The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments, of Great Britain and Ireland.

CHAPTER XXII.

Chapter 6345,179 wordsPublic domain

CHRONOLOGY AND ORIGIN OF BRONZE.

HAVING now passed in review the various forms of instruments, arms, and ornaments belonging to the Bronze Period of Great Britain, it will be well to attempt some chronological arrangement of the different types, and to examine the means at our command for fixing the approximate date and duration of the Period as well as the sources from which the knowledge of bronze in this country was derived.

The sequence and extent of variation in the types of an instrument or weapon destined to serve some given purpose are of course important factors in any theoretical calculation of the length of time such an instrument was in use. For if the type has remained one and the same during the whole period of the use of the instrument, it affords no evidence as to the length of its duration; whereas, if it has varied, and the sequence of its variations can be traced, their nature and extent may afford some means of judging of the length of time probably necessary for the development of the succession of forms. Or where an instrument has been so well adapted for its particular ends that no material modification in its form was likely to take place in it, so long as its use was limited to its original purpose, yet the springing from it of what may be termed collateral types of instruments specialized for other though analogous purposes may also be indicative of the original form having remained in use during a lengthened period of time.

The extremely numerous variations which may be observed in socketed celts afford conclusive evidence of that instrument having been employed in this country during a long series of years; and the collateral varieties, such as socketed chisels and gouges, as well as the more distantly related socketed hammers, give corroborative testimony to the same effect.

Improvements in the method of working metals will often react on the forms of tools and weapons, but here again the chronological element exists, as old processes and old forms are slow to die, especially among a people of no very high material civilisation. The discovery, for instance, of the art of producing hollow sockets in bronze castings by the use of cores of loam or clay, though it materially modified the form of many instruments, did not cause the entire extinction of the older forms without sockets, the use of which in some cases went on side by side with that of the instruments of more novel invention; and this fact tends to prove that bronze must have long been in use for tools with tangs instead of sockets, before the process of coring was known. Indeed, as I have elsewhere[1749] pointed out, the Bronze Period of Britain is susceptible of division into an earlier and later stage, the former mainly characterized by instruments which were let into their hafts or handles, and the latter by those which received their handles in sockets. As will subsequently be seen, it may be divided even into three more or less distinct stages.

A division into two stages has been suggested for the Scandinavian Bronze Age. M. Gabriel de Mortillet has in like manner divided the Bronze Period of France and Switzerland into an earlier and later stage—the one distinguished by flanged celts, which came into use at the close of the Stone Period (his Epoque _robenhausienne_), and the other by palstaves and socketed celts, which he regards as belonging to the close of the Bronze Period. To these two stages he has applied the terms _morgien_ and _larnaudien_, derived from the Lake-dwelling of Morges, in the Lake of Geneva, and from the large founder’s hoard discovered at Larnaud (Jura). Curiously enough he regards the flat celts as being even more recent in date than the socketed, forgetful that the form with flanges at the sides can hardly by any possibility have been an original type, as such flanges must either have been produced by hammering the sides of flat celts, or must have been cast in a mould consisting of two halves, which certainly cannot have been so early a form of mould as a simple recess in stone, sand, or clay, adapted for casting a nearly flat plate of metal like a wedge-shaped celt.

Such flat celts, as has already been mentioned, have been found with interments in barrows associated with what were apparently lance-heads of flint, and maces and battle-axes of stone; and their nearest allies, those with but slight flanges—the result of hammering the sides—have also been found under similar circumstances.

The knife-daggers, as described in Chapter X., and the awls or prickers, are the only other bronze instruments which in this country can challenge a similar antiquity; and none of these, as a rule, are found in those deposits of bronze objects to which the name of “hoards” has been given.

As M. Gabriel de Mortillet and others have pointed out, these hoards are of more than one character. In certain cases they seem to have been the treasured property of some individual who would appear to have buried his valued tools or weapons during troublous times, and never to have been able to disinter them. In other cases the hoards were probably the property of a trader, as they consist of objects ready for use and in considerable numbers; and in others, again, they appear to have been the stock-in-trade of some bronze-founder of ancient times, as they comprise worn out and broken tools and weapons, lumps of rough metal, and even the moulds in which the accumulation of bronze was destined to be recast.

Mr. Worsaae has suggested that some of these hoards may be of a votive character and have been deposited in the ground as precious offerings to the gods. I am not, however, aware of any of our British hoards being of such a character that they can safely be regarded as votive.

As to the other three kinds of hoards, the small group from Wallingford[1750] (No. 60 in the following table), consisting of a socketed celt, gouge, and knife, and a tanged chisel and razor, may be taken as a good instance of a private deposit. That of Stibbard[1751] (No. 8), consisting of seventy palstaves and ten spear-heads, some of them rough from the mould, would appear to have belonged to a merchant; and the Harty hoard (No. 105), described in the last chapter, affords a typical example of the stock-in-trade of a bronze-founder.

In some other cases, deposits, especially when consisting exclusively of ornaments, may possibly be of a sepulchral character.

The value of the evidence afforded by hoards, especially by those of the first and second kinds lately mentioned, is great and unquestionable in determining the synchronism of various forms of instruments—as, for instance, of plain and looped palstaves with socketed celts. In the case of the bronze-founders’ hoards of old metal, it is of course possible that the fragments contained may belong to various periods. Nevertheless the objects, as a rule, appear to be such as were in use at the time, and which, being worn out or broken, were collected by the bronze-founder for the purpose of re-melting. In order to make them at once more portable and more ready for placing in the crucible, he generally broke the larger and longer articles into fragments, broken spear-heads, swords, &c., being frequently present in the hoards, as well as the jets or waste pieces of metal broken off from castings. In some instances fragments of various instruments have been inserted in the sockets of others, so as to diminish the space occupied by the whole.

As will subsequently be seen, by far the greater number of the undoubted bronze-founders’ hoards belong to a time when socketed celts were already in use, and therefore to the close rather than the beginning of our Bronze Period.

M. Ernest Chantre has divided the principal hoards of the Bronze Age discovered in France into three principal categories, to which he has applied the terms “_Trésors_,” “_Fonderies_,” and “_Stations_.” The first, as a rule, comprise articles which have never been in use, and are, in fact, of the same character as the hoards which I have classed under the head of “Personal” or “Merchants.” The principal _trésors_, those of Réallon, Ribiers, Beaurières, Manson, Frouard, are characterized by the presence of socketed instruments; and in two instances—those of La Ferté-Hauterive, and Vaudrevanges, Rhenish Prussia—either an ingot or a mould of metal was present. I should, therefore, have classed these two among the “_fonderies_.”

M. Chantre has, however, in the main, restricted this term to hoards consisting principally of broken objects, and of these _fonderies_ he has examined some fifty in France. In the southern part of that country these hoards are by no means so constantly characterized by the presence of socketed celts and other socketed instruments as in Britain. In the north of France, however, the socketed forms are more frequent in the hoards.

The _stations_ are considered to represent habitations of the Bronze Age of the same character as the Lake-dwellings, but fixed on _terra firma_ instead of on piles or artificial islands. Some of the hoards placed under this head appear from the presence of moulds and lumps of metal to be those of founders.

Hoards of broken objects of bronze have been found in other parts of Europe, but it seems needless to do more than mention the fact. I may, however, refer to the hoards of Camenz and Grossenhain, in Saxony,[1752] of which I gave an account to the Society of Antiquaries some fifteen years ago.

In the following lists I have divided the principal hoards discovered in the United Kingdom into two main categories, the one, in which socketed celts, gouges, or other tools were absent; the other, in which they were present in greater or less abundance. This is perhaps the simplest method of arriving at what may be regarded as a fairly trustworthy chronological division. Some of the results of an examination of the lists will subsequently be discussed. In the first list I have given the precedence to those hoards in which flat or flanged celts were present. Second, I have placed those in which there were palstaves. Third, those in which ornaments were found; and last, those mainly characterized by swords and spear-heads, or spear-heads and ferrules, but in which both palstaves and socketed celts were absent.

In the second list I have placed at the head the hoards in which socketed celts, sometimes accompanied by palstaves, were found associated with swords or spears, while mere tools, such as gouges and hammers, were absent. Next come a few cases in which socketed celts occurred either in company with ornaments or alone. Then follow the hoards in which chisels, gouges, or hammers were found, but no lumps of metal were present. After these are placed the bronze-founders’ hoards, in which lumps of metal and the jets or waste pieces from castings were found, including one or two Scotch and Irish hoards; and, finally, those in which moulds were present.

In each case I have attempted to distinguish whether a hoard was personal or belonged to a merchant or founder, by adding the letters P, M, or F. Where two of these letters occur, the hoard seems to come under either category. It is possible that some of those characterized by a P may be sepulchral.

Appended to the tabulated lists is a more detailed account, mentioning some of the principal features in each case, and giving references to the works in which the discoveries are recorded. Of course this is to a great extent a repetition of what has been recorded in previous pages. It must be observed that the numbers given in the lists do not always refer to entire objects but frequently to fragments only. Where the numbers are unknown the presence of the objects is shown by an _x_.

─—────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── LIST I. │FLANGED CTS. │ │PALSTAVES │ │ │SOCK. CELTS │ │ │ │CHISELS │ │ │ │ │GOUGES │ │ │ │ │ │AWLS │ │ │ │ │ │ │HAMMERS │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │SICKLES │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │KNIVES │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤ 1.Arreton Down P.M. │ 4│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2.Plymstock P.M. │ 16│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 3.Battlefield M. │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 4.Postlingford Hall M. │ 19│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 5.Rhosnesney M.F. │ 3│ 6│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6.Broxton P. │ — │ 2│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 7.Sherford M. │ — │ 6│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 8.Stibbard M. │ — │ 70│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 9.Quantock Hills P. │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 10.Hollingbury Hill P. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 11.Edington Burtle P.M. │ — │ 4│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ 12.Woolmer Forest P. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 13.West Buckland P. │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 14.Blackmoor M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 15.Fulbourn Common P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 16.Pant-y-maen M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 17.Wicken Fen F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 18.Corsbie Moss P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 19.Weymouth P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 20.Whittingham P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 21.Worth P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 22.Stoke Ferry M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 23.Brechin M.P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 24.Duddingston Loch M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 25.Point of Sleat P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 26.River Wandle P. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 27.Tarves P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 28.Maentwrog P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 29.Bloody Pool M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 30.Broadward M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ │ FC│ P│ SC│ Ch│ G│ A│ H│ S│ K│

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│MISCELLAN. │ │MOULDS │ │ │JETS │ │ │ │METAL │ │ │ │ │ ────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┤ 1.Arreton Down P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2.Plymstock P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 3.Battlefield M. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ 4.Postlingford Hall M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 5.Rhosnesney M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6.Broxton P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 7.Sherford M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 8.Stibbard M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 9.Quantock Hills P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 10.Hollingbury Hill P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 11.Edington Burtle P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 12.Woolmer Forest P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 13.West Buckland P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 14.Blackmoor M.F. │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ 15.Fulbourn Common P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 16.Pant-y-maen M.F. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ 17.Wicken Fen F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 18.Corsbie Moss P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 19.Weymouth P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 20.Whittingham P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 21.Worth P. │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 22.Stoke Ferry M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 23.Brechin M.P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 24.Duddingston Loch M. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ 25.Point of Sleat P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 26.River Wandle P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 27.Tarves P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 28.Maentwrog P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 29.Bloody Pool M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 30.Broadward M. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ │ Mi│ Mo│ J│ M│

LIST II.

│FLANGED CTS. │ │PALSTAVES │ │ │SOCK. CELTS │ │ │ │CHISELS │ │ │ │ │GOUGES │ │ │ │ │ │AWLS │ │ │ │ │ │ │HAMMERS │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │SICKLES │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │KNIVES │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤ 31. Mawgan P.M. │ — │ 1│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 32. Wallington M. │ — │ 8│ 7│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 33. Nottingham M.F. │ — │ 1│ 16│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 34. Nettleham M. │ — │ 4│ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 35. Haxey ? │ — │ 1│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 36. Ambleside P.M. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 37. Bilton M.F. │ — │ — │ 6│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 38. Alnwick Castle M.? │ — │ — │ 41│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 39. Flixborough M.F. │ — │ — │ 7│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 40. Shenstone P.M. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 41. Wrekin Tenement F.M. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 42. Llandysilio P.M. │ — │ — │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 43. Dunbar P. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 44. Little Wenlock M.F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 45. Winmarleigh P.? │ — │ — │ 5│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 46. Newark M. │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 47. Hagbourn Hill M.P. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 48. Ty Mawr P. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 49. Wedmore P. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 50. Wymington M. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 51. Reepham M. │ — │ — │ 31│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 52. Yattendon F. │ 1│ 3│ 2│ 3│ 6│ — │ — │ — │ 5│ 53. Taunton M.? │ — │ 12│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 2│ — │ 54. Beacon Hill P.? │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 55. Ebnall M.? │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 56. Exning M.? │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ 57. Melbourn P.? │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 58. Stanhope F.? │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 59. Thorndon P. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 1│ 1│ 1│ — │ 1│ 60. Wallingford P. │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 61. Whittlesea P.M. │ — │ — │ 4│ 2│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 62. Barrington P. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 63. Porkington P. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 64. Trillick P. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 65. Bo Island P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ 66. Llangwyllog P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 67. Meldreth F. │ — │ 2│ 25│ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 68. Hounslow F. │ 1│_x_│_x_│ — │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 69. Hundred of Hoo F. │ — │ 4│ 16│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 70. Guilsfield F. │ — │_x_│_x_│ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 71. Stogursey F. │ — │ 2│_x_│ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ 2│ 72. Chrishall F.M. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 73. Romford F. │ — │_x_│_x_│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 74. Cumberlow F. │ — │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 75. Beachy Head F. │ — │ 3│ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 76. Oxford F.? │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ 77. Westow F. │ — │ 1│ 47│ 3│ 6│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 78. Carlton Rode F.M. │ — │_x_│_x_│_x_│ 4│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 79. Kenidjack Cliff F. │ — │ 1│ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 80. Helsdon Hall F. │ — │ 1│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 81. Worthing F. │ — │ 29│ 12│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 82. Reach Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ 11│ 2│ 3│ — │ 1│ — │ 5│ 83. Haynes Hill F. │ — │ — │ 21│ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 84. Allhallows F. │ — │ — │ 9│ 1│ 2│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 85. St. Hilary F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 86. Alderney F.M. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│_x_│ 87. Kingston Hill F. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 88. Sittingbourne F. │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 89. Martlesham F. │ — │ — │ 17│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 90. Lanant F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 91. West Halton F. │ — │ — │ 17│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 92. Burwell Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 93. Marden F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ 94. Kensington F. │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 2│ 95. Roseberry Topping F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │_x_│ — │_x_│ — │ — │ 96. Danesbury F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 97. Earsley Common F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 98. High Roding F.M. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 99. Panfield F.? │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 100. Westwick Row F. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 101. Achtertyre P. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 102. Dowris M.F. │ — │ — │ 31│ — │ 3│ — │_x_│ — │_x_│ 103. Hotham Carr F.? │ — │ 7│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 104. Beddington F. │ — │ — │ 6│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 105. Harty F. │ — │ — │ 14│ — │ 2│ — │ 2│ — │ 2│ 106. Heathery Burn F. │ — │ — │_x_│ 2│ 3│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 107. Wickham Park F. │ — │ 1│ 6│ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ 108. Wilmington F. │ — │ 13│ 17│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ 109. Cleveland F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 110. Eaton F. │ — │ — │ 11│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ │ FC│ P │ SC│ Ch│ G│ A│ H│ S│ K│

│RAZORS │ │HALBERDS │ │ │DAGGERS │ │ │ │RAPIERS │ │ │ │ │SWORDS │ │ │ │ │ SCABBARDS │ │ │ │ │ │ │TANGED SP. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │SPEAR-HEADS │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │FERRULES │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤ 31. Mawgan P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 32. Wallington M. │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ 4│ 1│ 33. Nottingham M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ — │ — │ 4│ 1│ 34. Nettleham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ 1│ 35. Haxey ? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 36. Ambleside P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 2│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 37. Bilton M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ 7│ — │ 38. Alnwick Castle M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 20│ — │ — │ 16│ — │ 39. Flixborough M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 40. Shenstone P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 72│ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 41. Wrekin Tenement F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 42. Llandysilio P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 43. Dunbar P. │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 44. Little Wenlock M.F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 45. Winmarleigh P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 46. Newark M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ — │ 47. Hagbourn Hill M.P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 48. Ty Mawr P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 49. Wedmore P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 50. Wymington M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 51. Reepham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 52. Yattendon F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 4│ 1│ — │ 28│ — │ 53. Taunton M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 54. Beacon Hill P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 55. Ebnall M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 56. Exning M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 57. Melbourn P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 58. Stanhope F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 5│ 1│ 59. Thorndon P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 60. Wallingford P. │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 61. Whittlesea P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 62. Barrington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 63. Porkington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 64. Trillick P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 65. Bo Island P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 4│ — │ 66. Llangwyllog P. │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 67. Meldreth F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 9│ — │ — │ 3│ — │ 68. Hounslow F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 69. Hundred of Hoo F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 70. Guilsfield F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ 16│ — │ 7│ 12│ 71. Stogursey F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 1│ — │ 13│ — │ 72. Chrishall F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 73. Romford F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 74. Cumberlow F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 75. Beachy Head F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 76. Oxford F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 77. Westow F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 78. Carlton Rode F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 79. Kenidjack Cliff F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 80. Helsdon Hall F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 81. Worthing F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 82. Reach Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ 1│ — │ 7│ — │ 83. Haynes Hill F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │_x_│ 1│ — │ 8│ — │ 84. Allhallows F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 85. St. Hilary F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 86. Alderney F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 87. Kingston Hill F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 88. Sittingbourne F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 89. Martlesham F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 90. Lanant F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 91. West Halton F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 92. Burwell Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 93. Marden F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 94. Kensington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 95. Roseberry Topping F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 96. Danesbury F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 97. Earsley Common F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 98. High Roding F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 99. Panfield F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 100. Westwick Row F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 101. Achtertyre P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 102. Dowris M.F. │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ 27│ — │ 103. Hotham Carr F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 104. Beddington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 2│ 1│ 105. Harty F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 106. Heathery Burn F. │ 3│ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 3│ — │ — │ 8│ 107. Wickham Park F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ 108. Wilmington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 109. Cleveland F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 110. Eaton F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ │ R│ H│ D│ R│ S│ Sc│ TS│ Sp│ F│

│TRUMPETS │ │PINS │ │ │TORQUES │ │ │ │BRACELETS │ │ │ │ │BUTTONS │ │ │ │ │ │CLASPS │ │ │ │ │ │ │RINGS │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │CALDRONS │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┤ 31. Mawgan P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 32. Wallington M. │ — │ — │ — │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 33. Nottingham M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 34. Nettleham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 35. Haxey ? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 36. Ambleside P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 37. Bilton M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 38. Alnwick Castle M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 39. Flixborough M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 40. Shenstone P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 41. Wrekin Tenement F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 42. Llandysilio P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 43. Dunbar P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 44. Little Wenlock M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 45. Winmarleigh P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 46. Newark M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 47. Hagbourn Hill M.P. │ — │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 48. Ty Mawr P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 49. Wedmore P. │ — │ — │ 3│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 50. Wymington M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 51. Reepham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 52. Yattendon F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 53. Taunton M.? │ — │ 1│ 1│ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 54. Beacon Hill P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 55. Ebnall M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 56. Exning M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 57. Melbourn P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 1│ — │ 58. Stanhope F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 59. Thorndon P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 60. Wallingford P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 61. Whittlesea P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 62. Barrington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 63. Porkington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 64. Trillick P. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 8│ — │ 65. Bo Island P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 66. Llangwyllog P. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 2│ — │_x_│ — │ 67. Meldreth F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 68. Hounslow F. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 69. Hundred of Hoo F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 70. Guilsfield F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 71. Stogursey F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 72. Chrishall F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 73. Romford F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 74. Cumberlow F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 75. Beachy Head F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 76. Oxford F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 77. Westow F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 78. Carlton Rode F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 79. Kenidjack Cliff F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 80. Helsdon Hall F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 81. Worthing F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 82. Reach Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ 2│_x_│ — │ 83. Haynes Hill F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 84. Allhallows F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 85. St. Hilary F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 86. Alderney F.M. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 87. Kingston Hill F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 88. Sittingbourne F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ — │ 89. Martlesham F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 90. Lanant F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 91. West Halton F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 92. Burwell Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 93. Marden F. │ — │ 4│ — │ 2│ — │ — │ 6│ — │ 94. Kensington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ — │ 95. Roseberry Topping F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 96. Danesbury F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 97. Earsley Common F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 98. High Roding F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 99. Panfield F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 100. Westwick Row F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 101. Achtertyre P. │ — │ — │ — │ 4│ — │ — │ — │ — │ 102. Dowris M.F. │_x_│_x_│ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 103. Hotham Carr F.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 104. Beddington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 105. Harty F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 106. Heathery Burn F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 4│ 2│ — │_x_│ 107. Wickham Park F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 108. Wilmington F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 109. Cleveland F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 110. Eaton F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ — │ │ Tr│ P│ T│ Br│ Bu│ Cl│ R│ C│

│MISCELLAN. │ │MOULDS │ │ │JETS │ │ │ │METAL │ │ │ │ │ ────────────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┤ 31. Mawgan P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 32. Wallington M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 33. Nottingham M.F. │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ 34. Nettleham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 35. Haxey ? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 36. Ambleside P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 37. Bilton M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 38. Alnwick Castle M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 39. Flixborough M.F. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 40. Shenstone P.M. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ 41. Wrekin Tenement F.M. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ 42. Llandysilio P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 43. Dunbar P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 44. Little Wenlock M.F. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ 45. Winmarleigh P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 46. Newark M. │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ 47. Hagbourn Hill M.P. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ 48. Ty Mawr P. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ 49. Wedmore P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 50. Wymington M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 51. Reepham M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 52. Yattendon F. │ 5│ — │ — │ — │ 53. Taunton M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 54. Beacon Hill P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 55. Ebnall M.? │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ 56. Exning M.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 57. Melbourn P.? │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 58. Stanhope F.? │ 2│ — │ — │ — │ 59. Thorndon P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 60. Wallingford P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 61. Whittlesea P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 62. Barrington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 63. Porkington P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 64. Trillick P. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 65. Bo Island P.M. │ — │ — │ — │ — │ 66. Llangwyllog P. │_x_│ — │ — │ — │ 67. Meldreth F. │ 1│ — │ — │ 15│ 68. Hounslow F. │ — │ — │_x_│ — │ 69. Hundred of Hoo F. │ 2│ — │ — │ 10│ 70. Guilsfield F. │_x_│ — │ — │ 1│ 71. Stogursey F. │ — │ — │ 15│_x_│ 72. Chrishall F.M. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 73. Romford F. │ — │ — │_x_│_x_│ 74. Cumberlow F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 75. Beachy Head F. │ — │ — │ — │ 3│ 76. Oxford F.? │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 77. Westow F. │ — │ — │ 1│ — │ 78. Carlton Rode F.M. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 79. Kenidjack Cliff F. │ — │ — │ 1│_x_│ 80. Helsdon Hall F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 81. Worthing F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 82. Reach Fen F.M. │ 3│ — │ — │ 1│ 83. Haynes Hill F. │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ 84. Allhallows F. │ — │ — │ — │ 9│ 85. St. Hilary F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 86. Alderney F.M. │ — │ — │_x_│_x_│ 87. Kingston Hill F. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 88. Sittingbourne F. │ — │ — │ — │ 30│ 89. Martlesham F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 90. Lanant F. │ — │ — │ 1│_x_│ 91. West Halton F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 92. Burwell Fen F.M. │ — │ — │ — │ 1│ 93. Marden F. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 94. Kensington F. │ — │ — │ 2│ — │ 95. Roseberry Topping F. │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ 96. Danesbury F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 97. Earsley Common F. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 98. High Roding F.M. │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 99. Panfield F.? │ — │ — │ — │_x_│ 100. Westwick Row F. │ — │ — │ — │ 6│ 101. Achtertyre P. │ — │ — │ — │ 4│ 102. Dowris M.F. │_x_│ — │ — │_x_│ 103. Hotham Carr F.? │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 104. Beddington F. │ — │ 1│ — │ 3│ 105. Harty F. │ 6│ 3½│ — │ 2│ 106. Heathery Burn F. │_x_│ 1│ 1│ 1│ 107. Wickham Park F. │ — │ 1│ 1│_x_│ 108. Wilmington F. │ — │ 1│ — │_x_│ 109. Cleveland F. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ 110. Eaton F. │ — │ 1│ — │ — │ │ Mi│ Mo│ J│ M│

LISTS OF HOARDS.

