Chapter 23

The succession of life upon the globe--Gradual and successive introduction of life-forms--What is meant by "lower" and "higher" groups of animals and plants--Succession in time of the great groups of animals in the main corresponding with their zoological order--Identical phenomena in the vegetable kingdom--Persistent types of life--High organisation of many early forms--Bearings of Palæontology on the general doctrine of Evolution.

APPENDIX.--Tabular view of the chief Divisions of the Animal Kingdom.

GLOSSARY.

INDEX.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. 1. Cast of _Trigonia longa_. 2. Microscopic section of the wood of a fossil Conifer. 3. Microscopic section of the wood of the Larch. 4. Section of Carboniferous strata, Kinghorn, Fife. 5. Diagram illustrating the formation of stratified deposits. 6. Microscopic section of a calcareous breccia. 7. Microscopic section of White Chalk. 8. Organisms in Atlantic Ooze. 9. Crinoidal marble. 10. Piece of Nummulitic limestone, Pyramids. 11. Microscopic section of Foraminiferal limestone--Carboniferous, America. 12. Microscopic section of Lower Silurian limestone. 13. Microscopic section of oolitic limestone, Jurassic. 14. Microscopic section of oolitic limestone, Carboniferous. 15. Organisms in Barbadoes earth. 16. Organisms in Richmond earth. 17. Ideal section of the crust of the earth. 18. Unconformable junction of Chalk and Eocene rocks. 19. Erect trunk of a _Sigillaria_. 20. Diagrammatic section of the Laurentian rocks. 21. Microscopic section of Laurentian limestone. 22. Fragment of a mass of _Eozoön Canadense_. 23. Diagram illustrating the structure of _Eozoön_. 24. Microscopic section of _Eozoön Canadense_. 25. _Nonionina_ and _Gromia_. 26. Group of shells of living _Foraminifera_. 27. Diagrammatic section of Cambrian strata. 28. _Eophyton Linneanum_. 29. _Oldhamia antiqua_. 30. _Scolithus Canadensis_. 31. Group of Cambrian Trilobites. 32. Group of characteristic Cambrian fossils. 33. Fragment of _Dictyonema sociale_. 34. Generalised section of the Lower Silurian rocks of Wales. 35. Generalised section of the Lower Silurian rocks of North America. 36. _Licrophycus Ottawaensis_. 37. _Astylospongia proemorsa_. 38. _Stromatopora rugosa_. 39. _Dichograptus octobrachiatus_. 40. _Didymograptus divaricatus_. 41. _Diplograptus pristis_. 42. _Phyllograptus typus_. 43. _Zaphrentis Stokesi_. 44. _Strombodes pentagonus_. 45. _Columnaria alveolata_. 46. Group of Cystideans. 47. Group of Lower Silurian Crustaceans. 48. _Ptilodictya falciformis_. 49. _Ptilodictya Schafferi_. 50. Group of Lower Silurian Brachiopods. 51. Group of Lower Silurian Brachiopods. 52. _Murchisonia gracilis_. 53. _Bellerophon argo_. 54. _Maclurea crenulata_. 55. _Orthoceras crebriseptum_. 56. Restoration of _Orthoceras_. 57. Generalised section of the Upper Silurian rocks. 58. _Monograptus priodon_. 59. _Halysites catenularia_ and _H. agglomerata_. 60. Group of Upper Silurian Star-fishes. 61. _Protaster Sedgwickii_. 62. Group of Upper Silurian Crinoids. 63. _Planolites vulgaris_. 64. Group of Upper Silurian Trilobites. 65. _Pterygotus Anglicus_. 66. Group of Upper Silurian _Polyzoa_. 67. _Spirifera hysterica_. 68. Group of Upper Silurian Brachiopods. 69. Group of Upper Silurian Brachiopods. 70. _Pentamerus Knightii_. 