint Chips,” p. 48. Lyell, “Prin. of Geol.,” 10th ed., vol. ii. p. 562. Codrington, _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._ (1870), vol. xxvi. p. 537.

[2696] _Q. J. G. S., vol._ xlix. (1893), p. 327.

[2697] “Flint Chips,” p. 28.

[2698] _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1877, p. 116. _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. vii., 1878, p. 499.

[2699] _Geol. Mag._, Dec. 2, vol. v., 1878, p. 37. See also _Trans. Dev. Assoc._, vol. xvi., 1884, p. 501.

[2700] “Natural Science,” vol. x. (1897), p. 224.

[2701] _Geol. Mag._, 2nd Dec., vol. vi., 1879, p. 480. _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. xii., 1880, p. 445.

NOTES—CHAPTER XXIV.

[2702] _Archæol._, xxxix. pl. iv.

[2703] _Phil. Trans._, 1860, p. 310. _Arch._, vol. xxxviii. p. 289.

[2704] _Arch._, vol. xxxix., p. 57.

[2705] “Flint Chips,” p. 41.

[2706] _Nature_, vol. xxv., 1881, p. 173.

[2707] Watelet, 1866.

[2708] “Flint Chips,” p. 41.

[2709] _Arch._, vol. xxxviii., 1860, p. 291.

[2710] _Arch._, vol. xli. p. 401. pl. xviii. 9.

[2711] _Aarböger f. Nord. Oldk. og Hist._, 1867. p. 283.

[2712] _Q. J. G. S._ (1867), vol. xxiii. pp. 48, 52.

[2713] _Madras Journ. Lit. and Science_, Oct., 1866. _Geol. Mag._, vol ii. p. 503. _Q. J. G. S._, 1868, vol. xxiv. p. 484. _Trans. of Inter. Cong. of Preh. Arch._, 1868, p. 224. _Proc. As. Soc. Bengal_, Sept., 1867. _Aarbög. f. Nord. Oldk._, 1869, p. 339. _Mem. Geol. Survey India_, vol. x., 1873, p. 43. _Essex Naturalist_, vol. ii. p. 97. _Geol. Mag._, Dec. 2, vol. vii., 1880, p. 542.

[2714] _Q. J. G. S._, 1868, vol. xxiv. p. 493.

[2715] _Mem. G. S. India_, vol. xii. p. 241.

[2716] _Rec. G. S. India_, Aug., 1873, p. 49. Dawkins, “Early Man in Brit.,” p. 166.

[2717] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xvii., 1888, p. 57.

[2718] _Journ. As. Soc. Bengal_, vol. lvi., 1887, p. 249.

[2719] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 66. “Horæ Ferales,” p. 132, pl. i. 19.

[2720] _Trans. Preh. Cong._ 1878, p. 278.

[2721] _Mat._, vol. viii. 1873, p. 179.

[2722] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. x., 1881, p. 428.

[2723] _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1880, p. 624.

[2724] _Mat._, vol. x., 1875, p. 197.

[2725] _Mat._, vol. xxii. 1888, p. 221.

[2726] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. x. 1881, p. 318, pl. xvi.

[2727] _L’Anthrop._, vol. v., 1894, p. 530.

[2728] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 331.

[2729] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. iv., 1875, p. 215, pl. xvi.

[2730] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xi., 1882, p. 382.

[2731] _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1880, p. 624.

[2732] “Hawara,” 1889, pl. xxvii., and subsequent expeditions.

[2733] “Rech. sur les Origines de l’Egypte,” 1896, _q.v._

[2734] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xxv. 1896, p. 272, pl. xix.–xxi. _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1895, p. 824. _Proc. R. S._, vol. lx., 1896, p. 19.

[2735] _Q. J. Ethn. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 41, pl. i. 3.

[2736] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xi., 1882, p. 124. _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1880, p. 622.

[2737] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xvi., 1887, p. 68.

[2738] _Camb. Ant. Comm._, vol. v. p. 57, 6 plates.

[2739] _Proc. Roy. Soc._, vol. lx., 1896, p. 19.

[2740] C. C. Abbott, “Primitive Industry,” 1881; Report, 1877, 1878. _Proc. U. S. Nat. Hist. Mus._, 1888, Appendix; 1890, pp. 187, 371. _Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. xxi. pp. 124, 132. T. Wilson, “La Période paléol. dans l’Amér. du Nord.,” Paris, 1892.

[2741] W. H. Holmes, _Smithsonian Inst. Rep._, 1894. _Nature_, vol. xlviii., 1893, p. 253; vol. lv. 1897, p. 459 v.; Mercer’s “Res. upon the Ant. of Man in the Delaware Valley,” 1897.

[2742] “Flint Chips,” p. 42.