LIST I.

Locality. │ Remarks. │ Reference. │ │ 1. Arreton Down, │Flanged celts, some │_Arch._, vol. Isle of Wight. │ ornamented, tanged │ xxxvi. p. 326. │ spear-heads, ferrule│ │ to one, halberd? │ │ one socketed dagger.│ │ │ 2. Plymstock, Devon. │Flanged celts, │_Arch. Journ._, │ straight chisel. │ vol. xxvi. p. 346; │ │ _Trans. Devon. │ │ Assoc._, vol. iv. │ │ p. 304. │ │ 3. Battlefield, │Mostly melted. Flat │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, Shrewsbury. │ celts, palstaves, │ 2nd S., vol. ii. │ curved objects. │ p.251. │ │ 4. Postlingford Hall,│Flanged celts, some │_Arch._, vol. xxxi. Clare, Suffolk. │ ornamented. │ p. 496; │ │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, │ │ vol. i. p. 83. │ │ 5. Rhosnesney, │Palstaves, all from │_Arch. Camb._, 4th S., Wrexham, │ one mould; castings │ vol. vi. p. 72. Denbigshire. │ for a dagger and │ │ for flanged celts │ │ of narrow form. │ │ │ 6. Broxton, Cheshire.│Tanged chisel; │_Penes_ Sir P. de M. G. │ socketed spear-head.│ Egerton, F.R.S. │ │ 7. Sherford, Taunton,│One palstave, a │Pring, “British and Somerset. │ defective casting. │ Roman Taunton,” │ │ p. 76. │ │ 8. Stibbard, near │Castings for small │_Arch. Inst._, Fakenham, │ palstaves and │ Norwich vol. p. xxvi. Norfolk. │ spear-heads. │ │ │ 9. Quantock Hills, │Each palstave laid │_Arch._, vol. xiv. Somerset. │ within a torque. │ p. 94. │ │ 10. Hollingbury Hill,│Palstave laid within a│_Arch. Journ._, vol. Brighton, Sussex.│ torque, bracelets │ v. p. 323; _Arch._, │ around. │ vol. xxix. p. 372, &c. │ │ 11. Edington Burtle, │One casting for a flat│_Som. Arch. and Nat. Somerset. │ sickle; ribbed │ Hist. Proc._, vol. v. │ bracelet and ring. │ (1854) pt. ii. p. 91. │ │ 12. Woolmer Forest, │There appears some │_Arch. Assoc. Journ._, Hants. │ doubt about the │ vol. vi. p. 88; │ small torques. │ Bateman’s Catal., p. │ │ 22. │ │ 13. West Buckland, │Two-looped palstave. │_Arch. Journ._, vol. Somerset. │ │ xxxvii. p. 107. │ │ 14. Blackmoor, Hants. │Fragments of swords │White’s “Selborne,” │ and sheaths, large │ Bell’s ed., 1877, │ and small │ vol. ii. p. 381. │ spear-heads │ │ │ 15. Fulbourn Common, │Swords broken, │_Arch._, vol. xix. Cambs. │ leaf-shaped │ p. 56. │ spear-heads, │ │ broad-ended │ │ ferrules. │ │ │ 16. Pant-y-maen, │Swords and leaf-shaped│_Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., Cardiganshire. │ spear-heads, broken │ vol. x. p. 221. │ or damaged. │ │ │ 17. Wicken Fen, Cambs.│Nearly all │In British Museum. │ fragmentary; │ │ fragments perhaps of│ │ two swords. │ │ │ 18. Corsbie Moss, │Sword perfect. │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, Legerwood, │ │ vol. iii. p. 121. Berwickshire. │ │ │ │ 19. Weymouth, Dorset. │Both sword and │_Penes Auct._ │ spear-head nearly │ │ perfect. │ │ │ 20. Thrunton Farm, │Spear-heads, │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, Whittingham, │ leaf-shaped, and │ 2nd S., vol. v. Northumberland.│ with lunate │ p. 429. │ openings; all. │ │ objects unbroken │ │ │ 21. Worth, Washfield, │Sword and leaf-shaped │_Arch. Journ._, vol. Devon. │ spear-heads, │ xxiv. p. 120. │ perfect. │ │ │ 22. Stoke Ferry, │Swords and │_Aenes Auct._; Norfolk. │ leaf-shaped │ _Proc. Soc. Ant._, │ spear-heads broken, │ 2nd S., vol. v. │ halberd. │ p.425. │ │ 23. Brechin, │Swords, &c., │_Arch. Journ._, Forfarshire. │ unbroken. │ vol. xiii. p. 203; │ │ _Proc. Soc. Ant. │ │ Scot._, vol. i. pp. │ │ 181 and 224. │ │ 24. Duddingston Loch, │Swords, spear-heads, │_Proc. Soc. Ant.. Edinburgh. │ &c., in fragments; │ Scot._, vol. i p. 132; │ caldron. │ Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of │ │ Scot.,” vol. i. │ │ p. 348. │ │ 25. Point of Sleat, │Sword, spear-head, │_Proc. Soc. Ant. Isle of Skye. │ and pin, perfect. │ Scot._, vol. iii. │ │ p. 102. │ │ 26. River Wandle, │All objects nearly │_Arch. Journ._, Surrey. │ perfect. │ vol. ix. p. 7. │ │ 27. Tarves, │Objects mostly │_Horæ ferales_, p. 161. Aberdeenshire. │ perfect. │ p. 365. │ │ 28. Cwm Moch, │Objects unbroken; │_Arch._, vol. xvi. Maentwrog, │ loops at base of │ Merionethshire. │ blade of spear-head.│ │ │ 29. Bloody Pool, South│Spear-heads mostly │_Arch. Journ._, vol. Brent, Devon. │ barbed; all objects │ xii. p.84; xviii. │ broken. │ p. 160. │ │ 30. Broadward, │Spear-heads, │_Arch. Camb._, Leintwardine, │ leaf-shaped, with │ 4th S., vol. iii. Herefordshire. │ perforations in │ p. 345; iv. 202. │ blade, and barbed. │

LIST II.

│ │ 31. Mawgan, Cornwall. │Rapier in high │_Arch._, vol. xvii., │ preservation. │ p. 337. │ │ 32. Wallington, │ │In Sir C. Trevelyan’s Northumberland. │ │ Collection. │ │ 33. Nottingham. │Fragments of swords, │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, │ and possibly of │ 2nd S., vol. i. │ scabbard-tip. │ p. 332. │ │ 34. Nettleham, │Socketed celts of │_Arch. Journ._, Lincolnshire. │ peculiar types. │ vol. xviii.p. 159. │ │ 35. Haxey, │ │_Penes_ Canon Lincolnshire. │ │ Greenwell, F.R.S. │ │ 36. Ambleside, │Swords described as │_Arch._, vol. v. p. 115. Westmoreland. │ broad-swords, and │ │ sharp-pointed │ │ swords. │ │ │ 37. Bilton, Yorkshire.│Swords broken, one │_Arch. Assoc. Journ._, │ spear-head │ vol. v. p. 349. │ ornamented. │ │ │ 38. Alnwick Castle, │Found in 1726. │_Arch._, vol. v. p. 113. Northumberland. │ │ │ │ 39. Flixborough, │Sword broken. Possibly│_Arch. Journ._, Lincolnshire. │ palstaves. │ vol. xxix. p. 194. │ │ 40. Greensborough │Swords apparently │_Arch._, vol. xxi. Farm, Shenstone, │ perfect. │ p. 548. Staffordshire. │ │ │ │ 41. Wrekin Tenement, │One celt, a few │_Arch._, vol. xxvi. Shrewsbury. │ swords, about 150 │ p. 464. │ spear-heads and │ │ fragments. │ │ │ 42. Llandysilio, │ See p. 119. │_Penes_ Canon Greenwell, Denbighshir │ │ F.R.S. │ │ 43. Dunbar, │ Uninjured. │_Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, Haddingtonshire. │ │ vol. x. p. 440. │ │ 44. Little Wenlock, │Spear-heads mostly │Hartshorne, “Salop. Shropshire. │ broken, whetstones │ Ant.,”p. 96; _Arch. │ with them. Possibly │ Journ._,vol. viii. │ thesame hoard as │ p. 197. │ No. 41. │ │ │ 45. Winmarleigh, │One spear-head, large,│_Arch. Journ._, Garstang, │ and with lunate │ vol. xviii. p. 158. Lancashire. │ openings; all found │ │ in “a cist or box.” │ │ │ 46. Near Newark, │Two large discs in │_Penes_ Canon Greenwell, Nottinghamshire. │ hoard. │ F.R.S. │ │ 47. Hagbourn Hill, │Bridle-bits and late │_Arch._, vol. xvi. Berks. │ Celtic buckles, said│ p. 348. │ to have been found; │ │ coins also? │ │ │ 48. Ty Mawr, Holyhead.│Said to have been │_Arch._, vol. xxvi. │ found ina box. │ p. 483. │ │ 49. Heath House, │Amber beads found at │_Arch. Journ._, Wedmore, Somerset.│ same time; possibly │ vol. vi. p. 81. │ palstaves and not │ │ socketed celts. │ │ │ 50. Wymington, Beds. │About sixty celts │Specimens _penes Auct._ │ found. │ │ │ 51. Reepham, Norfolk. │ Found about 1747. │_Arch._, vol. v. p. 114. │ │ 52. Yattendon, Berks. │Swords in fragments, │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, │ tanged chisels and │ 2nd S., vol. vii. │ knives, two socketed│ p. 480. │ _flat_ celt knives, │ │ much worn. │ │ │ 53. Taunton, Somerset.│Flat sickles, looped │_Arch. Journ._, │ pin. │ vol. xxxvii. p. 94. │ │ 54. Beacon Hill, │Leaf-shaped │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, Charnwood Forest, │ spear-heads. │ vol. iv. p. 323. Leicestershire. │ │ │ │ 55. Ebnall, Oswestry, │Two punches? │_Arch. Journ._, Salop. │ │ vol. xxii. p. 167. │ │ 56. Exning, Suffolk. │Mostly perfect? │_Arch. Journ._, │ │ vol. x. p. 3; vol. │ │ ix., p. 303. │ │ 57. Melbourn, Cambs. │Sword broken, a clasp.│_Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. │ │ p. 294. │ │ 58. Stanhope, Durham. │Leaf-shaped spears, │_Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. │ fragmentof sword, │ p. 13. │ broken hammer, &c. │ │ │ 59. Thorndon, Suffolk.│All entire. │_Arch. Journ._, │ Most of these are │ vol. x. p. 3. │ figured on previous │ │ pages. │ │ │ 60. Wallingford, │Entire; mostly here │_Penes Auct._ Berks. │ figured. │ │ │ 61. Whittlesea, │Entire; one celt with │In Wisbech Museum. Cambridgeshire. │ loop on face. │ │ │ 62. Barrington, Cambs.│Perfect. │_Penes Auct._ │ │ 63. Porkington, │Point broken off │_Arch. Journ._, vol. Shropshire. │ sword. │ vii. p. 195. │ │ 64. Trillick, Tyrone. │Perfect; two rings │_Journ. Hist. and Arch. │ with cross │ Assoc. of Irel._, │ perforations for │ 3rd S., vol. i. │ the pin. │ p. 164. │ │ 65. Bo Island, │Sword and hammer │_Penes Auct._ Fermanagh. │ broken. │ │ │ 66. Llangwyllog, │Connected with the │_Arch. Journ._, Anglesea. │ other hoards by the │ vol. xxii. p. 74. │ razor and buttons. │ │ │ 67. Meldreth, Cambs. │Most of the objects │In British Museum. │ broken; │ │ socketedchisel, │ │ flat lunate knife │ │ with opening in │ │ middle, caldron │ │ ring. │ │ │ 68. Hounslow, │One _flat_ celt, swords│_Proc. Soc. Ant._, Middlesex. │ in fragments. │ 2nd S., vol. iii. │ │ p. 90; vol. v. p. 428. │ │ 69. Hundred of Hoo, │Most of the objects │_Arch. Cant._, vol. xi. Kent. │ broken. See p. 95. │ p. 123. │ │ 70. Guilsfield, │Objects for the most │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, Montgomeryshire. │ part broken, │ 2nd S., vol. ii. │ spear-heads with │ p. 251; _Arch. Camb._, │ lunate openings. │ 3rd S., vol. x. │ │ p. 214; _Montg. │ │ Coll._, vol. iii. │ │ p. 437. │ │ 71. Wick Park, │Swords broken, │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, Stogursey, │ numerous fragments │ 2nd S., vol. v. Somerset. │ of other forms. │ p. 427. │ │ 72. Chrishall, Essex. │Portion of socketed │Neville’s “Sep. Exp.,” │ knife. │ p. 3. │ │ 73. Romford, Essex. │Swords broken, │_Arch. Journ._, │ socketed chisel, │ vol. ix. p. 302. │ celts not trimmed. │ │ │ 74. Cumberlow, │Swords in fragments. │_Journ. Anth. Inst._, Baldock, Herts. │ │ vol. vi. p. 195. │ │ 75. Beachy Head, │Fragment of sword, │_Arch._, vol. xvi. Eastbourne, │ four gold bracelets.│ p. 363. Sussex. │ │ │ │ 76. Burgesses’ Meadow,│An ingot 9¾ inches │In Ashmolean Museum. Oxford. │ long. │ │ │ 77. Westow, Yorkshire.│Seventeen fragments │_Arch. Journ._, vol. │ included among the │ vi. p. 381; _Arch. │ celts; one chisel │ Assoc. Journ._, │ socketed, two │ vol. iii. p. 58. │ tanged. │ │ │ 78. Carlton Rode, │One tanged gouge, │Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” Norfolk. │ tanged and socketed │ vol. i. 105; _Arch. │ chisels. │ Journ._, vol. ii. │ │ 80; _Arch. Assoc. │ │ Journ._, vol. i. │ │ p. 51; _Arch._, vol. │ │ xxxi. p. 494. │ │ 79. Kenidjack Cliff, │Large oval jet. │_Journ. Roy. Inst. of Cornwall. │ │ Corn._, No. xxi. │ │ 80. Helsdon Hall, │Found before 1759. │_Arch._, vol. v. p. 116. Norfolk. │ │ │ │ 81. Worthing, Sussex. │Found in an earthern │Specimens _penes Auct._ │ vessel. │ │ │ 82. Reach Fen, Cambs. │Fragments of swords │_Arch. Assoc. Journ._, │ and many broken │ vol. xxxvi., p. 56. │ objects. │ │ │ 83. Haynes Hill, │Objects nearly all │_Arch. Journ._, Saltwood, Kent. │ broken. │ vol. xxx. p. 279; │ │ _Journ. Anth. Inst._, │ │ vol. iii. p. 230. │ │ 84. Allhallows, Hoo, │Objects mostly broken,│_Arch. Cant._, vol. xi. Kent. │ flat knife. See │ p. 124. │ p. 214. │ │ │ 85. St. Hilary, │Swords in fragments; │_Arch._, vol. xv. Cornwall. │ weight altogether │ p. 120. │ about 80 lbs. │ │ │ 86. Longy Common, │Socketed sickle, │_Arch. Assoc. Journ._, Alderney. │ objects mostly │ vol. iii. p. 9. │ broken. │ │ │ 87. Kingston Hill, │Objects all │_Arch. Journ._, Coombe, Surrey. │ fragmentary. │ vol. xxvi. p. 288. │ │ 88. Sittingbourne, │In two urns; broken │Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” Kent. │ sword and rings in │ vol. i. p. 101; _Arch. │ one urn, celts, &c.,│ Journ._, vol. ii. │ in the other. │ p. 81. │ │ 89. Martlesham, │Fragments of swords, │_Penes_ Capt. Brooke. Suffolk. │ socketed knife. │ │ │ 90. Lanant, Cornwall. │Fragments of swords; │_Arch._, vol. xv. │ pieces of │ p. 118. │ │ 91. West Halton, │Fragment of sword. │_Arch. Journ._, Lincolnshire. │ │ vol. x. p. 69. │ │ 92. Burwell Fen, │The ring penannular │_Penes Auct._ Cambs. │ and of triangular │ │ section. │ │ │ 93. Marden, Kent. │Found in an earthen │_Arch. Assoc. Journ._, │ vessel, mostly │ vol. xiv. p. 257. │ broken. │ │ │ 94. Kensington, │Knives broken. │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, Middlesex. │ │ 2nd S., vol. iii. │ │ p. 232. │ │ 95. Roseberry Topping,│Mostly broken. │_Arch. Æliana_, Yorkshire. │ │ vol. ii. p. 213; │ │ _Arch. Scotica_, │ │ vol. v. p. 55. │ │ 96. Danesbury, Welwyn,│Mostly imperfect. │_Arch. Journ._, Herts. │ │ vol. x. p. 248. │ │ 97. Earsley Common, │Nearly 100 celts found│_Arch._, vol. v. p. 114. Yorkshire. │ in 1735. │ │ │ 98. High Roding, │Some figured in │In British Museum. Essex. │ previous pages. │ │ │ 99. Panfield, Essex. │Possibly other forms │_Proc. Soc. Ant._, │ found at same time. │ 2nd S., vol. v. │ │ p. 428. │ │ 100. Westwick Row, │One celt broken. │_Penes Auct._ Hemel Hempsted, │ │ Herts. │ │ │ │ 101. Achtertyre, │With tin. See p. 425. │_Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, Morayshire. │ │ vol. ix. p. 435. │ │ 102. Dowris, │With caldrons, │Wilde, “Catal. Mus. Parsonstown, │ trumpets, bells, &c.│ R. I. A.,” pp. 360, King’s County. │ See p. 361. │ 613, 626; _Proc. R. I. │ │ Ac._, vol. iv. │ │ pp. 237, 423. │ │ 103. Hotham Carr, │Palstaves almost all │_Penes_ Canon Greenwell, Yorkshire. │ damaged. │ F.R.S. │ │ 104. Beddington, │Many fragments, mould │_Surrey Arch. Soc. Surrey. │ broken. │ Coll._, vol. vi.; │ │ Anderson’s “Croydon,” │ │ p. 10. │ │ 105. Isle of Harty, │See p. 441. │_Penes Auct._ Kent. │ │ │ │ 106. Heathery Burn │Socketed knife, large │_Arch. Journ._, Cave, Durham. │ collars and discs. │ vol. xix. p. 358; │ See p. 119, &c. │ _Proc. Soc. Ant._, │ │ 2nd S., vol. ii. │ │ p. 127. │ │ 107. Wickham Park, │Mould broken, other │Anderson’s “Croydon,” p. Croydon, Surrey.│ objects mostly │ 10; British Museum. │ fragmentary; list │ │ partly compiled from│ │ Anderson, and partly│ │ from originals. │ │ │ 108. Wilmington, │In an urn, mostly │_Suss. Arch. Coll._, Sussex. │ broken or worn. │ vol. xiv. p. 171; │ │ _Arch. Journ._, vol. │ │ xx. p. 192; _Proc. │ │ Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., │ │ vol. v. p. 423. │ │ 109. Cleveland, │Said to be in the │_Arch. Journ._, Yorkshire. │ Bateman Collection. │ vol. xviii. p. 166. │ Possibly the same │ │ hoard as No. 95. │ │ │ 110. Eaton, Norfolk. │Spear-heads apparently│_Arch._, vol. xxii. │ broken. │ p. 424; _Arch. │ │ Journ._, vol. vi. │ │ p. 387; _Arch. Inst._, │ │ Norwich vol. p. xxvi.

Turning now to the lists, the following observations may be made, though they must be accepted as liable to revision under the light of future discoveries:—

1. That flat celts and knife-daggers, such as have been frequently found in barrows, rarely occur in hoards, only two instances being recorded of the occurrence of flat celts.

2. That flanged celts and palstaves are occasionally found together, while the latter are frequently associated with socketed celts.

3. That socketed weapons are of rare occurrence in association with flanged celts, though a socketed dagger and a ferrule for a tanged spear-head or dagger were present in the Arreton Down hoard.

4. That such tanged spear-heads or daggers are never found in company with socketed celts.

5. That torques are more frequently associated with palstaves than with socketed celts, and are mainly confined to our western counties.

6. That there are several instances of swords and scabbards, and spear-heads and ferrules being found together without either palstaves or socketed celts being with them.

7. That swords, or their fragments, are not found with flanged celts.

8. That socketed celts are often found with swords and spear-heads, or with the latter alone.

9. That socketed celts are often accompanied by gouges, and somewhat less frequently by hammers and chisels, though even where such tools occur, spear-heads are generally present.

10. That caldrons, or the rings belonging to them, have been discovered with socketed celts, both in England and Ireland.

11. That where metal moulds are found in hoards they are usually those for socketed celts.

12. That where lumps of copper or rough metal occur in hoards, socketed celts are, as a rule, found with them.

* * * * *

The general inferences are much the same as have already been indicated in former chapters, viz., that two of the earliest forms of bronze weapons discovered in the British Isles are the flat and the slightly flanged celts, and the thin knife-daggers. That these are succeeded by the more distinctly flanged celts, and the tanged spear-heads, with which probably some of the thick dagger-blades found in barrows are contemporary. That subsequently the celts with a stop-ridge and the palstave form came in and remained in use to the close of the Bronze Period, though to a great extent supplanted by the socketed celt which, as has already been shown, was probably evolved from one of the forms of the palstave; and it may here be remarked that flanged celts with a stop-ridge seem rarely, if ever, to occur in the hoards. That the socketed chisels, gouges, hammers, and knives are contemporary with the socketed celts, as are also socketed spear-heads and swords. That hoards in which palstaves only, and not socketed celts, are present rarely belonged to ancient bronze-founders; but that the deposits which these artificers have left behind them almost all denote a period when the art of coring, and thereby producing socketed tools and weapons, was already well known.

From this latter circumstance, and the comparative abundance of bronze-founders’ hoards, it may reasonably be inferred that in this country they belong for the most part to the close of the Bronze Period. To how recent a date bronze remained in use for cutting purposes is a question difficult of accurate solution. There are, indeed, two instances in which socketed celts are reported to have been discovered in company with ancient British coins, but in neither case is the evidence altogether satisfactory. Two uninscribed silver coins, of the type of my Plate F, No. 2[1753], are stated to have been found with a human skeleton and a bronze celt at Cann, near Shaftesbury, in 1849; but I believe that this statement would, if it were now capable of being sifted, resolve itself into the fact of the two coins, the celt, and some bones having been found near together by the same workman, without their being actually in association together. The type of the coins, though probably among the earliest in the British silver series, is one which was derived from gold coins struck some considerable time after the introduction of a gold coinage into this country, and probably belongs to the first century B.C. If such coins were in contemporary use with socketed celts, it is strange that none of the gold coins of earlier date have ever been found associated with bronze instruments.

It is true that in the account given in the Archæologia[1754] of the antiquities discovered on Hagbourn Hill, Berks., it is stated that at the bottom of a pit about four feet from the surface of the ground was a further circular excavation, in which, together with bronze bridle-bits and buckles of Late Celtic patterns, were socketed celts, and a spear-head of bronze, and, in addition, some coins. These, however, were not seen by the writer of the account, but he was informed “that one of them was silver and the other gold, the latter of which was rather large and flat, and perhaps one of the lower empire.” Looking at the Late Celtic character of some of the objects it seems possible that Ancient British coins might have been found with them; but, on the other hand, it is evident that the particulars given of the find were all derived from the workmen who dug up the objects, and not from personal observation; and it is possible that not only were the coins described not actually found with the bronze celts and spear-heads, but that these latter were not discovered in actual association with the Late Celtic bridle-bits. I have, however, provisionally accepted the account of their being found together, relying to some extent on the Abergele[1755] hoard, in which some buckles allied in form to those from Hagbourn Hill were present, associated with slides such as have been elsewhere found with socketed celts.