71. _Cardiola interrupta, C. fibrosa_, and _Pterinoea subfalcata_. 72. Group of Upper Silurian Univalves. 73. _Tentaculites ornatus_. 74. _Pteraspis Banksii_. 75. _Onchus tenuistriatus_ and _Thelodus_. 76. Generalised section of the Devonian rocks of North America. 77. _Psilophyton princeps_. 78. _Prototaxites Logani_. 79. _Stromatopora tuberculata_. 80. _Cystiphyllum vesiculosum_. 81. _Zaphrentis cornicula_. 82. _Heliophyllum exiguum_. 83. _Crepidophyllum Archiaci_. 84. _Favosites Gothlandica_. 85. _Favosites hemisphoerica_. 86. _Spirorbis omphalodes_ and _S. Arkonensis_. 87. _Spirorbis laxus_ and _S. Spinulifera_. 88. Group of Devonian Trilobites. 89. Wing of _Platephemera antiqua_. 90. _Clathropora intertexta_. 91. _Ceriopora Hamiltonensis_. 92. _Fenestella magnifica_. 93. _Retepora Phillipsi_. 94. _Fenestella cribrosa_. 95. _Spirifera sculptilis_. 96. _Spirifera mucronata_. 97. _Atrypa reticularis_. 98. _Strophomena rhomboidalis_. 99. _Platyceras dumosum_. 100. _Conularia ornata_. 101. _Clymenia Sedgwickii_. 102. Group of Fishes from the Devonian rocks of North America. 103. _Cephalaspis Lyellii_. 104. _Pterichthys cornutus_. 105. _Polypterus_ and _Osteolepis_. 106. _Holoptychius nobilissimus_. 107. Generalised section of the Carboniferous rocks of the North of England. 108. _Odontopteris Schlotheimii_. 109. _Calamites cannoeformis_. 110. _Lepidodendron Sternbergii_. 111. _Sigillaria Groeseri_. 112. _Stigmaria ficoides_. 113. _Trigonocarpum ovatum_. 114. Microscopic section of Foraminiferal limestone--Carboniferous, North America. 115. _Fusulina cylindrica_. 116. Group of Carboniferous Corals. 117. _Platycrinus tricontadactylus_. 118. _Pentremites pyriformis_ and _P. conoideus_. 119. _Archoeocidaris ellipticus_. 120. _Spirorbis Carbonarius_. 121. _Prestwichia rotundata_. 122. Group of Carboniferous Crustaceans. 123. _Cyclophthalmus senior_. 124. _Xylobius Sigillarioe_. 125. _Haplophlebium Barnesi_. 126. Group of Carboniferous _Polyzoa_. 127. Group of Carboniferous _Brachiopoda_. 128. _Pupa vetusta_. 129. _Goniatites Fossoe_. 130. _Amblypterus macropterus_. 131. _Cochliodus contortus_. 132. _Anthracosaurus Russelli_. 133. Generalised section of the Permian rocks. 134. _Walchia piniformis_. 135. Group of Permian _Brachiopods_. 136. _Arca antiqua_. 137. _Platysomus gibbosus_. 138. _Protorosaurus Speneri_. 139. Generalised section of the Triassic rocks. 140. _Zamia spiralis_. 141. Triassic Conifers and Cycads. 142. _Encrinus liliiformis_. 143. _Aspidura loricata_. 144. Group of Triassic Bivalves. 145. _Ceratites nodosus_. 146. Tooth of _Ceratodus serratus_ and _C. Altus_. 147. _Ceratodus Fosteri_. 148. Footprints of _Cheirotherium_. 149. Section of tooth of _Labyrinthodont_. 150. Skull of _Mastodonsaurus_. 151. Skull of _Rhynchosaurus_. 152. _Belodon_, _Nothosaurus_, _Paloeosaurus_, &c. 153. _Placodus gigas_. 154. Skulls of _Dicynodon_ and _Oudenodon_. 155. Supposed footprint of Bird, from the Trias of Connecticut. 156. Lower jaw of _Dromatherium sylvestre_. 157. Molar tooth of _Microlestes antiquus_. 158. _Myrmecobius fasciatus_. 159. Generalised section of the Jurassic rocks. 160. _Mantellia megalophylla_. 161. _Thecosmilia annularis_. 162. _Pentacrinus fasciculosus_. 163. _Hemicidaris crenularis_. 164. _Eryon arctiformis_. 165. Group of Jurassic Brachiopods. 166. _Ostrea Marshii_. 