[2743] “Ant. Celt. et Antéd.,” vol. iii. p. 76, _et seqq._; 455, _et seqq._

[2744] _Arch._, vol. xxxviii. p. 291.

[2745] _Nat. Hist. Rev._, 1862, p. 250.

[2746] “Man the Prim. Savage,” p. 268.

[2747] P. 542 _supra_.

[2748] P. 607 _supra_.

[2749] _Nature_, vol. xxvii., 1883, pp. 8, 53, 54, 102.

[2750] _Nature_, vol. xxix., 1884, p. 83. “Man the Prim. Savage,” p. 272.

[2751] _Cong. Inter. d’Anthrop._, &c., 1867, p. 70. Hamy, “Paléont. Hum.,” p. 49.

[2752] See F. C. J. Spurrell in _Arch. Journ._, vol. xlviii., 1891, p. 315. _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xxiii. p. 260. _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1892, p. 900. _Nat. Science_, vol. v., Oct., 1894.

[2753] “Explication de l’apparence de taille, &c.,” Dieppe, 1881.

[2754] See Worthington Smith in _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xiii., 1884, p. 377, and “Man, the Prim. Savage,” p. 294 _et seqq._

[2755] See also Prestwich, _Phil. Trans._, 1860, p. 297.

[2756] See _antea_, p. 565.

[2757] _C. R. du Cong. Intern. des Sci. Anthrop._, 1880, p. 234.

NOTES—CHAPTER XXV.

[2758] See _Trans. Watford Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. i., 1878, p. 137.

[2759] Lyell, “Principles of Geol.,” 10th ed., vol. i. p. 354.

[2760] _Op. Cit._, p. 350.

[2761] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xix. (1863), p. 321.

[2762] “Encyc. Brit.”—Art. “Rivers.” Lyell, “Princ. of Geol,” 10th ed., vol. i. p. 348. Lubbock, “Prehistoric Times,” 4th ed., p. 382.

[2763] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. ix. (1853), p. 48.

[2764] Lyell’s “Princ. of Geol.,” vol. i. p. 458. Geikie, _Geol. Mag._, vol. v. p. 250.

[2765] _Geol. Mag._ (1868), vol. v. p. 250.

[2766] _Phil. Trans._, 1864, p. 293. See also Lyell, “Princ. of Geol.,” vol. i. p. 366.

[2767] _Annales de Chimie et de Physique_, 1866. Trans. in _Smithsonian Report_, 1866, p. 425.

[2768] _Phil. Trans._, 1864, p. 296.

[2769] See p. 664.

[2770] H. G. Seeley, _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xxii. p. 472.

[2771] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xxv. p. 455.

[2772] _Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc._, vol. xxv. p. 453.

[2773] _Phil. Trans._, 1860, pl. xi.

[2774] Prestwich, _Phil. Trans._, 1860, pl. xi. See p. 577, _supra._

[2775] _Brit. Assoc. Report_, 1896, p. 400.

[2776] _Geol. Mag._, vol. iii. p. 348.

[2777] _Q. J. Geol. Soc._, vol. xxvi. p. 528.

[2778] _Q. J. Geol. Soc._, vol. xv. p. 219.

[2779] _Q. J. Geol. Soc._, vol. xx. p. 189.

[2780] _Geologist_, vol. v. p. 452.

[2781] “Rivers and their Catchment Basins.”

[2782] R. A. C. Godwin-Austen, _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xiii. p. 50.

[2783] There may be some decree of uncertainty whether the gravels at this spot are to be connected immediately with the main stream, or with an affluent running into it approximately by the same course as that of the present Bourne, but this is of little moment.

[2784] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xiii. p. 45.

[2785] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xxvi. p. 532.

[2786] _Phil. Trans._, 1864, p. 266.

[2787] _Phil. Trans._, 1864, p. 291.

[2788] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xxv. p. 209.

[2789] P. 580 _supra._

[2790] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. vii. p. 31.

[2791] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xxii. p. 553.

[2792] “Heat considered as a Mode of Motion,” p. 182. Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 408.

[2793] _Q. J. G. S._, vol. xxiv. p. 103; xxv. p. 57.

[2794] _Phil. Trans._, 1864, p. 278, &c.

[2795] “Flint Chips,” p. 47.

[2796] Ravin, _Mém. de la Soc. d’Emul. d’ Abbeville_, 1838, p. 196. _Phil. Trans._, 1860, p. 301.

[2797] “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 365.

[2798] _Athenæum_, 1863, July 4.

[2799] Hamy, “Paléontologie humaine,” p. 210, _et seqq._ _Bull. Soc. d’Anthrop. de Paris_, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 331. Belgrand, “Bassin de la Seine,” pl. xlviii. and xlix.

[2800] _Rec. Geol. Sur. of India_, vol. xxvii., 1894, p. 101. _Geol. Mag._, Dec. 4, vol. i., 1894, p. 525. _Nat. Science_, vol. v. p. 345, vol. x. p. 233.