Whatever may be the real state of the case in these discoveries, there is every probability of a transition having gradually taken place in this country, from the employment of bronze for cutting tools and weapons of offence to the use of iron or steel for such instruments; in other words, from a Bronze Age to an Iron Age, such as that to which the term “Late Celtic” has been applied.

That this transition must have been effected, at all events in the South of Britain, prior to the Roman invasion, is shown, as has already been pointed out, by the circumstance that the Early Iron swords found in France belong in all probability to a period not later than the fourth or fifth century B.C., while the southern parts of Britain had, long before Cæsar’s time, been peopled by Belgic immigrants, who either brought the knowledge of iron with them or must have received it after their arrival from their kinsmen on the continent, with whom they were in constant intercourse. In the more northern parts of Britain and in Scotland an acquaintance with iron was probably first made at a somewhat more recent period; but in the Late Celtic interments in Yorkshire no coins are present, and the iron and other objects found exhibit no traces of Roman influence. Moreover, the Roman historians, who have recorded many of the manners and customs of the northern Britons, do not in any way hint at their weapons being formed of bronze.

In Ireland, perhaps, which was less accessible from the continent than Britain, the introduction of iron may have taken place considerably after the time when it was known in the sister country; but there appears to have been a sufficient intercourse between Scotland and the north of Ireland at an early period for the knowledge of so useful a metal, when once gained, to have been quickly communicated from one country to the other.

On the whole I think we may fairly conclude that in the southern parts of Britain iron must have been in use not later than the fourth or fifth century B.C., and that by the second or third century B.C. the employment of bronze for cutting instruments had there practically ceased. These dates are of course approximate only, but will at all events serve to give some idea of the latest date to which bronze weapons and tools found in England may with some degree of safety be assigned.

As to the time at which such weapons and tools were here first in use, we have even less means of judging than we have as to when they fell into desuetude. It is, however, evident that the Bronze Period of the British Isles must have extended over a long period of years, probably embracing many centuries. The numerous bronze-founders’ hoards, containing fragments of tools and weapons of so many various forms, testify to the art of bronze-founding having been practised for a lengthened period; and yet in all of these the socketed celt occurs, or some other socketed instruments, which we know to have been contemporary with it, are present. It is true that the socketed celt was not originally developed in this country, but was introduced from abroad; and, as has already been pointed out, was derived from a form of palstave which is of rare occurrence in Britain. Yet the length of time requisite for the modification of the flat form of celt to that with flanges, of this latter again to that with the flanges produced into wings, and finally the transition into the palstave with the wings hammered over so as to form sockets on each side of the blade, must itself have been of very great duration.[1756] The development of the forms of palstave common to Britain and the opposite shores of the Continent must also have demanded a long lapse of years, and most of the stages in its evolution can be traced in this country. We have the flat celt, the flanged celt, and the flanged celt with a stop-ridge; and we can trace the modification of form from one stage to another until the characteristic palstave is reached, in which the stop-ridge is as it were formed in the actual body of the blade. And it is to be observed that this form of palstave had already been developed at the time represented by the earliest of the ordinary bronze-founders’ hoards, in which, moreover, the flanged celts, either with or without a stop-ridge, are hardly ever present.

The Bronze Age of Britain may, therefore, be regarded as an aggregate of three stages: the first, that characterized by the flat or slightly flanged celts, and the knife-daggers frequently found in barrows associated with instruments and weapons formed of stone; the second, that characterized by the more heavy dagger-blades and the flanged celts and tanged spear-heads or daggers, such as those from Arreton Down; and the third, by palstaves and socketed celts and the many forms of tools and weapons, of which fragments are so constantly present in the hoards of the ancient bronze-founders. It is in this third stage that the bronze sword and the true socketed spear-head first make their advent. The number of these hoards, and the varieties in the forms of these swords and spear-heads, as well as in the socketed celts and other tools, would, I think, justify us in assigning a minimum duration of some four or five centuries to this last stage. The other two stages together must probably have extended over at least an equal lapse of time; so that for the total duration of the Bronze Period in Britain we cannot greatly err in attributing eight or ten centuries. This would place the beginning of the Period some 1,200 or 1,400 years B.C.—a date which in many respects would seem to fit in with what we know as to the use of bronze in the southern parts of Europe.[1757]

Although I have thus attempted to assign a definite chronology to our Bronze Age, I do so with all reserve, as any such attempt is founded upon what are at best imperfect data, and each of the stages I have mentioned may have been of far longer duration than I have suggested, though it is not likely that any of them should have been materially shorter.

There is, it must be acknowledged, the difficulty which I have already mentioned, as to the absence of nearly all traces of the later stages of the Bronze Period in the graves and barrows that have been examined in Britain.[1758] The reason of this absence has still to be discovered; but it may perhaps have been the case that during this time the method or fashion of interring the dead underwent some change, and the practice of placing weapons and ornaments with the bodies of departed friends and relatives fell into disuse. Among the bronze-using occupants of the Yorkshire Wolds, whose burial-places have been explored by Canon Greenwell, the interments by inhumation were much in excess over those which took place after cremation, but in other parts of England the proportions are reversed. Out of fourteen instances[1759] in which bronze articles were associated with an interment, it was only in two that the body had been burnt; or taking the whole number of burials, viz. 301 by inhumation and 78 after cremation, bronze articles were found with 4 per cent. of the burials of the former kind and only 2½ per cent. with those of the latter. This seems to point to a tendency towards departing from the old custom of burying weapons with the dead for use in a future life. And, indeed, if the custom of burning the dead became general, the inducement to place such objects among mere dust and ashes would be but small. An urn or a small recess in the ground would suffice to contain the mightiest warrior, and his weapons would be out of place beside the little calcined heap which was left by the purifying fire. Even the practice of raising mounds or barrows over the interments may have ceased, and “when the funeral pyre was out and the last valediction over, men took a lasting adieu of their interred friends.”

It has been suggested that the absence of the later bronze forms with interments is due to a superstitious reverence for the older forms, so that the habit of burying the flat wedge-shaped axe[1760] and the dagger with the dead continued down to the later Age of Bronze; but I cannot accept this view.

In Scandinavia[1761] interments with which bronze swords and other weapons are associated, have frequently been discovered; and in some instances in which coffins, hollowed out in trunks of trees, have been used, even the clothing has been preserved. In this country also coffins of the same kind have occasionally been discovered, but the bronze objects which have been placed in them are of the same character as those which are found in the barrows of the district, and never comprise socketed weapons or swords. Stone weapons are also occasionally present. Remains of clothing made of skins and of woven woollen fabric have also been found. The best-known instance of the discovery of the latter was in a barrow at Scale House,[1762] near Rylston, Yorkshire, examined by Canon Greenwell, who has recorded other instances of these tree-burials. Neither bronze nor stone were in this instance present.

It is not, however, my intention to dilate upon the burial customs of our Bronze Age, as they have already been so fully discussed by Canon Greenwell, Dr. Thurnam, Sir John Lubbock, and others.

It will now be desirable to say something as to the sources from which the use of bronze in this country was derived, though on this subject also much has already been written.

The four principal views held by different authors have thus been summarized by Colonel A. Lane Fox, now General Pitt Rivers:—[1763]

1. That bronze was spread from a common centre by an intruding and conquering race, or by the migration of tribes.

2. That the inhabitants of each separate region in which bronze is known to have been used discovered the art independently, and made their own implements of it.

3. That the art was discovered and the implements fabricated on one spot, and the implements disseminated from that place by means of commerce.

4. That the art of making bronze was diffused from a common centre, but that the implements were constructed in the countries in which they were found.

For a full discussion of these hypotheses I must refer the reader to General Pitt Rivers’ Paper, but I shall here make use of some of the information which he has collected, premising that in my opinion there is a certain amount of truth embodied in each of these opinions.

The first view, of an intruding and conquering race having introduced the use of bronze into their country, has been held by most of the Scandinavian antiquaries, and Professor Boyd Dawkins seems to regard a Celtic invasion and conquest of the Iberic peoples in Britain as having been the means by which the knowledge of bronze was extended from Gaul to these islands. The osteological evidence in favour of the bronze-using Britons having as a rule been of a different race from the stone-using people of our Neolithic times is strongly corroborative of such a view; as is also the change which is to be noted in the burial customs of the two periods. Such an immigration or conquest must, however, have taken place at a very early period if we accept Sir John Lubbock’s[1764] view, that between B.C. 1500 and B.C. 1200 the Phœnicians were already acquainted with the mineral fields of Britain, a period at which it must not be forgotten the use of bronze had long been known in Egypt. Although it is true that at present we have no satisfactory proof of any Phœnician influence on the people of our Bronze Age, yet if at so early a period there was an export of tin from this country, the search for that metal and the means employed for its production would almost of necessity tend to an acquaintance with copper also, even supposing, what is improbable, that those who traded for tin in order to manufacture bronze with it kept the knowledge of this latter alloy from those with whom they had commercial relations, or that the natives of Britain were not already acquainted with more metals than tin when the trade first began. But to this subject I shall recur. It may be observed by the way that the date assigned for this Phœnician intercourse corresponds in a remarkable manner with the date assigned for the earliest instances of the use of bronze in Britain, which was suggested on other grounds.

The second view of the independent discovery of bronze in different regions has little or nothing to support it so far as the different countries of Europe are concerned, though there is a possibility that the discovery of copper and of the method of alloying it with tin, so as to produce bronze, may have been made independently in America. But it may even there be the case that the knowledge of bronze was imported from Asia.[1765] In Europe, however, when once the use of the metal was known, there were certain types of weapons and implements developed in different countries which in a certain sense may be regarded as instances of independent discoveries.

The third view, that the art was discovered at some single spot at which subsequently implements were manufactured and disseminated by commerce must, at least to a limited extent, be true. Wherever the discovery of bronze may have been made, there is ample evidence of its use having spread over the greater part of Europe if not of Asia; and at first the spread of bronze weapons and tools was in all probability by commerce. Even subsequently there were local centres, such as Etruria, from which the manufactured products were exported into neighbouring countries, as well as to those lying to the north of the Alps. Some even of the bronze vases found in Ireland, though themselves not of Etruscan manufacture, bear marks of Etruscan influences in their form and character. In each country in Europe there may have been one or more localities in which the manufacture of bronze objects was principally carried on, though it may now be impossible to identify the spots. Such large hoards of unfinished castings as those of Plénée Jugon, and other places in Brittany, prove that district, for instance, to have been at one time a kind of manufacturing centre. Indeed, a socketed celt of Breton type, unused, and still retaining the burnt clay core, has been found on our southern coast.

The process of casting, as practised by the ancient bronze-founders, was, moreover, one requiring a great amount of skill; and though there appear to have been wandering founders, who, like the bell-founders of mediæval times, could practise their art at any spot where their services were required, yet there were probably fixed foundries also, where the process of manufacture could be more economically carried on, and where successive generations passed through some sort of apprenticeship to learn the art and mystery of the trade.

The fourth opinion, that the use of bronze spread from some single centre, though implements were manufactured in greater or less abundance in each country where the use of bronze prevailed, is one that must commend itself to all archæologists. It does not, of course, follow that in any given district the bronze tools and weapons were all of home manufacture, and none of them imported. There is, on the contrary, evidence to be found in most countries that some, at least, of the bronze instruments found there are of foreign manufacture, and introduced either by commerce or by the foreign travel of individuals.

Where the original centre was placed, from which the European use of bronze was propagated, is an enigma still under discussion, and one which will not readily be solved. Appearances at present seem to point to its having been situate in Western Asia;[1766] but the whole question of the origin and development of the Bronze civilisation has been so recently discussed by my friend Professor Boyd Dawkins, in his “Early Man in Britain,” that it appears needless here to repeat the opinions of which he has given so good an abstract. Suffice it to say, that it has been proposed to regard the bronze antiquities of Europe as belonging generally to three provinces,[1767] the boundaries of which, however, cannot be very accurately defined. These provinces are—the Uralian, comprising Russia, Siberia, and Finland; the Danubian, which consists of the Hungarian, Scandinavian, and Britannic sub-divisions or regions; and the Mediterranean, composed of the Italo-Greek and Franco-Swiss sub-divisions.

I must confess that I do not attach such high importance to this classification as at first sight it would seem to merit; for on a close examination it appears to me to involve several serious incongruities. Take, for instance, the Danubian province, and it will be found that the differences in type of bronze instruments belonging to the Hungarian region, when compared with those of the British, are on the whole greater than the difference presented when they are compared with the types of the Italian region, which, however, is made to belong to another province. There is, moreover, a difficulty in synchronizing the antiquities belonging to different provinces or regions, so as to be sure that any comparisons between them are of real value. Taking, for example, the Uralian province, it will at once be seen that though in Finland some Scandinavian types occur, such as swords and palstaves, yet the great majority of the bronze antiquities belonging to it, so far as at present known, consist of socketed celts, often with two loops; of daggers, with their hafts cast in one piece with the blade; and of perforated axes, sometimes with the representations of the heads of animals; in fact, of objects which evidently belong to a very late stage in the evolution of bronze, and which, as Mr. Worsaae has pointed out, not improbably show traces of Chinese influence. Such objects can hardly be satisfactorily compared with those of a province in which the whole development of bronze instruments, from the flat celt and small knife, to the socketed celt and the skilfully cast spear-head and sword, can be traced.

All things considered, I think it will be better and safer to content ourselves for the present with less extensive provinces; and, so far as these are concerned, the sub-divisions already enumerated may be accepted, and are quite sufficiently large, if, indeed, they are not too extensive. In the Britannic province, a part of France is included by M. Chantre, and there are certainly close analogies between many of the types of the south of England and those of the north and north-west of France. For the purpose of the present work, though accepting M. Chantre’s boundary in the main, I shall, however, restrict the Britannic province to the British Isles.

On a general examination of our British types it is satisfactory to see how complete a series of links in the chain of development of the bronze industry is here to be found, though many of them bear undoubted marks of foreign influence, and prove that though some of the types were of native growth, yet that others were originally imported. On general grounds, I have assigned an antiquity of 1,200 or 1,400 years B.C. to the introduction of the use of bronze into this country, but it is a question whether this antiquity will meet all the necessities of the case; for we can hardly imagine the Phœnicians, or those who traded with them, landing in Britain and spontaneously discovering tin. On the contrary, it must have been from a knowledge that the inhabitants of Britain were already producers of this valuable metal that the commerce with them originated; and the probable reason that tin was sought for by the native Britons was in order to mix it with copper, a metal which occurs native in the same district as the tin. If, therefore, the Phœnician intercourse, direct or indirect, commenced about 1500 B.C., the knowledge of the use of tin, and probably also of copper, dates back in Britain to a still earlier epoch.

A comparison of the various British types of tools and weapons with those of Continental countries has been frequently instituted in the preceding pages, but it will be well here to recapitulate some of the principal facts. We have in Britain the flat form of celt in some abundance, though none of the specimens exhibit traces of being direct imitations of hatchets formed of stone, as would probably have been the case in any country where the use of metal for such instruments originated. And yet many of our British flat celts exhibit a certain degree of originality, inasmuch as they are decorated with hammer- or punch-marks in a manner peculiar to this country, and others in a fashion but rarely seen abroad. We can trace the development of the flanged celt from the flat variety, through specimens with almost imperceptible flanges, the result merely of hammering the sides, to those with the flanges produced in the casting. At the same time, the flanges are never so fully developed as in some of the French examples.

The development of a stop-ridge between the flanges, which eventually culminated in the ordinary palstave form, can probably be better observed in the British series than in that of any other country. At the same time, the origin of the other form of palstave—that without a definite stop-ridge, and with semicircular wings bent over so as to form a kind of side-pocket—can best be traced on the Continent, and especially in the south of France. It was from this form of palstave that the socketed celt was developed, and although this development seems to have taken place abroad, possibly in Western Germany, the form was introduced into Britain at an early period of its existence, as is proved by the semicircular projections and curved “flanches” so common on the faces of the socketed celts of this country.

Our knife-daggers may originally have been of foreign introduction, but evidently belong to a time when metal was scarce, and like the flat and slightly-flanged celts have often been found associated with stone implements. The dagger-blades of stouter make, which seem to have succeeded them, show analogies with French, Italian, and German examples; but similar blades, with a tang such as those from the Arreton Down hoard, seem to be almost peculiar to Britain. The fact, however, that the socketed blade found with them has its analogues both in Switzerland and Egypt suggests the probability of the tanged form being also of foreign, and possibly Mediterranean origin; indeed, a specimen is reported to have been found in Italy.

Our halberd blades with the three rivets are nearly allied to those of northern Germany; and the type appears never to be found in France, though I have met with a solitary example in Southern Spain, and the form is not unknown in Italy, there being one from the province of Mantua in the British Museum. Socketed chisels, hammers, and gouges were probably derived from a foreign source; but tanged chisels, though not absolutely wanting in the North of France, are more abundant in the British Isles than elsewhere. Long narrow chisels with tangs were, however, present in the great Bologna hoard.

Bronze socketed sickles are almost peculiar to the British Isles, though they have occasionally been found in the North of France. The flat form, from which they must have been developed, is of rare occurrence, though not unknown in Britain. Its origin is to be sought in the South of Europe, though the British examples more closely resemble German and Danish forms than those of any other country. Tanged single-edged knives are almost unknown in our islands, though so abundant in the Swiss Lake-dwellings and in the South of France. Double-edged knives with a socket are, however, almost peculiar to Britain and Ireland, though they are found in small numbers in the North of France. The tanged razor may also be regarded as one of our specialities, though not unknown in Italy. Most of the foreign varieties have a ring for suspension at the end of the tang, a peculiarity almost unknown in Britain.

Bronze swords, no doubt, originated on the Continent; and as such long thin blades required great skill in casting, it seems probable that their manufacture was to some extent localized at particular spots, and that they formed an important article of commerce. The same type has been discovered in countries wide apart, and many of those found in Scandinavia are now regarded as being of foreign origin. Still there are some British types which are rarely or never found abroad, and the discovery of moulds proves conclusively that both leaf-shaped and rapier-shaped blades were cast in these islands. The latter kind of blades are, indeed, almost exclusively confined to Britain and the north of France. Bronze scabbard-ends, as distinct from mere chapes, seem also to be confined to the same tract of country.

When we turn to the spear-heads of these islands we find that though the leaf-shaped form prevails over the greater part of Europe, yet that those with loops at the side of the socket and with loops at the base of the blade are common in the British Isles, while they are extremely rare in France, and almost unknown elsewhere. The same may be said of the type with the small eyelet-holes in the blade, and of those with barbs. Those with crescent-shaped openings in the blades are also almost unknown elsewhere, though one example has been found in Russia. Our bronze shields with numerous concentric rings are also specially British.

Among ornaments formed of bronze, there are few, if any, that we can claim as our own. Our torques seem more nearly connected with those of the Rhine district than of any other part of Europe. Our bracelets, which are not common, hardly present any special peculiarities, and brooches we have none.

Our spheroidal caldrons seem to be of native type, but with them are vases which almost undoubtedly show an Etruscan influence in their origin.

We have here then, I think, sufficient proof that Britain, though not unaffected by foreign influences, and in fact deriving many of the types of its tools and weapons from foreign sources, was, nevertheless, a local centre in which the Bronze civilisation received a special and high development; and where, had extraneous influences been entirely absent after the time when the knowledge of Bronze was first introduced, the evolution of forms would probably have differed in but few particulars from that which is now exhibited by the prevailing types found in this country.

If we compare these British types with those of the other regions which together make up the so-called Danubian province, we shall at once be struck, not by the analogies presented, but by the marked difference in the general _facies_.

Taking Scandinavia to begin with, and Mr. Worsaae’s types as giving the characteristics of that region, what do we find? The perforated axe-hammers and axes of bronze are here entirely wanting; the tanged swords and the majority of those with decorated hilts are also unknown. There is hardly a type of dagger common to this country and Scandinavia. The saws, knives, and razors are of quite another character, but there is a resemblance in the sickles to a rare British type. The flat and flanged celts of the two regions are of nearly the same kind, and in one rare instance there is a similar decoration on a reputedly Danish and on an Irish celt. The palstaves, however, are of an entirely different character, with the exception of the form with semicircular wings, which is not essentially British. The socketed celts are nearly all unlike those of this country; and though the leaf-shaped spear-heads present close analogies, the looped and eyed kinds are absent. The shields are of a different character from ours. The _tutuli_ and diadems are here unknown. There is but one form of torque common to this country and Denmark. Brooches, combs, and small hanging vases are never met with in Britain; and the spiral, whether formed of wire or engraved as an ornament, is conspicuous by its absence.

If we take the Hungarian region, we are driven to much the same conclusions. The perforated axes and pick-axes, principally formed of copper, the semicircular sickles, the spiral ornaments, the swords with engraved hilts of bronze, and several forms of minor importance are absent in Britain, while the socketed celts and the majority of the palstaves are of markedly different types, though that with the semicircular wings hammered over is of common occurrence in Hungary.

In Northern Germany the types of bronze may be regarded as intermediate between those of Hungary and Scandinavia, though in some few respects presenting closer analogies with those of Britain, with which, as will subsequently be seen, there may have been some commercial intercourse. The connection between British and German types is, however, but small, and on the whole I think that the evidence here brought forward is sufficient to prove that the British Isles can hardly be properly classified as forming part of any Danubian province of bronze.

The connection between France and Britain during the Bronze Period cannot be denied, and in many respects there is an identity of character between the bronze antiquities of the North of France and those of the South of England. The North of France cannot, however, at any time since the first discovery of bronze, have been absolutely shut out from all communication with the South and East. The East must always have been affected by the habits of those who occupied what is now Western Germany; and the South can hardly have been exempt from the influence of Italy, if not, indeed, of other Mediterranean countries. I am inclined to think that these external influences acted also on the bronze industry of Britain, not so much directly as indirectly, and that some of the types in this country may be traced to an Italian or German origin as readily as to a French.

It is, I think, a fact that as close a resemblance in type, so far as regards our earliest bronze instruments, may be found among Italian examples as among French. Many of the slightly flanged celts of Italy can hardly be distinguished from those of Britain, except by the faces of the latter being more frequently decorated; and there is also a great similarity between the dagger-blades of the two countries. In the later forms, such as palstaves and socketed celts, the difference between British and Italian examples is sufficiently striking. May it not be the case that at the time when first the commerce between Britain and the Mediterranean countries originated, always assuming that such a commerce took place, the flanged celt was the most advanced type of hatchet known by those who came hither to trade, and the palstave and socketed form were subsequently developed? At a later period it was the German influence that was felt in Britain, rather than the Italian, for our socketed celts appear, as already stated, to have had the cradle of their family in Western Germany; and the few flat sickles that have been found in Britain, as well as the more numerous torques, show a closer connection in type with those of Germany than with those of France or any other country. Whether this introduction of what appear to be North German types can in any way be attributed to commercial relations between the two countries, and especially to a trade in amber, is worth consideration. The abundance of amber ornaments in some of the graves of our Bronze Period shows how much that substance was in use. At the same time, the eastern shores of England might have furnished it in sufficient quantity to supply the demand, without having recourse to foreign sources. I have known amber thrown up on the beach so far south as Deal.

A curious feature in the comparison of the later bronze antiquities of Britain and those of France, is the marked absence of many of the forms which abound in the remains of the Lake-dwellings of Savoy, as well as in those of Switzerland. A glance through “Rabut’s Album”[1768] or “Keller’s Lake-dwellings,” will at once show how few of the specimens there figured could pass as having been discovered in the British Isles. The large proportion of ornaments to tools and weapons is also striking. There is, indeed, as M. Chantre has pointed out, a closer connection between the bronze antiquities of the South of France and those of Switzerland and Northern Italy, than with those of Northern France.