167. _Gryphoea incurva_ 168. _Diceras arietina_. 169. _Nerinoea Goodhallii_. 170. _Ammonites Humphresianus_. 171. _Ammonites bifrons_. 172. _Beloteuthis subcostata_. 173. Belemnite restored; diagram of Belemnite; _Belemnites canaliculata_. 174. _Tetragonolepis_. 175. _Acrodus nobilis_. 176. _Ichthyosaurus communis_. 177. _Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus_. 178. _Pterodactylus crassirostris_. 179. _Ramphorhynchus Bucklandi_, restored. 180. Skull of _Megalosaurus_. 181. _Archoeopteryx macrura_. 182. _Archoeopteryx, restored_. 183. Jaw of _Amphitherium Prevostii_. 184. Jaws of Oolitic Mammals. 185. Generalised section of the Cretaceous rocks. 186. Cretaceous Angiosperms. 187. _Rotalia Boueana_. 188. _Siphonia ficus_. 189. _Ventriculites simplex_. 190. _Synhelia Sharpeana_. 191. _Galerites albogalerus_. 192. _Discoidea cylindrica_. 193. _Escharina Oceani_. 194. _Terebratella Astieriana_. 195. _Crania Ignabergensis_. 196. _Ostrea Couloni_. 197. _Spondylus spinosus_. 198. _Inoceramus sulcatus_. 199. _Hippurites Toucasiana_. 200. _Voluta elongata_. 201. _Nautilus Danicus_. 202. _Ancyloceras Matheronianus_. 203. _Turrilites catenatus_ 204. Forms of Cretaceous _Ammonitidoe_. 205. _Belemnitella mucronata_. 206. Tooth of _Hybodus_. 207. Fin-spine of _Hybodus_. 208. _Beryx Lewesiensis_ and _Osmeroides Mantelli_. 209. Teeth of _Iguanodon_. 210. Skull of _Mosasaurus Camperi_. 211. _Chelone Benstedi_. 212. Jaws and vertebræ of _Odontornithes_. 213. Fruit of _Nipadites_. 214. _Nummulina loevigata_. 215. _Turbinolia sulcata_. 216. _Cardita planicosta_. 217. _Typhis tubifer_. 218. _Cyproea elegans_. 219. _Cerithium hexagonum_. 220. _Limnoea pyramidalis_. 221. _Physa columnaris_. 222. _Cyclostoma Arnoudii_. 223. _Rhombus minimus_. 224. _Otodus obliquus_. 225. _Myliobatis Edwardsii_. 226. Upper jaw of Alligator. 227. Skull of _Odontopteryx toliapicus_. 228. _Zeuglodon cetoides_. 229. _Paloeotherium magnum_, restored. 230. Feet of _Equidoe_. 231. _Anoplothelium commune_. 232. Skull of _Dinoceras mirabilis_. 233. _Vespertilio Parisiensis_. 234. Miocene Palms. 235. _Platanus aceroides_. 236. _Cinnamomum polymorphum_. 237. _Textularia Meyeriana_. 238. _Scutella subrotunda_. 239. _Hyalea Orbignyana_. 240. Tooth of _Oxyrhina_. 241. Tooth of _Carcharodon_. 242. _Andrias Scheuchzeri_. 243. Skull of _Brontotherium ingens_. 244, _Hippopotamus Sivalensis_. 245. Skull of _Sivatherium_. 246. Skull of _Deinotherium_. 247. Tooth of _Elephas planfrons_ and of _Mastodon Sivalensis_. 248. Jaw of _Pliopithecus_. 249. _Rhinoceros Etruscus_ and _R. megarhinus_. 250. Molar tooth of _Mastodon Arvernensis_. 251. Molar tooth of _Etephas meridionalis_. 252. Molar tooth of _Elephas antiquus_. 253. Skull and tooth of _Machairodus cultridens_. 254. _Pecten Islandicus_. 255. Diagram of high-level and low-level gravels. 256. Diagrammatic section of Cave. 257. _Dinornis elephantopus_. 258. Skull of _Diprotodon_. 259. Skull of _Thylacoleo_. 260. Skeleton of _Megatherium_. 261. Skeleton of _Mylodon_. 262. _Glyptodon clavipes_. 263. Skull of _Rhinoceros tichorhinus_. 264. Skeleton of _Cervus megaceros_. 265. Skull of _Bos primigenius_. 266. Skeleton of Mammoth. 267. Molar tooth of Mammoth. 268. Skull of _Ursus speloeus_. 269. Skull of _Hyoena speloea_. 270. Lower jaw of _Trogontherium Cuvieri_.