[2801] _Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist. Soc._, vol. i. p. 145. _Brit. Assoc. Rep._, 1890, p. 963. _Nature_, vol. xlii. p. 50.

[2802] Several writers have attempted to bridge over this gap, or to show that it does not exist. See _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. xxii. p. 66. Cazalis de Fondouce, _Cong. Préh. Stockholm_, 1874, p. 112. Brown, “Early Man in Midd.” Worthington Smith, “Man the Prim. Savage.”

[2803] _Trans. Preh. Cong._, 1868, p. 278. _Supra_, p. 485.

[2804] “Princ. of Geol.,” 10th ed., vol. i. p. 295.

[2805] “Preh. Times,” 4th ed. p. 423.

[2806] _Geol. Mag._, vol. v. p. 249.

[2807] _Phil. Trans._, 1864, p. 299. _Proc. R. S._, xiii. p. 135.

[2808] Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 430.

* * * * * *

Transcriber’s note:

Original printed spelling and grammar are retained, with a few exceptions noted below.

A few words found in the Indexes have been silently changed to match the spelling of the same word in the text. For example “Grewingk” occurs on page 47; the corresponding Index entry was changed to agree, from “Grewinck”.

Some missing commas and full stops have been inserted silently.

Ditto marks, including the word “Do.”, were replaced with the appropriate repeated text—for example, in the table starting on page 508. However, in the list of Woodcut Illustrations, the ditto marks and associated white space have been replaced with one em dash per word to be repeated.

Several footnotes contained references like this one on page 44: “Pfahlbauten, 1ter Bericht.”, where the first character in the “1ter” place could a priori be any numeric digit, and sometimes this digit was separated from “ter” by a space. In this edition, the spaces have been removed. In one case, in page 323, first footnote, “1ster” was printed; herein it is “1ter”.

In the _General Index and in the Index, Geographical and Topographical_, explicit nested list html structures have been adopted for this edition. In general, this reduces ambiguity, and is a _good thing_. However, a few examples could be quoted wherein the exact meaning of the original printed book was less than clear, and so mistakes could result from this reduction in ambiguity. Here's one. The original, on page 712, read like this―

Ash, Irish arrow-shaft of, 408; in brick earth at Hoxne, 537

which has at least two different possible meanings. In this edition, a draft was originally rendered―

Ash, Irish arrow-shaft of, 408; in brick earth at Hoxne, 537

but, upon examining page 537, we find that it should be, and finally has been rendered―

Ash, Irish arrow-shaft of, 408; in brick earth at Hoxne, 537

Here's another nice example. The original ambiguous form printed on page 713 read

Brooch of metal in interment, 214; possible use of ring as, 466

In this case, inspection of page 466 seems to confirm the form adopted for this edition. But not all such ambiguities have been checked.

Page 5. The Coptic word for iron is rendered using rare Unicode characters which may not appear correctly without your attention to installed fonts. Furthermore, the fifth (counting right-to-left) letter of the word is rendered herein as U+2C88 COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER EIE, although it looks in the original print more like a Latin Capital E. The same word in the Index, page 713, was printed with two letters EIE.

Page 9. Here are Hebrew words, rendered herein in uncommon Unicode letters.

Page 104, third note. There was no anchor for this note, which said “_Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxi., p. 301.”, so it has been moved here.

Page 112 note. “vol^1 xvi.” is rendered herein as printed, though it might be a printer’s error.

Page 125 first note. No footnote label was printed, but this note has now been linked with its anchor, in the third paragraph, after “Manor”.

Page 317. “produciug” to “producing”.

Page 341, note. There was no anchor printed for this note; a new one has been inserted at the top of the page.

Page 365. Closing double quotation mark added after ‘against the AITHADH or elf-shot.’

Page 368, fourth and fifth footnotes. These contained the word “I1.”. This has been changed to “II.”.

Page 370, first note. Here is a Saxon word, rendered in uncommon Unicode characters.

Page 399, fifth note. This had no anchor; a new one has been inserted after “those of other countries;”.

Page 558. A reversed “S” was printed; herein U+01A7 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TONE TWO, “Ƨ”, is substituted.

Page 573, third note. The third footnote had no anchor on page 573, evidently links to the anchor printed at the top of page 574. Both anchor and footnote had originally the label “3”.

Page 634 note. The left double quotation mark, unmatched in the original print, was removed from the word ‘_Quar_’.

Page 666, 1st note. This note had no footnote label; a new one was inserted.

Page 717, entry “Eolithic”. “762” changed to “702”.

Page 724, entry “Museums”. The entry “Neufchâtel” was changed to “Neuchâtel”

Page 745, entry “VIENNE”. “Chatellerault” to “Châtellerault”.