Even the character of the ornaments is in many cases essentially different. The hollowed form of bronze bracelet, made from a thin plate bent in such a manner as to show a semicircular section, is entirely wanting in Britain, and is very rarely found in the North of France.

Enough has, however, now been said in favour of regarding Britain as one of those centres into which a knowledge of the use of bronze was introduced at a comparatively early date, and where a special development of the bronze industry arose, extending over a lengthened period, and modified from time to time by foreign influences. On the transition from bronze to iron, it is not necessary here further to enlarge. I have, in treating of the different forms of tools and weapons, pointed out those which I considered to belong to the close of the Bronze Period; and it is probable that these forms for some time continued in use, side by side with those made of the more serviceable metal, iron, which ultimately drove bronze from the field, except for ornamental purposes or for those uses for which a fusible metal was best adapted. It seems probable that, as was the case in Mediterranean countries, some of the socketed weapons, such as spear-heads, which were more easily cast than forged, may for some time have been made of bronze in preference to iron; but at present our knowledge of any transitional period is slight, and this question would be best treated of in a work on the Late Celtic or Early Iron Period of Britain.

Among the ornaments in use in this country during the Bronze Period, are some, the history of which, if it could be traced, might throw light upon the foreign intercourse of that time, for glass and ivory were probably not of native production.[1769] Glass beads have occasionally been found in barrows of the Bronze Age, nearly always in our southern counties, and with burnt interments. They are usually small tubes of opaque glass of a light blue or green colour, with the outer surface divided into rounded segments, so as to give the appearance of a number of spheroidal beads side by side. I am not aware of any having been discovered with interments of the Bronze Age on the Continent, but it seems probable that such beads have been found, and they may eventually assist in marking out the lines of ancient commerce with this country. A few larger beads, with spiral serpent-like ornaments upon them, have likewise been found; but these, also, I am unable to compare with any Continental examples. The finding of glass, however, in tombs belonging to the early portion of our Bronze Age is suggestive of some method of intercourse, direct or indirect, with Mediterranean countries. The small quoit-like pendants, formed of a greenish vitrified material, which have been found in Sussex[1770] with burnt interments of the Bronze Age, closely resemble Egyptian porcelain, and their presence in this country corroborates this suggestion.

The discovery of beads made in sets like those of glass, of a bracelet, buttons, pins, and hooks, all, in Dr. Thurnam’s opinion, formed of ivory, gives indications in the same direction; for though billiard balls have been manufactured from Scottish mammoth ivory of the Pleistocene Period, the fossil tusks found in Britain are, as a rule, too much decomposed to be any longer of service, and in this respect differ materially from the fossil mammoth tusks of Siberia, which still furnish so much of our table cutlery with handles.

For the jet and amber ornaments of the Bronze Period we have not, of necessity, to go so far afield as for glass. Abundance of jet is to be obtained in our own country, and the usual type of jet necklace,[1771] with a series of flat plates, seems to be essentially British. Some of the amber plates found at Hallstatt are, however, of the same form, and perforated in the same manner, so that possibly these jet necklaces may have been made in imitation of foreign prototypes in amber. How far the amber ornaments of the Bronze Period in Britain were of native production we have no good means of judging; but the circumstance just mentioned is suggestive of Hallstatt and Britain having been supplied from a common source, which may have been on the shores of the Baltic. On the other hand, our amber ornaments differ, as a rule, from those of Scandinavia, and, as already remarked, our eastern coast would furnish an ample supply of the raw material without seeking it abroad. It must, however, be remembered that some of the forms of our bronze instruments show traces of German influence, and that in Strabo’s time both amber and ivory were among the articles exported from Celtic Gaul to Britain. The remarkable amber cup from the Hove barrow, near Brighton, I have described elsewhere.[1772]

It remains for me to say a few words as to the general condition of the inhabitants of Britain during the Bronze Age; but on this subject, apart from the light thrown upon it by the tools, weapons, and ornaments which I have been describing, and by the contents of the graves of the period, we have in this country but little to guide us. Such a complete insight into the material civilisation of the period as that afforded by the Lake-dwellings of Switzerland, Savoy, and Northern Italy is nowhere vouchsafed to us in Britain. The Irish crannoges, which, in many respects, present close analogies with the pile-buildings, have remained in use until mediæval times, and in no instance has the destruction of a settlement by fire contributed to preserve for the instruction of future ages the household goods of the population. The nearest approach to a Lake-dwelling in England is that examined in Barton Mere,[1773] Suffolk, where, however, the results were comparatively meagre. A single spear-head was found, apparently of the type of Fig. 406, and the remains of various animals used for food, including the urus and the hare, which latter in Cæsar’s time the Britons did not eat.

The information to be gained from the burial customs and the contents of the graves has already been gathered by the late Dr. Thurnam and by Canon Greenwell, as well as by other antiquaries, and I cannot do better than refer to the forty-third volume of the “Archæologia,” and to “British Barrows.”[1774] I may, however, shortly depict some of the principal features of the external conditions of the bronze-using population of these islands, taken as a whole, for no doubt the customs and condition of the people were by no means uniform throughout the whole extent of the country at any given moment of time.

As to their dwellings, we seem to have no positive information, but they probably were of much the same character as those of the Swiss Lake population, except that for the most part they were placed upon the dry land, and not on platforms above the water. Their clothing was sometimes of skins, sometimes of woollen cloth, and probably of linen also, as they were acquainted with the arts of spinning and weaving. Of domesticated animals they possessed the dog, ox, sheep, goat, pig, and finally the horse. They hunted the red deer, the roe, the wild boar, the hare, and possibly some other animals. For the chase and for warfare their arrows were tipped with flint, and not with bronze: and some other stone instruments, such as scrapers, remained in use until the end of the period. At the beginning, as has already often been stated, the axe, the knife-dagger, and the awl were the only articles of bronze in use. For obtaining fire, a nodule of pyrites and a flake of flint sufficed. Some cereals were cultivated, as is shown by the bronze sickles. Pottery they had of various forms, some apparently made expressly for sepulchral purposes; but they were unacquainted with the potter’s wheel. Some vessels of amber and shale, turned in the lathe, may have been imported from abroad. Ornaments were worn in less profusion than in Switzerland; but the torque for the neck, the bracelet, the ear-ring, the pin for the dress and for the hair, were all in use, though brooches were unknown. Necklaces, or gorgets, formed of amber, jet, and bone beads were not uncommon; and the ornaments of glass and ivory, such as those lately mentioned, were probably obtained by foreign commerce. Gold, also, was often used for decorating the person, though coins, and apparently even the metal silver, were unknown. They appear to have been accomplished workers and carvers of wood and horn, and there were among them artificers who inlaid wood and amber with minute gold pins almost or quite as skilfully as the French workmen of the last century, who wrought on tortoise-shell. In casting and hammering out bronze they attained consummate skill, and their spear-heads and wrought shields could not be surpassed at the present day. The general equipment of the warrior in the shape of swords, daggers, halberds, spears, &c., and the tools of the workman, such as hatchets, chisels, gouges, hammers, &c., have, however, all been dealt with at large in previous pages. They contrast with the arms and instruments of the preceding Neolithic Age more by their greater degree of perfection than by their absolute number and variety. The material progress from one stage of civilisation to the other was no doubt great, but the interval between the two does not approach that which exists between Palæolithic man of the old River-drifts and Neolithic man of the present configuration of the surface of Western Europe.

So far as the general interest attaching to the Bronze Period is concerned, it may readily be conceded that it falls short of that with which either of the two stages of the Stone Period which preceded it must be regarded. The existence of numerous tribes of men who are, or were until lately, in the same stage of culture as the occupants of Europe during the Neolithic Age, affords various points of comparison between ancient and modern savages which are of the highest interest, while there exists at the present day not a single community in which the phases of the Bronze culture can be observed. The Palæolithic Age has, moreover, a charm of mysterious eld attaching to it as connected with the antiquity of the human race which is peculiarly its own.

The Bronze Age, nevertheless, from its close propinquity to the period of written history, is of the highest importance to those who would trace back the course of human progress to its earliest phases; and though in this country many of the minute details of the picture cannot be filled in, yet, taken as a whole, the broad lines of the development of this stage of civilisation may be as well traced in Britain as in any other country. It has been a pleasure to me to gather the information on which this work is based; and I close these pages with the consolatory thought that, dry as may be their contents, they may prove of some value as a hoard of collected facts for other seekers after truth.

FINIS.

GENERAL INDEX.

Achilles, shield of, 12; spear of, 18, 242

Addua, Gauls defeated on the, 374

_Æs importatum_, 414, 419; _signatum_, 422

Æschylus quoted, 11

Æsculapius, temple of, 18

Æstii, the, iron scarce among, 19

Æthiopians, bronze rare among, 17

African axe of iron, 149; ironworkers, 181; swords, 306; trumpet, 359

Agamemnon, breast-plate of, 12

Agatharchides quoted, 8

Akerman, J. Y., F.S.A., cited, 391, 399

Alban necropolis, 341

Alcinous, walls of palace of, bronze-plated, 11

Algonquins, fusing of copper among the, 3

Alloys, various, of copper and tin, 22, 178, 265, 352, 415, 476

Amber, beads, 135, 189, 244, 366, 394, 487; buttons or studs, 217; cup with interment, 243, 486; hilts or pommels, 228, 229; ornaments, 373, 483, 485, 487; trade in, 483, 486

American tomahawks, 162

Amulets, celts used as, 134

Analysis of metal of caldron, 412; celts, 417, 421; Indian celts, 40; chisels, Mexican and Peruvian, 166; shield, 346; solder, 425; trumpets, 360, 363; various bronzes, 415 to 422

Anderson, Mr. Joseph, quoted, 239, 290

Anvils, 180 to 183, 375, 451

Ariantes, Scythian king, 318

Armillæ and Armlets. _See_ Bracelets

Arreton Down type of spear-head, 257, 480

Arrow-heads, 216, 318, 323; flint, 39, 42, 167, 190, 223, 226, 236, 318, 391, 487

Arundelian marbles, 14

Aryan name for copper, 10

Asiatic origin of bronze, 2, 276, 420, 477

Assyrians, early use of iron among, 9; wore penannular bracelets, 383

Asteropæus, breast-plate of, 13

Ausonius quoted, 29

Awls, 188 to 191; double-pointed, 190; tanged, 189, 190; handled, 191; with interments, 189, 190, 191, 225, 241, 319, 392, 457

Axes, 14, 41, 147 to 156, 161, 162; African modern iron, 149; ceremonial, 450; Egyptian, 147; Hungarian, 147, 161, 482; clay mould for, 428; of copper, 265; perforated, 161, 478, 482; stone, 190, 226

Axe-hammers, of stone, 217, 224, 225, 243

Axe-shaped socketed celts, 142

Aymara Indians, 148

Aymard, M., collection, 215

Aztec chisel, 166

Banks, Sir J., quoted, 34, 155

Banks, Rev. S., collection, 78, 133

Barnwell, Rev. E. L., quoted, 55, 77

Barthélemy, Abbé, quoted, 20

Bateman collection, _see_ Museums, Sheffield; Mr., quoted, 42, 44, 151, 190, 225, 227, 228, 383, 390, 392, 393, 402, 409

Battle-axe of Menelaus, 14. _See_ Axes

Bayonet-like blades, 255, 256

Beads, 393; agate, 383; amber, 135, 189, 244, 366, 487; bone, 487; bronze, 381, 393; dentalium shells, 394; fluted, 381; glass, 134, 366, 394, 485; gold, 391, 394; ivory, 485; jet, 118, 158, 366, 394, 487; joints of encrinite, 394; penannular, 285, 391; pottery, 366; pulley-shaped, 381; tin, 394; with leaf-shaped projections, 381; with spiral ornaments, 394, 485

Beck, Rev. James, F.S.A., collection, 60, 84, 87

Beck, Dr. L., quoted, 15

Beger quoted, 28, 29

Bell or rattle of bronze, 364

Bell collection in the Ant. Mus., Edinburgh, 105

Bell-metal, 416

Bells to ear-rings, 393

=ⲂⲈⲚⲒⲠⲈ=, its meaning, 7

Bertrand, M. Alexandre, quoted, 300, 413

Birch, Dr. S., F.S.A., quoted, 9, 147, 374

Birds on rod, 406

Blackett, Sir Edward, collection, 351

Blackmore Museum. _See_ Museums, Salisbury

Blades, bayonet-like, 255, 256; curved, 264; difficulty of determining character of, 258, 260; lance-shaped, perforated, 213; of dissimilar character, in the same interment, 241; tanged, 211, 244

Blaeuw’s Atlas, 362

Bloxam, Mr. M. H., F.S.A., collection, 75, 179

Boars found at Hounslow, 406

Bodkin obsolete as weapon, 369

Bone, instruments of, 189, 285, 366; of Horus, 8; of Typhon, 6, 8; plates for sword-hilt, 296; pommels for dagger-hilts, 228; rings, 51

Borlase, Dr., quoted, 30, 32, 439

Bourgeois, the Abbé, 160

Bouterolle. _See_ Chapes

Boynton, Mr. T., collection, 327

Bracelets, 381-388, 90, 96, 135, 136, 155, 198, 333, 377; American, 383; Assyrian, 383; beaded, 385; circular, 384; gold, 94, 180, 209, 283, 285; jet, 385; Late Celtic, 385 to 388; looped, 76, 368, 378, 384, 386, 387; penannular, 381, 382; Scottish, 388, 400; with interments, 135, 385, 387

Bracer of chlorite slate, 223

Brackenridge, Rev. G. W., collection, 67

Brackstone, Mr., collection, 93, 131, 132

Braybrooke, Lord, collection, 211, 398, 403, 440

Brent, Mr. John, F.S.A., 88, 114

Bridle-bits, 144, 322, 368, 404, 405, 470

Bristles, possible early use of, 191

Britain, condition of its inhabitants in the Bronze Age, 486

Britannic province of bronze antiquities, 478

British types of instruments mostly indigenous, 24, 481

Britons, ancient, merely cut off the ears of corn, 202; used iron before the Roman invasion, 19, 276, 354, 471, 472; used no helmets in time of Severus, 355

Brixen, ancient inhabitants of, came from Etruria, 355

“Broad arrow” ornament on ring, 158

Bronze, analysis of, 22, 178, 265, 415 to 422; Asiatic origin of, 2, 276, 420, 477; bronze burning on to, 280, 293, 425; cakes of, 423; early value of, 17, 177, 204; brittle when heated, 185, 409; hardening of, 11, 12, 178, 415; lumps of, _see_ Metal; moulding of, 427 to 470; survival of use of, 18, 22

Bronze-founders’ hoards, 24, 55, 94, 110, 113, 185, 361, 422, 423, 440 (_see_ Hoards); classification of, 457, 459; lists of principal, 460 to 468

Bronze Period, antiquities of, divided into provinces, 477; chronology of, 455, 456, 472, 473; condition of the inhabitants of Britain during the, 487; succession of, to Stone Period, 9, 40; succession of iron to, 16, 33, 274, 299, 300, 471

Brooches, 135; Late Celtic, 400; penannular, 304

Brooke, Capt., collection, 113, 206

Buckles, Late Celtic, 144, 368, 470; penannular, 400

Bucklers, 303; date of, 353; not found with interments, 354; Spanish, 354

“Bullæ,” 394

Burnishers, 22

Buttons, 400, 401; annular, 290; bone or ivory, 394; gold, 394; jet, 41, 225, 236; polished shale, 230; sandstone, 41

Cable-pattern, 48, 54, 140

Cæsar, Julius, quoted, 19, 354, 414; time of, 19, 276, 354, 399, 419, 486

Caldrons, 409 to 413; spheroidal, 481

Camden’s “Britannia” quoted, 31, 361

Canoe, rapier-blade found in, 250

Caprington horn, the, 362

Carelli quoted, 283

Carians armed with bronze, 8

_Carnyx_ on British coins, 363

Carter, Mr. James, collection, 80

Cassiterides identified with Britain, 419

Casting from hafted celt, 154; from worn instruments, 117, 121, 442, 449

Castings, defective, 81, 114, 428, 448; unfinished, 84, 90, 115, 175, 328

Catti, the, used iron, 19

Caylus, Count de, quoted, 20, 104

Cazalis de Fondouce, M., 223

“Celestial iron,” 7

Celts, as amulets, 134; analysis of, 40, 417, 421; casting, method of, 111, 443; casting from ready mounted, 154; casting from worn specimens, 117, 121, 442, 449; classification of, 38; conjectures as to, 31 to 37; copper, 2, 39, 40, 43, 61, 145; decoration of, 44 to 49, 52 to 54, 60 to 63, 102; derivation of name, 27 to 29; flint, 189, 190; gold (?), 135; gradation of types of, 35, 70, 76, 77, 95, 99, 108, 153, 456, 469, 479; hafting of, 70, 146 to 164; moulds for, 136, 143, 428, 429, 430, 442 to 450; “recipient” and “received,” 32, 107, 456; restored at edge by hammering, 83, 112, 446, 454; shortened by wear, 83, 87, 112; stone, 40, 150; superstitious reverence for, 39; supposed identity with German _framea_, 151; tanged, included under chisels, 38; tinned appearance of, 55, 56; votive, 69, 135, 417; with interments, 41, 42, 44, 47, 51, 134, 145, 150, 352

Celts, countries where found.— Austria, 69, 131, 144, 157; Belgium, 116; Cambodia, 142; China, 142; Cyprus, 40; Denmark, 40, 52, 54, 60, 69, 95, 134, 159, 163; Egypt, 142, 147; Etruria, 39, 132, 156; France, 43, 52, 54, 55, 77, 109, 110, 115, 119, 121, 122, 129, 131, 142, 144, 152; Gaul, 115, 116; Brittany, 117, 124, 419, 445, 477; Savoy Lake-dwellings, 131; Germany, 43, 52, 77, 109, 112, 116, 133, 142, 144; Greece, 69, 160; Holland, 77, 109, 133, 152; Hungary, 40, 43, 110; India, 2, 40; Italy, 104, 132, 142, 143, 155, 157, 160; Java, 142; Jutland, 30; Mexico, 43; Portugal, 143; Russia, 143; Siberia, 131, 143; Spain, 43; Sweden, 52, 129, 143

Celts, flat.— English, 39 to 48; Scottish, 55 to 59; Irish, 39, 45, 61 to 65; copper, 39, 40, 43, 61; decorated, 44, 49, 58, 59, 62 to 65, 69, 453; double-ended, 69; doubly tapering, 44, 49, 69; earliest in date, 39, 107, 149, 469; iron, 157; largest found in Britain, 57; moulds for, 430, 428, 438; perforated, 160

Celts, flanged.— English, 48 to 55; Scottish, 59 to 61; Irish, 66 to 68; castings for, 55; decorated, 48, 53, 54, 58 to 61, 66 to 69; doubly tapering, 68, 69; perforated, 59; roughening blade of, 67; with “flanches” on face, 60; with stop-ridge, 68, 69, 73, 74, 479

Celts, socketed.— English, 107-135, 87, 93, 94, 95; Scottish, 135 to 137, 143; Irish, 137 to 142; apparently of German origin, 483; axe-shaped, 142; castings for, 86; clay cores left in, 115, 116, 186, 445; of copper, 145; “flanches” on, 60, 107 to 111, 131, 480; of iron, 116, 144, 157, 159, 163; of lead, 445; method of casting, 442; moulds for, of bronze, 438 to 445; moulds for, of burnt clay, 450; moulds for, of stone, 432; origin of, 107, 483; rarely or never found with interments in Britain, 134; with loop on face, 130; with two loops, 142, 143; without loops, 133, 142, 144; with ribs inside socket, 109, 110, 111; with ribs on face, 117, 127, 136, 137, 140

Celts, winged.— English, 71 to 77; Scottish, 97; Irish, 99 to 102

Celts, trumpeters in army of, 363

Celtiberian method of preparing iron, 275

“_Celtis_,” Roman pronunciation of, 29

Census, method of taking, 318

Centres of manufacture, independent, 106, 143, 475

“Ceraunius,” 40

Cereals cultivated during the Stone Period, 194; cultivated during the Bronze Period, 487. _See_ Sickles

Cesnola, General di, 40

_Cetra_ in use in Spain and Mauretania, 354

Chabas, M., quoted, 6, 7

Chalybes, the, 17

Chantre, M. Ernest, quoted, 43, 55, 88, 109, 176, 183, 184, 202, 297, 358, 405, 478, 484; his classification of hoards, 458

Chapes, 285, 305 to 307; wooden, 302

Chariots of Early Iron Age, 389, 403

Chierici, Professor, quoted, 422

Chilian celt of copper, 145

China, steel imported to Rome from, 19

Chinese antiquarian work, 263; halberd, 262; influence, 478; spear-heads, 329

Chisels, 165 to 173, 113, 148; Aztec, 166; celts used as, 38, 133, 146; Egyptian, 8, 166; flint, 165; narrow, 259; mould for, 449; socketed, 171, 172; from Swiss Lake-dwellings, 166; tanged, 167 to 171, 315

Christy collection, 142

Chronos, sickle of, 15

Cicero’s facetious inquiry, 275

Cimbrians used iron, 19

“Cire perdue” method of casting, 427, 449

“Clachan nathaireach,” 394

Clasps, 396; or slides, 308; found with celts, 144; gold, 139

Clerk, Baron, collection, 98, 214, 218

_Clipeus_ longer than _cetra_, 354

Coins, British, 118, 134, 181, 354, 363, 399, 470; of Cunobeline, 181, 354; of Dubnovellaunus, 181; of Eppillus, 363; of Hadrian, 117; of gold and silver, 322; Italian, 283; Roman, 115, 117, 363; Spanish, 354; Syracusan, 426; of Tasciovanus, 354, 363; of Verica, 354, 399; unknown in Bronze Age, 487

Collars, with beads strung on iron wire, 381. _See_ Torques

“Commander’s staff,” 262

Commerce between Britain and the Mediterranean countries, 483, 485; of the Etruscans, 413, 476; of the Phœnicians, 419, 475, 479; with the East, 413

Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, Buda-Pest, 180; Stockholm, 288

Continental influence on British forms, 106, 143, 297, 379, 472, 479 to 486

Cooke collection, 128

Cooke, Mr. B., quoted, 33

Copper Age, in America, 2; in Europe, 2; in modern times, 4

Copper, bars of, 424; blades, 265; cakes, 422; cakes with Roman inscriptions, 423; celts, Chilian, 145; celts, Etruscan, 39; celts, Indian, 2; celts, Irish, 61; early sources of, 8, 14, 418; halberds, Irish, 265; ingots, 426; knives, Esquimaux, 211; lumps of (_see_ Metal); native, 3, 418, 419; perforated axe, 265; punches, or sets, modern, 265; pyrites, 419; saw from Santorin, 184; smelting of, 422

Cord, traces of, on celt, 160; traces of, on dagger, 226

Cores of clay for bells, 384; extraction of, 186, 451; method of casting with, 443; remaining in celts, 115, 116, 186, 445; wooden and bronze, 445

Cornwall, native copper in, 419; native tin in, 419

Cotton, Charles, Esq., 133

Crannoges, Irish, 220, 486

Crawfurd, Mr. J., quoted, 9

Crofton Croker collection, 131

Cross-guards of daggers or knives, 309

Crotals or rattles, 361

Crowbar, 161

Crucibles, probably of clay, 427

Cumæ, Battle of, 355

Cuming, Mr. Syer, quoted, 37, 306, 340

Cunliffe, Sir R. A., collection, 55

Cunnington, Mr., F.S.A., quoted, 189, 242

Cunobeline, hammer on coins of, 181; shields on coins of, 354

Cups, amber, 243, 486; gold, 407; hanging, 408; with interments, 189, 190, 226, 239, 243

Curved cutting tools, 180

Dactyli, invention of metals ascribed to, 15

Daggers, 222 to 247, 254, 256 to 260; Danish, 254; Egyptian, 254, 420; French, 223, 234, 238, 243, 254; German, 246; Hungarian, 236; Irish, 234, 239, 244, 254; Italian, 236, 241, 287; methods of hafting, 227 to 236; moulds for, Italian, 434; ornamented on blade, 234, 241, 246; Peruvian mode of holding, 246; Scandinavian, 234, 236, 252; socketed, 260, 480; tanged, 222, 223, 224, 254, 258, 259, 260; tanged, peculiar to Britain, 480; with stone axes in interments, 161, 224, 225

Daïmachus quoted, 17

Dalmatian hammer, 183; chisels, 172

Danubian province of bronze antiquities, 478, 482

Darbishire, Mr. R. D., F.S.A., 438

Davy, Mr. H. A., 87

Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, F.R.S., 475, 477

Day, Mr. R., F.S.A., collection, 61, 62, 65, 102, 105, 138, 139, 140, 141, 171, 172, 176, 212, 246, 59, 293, 315, 325, 358

Delas, inventor of bronze, according to Theophrastus, 15

De Bonstetten, 104

De Champlain quoted, 3

De Fellenberg referred to, 422, 425

Defoe quoted, 362

Dentalium necklace, 394

Desor, Prof., collection, 86, 180

Diadems, 184; Danish and German, 394; gold, 42, 393

Dickinson, Mrs., collection, 80, 84, 386

Diodorus Siculus quoted, 202, 275, 363, 426

Dionysius said to have struck coins of tin, 426

Discs with concentric circles, 401; perforated, 403

_Dolabra_, Roman, 36

Dolmen, French, 293

Donovan’s analysis of trumpet, 360

Douce and Meyrick collection, 109

Douglas, “Nænia Brit.,” quoted, 34, 233

Dow, Rev. John, quoted, 35

“Dowris Find,” golden lustre on articles from, 360

Drills. _See_ Awls

“Druidical pruning-hook,” 32, 200

Druid’s altar, supposed, 114

Dryden, Sir Henry, collection, 74

Dubnovellaunus, hammer on coin of, 181

Duke, Rev. E., collection, 166, 377, 385, 393, 432

Dunoyer, Mr. G. V., quoted, 35, 132, 155, 160, 431

Durden, Mr., collection, 134, 250, 378, 393

Dusaussoy, Mr., analysis by, 418

Dyer, Mr. Thiselton, F.R.S., 313

Early Iron Age of Denmark, 159; hoard at Vimose, 195; interment, belonging to, 25; trumpets of, 357, 363. _See_ also Hallstatt and Late Celtic Period.

Ear-rings, 391; gold, 393

Edwards, Mr. G., C.E., 368

Egerton, Sir P. de M. G., F.R.S., collection, 91, 169, 331, 464

Egypt, bronze as circulating medium in, 8; early rarity of iron and steel in, 6; early use of bronze in, 475; lead bronze used in, 419

Egyptian arrow-heads, leaf-shaped, 318; axes, 142, 147; celts with ears, 147; chisels, 166; daggers, 234, 254; daggers, analysis of, 420; daggers, socketed, 261, 480; hatchet still hafted, 148; hoe-like instrument, 142; method of fixing adze blades, 159; rings, penannular, 391; swords, 298; tongs, 185

Elissa, bronze sickle of, 18, 194

Enamel on bronze articles, 135; red, on shields, 343

Encrinite beads, 394

Engelhardt, Mr. Conrad, quoted, 159, 164, 195

Enniskillen, Earl of, F.R.S., 61, 180, 282

Ennius, iron used in Italy before the days of, 18

Epaulettes, originally intended for protection of shoulder, 374

Esquimaux, handles of instruments, 195; knives of copper, 211

Etruscan, celts, 132; commerce, 413, 476; gold necklaces, 39; helmets, 355; influence on form of Irish vases, 412, 476, 481; rings with loops, 400; tomb, copper celt in, 39; urns at Hallstatt, 412

Euripides quoted, 16

Fabrics, woven, 474

Fabricius, J. A., quoted, 151

Falmouth, Earl of, golden(?) celt belonging to, 135

Faussett collection, 129

Fenton, Mr., 223

Fenton, Mr. S., 306

Ferris, Dr., 348

Ferrules, 338 to 341, 256, 257, 309, 315, 317, 333; African celt-like, 340; Danish, 309, 340; flat, 404; gold, 309, 313; Irish, 340; iron, 341

“Ferrum” used for sword in Cæsar’s time, 276

Fibula of silver, 155; with interment, 387, 400

Fiji, conch-shell trumpets from, 359

Files, bronze, 7, 181, 184, 185; iron, 184

Finds of bronze. _See_ Hoards of Bronze

Finger-rings, 198, 391

Fisher, Mr. Marshall, collection, 53, 78, 79, 91, 121, 248, 254, 272, 282, 286, 322, 328

Fish-hooks, 192

Fitch, Mr. R., F.S.A., collection, 52, 114, 120, 282

Flaminius Nepos, 374

“Flanches” on celts, 60, 107 to 111, 131, 480

Flint, arrow-heads, 42, 167, 223, 226, 236, 238, 318, 391; Etruscan, 39; celts, 189, 190; chipped, 243, 366; chisels, 165; flakes, 167, 366; flakes used as saws, 454; implements, 189, 224, 225; implements, French, 223; implements, Irish, 271; knives, 41, 225, 240; scraper, 225; similarity between Irish and Portuguese forms, 271; spear-heads, 190, 225; “strike-a-lights,” 22, 225

Flower, Mr. J. W., F.G.S., 122, 242, 270

Forbes, Mr. David, F.R.S., 148, 165

Forel, M., collection, 210, 441

Franks, Mr. A. W., F.R.S., quoted, 37, 49, 51, 135, 199, 257, 299, 302, 330, 353, 363, 404, 405, &c.

Frederick, Sir Charles, 257, 260

Gage, Mr., F.S.A., 343

Garrucci, Padre, 341

Gärthe, Dr. Hugo, collection, 448

Gastaldi, Prof., 202

Gauls, gold torques among the, 374; Isumbrian, had iron swords, 19; of North of France had iron mines, 9

Gaulish reaping machine, 194; torques used for trophy, 374; trumpets, 363

Genthe, Rector, quoted, 21

Geoffroy’s experiments, 12

Gesenius, suggestion of, 5

Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., quoted, 11, 16

Glass beads, 134, 135, 366, 394, 485, 487

Gold, bracelets, 180, 209, 283, 285; buttons, 394; clasps, 139, 391; Cornish celt, doubtful, 135; diadems, 42, 393; ferrules, 309, 313; fillet, 239; mines, Egyptian, 8; necklaces, 39; on dagger hilts, 51, 228, 232; ornaments, 51, 304, 391, 393; Merovingian, 117; pins for inlaying, 51, 228, 232; plates, 51, 232, 244; plates, crescent-shaped, 394; probably the first metal used, 418; rings, 389, 390, 393; torques, 90, 180, 209, 374, 375, 376, 379, 390; trophy of Gaulish torques, 374

Gongora y Martinez, Don M., 238

Goodwin, Mr., 347

Gordon, Sir R., 218, 289, 340, 362

Gouges, 173 to 177, 319, 320, 336; French, 176

Gozzadini, Count, quoted, 37

Gray, Mr. W., collection, 352, 412

Greece, early use of iron in, 14

Greek axe, 161; fret on Chilian celts, 145; language, testimony of, 10; sword, 298; vases, representations on, 340

Greenwell, Rev. Canon, F.R.S., collection, _passim_; quoted, 37, 41, 151, 224, 227, 387, 389, 400, 407, &c.

Grimm quoted by M. Müller, 10

Grose quoted, 363

Gross, Dr. Victor, collection, 114, 176, 183, 195, 422, 431, 449

Gudea, King of Assyria, 9

Gun-metal, 415

Hafting. _See_ Handles and Hilts

Halberds, 261 to 270; Chinese, 263; Irish, 263, 266, 268; iron, 263; Italian, 480; mode of attachment to shaft, 262; rare in Britain, 270; Russian, 263; Scandinavian, 262; Scottish, 269; Spanish, 271

Hallstatt, 23, 25, 69, 144, 181, 184, 229, 288, 293, 308, 342, 355, 389, 393, 394, 401, 405, 409, 412

Hammers, 177 to 181; bronze, 81, 94, 319, 442, 451; in Bologna hoard, 180; casting for, 361; clay mould for, 450; formed of part of palstave, 180; Hungarian, 180; Lake-dwellings, 181; looped, 180; stone, 165; stone with interment, 51, 232, 353, 405

Handles to celts, 146 to 164; to celts, club-like, 149; to celts, elbowed, 146; to celts, original, 150; to iron celt, 144, 157; to Italian celt, 155; to knife, of amber, 228; to stone celts, of stags-horn, 150; to vessels, variety of, 414

Hare, remains of, at Barton Mere, 486

Harford, Mr. E. J., F.S.A., quoted, 34

Harland, Mr. H. S., 118, 226

“_Hasta Pura_,” 218

Hatchets, iron, 148

Hearne, quoted, 31

Hector, gold-ringed spear-head of, 313

Helmets, bronze, 355; Late Celtic, 356

Herodian quoted, 355

Herodotus quoted, 17

Hesiod quoted, 16, 17

Hiero, Tyrant of Syracuse, 355

Hieroglyphic inscriptions on axes, 147

Hildebrand, Dr. Hans, quoted, 21

Hilts of daggers, 229 to 236; of rapiers, 252 to 256; of swords, 286 to 300; proportional to blades, 277; made of amber, 228; made of ivory, inlaid with amber, 299; made of ox-horn, 252; inlaid, of dagger, 352

Hoards of Bronze— Abergele, 144, 308, 404, 405, 471 Achtertyre, 136, 315, 382, 425, 468 Allhallows, Hoo, 214, 230, 467 Alnwick, 43, 113, 285, 321, 391, 465 Ambleside, 285, 465 Amiens, 52, 157, 176, 201, 206, 249, 371, 398 Arreton Down, 49, 243, 244, 257, 258, 260, 464, 473, 480 Barrington, 78, 118, 466 Battlefield, 43, 86, 405, 464 Beachy Head, 94, 283, 423, 467 Beacon Hill, 43, 174, 321, 466 Beddington, 110, 174, 320, 340, 423, 447, 468 Bernay, 77, 78, 79 Bilton, 113, 129, 282, 314, 320, 465 Blackmoor, 464 Bloody Pool, 338, 339, 465 Bo Island, 180, 292, 466 Bologna, 104, 143, 172, 173, 176, 180, 183, 184, 185, 210, 217, 288, 341, 448, 480 Brechin, 290, 465 Broadward, 168, 285, 319, 320, 336, 338, 397, 465 Broxton, 91, 169, 331, 464 Burgesses’ Meadow, Oxford, 81, 169, 179, 467 Burwell Fen, 467 Camenz, 202, 384, 390, 459 Carlton Rode, 78, 94, 113, 119, 121, 122, 133, 167, 171, 173, 175, 178, 424, 467 Chrishall, 117, 283, 465 Clare, Postlingford Hall, 48, 464 Cleveland, 447, 468 Corsbie Moss, 290, 464 Cumberlow, 94, 110, 134, 424, 467 Danesbury, 423, 468 Dowris, 176, 179, 211, 220, 293, 335, 360, 361, 410, 411, 412, 452, 468 Dreuil, 109, 110, 129, 144, 176, 208, 283, 370, 393, 403, 404, 405 Duddingston Loch, 289, 315, 335, 409, 424, 465 Dunbar, 220, 465 Earsley Common, 113, 134, 424, 468 Eaton, 447, 468 Ebnall, 167, 174, 187, 466 Edington Burtle, 197, 249, 320, 325, 330, 377, 385, 391, 464 Exning, 174, 394, 466 Flixborough, 465 Fresné la Mère, 180, 183, 189, 209, 375 Fulbourn, 279, 282, 320, 340, 464 Glancych, 285, 304, 315, 340, 389, 464 Greensborough Farm, Shenstone, 285, 465 Guilsfield, 87, 114, 174, 285, 302, 315, 336, 339, 424, 467 Hagbourn Hill, 144, 322, 368, 466, 470, 471 Harty, Isle of, 110, 111, 174, 177, 181, 186, 211, 214, 308, 403, 441, 442, 453, 457, 468 Haxey, 89, 129, 465 Haynes’ Hill, 297, 305, 320, 403, 467 Heathery Burn Cave, 110, 118, 166, 172, 175, 185, 206, 211, 219, 285, 314, 365, 372, 381, 386, 388, 391, 401, 402, 412, 424, 447, 451, 468 Helsdon Hall, 424, 467 High Roding, 109, 116, 424, 468 Hollingbury Hill, 76, 115, 378, 386, 390, 464 Hotham Carr, 84, 92, 440, 468 Hounslow, 128, 175, 210, 451, 466 Hundred of Hoo, 95, 466 Kenidjack Cliff, 95, 119, 423, 451, 467 Kensington, 158, 174, 401, 424, 450, 467 Kingston Hill, 126, 423, 467 Lamballe, 116 Lanant, 206, 285, 340, 423, 451, 467 Larnaud, Fonderie de, 68, 131, 167, 176, 184, 192, 448, 456 Little Wenlock, 113, 234, 314, 336, 452, 465 Llandysilio, 93, 119, 206, 465 Llangwyllog, 81, 192, 219, 387, 389, 400, 466 Longy Common, 321, 467 Maentwrog, 248, 328, 465 Marden, 198, 208, 211, 308, 366, 381, 388, 450, 451, 467 Martlesham, 113, 119, 120, 129, 174, 206, 424, 467 Mawgan, 116, 184, 250, 465 Melbourn, 174, 389, 397, 466 Meldreth, 172, 201, 411, 424, 466 Moussaye, 115, 116, 445, 477 Nettleham, 86, 92, 131, 314, 330, 395, 465 Newark, 118, 316, 402, 466 Nottingham, 93, 118, 317, 322, 339, 465 Panfield, 468 Pant-y-maen. _See_ Glancych Pierre du Villain, 214, 279, 397 Plénée-Jugon. _See_ Moussaye Plymstock, 50, 165, 241, 259, 464 Point of Sleat, 289, 315, 372, 465 Porkington, 168, 174, 466 Quantock Hills, 77, 377, 447, 464 Reach Fen, 79, 112, 118, 122, 133, 167, 174, 187, 205, 210, 211, 213, 216, 229, 283, 305, 314, 315, 317, 319, 396, 400, 467 Reepham, 466 Rhosnesney, 55, 90, 226, 464 Romford, 86, 172, 424, 467 Roseberry Topping, 129, 172, 174, 178, 397, 424, 468 St. Hilary, 285, 423, 467 Shenstone, 285, 465 Sittingbourne, 113, 174, 424, 467 Stanhope, 118, 129, 174, 179, 315, 403, 466 Stibbard, 84, 328, 457, 464 Stoke Ferry, 270, 282, 305, 314, 465 Tarves, 290, 372, 465 Taunton, 116, 178, 198, 218, 367, 389, 466 Thorndon, 174, 177, 189, 205, 319, 466 Thrunton Farm, Whittingham, 280, 288, 314, 335, 464 Tours, 448 Trillick, 180, 389, 399, 466 Ty-Mawr, 129, 168, 315, 381, 389, 466 Vimose, 159, 195 Wallingford, 87, 128, 167, 206, 219, 321, 457, 466 Wallington, 89, 333, 382, 465 Wandle River, 282, 316, 368, 465 Wedmore, 376, 378, 466 West Buckland, 96, 377, 386, 464 ” Halton, 113, 118, 120, 424, 467 Westow, 85, 118, 130, 168, 172, 174, 388, 450, 467 Westwick Row, 112, 424, 468 Weymouth, 279, 313, 419, 464 Whittlesea, 131, 175, 179, 466 Wick Park, 120, 304, 423, 450, 467 Wicken Fen, 76, 199, 205, 287, 464 Wickham Park, 95, 340, 423, 448, 468 Wilmington, 87, 447, 468 Winmarleigh, 118, 314, 335, 466 Woolmer Forest, 378, 383, 390, 464 Worth, 254, 313, 402, 464 Worthing, 87, 423, 467 Wrekin Tenement, 285, 338, 465 Wymington, 113, 466 Yattendon, 169, 403, 466

Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, quoted, 34, 44, 51, 134, 163, 190, 232, 241, 242, 352, 369, 405, and _passim_

Hodgson, Rev. John, quoted, 35

Holmes, Mr. J., collection, 201, 328

Homer, bronze or copper? mentioned by, 11; mentions tin, 12; other metals, 13

Homeric Age, 16, 18, 161, 242, 313, 340

Hones. _See_ Whetstones

Hood, Sir A. A., Bart., collection, 119

Hoops, 402

Horns, curved, found in Denmark, 363

Horn, the Caprington, 362

Horn, used, 225, 226, 227, 252, 487

Horse-trappings, 396

Hostmann, Dr., quoted, 21

Hugo, Rev. T., F.S.A., quoted, 36

Hugo collection, 65, 104, 105, 284

Hungary, native copper in, 419

Hungarian province of bronze antiquities, 482

Hutchins, Mr., quoted, 94

Imitation rivets, 235, 257, 260, 344

Inlaying of metals, 13, 296, 297; wood and amber, 51, 228, 232, 368, 487

Instruments, broken, converted into another form, 180, 211, 361, 454; tanged, of earlier date than socketed, 456

Intercourse between Britain and the Continent, 106, 143, 162, 379, 413, 483; Ireland and Spain, 271

Interments, 41, 42, 237, 238, 239; burnt, 51, 96, 189, 190, 224, 226, 233, 241, 242, 243, 366, 384, 394, 474, 485; contracted, 44, 51, 134, 190, 223, 244, 380; comparison of size of men of the Stone and Bronze Periods, 277; in a hide, with fern leaves, 225; in wooden cist, 241; Late Celtic, 23, 391; with beads, 135, 366, 394; with bracelets, 135, 385, 387; with awls, 189, 190, 191, 225, 241, 319, 392, 457; with axes, 190, 226; with celts, 41, 42, 44, 47, 51, 134, 145, 150, 352; with stone hatchets, 204; with stone hammers, 51, 232, 353, 405; with knife daggers, 41, 161, 204, 225, 226, 256, 367, 480; with marine shells, 189, 394; tree-burials, 190, 226, 228, 241, 243, 301, 367, 474; urn-burials, 42, 190, 191, 217, 226, 234, 384, 391; at Hallstatt, 412; various modes of, 473

Ionians armed with bronze, 8

Ireland, use of iron probably later than in Britain, 471; never occupied by the Romans, 276

Iron, ancient, preservation of, 25; approximate date of introduction into Britain, 472; “Celestial,” 7; celts, 116, 144, 157, 159, 163; Celtiberian method of tempering, 275; collars and belts, 355; currency, 17; date of discovery of, from the Arundelian marbles, 14; effects of long burying, 275; files, 184; forms copied from bronze, 23, 95, 144, 299; hatchet from Bolivia, 148; meteoric origin of, 7; mines in France, 19; probably unknown till after the separation of Aryan nations, 10; pyrites in urn, 243, with interment, 225; for obtaining fire, 487; religious avoidance of, in Egypt, 6; self-fused mass of, 15; succession of, to bronze, 4, 6, 16, 22, 23; spear-heads, 342; swords, 19, 274, 275, 276, 280, 287, 297, 299, 300, 343, 354; used in Britain before Roman invasion, 19, 276, 354, 471, 472; used by the Catti, 19; used by the Gauls, 19; used in ancient Greece, 14, 15; used in Italy, 19

Italian, coins with type of sword, 283; origin suggested for Northern bronze antiquities, 21

Ivory, bracelets, 485; buttons, 394, 485; dagger handles, 233; exported from Gaul to Britain, 486; hilts to iron swords, 229; hooks, 485; nippers, 233; pieces of, with bronze rivets, 241; pins, 51, 233, 241, 485; rings, Egyptian, 391; tweezers, 241; war trumpets, African, 359

James, Sir Henry, F.R.S., quoted, 426

Japanese sabres, 275

Java, socketed celt from, 142

“Javelin with loop,” 256

Jeffrey, Mr., F.S.A.Scot., 351

Jerome, St., quoted, 27, 28

Jet, beads, 118, 158, 189, 336, 394; Buttons, 225, 236; discs, 190; loops, 308; necklaces, 189, 190, 487; ornaments, 485; pendant, 190; used for decorations, 373

Jets and runners, 450

Jewitt, Mr. Llewellynn, F.S.A., quoted, 44, 453

Job, book of, quoted, 5; translation of, by St. Jerome, 27

Jones, Hon. Col. C. C., quoted, 3

Jutland, flat celts in, 30

Keller, Dr. F., quoted, 150, 195

Kendrick, James, M.D., 46, 158

Kirwan, Rev. R., 134, 224

Klemm, Dr., cited, 153

Knife-daggers, antiquity of, 222, 457; associated with stone implements (_see_ Stone and Bronze together); attached to haft by perishable rivets, 226; ornamented, 212, 237; perforated, 225; Scottish, 238; short and broad, 240; Spanish, 238; with handle of yew, 207; with haft of ox-horn, 225; with interments, 41, 161, 204, 205, 226, 256, 367, 480

Knives, 204 to 216; flint, 41; flint with interment, 225, 240

Knives, socketed, curved, 204, 205, 209; double-edged, 205 to 208, 167, 216, 480; Irish, 207; looped, 210, 215; moulds for, 449; with fluted blade, 205

Knives, tanged, 211 to 216; curved, 209, 214, 215; Danish and German, 215; made from broken swords, 211; moulds for, 433; perforated, 213, 215; single-edged, 214, 215, 480; tang ending in head of animal, 213; tangs flat, 211, 212; with rings on blade, 215

Koudourmapouk, King of the Soumirs and Accads, 9

Laconia, steel of, 17

Lake-dwellers probably cut straw, 202

Lake-dwellings of Savoy, 95, 131, 191, 371; of Switzerland, 13, 95, 114, 370; insight into early civilisation given by, 486

Lake Superior, native copper found near, 3, 418

Lance-head, 368

Lane Fox, Gen. A. _See_ Pitt-Rivers, Gen. A.

Late Celtic Period.—Arrow-heads, 318; bridle-bits, 144, 368, 405, 470; bracelets, 135, 387, 388; brooches, 400; buckles, 144, 368, 470; celts, 137, 144, 157, 163; chariots, 389, 403; ear-rings, 393; ferrules, Irish, 340; helmet, 356; interments, 23, 25, 135, 471; pins, 144, 369; remains, 135, 144, 385; sheaths, 302, 308; shield, 353; spear-heads, 144, 342; swords, 229, 275, 299, 343; torques, 381; trumpets, 362; vessel with iron handle, 409

Lauth, Prof., quoted, 7

Laveissière, Messrs., gun-metal, 416

Lawrence, Mr. W. L., F.S.A., 45

Layton, Mr. T., F.S.A., collection, 52, 126, 284, 302

Lead, absent in early bronze, 417; at butt-end of palstave, 97; socketed celts, made of, 445; in small socketed celts, from Brittany, 417; in articles from Dowris, 360; spoken of by Job, 5

Lead bronze used in Egypt, 419

Leather sheath for flint dagger, 309; for bronze knives, 309; for Scandinavian dagger, 252; thongs for securing hatchet, 148

Leland quoted, 30

Lepsius quoted, 7

Lichas the Lacedemonian, 18

Lichfield, Mr., collection, 94, 127

Lindenschmit, Dr. Ludwig, quoted, 21, 81, 202

Lisch, Dr. F., quoted, 151, 262

Livy quoted, 354

Local peculiarities of bronze antiquities, 24, 477

Londesborough, Lord, collection, 345

“Long Barrow” period, skeletons of, 277

Loops or slides, 403; of jet, 404

Lort, Rev. Mr., F.S.A., quoted, 31, 33, 439

Lovelace, Earl of, 245, 316

Lubbock, Sir John, F.R.S., quoted, 20, 37, 149, 157, 274, 276, 427, 475

Lucretius quoted, 16

Lukis, Rev. W. C, F.S.A., 181, 385

“Lurer,” or curved horns found in Denmark, 363

Lusitanians, bronze spears among the, 17

Lycurgus, iron currency in time of, 17

Lydia, steel of, 17

Macadam, Dr. Stevenson, quoted, 56, 362, 410, 425

McCulloch, Mr. W. T., quoted, 349

Maces, 271, 272; perforated stone, 51

Macrobius quoted, 275

Madsen quoted, 52, 54, 288, 404

Magnentius, bronze swords attributed to time of, 25

Malacca the principal Eastern source of tin, 424

“Malga,” Australian wooden weapon, 263

Manetho quoted by Plutarch, 8

Manillas, or African ring money, 387

Manlia Gens, denarii of, 374

Mariette, M., quoted, 6

Marine shells with interments, 189, 394

Martineau and Smith quoted, 415

Masons of Peru still use stone pebbles as mallets, 165

Massagetæ a bronze-using people, 17

Mayer collection. _See_ Museums, Liverpool

Medea, bronze sickle of, 18, 194

Medhurst, Mr., collection, 127

Medicinal use of iron in ancient Egypt, 6; “virtue in brass,” 31

Mediterranean province of bronze antiquities, 478

Memnon, sword of, 18

Menelaus, battle-axe of, 14

Meriones, arrow of, 18

Merovingian gold ornaments, 117

Metals, 415 to 426; admixture of other than copper and tin in bronze, 346, 360, 417, 420; early use of, 1 to 20, 418, 420; lumps of, 81, 87, 94, 113, 119, 120, 283, 423, 425, 442, 449, 459, 469

Meteoric origin of first-known iron, 7, 15

Mexican, bronze, 4; name for copper transferred to iron, 10

Meyrick collection, 109, 205, 271, 351, 356; Sir Samuel, quoted, 155

Milles, Rev. Dr., collection, 48

“Minds,” Irish, 42, 394

Mines, Egyptian gold, 8

Minerva, Temple of, at Phaselis, 18

“Missile hatchets,” 162

Mitchell, Dr. Arthur, F.S.A. Scot., 437

Molyneux, Sir T., quoted, 358

Money, suggestion that celts served as, 37

Montelius, Dr. O., quoted, 109, 262, 288, 298

Montezuma II., axe of, 148

Morlot, M., quoted, 26

“Morning Star,” or flail, 271

Mortillet, M. Gabriel de, 405, 456, 457

Mortimer, Messrs., collection, 43, 113, 190, 227, 230

Mortise and tenon, 171

Moseley, H. N., F.R.S., 263

Moulds, 427 to 450; bronze, 84, 174, 438 to 448; clay, 427, 428, 448, 449; clay, for buttons, 401; stone, 143, 158, 180, 250, 428 to 438; notches on, 436; wooden, for British coins of tin, 445

Movers, Prof., quoted, 5

Müller, Prof. Max, quoted, 10

Müller, Dr. Sophus, quoted, 21

Museums— Abbeville, 335 Agram, 177 Alnwick Castle, 46, 116, 285, 287, 368, 386 Amiens, 119, 183, 201, 206, 208, 371, 398 Assen, 109 Belfast, 430 Berlin, 39, 173, 184, 234, 262, 263, 298, 299, 441, 448 Boulaq, 261 Boulogne, 238, 250 Bourges, 307 Bristol, 217 Brunswick, 288 Buda-Pest, 142, 327 Caen, 86 Cambridge Ant. Soc., 174, 199, 205, 259, 270, 271, 272, 279, 340, 346 Carcassonne, 328 Chambéry, 131, 184 Chateaudun, 122 Clermont-Ferrand, 119, 176, 341, 438 Copenhagen, of Northern Antiquities, 172, 259, 288, 353, 432, 441 Cracow, Academy of Sciences, 181 Darmstadt, 91, 441 Devizes, _see_ Stourhead Dorchester, 432 Dover, 113 Dresden, Preusker collection, 437 Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, _passim_; Trinity College, 220, 431 Edinburgh, Ant., _passim_; Advoc. Library, 289 Elgin, 333 Evreux, 77 Exeter, 51 Florence, 156 Geneva, 210 Göttingen, 77 Gratz, Johanneum, 288 Hanover, 184, 308, 441 Kiel, 262 Laibach, 246, 393, 428 Lausanne, 260 Leipsig, Deutsche Gesellschaft, 221 Le Puy, 293 Lewes, 87, 447 Leyden, 89, 133, 173, 176, 221 Linz, 153 Liverpool, Mayer collection, 52, 81, 82, 83, 88, 129, 168, 319, 351 London, British Museum, _passim_; Soc. Ant., 49, 90, 125, 348, and _passim_ Lyons, 131, 301, 441 Madrid, 97 Malmoe, 262 Metz, 131 Modena, Museo Civico, 401, 437 Munich, 445 Namur, 109 Nantes, 121, 124, 230, 250, 252, 281, 339 Narbonne, 43, 121, 122, 172, 254, 341 Newcastle-on-Tyne, 78, 116, 125, 285, 351 Norwich, 78, 80, 134, 173, 175, 178, 199, 281, 318 Oxford, 287; Ashmolean, 81, 169, 189, 216, 225 Paris, d’Artillerie, 301; Hôtel Cluny, 176; Louvre, 185 Plymouth, Athenæum, 228 Poitiers, 119, 176, 214, 221, 398, 441, 447 Prague, 308 Rennes, 287 Rouen, 86, 280 St. Germain, 171, 248, 293, 328, 448 St. Omer, 131 Salisbury, Blackmore, 80, 81, 91, 110, 114, 120, 132, 175, 236, 237, 248, 426 Salzburg, 152, 355 Scarborough, 211, 401 Schwerin, 262 Sheffield, Bateman collection, 42, 44, 113, 122, 150, 168, 172, 190, 205, 225, 279, 280, 307, 321, 327, 390, 392, 393, 409, 430, 447 Sigmaringen, 173, 176 Soissons, 80 Stockholm, 122, 143, 353, 448 Stourhead, 219, 322, 368, and _passim_ Stuttgart, Cabinet of Coins, 142 Taunton, 119, 198, 249, 320, 325, 328, 330 Toulouse, 41, 97, 119, 122, 131 Tours, 86, 172, 207, 254, 401, 435 Trent, 107 Turin, Royal Armoury, 288 Vannes, 215, 449 Vienna, Ambras, 148; Antiken Cabinet, 86, 131, 299, 355 Warrington, 123, 335 Wisbech, 131, 175, 179 Wurzburg, 308 Zurich, 166

“Museum Moscardi,” quoted, 31

Nail for fastening scabbard end, 305

Native copper, 3, 418, 419

Neb, projecting, on celts, 104, 160

Necklaces, amber, 244, 487; bone, 487; of dentalium shells, 394; of glass beads, 135; jet, 189, 190, 487

Necropolis, Alban, 341

Needle of bronze, 192; wood, 226

Neolithic Period, gouges developed in, 165

Neville, Mr. F., quoted, 358

Nickel present in bronze of shield, 346

Nilsson, Prof., 419

Nitzsch quoted, 14

Noricum, iron swords of, 19

Norris, Mr., collection, 96

Northumberland, Duke of, collection, 46, 116

Norway, native copper in, 419

Noulet, Dr., 142

Objects of uncertain use, 306, 308, 396, 397, 405

Obsidian instruments from Santorin, 184

Odyssey, description of hardening axe in, 14; testimony of, as to axe-heads, 161

O’Gorman, Mr. T., quoted, 398

Oppert, M., referred to, 9

Orestes, bones of, 18

Origin of term celt, 27; of term palstave, 71, 72; continental, of British bronze forms, 108, 115, 143, 297, 379

Ormerod, Mr. G. W., F.G.S., collection, 82

Ornaments, 374 to 395, 481, 483 to 486; bronze, rare in Britain, 395, 481, 487; gold, 51, 304, 391, 393, 487; for horse-trappings, 404; silver, 2

Ornamentation on bronze, preserved by patina, 46; cable pattern, 54, 60, 140; chevron patterns, 90, 145, 160, 180, 320, 321, 330, 338; by enamel, 135, 338; fern-leaf pattern, 61, 102; Greek fret, 145; by inlaying of metals, 13, 296, 297; by hatched lozenges, 53, 66, 218; by punching, 67, 187, 319, 453; by matted patterns, 53, 74; resembling Roman numerals, 203; rings, 296; rings concentric, on shields, 347 to 353; ring and pellet, 124 _et seqq._; shield-shaped, 128; on back of Swiss Lake knives, 203

Osteological observations, 278, 475

Overlapping of Stone and Bronze Periods, 1, 24

Owen, Prof., F.R.S., cited, 296

Paalstab, the term, 71, 72

Palafitta of Castione, 153

Palstaves, 70 to 106, 159, 169; broken, with broken torques, 378; castings for, 90, 448; Danish, 95, 151, 163; development of, from flat celts, 107, 472; double-looped, 95 to 97, 104, 105; edge renewed by hammering, 92, 454; French, 81, 88, 91, 97, 160; German, 80, 83, 91; Icelandic, 71; Irish, 81, 99 to 105, 160; iron, 157, 159; looped, 80, 98, 103; moulds for, 431, 439, 440; of two metals from Hallstatt, 95; origin of term, 71; roughening blade of, 77; Scottish, 77 to 79, 99; socketed celts evolved from, 108, 472; Spanish, 90, 97, 161; transitional forms between celts and, 76, 77, 95, 472; with ridges on recesses for handle, 79; with transverse edge, 85, 105, 159; with socket formed by wings, 85; worn by resharpening, 83, 87, 454

Paris Exhibition of 1878, 97, 448

Patina, preservation of ornament by, 46

Patrick, Mr. R. W. Cochran, F.S.A., 362

Patroclus, funeral games of, 15

Pausanias, quoted, 15, 18

Payne-Knight collection, 94

Pegge, Rev. Samuel, F.S.A., quoted, 33, 42, 226

Pelligot, Prof., analysis of Breton celts, 417

Pelta or buckler of Greeks and Macedonians, 354

Penguilly l’Haridon, M., quoted, 162

Pennant’s “Tour” quoted, 290

Pentateuch, mention of metals in, 5

Percy, Dr. J., F.R.S., quoted, 11, 40, 420, 424, 442

Perthes, Boucher de, collection, 335

Peru, bronze in, 4; use of stone mallets in, 165

Peruvian mode of holding dagger, 246

Pest, Congress of Prehistoric Archæology at, 180

Petrie collection, 140

Phillips, Mr. J. A., F.G.S., 422, 426

Philology, testimony of, 9, 110

Philoxenus quoted, 168

Phœnician trade with Britain, 419, 475, 479

Pins, 365 to 373; 134, 135, 191, 282, 290, 322; associated with swords, 290, 372; bone, with Roman remains, 365; curved, 368; Danish, gold-plated, 372; French, 370; German, 371; gold, for inlaying, 51, 228, 232; Irish, 369, 371, 372; Late Celtic, 368, 369; looped, 368, 369; Scottish, 372; spiral, 370; Swiss, 370; twisted, 191, 366; with amber inlaid, 368; with annular heads, 367; with flat heads, 290, 365, 371; with perforated heads, 96

Pindar quoted, 17

Pipe of bone, 366

Pisander, axe of, 18

Pitt-Rivers, Gen. A., F.R.S., 37, 84, 205, 313, 328, 441, 475

Plates, conical, with central hole, 316; convex, 351; with rims, 402; flat, 402; gold, articles made of, 244; gold, lozenge-shaped, 51, 232; horse-shoe shaped, 405; with lunate openings, 397

Pliny quoted, 18, 19, 194, 355

Plot, Dr., quoted, 31, 42, 133

Plutarch quoted, 19

Pollux, Julius, mentions currier’s chisel, 168

Polybius quoted, 275, 363

Pommels, of dagger hilts, 229; to iron sword, 229; object like, with links of chain, 296; cast on core of clay, 290; to Scottish swords, 290

Porsena, articles of peace tendered by, 18

Poseidon, trident of, 15

Poste, Mr. Beale, quoted, 308

Pottery, from barrows, 407; of Bronze Age, 407, 487; from Swiss Lake-dwellings, 13

Pownall, Governor, F.S.A., quoted, 293

Preservation of iron, 25

Prickers of bronze for extracting clay cores, 186. _See_ Awls

Prigg, Mr. H., quoted, 187; collection, 127

Proportion between size of tool and handle, 277

Proximity of objects no proof of identity of date, 25, 117, 273, 470

Psammetichus, brazen helmet of, 8

Punches, used in ornamenting, 67, 68, 187, 188, 453; serrated, 319, 320

Punic War, Second, 19, 275

Pyramid, Great, iron wedge found in, 7

Pyrites, iron, 225, 243, 487; copper, 419

Queen Aah-Hotep, axe found in tomb of, 148

Queen’s Drive, Edinburgh, swords found at, 289

“Quincussis,” 283

Rabat, M., collection, 180, 368

Rameses III., tomb of, 7

Ramsauer, Herr, 157

Ramses, the name on Egyptian axe, 147

Rapier-shaped blades, 245 to 254, 328, 333; broken, regarded as a steel, 250; rare in hoards, 256; with hilt of ox-horn, 252

Rattles, crotals, or bells, 361, 364

Ravalière, Lévesque de la, quoted, 20

Ravensworth, Lord, collection, 288, 335

Razors, 217 to 221, 480; continental forms, 221; crescent-shaped, 221; from Lake-dwellings, 215; Irish, 218, 318; perforated, 218 to 221; tanged, 217 to 219; tanged, peculiar to Britain, 480

Read, Mr. C., 231

Reaping-hooks, of flint, 194 (_see_ Sickles); Saturn’s, 17

Reaping-machine, Gaulish, 194

“Recipient” and “received,” the terms as applied to celts, 107

Religious rites, use of bronze in, 18

Repoussé work on Late Celtic bracelets, 388

Reproduction in bronze of stone forms, 40

Reverence, superstitious, for celts, 39

Rhœcus and Theodorus, the Samians, 15

Rhind, Mr. A. Henry, 274, 275

Richardson, Dr. Richard, quoted, 155

Rickman, Mr., quoted, 35

Rings, 388 to 391; 82, 135, 158, 290; bone, 51, 232; of caldron, 411; concentric, on shields, 347 to 353; connecting straps of harness, 399; dentated, for maces, 271; Egyptian, 391; Etruscan, 400; gold, 389, 390, 391; hollow, with transverse perforations, 389, 398, 399; interlinked, 405; Irish, in pairs, 389; on loop of celt, 118, 158; penannular, 198, 390, 391; and plates as ornaments for horse-trappings, 404; and pellet ornament, 124 to 127; spiral, 76, 390, 391; stone mould for, 158; twisted, 390

Ring-money, African, 387; Irish, 391

Rivets, horn or wood, 227; imitation of, 235, 257, 260, 344; long, for barbed spear-heads, 338; numerous, for trumpet, 362

Robinson, Mr. T. W. U., F.S.A., collection, 411, 412

Rod, with birds and rings, 406

Rolleston, Prof., F.R.S., quoted, 25, 277, 287, 380

Roman, coins, at Karn Bré, 32, 115; commemorative of victories, 363; priests, bronze knives of, 18; pronunciation of _celtis_, 29; remains, 116; sword, long, 275

Roman numerals, ornaments resembling, 203

Rome, best steel imported to, from China, 19

Rosse, Earl of, collection, 361, 411; his speculum metal, 416

Rossi, Prof. Stefano de, quoted, 37

Roughening of butt-end of celts, 67, 77, 160

Rowland quoted, 31, 32

Rubbing-stones for grinding and polishing, 361, 452

Sabine priests, bronze knives of, 18

Sabres, Japanese, 275

Sacken, Baron von, 157, 181, 246, 308

Sagartii, the, had bronze daggers, 17

Sagas, use of term Paalstab in, 72

Sanford, Mr. W. A., F.G.S., collection, 96, 377

Sanscrit term for iron, 10

“Sarcophagus with ashes” in cairn, 273

Savoy Lake-dwellings. _See_ Lake-dwellings

Saws, 183, 184; flint flakes used as, 454

Saxon cemeteries, preservation of iron in, 25

Saxony, native copper in, 419

Scabbards and scabbard-ends, 301 to 309, 336; French, 301; localities where found, 481; Scottish, 304

Scandinavia never occupied by the Romans, 276

Scarabæus of bronze, 155

Schliemann, Dr., quoted, 40, 166, 224, 297, 438

Schreiber, quoted, 43, 52, 104

Scott, Lady John, collection, 60

Scythians, the, did not use bronze, 17; method of taking census among, 318

“Seare” or Sickle, 200

Segested cited, 52

Seidler, Mr. Charles, collection, 441

Severus, Britons of the time of, 355

Sharp, Mr. S., F.S.A., collection, 43

Sharpeners, 7; broken bronze rapier regarded as, 250

Shaw, Mr. S., collection, 234

Sheaths, bronze, 301; bronze, for iron sword, 302; leather, 252, 289; wooden, with interment, 301, 302

Shields, 343 to 356; on British coins, 354; Italian, 353; Late Celtic, 363; Scottish, 349; with Early Iron swords, 354; with interment, 352

Shiffner, Sir H., Bart., collection, 53

Shipp, Mr., 233

Sickle of Chronos, 15; of Elissa and Medea, 18, 194; of Saturn, 17

Sickles, 194 to 203, 480, 487; English, 197; Scottish, 199; Irish, 200; French, 201; German, 202; Italian, 202; Scandinavian, 195; Swiss, 195, 202; method of hafting, 196; flat, with knobs on blade, 197, 480; socketed, 195, 198 _et seqq._, 480

Sidonius quoted, 162

Sigimer, his followers provided with missile hatchets, 162

Silver, apparently unknown in the Bronze Age, 487; ornaments at Gungeria, 2

Simpson, Rev. Sparrow, D.D., collection, 147

Sinai, copper from peninsula of, 8

Sinclair quoted, 200

Sinope, steel of, 17

Sistrum-like instruments, 405

Slafter, Rev. E. F., quoted, 3

Smith, Dr. Aquilla, 67

Smith, Mr. C. Roach, F.S.A., quoted, 274; collection, 249, 280, 325, 330, 351

Smith, Mr. Ecroyd, 168

Smith, Dr. John Alexander, 56, 199, 221

Soldering unknown in the Bronze Age, 425

Solly, Mr. S., F.S.A., 233

Sophocles quoted, 194

Spain, tin in, 419, 424

Spear-heads, 310 to 338; absent from barrows, 342; African, 340; Arreton Down type, 257, 260; barbed, 337, 338, 481; castings for, 84; Celtic, in the Alban Necropolis, 341; Chinese, 330; “eyed,” 333; ferruled, 257; flint, 100, 225; Greek, 313, 340; inlaid with gold, 313; Irish, 311, 320; iron, 342; leaf-shaped, 248, 254, 312 to 321, 341, 481; looped on blade, 248, 327 to 331; looped on socket, 321 to 326; moulds for, 435 to 438; perforated, 288, 330 to 337; retaining portion of shaft, 312, 313, 316, 327; tanged, 257, 258; types peculiar to Britain, 341; where found, 481

Speculum-metal, 178, 416

Spindle-whorl, 383

Spirals, their absence in Britain, 287, 394; on beads, 394, 485

Spiral rings, 76, 390, 391

Spoon-like articles, 406

Squier and Davis quoted, 3

Stag’s-horns, 284; horn handle to brass instrument, 163; handle to celts, 150; instruments in barrow, 226; instruments like netting-meshes in barrow, 190

Stair, Earl of, collection, 137

“Stake,” possible origin of this name for a small anvil, 181

Stature of men interred in Yorkshire barrows, 278

Steel of three kinds produced by the Chalybes, 17; helmet of Hercules, 17; known in Homer’s day, 14; Japanese method of preparing, 275; reaping-hook of Saturn, 17; of Sinope, 17

Stevenson, Mr., collection, 440

Stiletto and bodkin, served a double purpose, 369

Stone, Mr., 391

Stone, Mr. Edward, 111

Stone anvils, 181; mallets, 165

Stone, forms reproduced in bronze, 40; and bronze associated, 41, 42, 51, 161, 165, 189, 190, 223, 224, 225, 226, 232, 236, 238, 243, 256, 366, 391, 405, 452, 453, 456, 480, 487

Strabo quoted, 17, 19, 486

Strobel, Prof., quoted, 108, 202

Stukeley quoted, 31, 87, 107, 189

Succession of iron to bronze, 4, 6, 16, 22, 23

Sullivan, Prof. W. K., 417, 420

Superposition of articles of different date, 26

Superstitious reverence for beads, 394; for celts, 39

Survival of celts as amulets, 134; of “flanches” as ornaments, 60, 107, 108, 110, 111, 131

Sweden, native copper in, 419

Swiss Lake-dwellings. _See_ Geographical Index.

Swords, 273 to 300; British, 275, 278 to 287; Celtiberian, 275; Danish, 286, 296, 298, 309; Egyptian, 298; Finnish, 299; French, 281, 287, 293, 297, 301; Gaulish, 300; German, 298, 299; Greek, 297; Hallstatt, 299; Hungarian, 276; Irish, 291, 293 to 296; Italian, 274, 297; from Mycenæ, 297; Roman, 275; Scandinavian, 274, 276, 287, 296, 298; Scottish, 273, 289, 290, 291; from site of Troy (presumed), 298; Spanish, 275; Swiss Lakes, 280, 287, 297

Swords, absent from interments, 273, 274, 277; date of, 273, 274, 275, 276; Early Iron, 274, 275, 276, 280, 287, 297, 299, 300, 343, 354; found in a moss arranged in a circle, 288; inlaid, 296, 297; length of, 275; methods of mending, 254, 293; mode of grasping, 276; on Italian bronze coin, 283; types almost peculiar to Britain, 481; with bronze sheaths, 301

Sword-hilts and hilt-plates added by casting, 287, 290; Danish, 276; Hungarian, 276; ferrules on, 306; gold on, 286, 296, 298; of ivory inlaid with amber, 299; longitudinal slots in, 278, &c.; pommels to, of alabaster, 291; pommels with curved horns, 288; pommels of lead, 285; with plates of bone, horn, or wood, 278, 286, 290, 293, 296; spirals on, rare in Britain, 287

Sydenham, Mr., 237

Tacitus, quoted, 275, 354

Talbot de Malahide, Lord, collection, 104

Tamassus, mart for copper at, 14

Tasciovanus, coins of, 354, 363

Teeth of animals in barrows, 42, 189

Telamon, battle of, 275

Telchines, the, gold, silver, and copper discovered by, 15

Teutonic languages, name for copper in, 10

Thebes, paintings in sepulchres at, 7, 185

Theophrastus quoted, 15

Theseus, grave of, 18

Thoms, Mr., note on _Paalstabs_, 72.

Thomsen, Councillor, 72

Thorlacius quoted, 151

Thurnam, Dr., F.S.A., quoted, 44, 134, 188, 189, 191, 216, 222, 225, 230, 232, 236, 241, 242, 369, 393, 475, 485

Tin, bead of, 394; coins of, 445; early sources of, 418; Egyptian, source unknown, 8; exported from Britain, before Roman invasion, 419, 476; found in Brittany, 419; fragments of, 136, 315, 425; in bronze, loss of, by fusion, 418; in hoards of bronze, 425; in ingots, 426; Malacca, principal Eastern source of, 424; mentioned by Homer, 12; pure metallic, 425; pure, used by early Greeks, 12; Spain, principal Western source of, 424; trade with Britain for, 424; used for soldering, 363

Tinned, implements supposed to be, 55, 56, 57

Tischler, Dr. Otto, 24

Tongs, 185

Torquati, origin of their name, 374

Torques, 374 to 381; 76, 96, 198; beaded, 381; Danish, 379; on denarii of the Manlia Gens, 374; derivation of name, 374; funicular, 375 to 377; gold, 90, 180, 209, 375, 376; gold, Gaulish, 374; gold, Irish, with ball at each end, 379; Late Celtic, 381; ribbon, 90, 379; rings on, 390, 391

Towneley, Mr. Charles, 48

Tree-burial. _See_ Interment.

Tresca, M., 416

Trevelyan, Sir Charles, collection, 89, 333; Sir Walter, 386

“Tribulum,” the, 202

Trojans, “bronze-speared,” 16

Troy, swords rare on the presumed site of, 298

Troyon, M., collection, 131

Trumpets, 357 to 364; African, of elephants’ tusks, 359; broken and repaired by burning, 360; English, 363; found at Dowris, 361; from Fiji, of conch shells, 359; Gaulish, 363; Irish, 357, 361; Late Celtic, 362; metal of, 360, 363; Scottish, 363; with lateral opening, 358

“Tuagh-catha,” Irish war-axe, 263

Tubal-Cain, 5

Tubes, 265; looped, 397

Tucker, Mr., F.S.A., 254

Tuscan cities, bronze ploughshare used in founding, 18

“Tutuli,” 402

Tweezers, 191, 192; ivory, 241

Umbrian coins with the type of a sword, 283

Unfinished castings, 84, 90, 115, 175, 328

Uralian province of bronze antiquities, 477

Urn-burials, 42, 190, 191, 217, 226, 234, 384, 391; at Hallstatt, 412

Urns, cinerary, 474; cinerary, said to contain sword, 273; of coarse earthenware, 87; found at Chiusi, 156; inverted, 234

Urus, remains of, at Barton Mere, 486

Utilization of broken instruments, 180, 361, 454

Vallancey quoted, 138, 176, 200, 201, 234, 263, 361, 399; as to Irish moulds, 439

Variations in implements cast in the same mould, 111, 442, 444

Various centres of bronze-founding in Britain 143, 477

Vases of Etruscan origin, 413, 481

Vauquelin’s analysis of Egyptian dagger, 420

Verica, gold coins of, 354, 399

Vessels, amber, 407; bronze, 361; bronze, conical, 413; bronze, ornamented, 413; bronze, with iron handle, 409; gold, 408; sandstone, 409; shale, 407

Virgil quoted, 12, 13, 16, 194

Von Bibra, referred to, 422

Von Estorff quoted, 315

Von Sacken quoted, 157, 181, 246, 308

Votive celts or hatchets, 69, 135, 417; hoards, 457

Vulgate, different readings of, 28

Wakeman, Mr., collection, 303

Wakeman, Mr., quoted, 252

Wallace, Mr. J. R., collection, 43, 120

Warburton, Mr., 447

Ware, Mr. Samuel, F.S.A., quoted, 48

Warne, Mr. C, F.S.A., quoted, 234, 238, 243

Watson, Mr. C. Knight, Sec. S.A., quoted, 27

Way, Mr. Albert, F.S.A., quoted, 37, 50, 51, 166

“Welding,” the term, 293

Westendorp quoted, 152

Westwood, Prof., quoted, 81

Whetstones in hoards, 113, 397, 452; with interments, 51, 225, 226, 242, 366; in urns, 163, 217; use of, 453

Whincopp, Mr., collection, 260

Whitaker, Dr., collection, 48; quoted, 47

Whitaker, Mr. W., F.G.S., 248

Wibel, Dr., 419

Wickham, Mr. Humphrey, collection, 214, 230

Wilde, Sir W. R., 37, 39, 40, 61, 65, 67, 101, 155, 170, 184, 252, 264, 293, 306, 311, 357, 360, 361, 364, 372, 389, 399, 410

Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, quoted, 5, 6, 185

Wilshe collection, 208

Wilson, Prof. Daniel, quoted, 58, 72, 99, 136, 137, 169, 176, 207, 209, 214, 272, 273, 337, 348, 354, 425, 432

Wilson, Rev. George, 167.

Wood preserved by salt, 152; preserved by salts of copper, 160; preserved by salts of iron, 157

Wooden hafts for celts, 144, 149, 150, 151, 155, 157; handle of sickle, of yew, 195; handle of knife, of yew, 207; shafts for spears, of ash, 312, 313; shafts for spears, of beech, 339; shafts for spears, of bog-oak, 313; sheath for dagger, 308; sheath for dagger, apparently of willow, 233

Woodward Collection, 167

Worm, Dr. Olaf, quoted, 30

Worsaae, Councillor, quoted, 72, 163, 276, 298, 457, 478, 482

Wright, T., F.S.A., quoted, 9, 20, 37, 274, 400

Yates, Mr. James, F.R.S., quoted, 36, 168

Young, Mr. A. Knight, collection, 296

INDEX,

GEOGRAPHICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL.

_See also “Hoards” and “Museums” in General Index_.

ENGLAND.

BEDFORDSHIRE.

Toddington, 321

Wymington, 113, 466

BERKSHIRE.

Ashdown, 322

Blewbury, 225

Cottle, 215

Fyfield, 322

Hagbourn Hill, 144, 322, 368, 466, 470, 471

Isis, near Little Wittenham, 343

Kennet and Avon Canal, 247

Newbury, 77, 81, 259, 308

Rowcroft, Yattendon, 242

Speen, 330, 333, 337

Sunningwell, 80

Sutton Courtney, 223

Thames, near Bray, 199

” near Maidenhead, 245

Thatcham, 247

Theale, 247

Wallingford, 87, 128, 167, 206, 219, 321, 457, 466

Wantage, 79

Windsor, 84, 113, 199, 281, 314, 340

Yattendon, 169, 403, 466

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.

Buckinghamshire, 81

Hawridge, 279

Lodge Hill, Waddesdon, 111

Thames, near Datchet, 330, 333

Winslow, 380

CAMBRIDGESHIRE.

Aldreth, 279

Barrington, 78, 118, 128, 466

Bottisham, 79, 83, 88, 112, 314

” Lode, 92, 123, 175, 328

Burwell Fen, 74, 79, 82, 83, 113, 248, 258, 336, 378, 467

Cambridge, 94, 127, 179, 244, 281, 323, 371

Chatteris, 250

Coveney, Isle of Ely, 129, 248

” Fen, 328, 346

Downham Fen, 199

Duxford, 43

Ely, 91, 254

” Fens at, 53, 78, 121, 282, 286, 322

Fens, 43, 83, 90, 91, 93, 116, 122, 129, 245, 248, 317, 330

Fen Ditton, 123

Fordham, 254

Fulbourn, 279, 282, 320, 340, 464

Harston, 79

Isleham Fen, 327

Malton, 397

Manea, 270

March, 52

Matlow Hill, 366

Melbourn, 174, 389, 397, 466

Meldreth, 172, 201, 411, 424, 466

Mildenhall Fen, 78, 133

Newton, 111, 422

Quy Fen, 79, 316

Reach Fen, 79, 112, 118, 122, 133, 167, 174, 187, 205, 210, 211, 213, 216, 229, 283, 305, 314, 315, 317, 319, 396, 400, 467

Shippey, Ely, 79

Soham Fen, 245

Stretham Fen, 199

Swaffham Fen, 78, 259

Waterbeach, 245, 248, 250

Whittlesea, 131, 175, 179, 466

Wicken Fen, 76, 199, 205, 287, 464

Wisbech, 131

CHESHIRE.

Broxton, 91, 169, 331, 464

Grappenhall, 43

Wilmslow, 228, 238

CORNWALL.

Cornwall, 96, 116, 119, 135, 385, 419, 425, 426

Angrowse Mullion, 243

Camelford, 438

Falmouth, 426

Fowey River, 369

Harlyn, 42

Karn Bré, 32, 115, 119

Kenidjack Cliff, 95, 119, 423, 451, 467

Lanant, 206, 285, 340, 423, 451, 467

Launceston, 119

Mawgan, 116, 184, 250, 465

Penvores, 95

Penzance, 81

Redmore, 400

Rillaton, 407

St. Austell, 95

St. Hilary, 285, 423, 467

St. Michael’s Mount, 31

CUMBERLAND.

Cumberland, 322

Aspatria, 86

Camp Graves, Bewcastle, 314

Irthington, 85

Keswick, 93

Longtown, 73

Naworth Castle, 334

Wigton, 73

DERBYSHIRE.

Derbyshire, 175

Bakewell, 316

Biggen Grange, 168

Blakelow, 42

Borther Low, 42

Brassington Moor, 88, 228

Brier Low, 226

Brough, 122

Carder Low, 225, 226

Dow Low, 237

Duffield, 325

End Low, 225

Haddon Field, 190

High Low, 453

Lark’s Low, 190

Matlock, 42, 259

Middleton, 226

Minning Low, 190, 225

Moot Low, 44, 224

Narrowdale Hill, 228

Parcelly Hay, 225

Parwich Moor, 42

Peak Forest, 122

Shuttlestone, 42, 150

Stakor Hill, 392

Standlow, 231

Thor’s Cave, Walton, 385

Throwley, 190

Waggon Low, 190

Wardlow, 314

DEVONSHIRE.

Devonshire, 95

Bloody Pool, 338, 339, 465

Broad Down, Farway, 134

Chagford, 82

Drewsteignton, 86

Hammeldon Down, 228

Hennock, 250

Honiton, 113

Kent’s Cavern, 206

Knighton, 434

Lovehayne, 81

Plymstock, 50, 165, 241, 259, 464

Sidmouth, 47

Talaton, 250

Teigngrace, 316

Torrington, 244

Upton Pyne, 224

Winkleigh, 250

Worth, 254, 313, 402, 464

DORSETSHIRE.

Dorsetshire, 52, 206, 226, 233, 238, 377, 381, 393

Badbury, 250

Bere Regis, 242

Bincombe Down, 226

Blandford, 127, 175

Came, 242

Cranbourne, 282

Gussage St. Michael, 279

King Barrow, Wareham, 114

Maiden Castle, 237

Milton, 380, 432

Portland, Isle of, 115, 121, 285, 318, 333

Preston Down, 46

Purbeck, 94

Roke Down, 233

Spetisbury, 378

Wareham, 115

Weymouth, 279, 313, 419, 464

Winfrith, 81

Woodlands, 279

DURHAM.

Broomyholme, 351

Chester-le-Street, 116

Heathery Burn Cave, 110, 118, 166, 172, 175, 185, 206, 211, 219, 285, 314, 365, 372, 381, 386, 388, 391, 401, 402, 412, 424, 447, 451, 468

Medomsley, 285, 389

Stanhope, 118, 129, 174, 179, 315, 403, 466

Wolsingham, 76

ESSEX.

Essex, 403

Baddow Hall Common, 43

Barking Marshes, 110

Chelmsford, 90

Chrishall, 117, 283, 467

Fifield, 424

Gray’s Thurrock, 144

High Roding, 109, 116, 424, 468

Lea, at Stratford-le-Bow, 258

” River, 280

Mardyke, 254

Panfield, 468

Plaistow Marshes, 338

Romford, 86, 172, 424, 467

Stifford, 282

Thames, near Barking Creek, 284

Thames, near Erith, 122

Walthamstow, 317, 411

GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

Ablington, 241

Cirencester, 241

Kilcot Wood, Newent, 48

Meon Hill, 133

Nether Swell, 217

Severn, near Wainlodes Hill, 80

South Cerney, 81

Stanton, 73

Stroud, 272

Whittington, 45

HAMPSHIRE.

Arreton Down, Isle of Wight, 49, 243, 244, 257, 259, 260, 278, 464, 473

Ashey Down, 226

Bere Hill, 234

Blackmoor, 404

Fovant, 393

Hinton, 424

Liss, 54, 383

New Forest, 115

Woolmer Forest, 378, 383, 390, 464

HEREFORDSHIRE.

Aston Ingham, 250

Broadward, 168, 285, 319, 320, 336, 338, 340, 397, 465

Bucknell, 74

Oldbury Hill, 90

Ross, 91

St. Margaret’s Park, Hereford, 340

Weston, 78

HERTFORDSHIRE.

Hertfordshire, 314

Cumberlow, 94, 110, 134, 424, 467

Danesbury, 423, 468

Lea River, St. Margaret’s, 315

Royston, 424

Westwick Row, 112, 424, 468

Wigginton, 213

HUNTINGDONSHIRE.

Hammerton, 90

Horsey, 330

Taxley Fen, 43

KENT.

Kent, 129, 426

Allhallows, Hoo, 214, 230, 467

Ashford, 81, 82

Blean, 88

Buckland, 88

Canterbury, 114, 168

Chartham, 322

Chatham Dockyard, 74

” Hill, 83

Dover, 52

Harty, Isle of, 110, 111, 174, 177, 181, 186, 211, 214, 308, 403, 441, 442, 453, 457, 468

Haynes Hill, 297, 305, 320, 403, 467

Hundred of Hoo, 95, 466

Marden, 198, 208, 211, 308, 366, 381, 388, 450, 451, 467

Medway, Chatham Reach, 281

Medway, Upper Reach, 280

Minster, 129

Sittingbourne, 113, 174, 424, 467

Thames at Greenwich, 284

Thames off Woolwich, 351

Wateringbury, 109

Wye Down, 52

LANCASHIRE.

Lancashire, 87

Acker’s Common, 86

Cuerdale, 118, 314

Gleaston Castle, 43

Kirkland Cave, 168

Lancaster Moor, 224

Mow Road, Rochdale, 381

Read, 47

Risdon, 46

Winmarleigh, 118, 314, 335, 466

Winwick, 82, 124, 158, 224

LEICESTERSHIRE.

Beacon Hill, 43, 174, 321, 466

Leicester, 231

LINCOLNSHIRE.

Lincolnshire, 284, 390

Alnwick, Sleaford, 445

Billinghay, 282

Boston, 34, 89

Broughton, 216

Burringham Common, 352

Elsham, 80

Fleet and Gedney, Sea-dike between, 285

Flixborough, 465

Haxey, 89, 129, 465

Horncastle, 54

Langton, 323

Lincoln, 325

Nettleham, 86, 92, 131, 314, 330, 339, 465

Newport, 177

North Owersby, 85

Scothorn, 175

Sleaford River, 86

South Kyme, 248

Washingborough, 279, 447

West Halton, 113, 118, 120, 424, 467

Witham River, 287, 341, 363

MIDDLESEX.

Edmonton Marsh, 205, 330

Hampton Court, 328

Hounslow, 110, 128, 175, 210, 406, 451, 466

Kensington, 158, 174, 401, 424, 450, 467

London, 95, 214, 272, 356

Pentonville, 328

Teddington, 243

Thames, at Chelsea, 303

” between Hampton and Walton, 352

” near Isleworth, 52, 302

” at or near London, 84, 86, 125, 126, 158, 168, 198, 205, 211, 224, 247, 249, 280, 287, 303, 307, 312, 314, 322, 325, 333, 339, 345, 351, 400

” at Teddington, 303

” near Waterloo Bridge, 356

MONMOUTHSHIRE.

Castle Hill, Usk, 114

NORFOLK.

Norfolk, 52, 167

Attleborough, 77

Carlton Rode, 78, 94, 113, 119, 121, 122, 133, 167, 171, 173, 175, 178, 424, 467

Caston, 121

Dereham, 199

Eaton, 447, 468

Frettenham, 120

” Common, 131

Hanworth, 114

Helsdon Hall, 424, 467

Ingham, 319

Little Cressingham, 244

Methwold, 249

Ouse River, near Thetford, 250

Reepham, 466

Rougham, 73

Snettisham, 79

Stibbard, 84, 328, 457, 464

Stoke Ferry, 270, 282, 305, 314, 465

Sutton, St. Michael’s, 352

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.

Northamptonshire, 90

Aston-le-Walls, 89

Aynhoe, 73

Brixworth, 285

NORTHUMBERLAND.

Northumberland, 46, 158

Alnwick, 43, 113, 285, 321, 391, 465

Blakehope, 335

Branton, 285

Cambo, 429

Cheswick, 241

Chollerford Bridge, 74

Corbridge, 248, 333, 351

Elford, 327

Ewart Park, 285

Ford, 244

Harwood, 352

Inghoe, 351

Linden, 76

Newbiggin, 43

Newcastle-on-Tyne, 351

Newham, 120

North Charlton, 237

” Tyne, 78

Rothbury, 389

Tosson, 285

Tyne, near Newcastle, 281

Wallington, 89, 333, 382, 465

Wallsend, 43

Whittingham, 280, 288, 314, 335, 464

NOTTINGHAM.

Colwick, 77

Gotam, 190

Gringley, 321

Newark, 118, 316, 402, 466

Nottingham, 93, 118, 211, 317, 322, 339, 465

OXFORDSHIRE.

Oxfordshire, 95

Burgesses’ Meadow, Oxford, 81, 169, 179, 467

Cherwell River, 287

Culham, 75, 320

Dorchester, 75, 76, 78, 83, 86, 93, 109, 112

Dyke Hills, 343

Freeland, 79

Isis, near Dorchester, 303

Isis, near Eynsham Bridge, 345

Sandford, 248, 284

Stanlake, 391

Stanton Harcourt, 88

Yarnton, 380

SHROPSHIRE.

Shropshire, 270

Bagley, 352

Battlefield, 43, 86, 405, 464

Broadward (_see_ Herefordshire)

Ebnall, 167, 174, 187, 466

Little Wenlock, 113, 234, 314, 336, 452, 465

Porkington, 168, 174, 466

Severn, near Buildwas, 282

Wrekin Tenement, 285, 338, 465

SOMERSETSHIRE.

Bath, 89, 114, 116

Camerton, 243, 369

Cheddar Valley, 96

Chilton Bustle, 368

Edington Burtle, 197, 249, 320, 325, 330, 377, 385, 391, 464

Hamden Hill, 389

Midsummer Norton, 279

Pen Pits, 377

Polden Hill, 353

Priddy, 217, 226

Quantock Hills, 77, 377, 447, 464

Sedgemoor, 119

Sherford, 90, 330, 464

Sparkford Hill, 167, 197

South Petherton, 96

Taunton, 116, 178, 198, 218, 367, 389, 466

Tiverton, 284

Wadsford, 328

Wedmore, 376, 378, 466

West Buckland, 96, 377, 386, 464

” Cranmore, 242

Wick Park, Stogursey, 120, 304, 423, 450, 467

Winterhay Green, 90, 384

Wraxall, 381

STAFFORDSHIRE.

Staffordshire, 31

Alton Castle, 282

Brewood, 86

Bushbury, 86

Castern, near Wetton, 385

Ilam Moor, 190

” St. Bertram’s Well, 42

Lady Low, 216, 224

Lett Low, 225, 226

Morridge, 86

Musdin, 240

Pattingham, 375

Shenstone, 285, 465

Stretton, 87

Thorncliff, 225

Wetton, 383,409

Yarlet, 321

SUFFOLK.

Suffolk, 48

Barrow, 54, 279

Barton Mere, 486

Boyton, 375, 391

Broomswell, Woodbridge, 90

Exning, 174, 394, 466

Fornham, 122

Hintlesham, 260

Honington, 91

Ipswich, 411

Lakenheath, 80, 125, 320, 322

” Fen, 330

Lark River, Icklingham, 282

Lidgate, 271

Martlesham, 113, 119, 120, 129, 174, 206, 424, 467

Mildenhall, 46, 78, 127, 306

Postlingford Hall, 48, 464

Sutton, 84, 87

Thetford, 122, 321

Thorndon, 174, 177, 189, 205, 319, 466

Ubbeston, 93

Undley, 175

Wetheringsett, 274, 282

Woolpit, 281, 328

SURREY.

Battersea, 245

Beddington, 110, 174, 320, 340, 423, 447, 468

Cæsar’s Camp, Farnham, 113, 250

Canada Wharf, Rotherhithe, 86

Ditton, 128, 245, 316, 319, 328

Farley Heath, 69, 169, 322

Guildford, 120

Kingston, 124, 126, 321

” Hill, 82, 423, 467

Thames at Battersea, 175, 278, 279, 281, 321, 327, 411

” Kingston, 84, 86, 125, 211, 248, 250, 254, 284, 338

” Lambeth, 330

” Richmond, 246

” Runnymede, 328

” Vauxhall, 248, 279

” Wandsworth, 130

” mouth of Wandle, 282, 316, 368

Wandle River, 81, 465

Wickham Park, Croydon, 95, 340, 423, 448, 468

SUSSEX.

Alfriston, 114

Battle, 280, 363

Beachy Head, 94, 283, 423, 467

Billingshurst, 81

Bognor, 80, 81

Bracklesham, 244

Brighton, 80, 115

Chichester, 81

Clayton Hill, 80

Eastbourne, 316

Firle, 369

Ham Cross, 385

Hangleton Down, 87, 322

Highdown Camp, 205

Hollingbury Hill, 76, 115, 378, 386, 390, 464

Hove, 243, 453, 486

Ilford, 81

Lewes, 53, 316, 369

Lewes and Brighton, between, 368

Plumpton Plain, 52, 110

Pulborough, 87, 119

Pyecombe, 318, 386

Storrington, 190

Waldron, 91

Westburton, 84

Wilmington, 87, 447, 468

Wolsonbury Hill, 84, 401

Worthing, 87, 423, 467

WARWICKSHIRE.

New Bilton, 245

Rugby, 179

Wolvey, 75, 86

WESTMORELAND.

Ambleside, 285, 465

Brough, 53

Crosby Garrett, 387

Harbyrnrigge, 270

Helsington Peat Moss, 246

WILTSHIRE.

Wiltshire, 110, 219, 440

Ablington, 242

Abury, 366

Aldbourn, 241

Amesbury, 233, 377, 390

Avebury, 400

Barrows, 51, 190, 191, 227, 230, 241, 242, 260, 322, 394

Beckhampton, 190, 322

Brigmilston, 226, 230, 336

Bulford, 190, 366

” Water, 143, 432

Bush Barrow, 44, 51, 232, 352

Cann, 118, 134, 470

Downton, 89, 91, 120

East Harnham, 83

” Kennett, 226

Everley, 147, 163, 242, 366

Fisherton, 248

Fovant, 242, 393

Golden Barrow, 189, 224

Great Bedwin, 272

Homington, 237

Idmiston, 237

Jack’s Castle, Stourton, 226

King Barrow, 190, 241

Lake, 166, 189, 242, 366, 385, 393

Mere Down, 223

Normanton, 366, 385

Overton Hill, 51, 134

Ramsbury, 87

Robin Hood’s Ball, 216

Rockbourn Down, 118

Roundway, 223, 242

Salisbury Plain, 369

Scratchbury, 369

Stonehenge, 47

” Barrow near, 189, 191, 226

Stourhead, 229

Sutton Verney, 394

Tun Hill, 114

Upton Lovel, 189, 366

Wilsford, 51, 226, 322, 366, 405

Winterbourn Stoke, 229, 241, 394

Winterslow, 216, 223

Woodyates Barrow, 236

Yatesbury, 226

WORCESTERSHIRE.

Astley, 81

Bevere Island, 42

Broadway Tower, 280

Castle Hill, 120

Holt, 129, 368

Ombersley, 88

Perdeswell, 381

Severn at Kempsey, 330

” near Worcester, 337

Stoke Prior, 384

YORKSHIRE.

Yorkshire, 44, 118, 129, 132, 189, 211, 226, 318, 422, 447, 471

Arras, or Hessleskew, 23, 134, 387

Bilton, 113, 129, 282, 314, 320, 465

Bishop Wilton, 227, 228

Bolton Percy, 88

Bramham Moor, 31

Bridlington, 400

Brigmilston, 230

Brompton, 76

Broughton in Craven, 217

Butterwick, 41, 151, 189, 224

Cawthorn, 227

Cayton Carr, 125

Cleveland, 447, 468

Cowlam, 387, 391, 400

Cundall Manor, 86

Driffield, 223

Earsley Common, 113, 134, 424, 468

Ebberston, 280, 285, 307

Embsay, 381

Fimber, 190

Frodingham, 113

Garton, 228, 230

Gembling, 127

Givendale, 127

Goodmanham, 392

Gristhorpe, 228

Helperthorpe, 227

Hotham Carr, 84, 92, 440, 468

Hull, 118

Humber River, 338

Keldholm, 452

Knapton, 43

Langton Wold, 189

Leeds, 242

Lowthorpe, 327

Middleham, 335

Middleton, 118

Morley, 328

Pickering, 227, 228

Raisthorp, 43

Ravenshill Barrow, 190

Reeth, 76

Roseberry Topping, 129, 172, 174, 178, 397, 424, 468

Rudstone, 224, 225

Scale House, Barrow near, 474

Seamer Carr, 124, 213

Sherburn Carr, 43

” Wold, 223

Stanwick, 314, 328

Tadcaster, 118, 158

Thixendale, 168

Three Tremblers, 240

Ulleskelf, 93, 132

Westow, 85, 118, 130, 168, 172, 174, 388, 450, 467

Wolds, 391, 473

Wykeham Moor, 366

CHANNEL ISLANDS, &c

ALDERNEY.

Alderney, 201

La Pierre du Villain, 214, 279, 397

Longy Common, 321, 467

GUERNSEY.

“La Roche qui sonne,” 385

ISLE OF MAN.

Broust in Andreas, 120

Castleton, 43

East Surby, 44

Kirk-bride, 120

Kirk-patrick, 120

Peel, 326

SCILLY ISLES.

Peninnis Head, 383

WALES.

North Wales, 78, 144

ANGLESEA.

Anglesea, 79, 391, 423

Bodwrdin and Tre Ddafydd, between, 438

Holyhead Mountain, 206

Llangwyllog, 81, 192, 219, 387, 389, 399, 400, 466

Llanidan, 82, 89

Llanvair Station, 86

Menai Bridge, 54, 86

Ty-Mawr, Holyhead, 129, 168, 315, 381, 389, 466

BRECKNOCKSHIRE.

Brecknockshire, 274

Hay, 77, 329

Keven Hirr Vynidd, 114

CAERMARTHEN.

Kidwelly, 95

CAERNARVON.

Bryn Crûg, 96, 223, 367

Danesfield, 90, 440

Glangwnny, 87

Moel Siabod, 351

Nantlle, 438

CARDIGANSHIRE.

Aberystwith, 351

Glancych or Pant-y-Maen, 285, 304, 315, 340, 389, 464

Pendinas Hill, 79

DENBIGHSHIRE.

Abergele, 144, 308, 404, 405, 471

Llandysilio, 93, 119, 206, 465

Rhosnesney, 55, 90, 226, 464

GLAMORGANSHIRE.

Glamorganshire, 282, 375

Corbridge, 86

Great Wood, St. Fagan’s, 119

Mynydd-y Glas, 119

New Forest, 205

Ogmore Down, 356

Pendoylan, 338

Pont Caradog, 43

Swansea, 43

MERIONETHSHIRE.

Merionethshire, 144

Barmouth, 285

Cader Idris, 375

Castell-y-Bere, 401

Cynwyd, 79

Dolgellau, 285

Harlech, 248, 345

Maentwrog, 248, 328, 465

Monach-ty-Gwyn, 77

Tomen-y-Mur, 226

Vronheulog, 93, 321

MONTGOMERYSHIRE.

Caersws, 81

Guilsfield, 87, 114, 174, 285, 302, 315, 336, 339, 424, 467

Llandrinio, 81

Llanfyllin, 78

Llanrhaiadar-yn-Mochnant, 380

Llan-y-Mynech Hill, 318

Trefeglwys, 322

RADNORSHIRE.

“Castle Tump, The,” Newchurch, 247

Llansanffraid, Cwm Deuddwr, 270

St. Harmon, 81

Woodhouse Farm, Knighton, 90

SCOTLAND.

Scotland, 97, 126, 166, 170, 238, 252, 289, 290, 291, 308, 424, 471

ABERDEEN.

Aberdeen, 289

Aboyne, 388

Alford, 430

Belhelvie, 378

Burreldale Moss, 97

Edengerach, 200

Forest of Birse, 136

Kintore, 57, 430

Lumphanan, 380

Memsie, 273

Methlick, 289

Redhill Premnay, 382

Strathdon, 388

Tarland, 57

Tarves, 290, 372, 465

Tullynessle, Lord Arthur’s Cairn, 97

Ythsie, 304

ARGYLESHIRE.

Argyleshire, 289

Barcaldine, 97

Callachally, Isle of Mull, 239

Campbelton, 207, 260, 437

Cleigh, 239

Irvine, 289

Kilmartin, 430

North Knapdale, 135

Southend, Cantire, 136

Strachur, 170

AYRSHIRE.

Ayrshire, 289

Caprington, 362

Coilsfield, 362

Kilkerran, 410

Lugtonridge, Beith, 348

Trochrig, 430

BANFF.

Alvah, 388

Colleonard, 56, 58

Conage, 382

Hill of Fortrie of Balnoon, 56

Longman, 59

BERWICKSHIRE.

Cockburnspath, 410

Corsbie Moss, 290, 464

Greenlees, 60

Windshiel, 98

BUTE.

Kingarth, 270

CAITHNESS.

Bowermadden, 372

Forse, 289

Kettleburn, Pict’s House near, 192

DUMBARTON.

Dumbarton, 391.

Old Kirk-patrick, 324

DUMFRIES.

Applegarth, 60

Birrenswark, 97

Drumlanrig, 55

Fairholm, 247, 322

Lochar Moss, 381

EAST LOTHIAN.

Preston Tower, 382

EDINBURGH.

Edinburgh, 289

Cobbinshaw, 56

Duddingston Loch, 289, 315, 335, 409, 424, 465

Edinburgh, 190, 289, 372, 401

” Arthur’s Seat, 136, 289

” Bell’s Mills, 135, 136

” Leith Citadel, 136

Gogar Burn, 304

Kinleith, 221

Lawhead, Farm of, 57

Ravelston, 56

ELGIN.

Sluie, 270

Urquhart, 378

FIFESHIRE.

Fifeshire, 289

Auchtermuchty, 247

Collessie, 239

Dams, 61

Dunino, 57

Falkland, 59, 269

Kilrie, 244

Pettycur, 99

St. Andrew’s, 218

FORFARSHIRE.

Forfarshire, 289

Brechin, 290, 465

Cauldhame, 304

Dean Water, 326

Denhead, 337

Forfar, 320

Leuchland, 289

Linlathen, 239

Loch of Forfar, 136

HADDINGTONSHIRE.

Bowerhouses, Dunbar, 220, 465

Corsbie Moss, 290

INVERNESS-SHIRE.

Ardgour House, 56

Benibhreæ, Hill of, 406

Craigton, 322

Kilmailie, 430

Skye, Isle of, 100, 209, 290

” Point of Sleat, 289, 315, 372, 465

South Uist, Iochdar, 289

KINCARDINE.

Kincardine, 289

KIRCUDBRIGHTSHIRE.

Balmaclellan, 315

Carlinwark Loch, 410

Crossmichael, 239

Kilnotrie, 98

Plunton Castle, 388

LANARKSHIRE.

Lanarkshire, 271, 289

Aikbrae, 99

Biggar, 55

Kerswell, 97

Carmichael, 273

Crawford, 330

Culter, 55, 226, 378

Douglas, 326

Hangingshaw, 136

Lanark, 315, 384

Tintot-top, Clydesdale, 98

MIDLOTHIAN.

Ratho, 57

Vogrie, 57

MORAYSHIRE.

Achtertyre, 136, 315, 382, 425, 468

Orton, 393

Rosele, 332

Sluie, 56, 58

NAIRN.

Nairn, 58

PEEBLES-SHIRE.

Peeblesshire, 59

Peebles, 97, 289

Stobo Castle, 384

PERTHSHIRE.

Abernethy, 56

Ardoch, 247

Blair Drummond, 248

Drumlanrick, 239

Kilgraston, 207

Kincardine, 289

Muthill, 388

Perth, 60

Pitcaithly, 246

Rannoch, 379

Tay River, 175

” near Errol, 199

ROSS-SHIRE.

Eddertoun, 394

Highfield, 336

Little Lochbroom, 379

Rosskeen, 137, 432

Wester Ord, 209

ROXBURGHSHIRE.

Roxburghshire, 336

Eildon, 57

Hawick, 331

Yetholm, 349

STIRLINGSHIRE.

Stirlingshire, 289, 336

Ballagan, 273

Bannockburn, 314

Graham’s Dyke, 289

Moss of Kincardine, 410

Stirling, 289

SUTHERLAND.

Balblair, 218

Inchnadamff, 57

Ledbeg, 200

Lieraboll, 218

Rogart, 218

WIGTONSHIRE.

Wigtonshire, 289, 331, 432

Balcarry, 98

Glen Kenns, 322

Glenluce, 167, 192, 224

Inch, 56

Kilfillan, 98

Leswalt, 56, 137

Moss of Cree, 56

Portpatrick, 135

Stranraer, 135, 270

IRELAND.

Ireland, 34, 39, 63, 90, 98 to 105, 128, 138, 140, 142, 170, 176, 179, 192, 205, 208, 212, 234, 247, 250, 254, 263, 291, 293, 296, 303, 314, 317, 318, 322, 324, 326, 328, 330, 331, 333, 336, 340, 368, 371, 387, 389, 393, 398, 405, 406, 410, 430, 432, 440, 471, 476

North of Ireland, 105, 207, 316, 318, 323, 329, 371, 435

ANTRIM.

Antrim, 100, 139, 239, 333, 339

Armoy, 68, 99, 100, 435

Ballycastle, 213

Ballyclare, 212

Ballymena, 105, 325, 428

Ballymoney, 142, 387, 389, 406, 433

Ballyscullion, 411

Bann River, 431

Belaghey, 170

Belfast, 139, 141

Broughshane, 433

Capecastle Bog, Armoy, 412

Carrickfergus, 67, 358, 430

Clough, 328, 402

Connor, 63

Craighilly, 139

Craigs, 212

Glenarm, 256

Killyless, 219

Kilraughts, 361

Knockans, 331

Lisburn, 142, 440

Newtown Crommolin, 141

Toome Bar, Lough Neagh, 352

Tullygowan, Gracehill, 67

ARMAGH.

Armagh, 254, 362

Lurgan, 332

Mullylagan, 296

CAVAN.

Cavan, 266, 387

Cornaconway, 361

Diamond Hill, Killeshandra, 361

Killeshandra, 251

Lough Ramer, 436

Thornhill, Killina, 282

CLARE.

Clare, 389

Inis Kaltra, Lough Derg, 401

CORK.

Ballincollig, 104

Ballybawn, 61

Cork, 140, 359

” and Mallow, between, 358

Crookstown, 361

Dunmanway, 358, 361

Inchigeela, 249

Kanturk, 171

DERRY (see Londonderry).

DONEGAL.

Letterkenny, 263

Raphoe, 256

DOWN.

Down, 139

Lurgan and Moira, between, 208

DUBLIN.

Dublin, 315, 317

Balbriggan, 142

Clontarf, 65

Dublin, 101, 315

Miltown, 103

FERMANAGH.

Ballinamallard, 61, 100

Belleek, 234

Bo Island, 180, 292, 466

Enniskillen, 324, 369

GALWAY.

Galway, 370

Athenry, 320, 345

Athleague, Bog of Aughrane, 207

Claran Bridge, Dunkellen, 436

Headford, 314

Keelogue Ford, 142, 306, 371

Lough Corrib, 431

KILKENNY.

Piltown, Iverk, 306

KERRY.

Aghadoe, 293

Chute Hall, Tralee, 358

Derrynane, 360

Killarney, 361

KING’S COUNTY.

King’s County, 61

Boyne River, near Edenderry, 155

Clonmacnoise, 379

Dowris, 176, 179, 211, 220, 293, 335, 360, 361, 410, 411, 412, 452, 468

LEITRIM.

Ballinamore, 236

LIMERICK.

Limerick, 361

Ballynamona, 352

Lough Gur, 313, 436

LONDONDERRY.

Londonderry, 141, 176, 215, 251

Balteragh, 207

Garvagh, 200

Lissane, 252

Maghera, 330, 435

Magherafelt, 244

Newtown Limavady, 268, 291

Portglenone, 361

LONGFORD.

Longford, 81

Carlea, 141

Lanesborough, 101

LOUTH.

Greenmount, Castle Bellingham, 63

MAYO.

Ballina, 141

MEATH.

Meath, 140

Athboy, 140

Dunshaughlin, 141

” Crannoge at, 236

Kells, 207

Trim, 67

MONAGHAN.

Monaghan, 220, 256

Farney, 409

Lisletrim Bog, 295

SLIGO.

Colloony, 246

Kilrea, 247

TIPPERARY.

Tipperary, 63, 253, 272

Burrisokane, 171

Clonmel, 323

Cloonmore, Templemore, 305

Cullen, 293, 296

Rathkennan Bog, 251

Roscrea, 266

TYRONE.

Arboe, 142

Ballygawley, 201, 268

Ballynascreen, 212

Dungannon, 358,

Galbally, 252

Terman, 324

Trillick, 61, 102, 140, 141, 180, 389, 399, 466

WESTMEATH.

Westmeath, 88, 100, 259

Athlone, 201, 314

Mullingar, 176

WEXFORD.

Slieve Kileta Hill, 266

FRANCE.

Gaul, 300, 426

France, 41, 83, 94, 95, 114, 119, 142, 281, 287, 297, 301, 369, 401, 403, 425, 480

France, North of, 19, 81, 116, 304, 379, 448, 480, 481, 483

France, North-west of, 81, 115

” South of, 57, 85, 131, 153, 234, 479, 484

Brittany, 117, 124, 135, 181, 223, 403, 412, 417, 419, 477

Normandy, 43, 79, 91

AIN.

Cormoz, 300, 301

AISNE.

Aisne, 250

ALLIER.

Ferté Hauterive, La, 458

Gannat, 20

AUDE.

Carcassonne, 390

Cascastel, 122

BOUCHES DU RHONE.

Bounias, Cave of, 223

CANTAL.

Aliès, 287

Mons, St. Flour, 307

CALVADOS.

Escoville, 86

Fresné la Mère, 180, 183, 189, 209, 375

COTE D’OR.

Alise Ste. Reine, 293, 315, 341

Auxonne, 356

Cosne, 300

Magny Lambert, 300

COTES DU NORD.

Lamballe, 116

Moussaye, Plénée-Jugon, 115, 116, 445, 477

DOUBS.

Doubs, 43, 172

Besançon, 293

DROME.

Beaurières, 458

Marsanne, 307

EURE.

Bernay, 77, 78, 81

Evreux, 52

Gasny, 77

Les Andelys, 79

EURE ET LOIRE.

Lutz, 122

FINISTERE.

Finistère, 43

Carnoël, 243

Kerhué-Bras, 238

Plonéour, 215, 405

GARD.

Uzés, 301

GIRONDE.

Langoiran, 97

HAUTES ALPES.

Hautes Alpes, 176

Rame, 238

Réallon, 458

Ribiers, 131, 184, 458

HAUTE ARIEGE.

Haute Ariège, 97

HAUTE LOIRE.

Haute Loire, 131

Cheylounet, 254

Polignac, 293

St. Jullien, Chapteuil, 215

HAUTES PYRENEES.

Tarbes, 97

HAUTE SAONE.

Haute Saône, 52

Auxonne, 248

ILLE ET VILAINE.

Rennes, 287

INDRE ET LOIRE.

Chatellier d’Amboise, 172

St. Genouph, 207, 401, 435

Tours, 448

ISERE.

Isère, 131

Grenoble, 88

La Balme, 131

Vienne, 55, 180

JURA.

Jura, 43, 131, 172, 293

Barésia, 307

Fonderie de Larnaud, 68, 131, 167, 176, 184, 192, 448, 456

Orgelet, 129

NORD.

Lille, 78

LOIRE INFERIEURE.

Marais de Donges, 238

Nantes, 180, 215, 281

” Loire at, 252, 339

Penhouët, 249

St. Nazaire-sur-Loire, 281

LOIR ET CHER.

Loir et Cher, 160

Billy, 432

Theil, 356

LOT.

Miers, 293

MAINE ET LOIRE.

Saumur, 123

MANCHE, LA.

Manche, La, 129, 215, 230

Cotentin, 448

La Parnelle, 398

MARNE.

La Gorge Meillet, 403

Lusancy, 109

MEURTHE.

Frouard, 458

MORBIHAN.

Morbihan, 445

L’Orient, 122

Questembert, 215, 449

Villeder, 86

OISE.

Beauvais, 171

Compiègne, 52, 304

Jonquières, 77

Mareuil-sur-Ourcq, 54

Noailles, 252

Pont-point, 131, 142, 176

St. Pierre-en-Châtre, 192

PAS DE CALAIS.

Chaussée Brunehault, 250

Hewelinghen, 238

PUY DE DOME.

Manson, 458

Royat, 41

RHONE.

Lyons, 52, 223

” Rhone at, 287

” Saône at, 441

SAONE ET LOIRE.

Chalon-sur-Saône, 180, 183

Macon, 441

SAVOIE.

Savoie, 95, 131, 172, 191, 305, 315, 341, 368, 484

Donsard, 210

Grésine, 230

Lac du Bourget, 129, 131, 180, 184, 387, 432, 449

SEINE.

Seine River, at Paris, 77, 157, 160, 176, 183, 201, 208, 221, 238, 243, 249, 272, 283, 313, 327, 398

SEINE ET OISE.

Seine et Oise, 281

Angerville, 180

Argenteuil, 279

SOMME.

Somme, 250

Abbeville, 91, 92, 335

Albert, 279

Amiens, 52, 157, 176, 183, 201, 206, 208, 249, 371, 398

Caix, 304

Dreuil, 109, 110, 129, 144, 176, 208, 283, 370, 393, 403, 404, 405

Somme Valley, 180

TARN.

Briatexte, 180, 215

Lavène, 215

VAUCLUSE.

Avignon, 131

VIENNE.

Notre-Dame d’Or, 176, 214, 221, 398, 441, 447

GERMAN EMPIRE.

Germany, 19, 52, 94, 95, 114, 153, 272, 287, 293, 298, 299, 315, 355

” North of, 80, 298, 315, 316, 379, 480 482, 483

” South of, 85, 161

” West of, 83, 479, 483

Hercinia, 31

Thuringia, 109

Baden, 85

Bohemia, 425

Brandenburg, 299

Hanover, 308

Hesse, 85

Mecklenburg, 112, 215, 363

Palatinate, 238

Pomerania, 116

Rhenish Hesse, 282

” Prussia, 85, 95, 481

Saxony, 419, 425

Silesia, 425

Benfeld, 143

Bingen, 353

Blengow, 262

Bonn, 85

Camenz, 202, 384, 390, 459

Eikrath, 448

Erxleben, 288

Giessen, 91

Gnadenfeld, 448

Göttingen, 77

Grossenhain, 459

Grünberg, 441

Kempten, 173, 176

Lämmersdorf, 184

Landshut, 85

Magdeburg, 298

Medingen, 441

Neu-Ruppin, 262

Oberwald-behrungen, 308

Pfaffenburg, 144

Polsen, 441

Schlieben, 173

Stade, 184

Stettin, 288

Vaudrevanges, 458

Watsch, 145

Zaborowo, 133

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.

Austria, 40, 85

Dalmatia, 172, 183

Hungary, 40, 43, 119, 147, 158, 161, 180, 236, 272, 276, 318, 327, 419, 432, 450, 478, 482

Styria, 119, 355, 413

Agram, 177

Aninger, 131

Brasy, 308

Brixen, 355

Gratz, 288

Hallein, 152, 153

Hallstatt, 23, 25, 69, 95, 144, 157, 181, 184, 229, 274, 288, 293, 308, 342, 355, 389, 393, 394, 401, 403, 405, 409, 413, 485, 486

Korno, 308

Laibach, 246, 393, 428, 451

Macarsca, 172, 183

Mattrey, 355

Pressburg, 166

Przemysl, 180

Vienna, 246

HOLLAND.

Holland, 77

Deurne, 173, 176, 221

Düren, 133, 176

Emmen, 173

Groningen, 152

Masseyck, 82

Nymegen, 89

BELGIUM.

Bernissart, 215

Bevay, 116

Gédinne, 300

Maulin, 109

SCANDINAVIA.

Scandinavia, 147, 184, 191, 195, 234, 236, 252, 274, 287, 296, 298, 408, 474, 478, 481, 482, 486

NORWAY.

Norway, 419

DENMARK.

Denmark, 30, 40, 52, 54, 60, 69, 95, 134, 159, 163, 270, 286, 296, 298, 309, 315, 316, 340, 363, 372, 379, 451

Iceland, 71

Jutland, 30, 163

Hvidegaard, 309

Kallundborg, 296

Kongshöi, 301

Lydshöi, 309

Nydam, 159

Söborg, 272

Store-Hedinge, 151, 163

Treenhöi, 302

Vimose, 159, 195

SWEDEN.

Sweden, 40, 52, 129, 298, 419, 425, 432, 451

Gotland, 448

Smaaland, 196

Årup, 262

Hasslöf, 252

SWITZERLAND.

Lake-dwellings, 13, 86, 95, 150, 166, 167, 172, 180, 191, 208, 236, 280, 287, 297, 305, 315, 369, 370, 383, 395, 401, 403, 407, 408, 480, 484, 486, 487

Lake of Bienne, 180, 300, 431

” ” Locras, 422

Lake of Bienne, Mœrigen, 13, 114, 153, 172, 176, 180, 184, 195, 238, 437, 449

” ” Oefeli, 237

” ” Nidau, 221

” Geneva, 130, 183

” ” Eaux Vives, 180, 210, 215, 432

” ” La Tinière, 26

” ” Morges, 441, 456

” Luissel, 288

” Neuchâtel, Auvernier, 114, 131, 176, 180, 183

” ” Concise, 288

” Estavayer, 425

” Pfäffikon, Robenhausen, on, 150, 427, 456

Echallens, 131

Raron, 154

Sion, Valais, 260

Unter-Uhldingen, in the Ueberlinger See, 317, 427

ITALY.

Italy, 41, 52, 86, 104, 155, 160, 234, 241, 259, 271, 272, 274, 280, 287, 297, 315, 334, 341, 369, 403, 445, 480, 483, 484

Etruria, 39, 355, 394, 400, 412, 413, 425, 476, 481

Bologna, 104, 143, 172, 173, 176, 180, 183, 184, 185, 210, 217, 288, 341, 448

Alban Necropolis, 341

Castione, 153

Chiusi, 155, 480

Herculaneum, 32

Lake of Varese, 430, 437

Modena, 401

Sardinia, Island of, 426, 438

“Terramare,” 236, 434

SPAIN.

Spain, 19, 43, 90, 97, 161, 238, 271, 275, 279, 354, 419, 424, 425, 480

Asturias, 97

Ciudad Real, 43, 271

Niebla, 184

Oviedo, 97

Sierra de Baza, 97

PORTUGAL.

Portugal, 425

Estremadura, 143

GREECE.

Greece, 10, 160, 161, 297, 315, 318

Archipelago, 40

” Scyros, 18

” Santorin, 184

” Thermia, 40, 160

Dodona, 69

Mycenæ, 297

Salamis, 161

Thera, 297

MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES.

Mediterranean Countries, 478, 480, 483

RUSSIAN EMPIRE.

Russian Empire, 477

Finland, 299, 477

Siberia, 131, 143, 177, 477

Inwa, the, 263

Jelabugy, 336

Kertch, 143

Kiew, 124

Viatka, 263

Yenissei, the, 263

ASIA.

Asia, 310, 476

Asia Minor, Hissarlik, the presumed site of Troy, 40, 166, 224, 310, 438

Arabia, 318

” Sarbout-el-Khadem, 8

” Wady-Magarah, 8

” Wady-Nash, 8

Assyria, 147, 355

Cambodia, 142

China, 19, 263, 329

” Sanda Valley, Yunan, 142

Chorassan, 425

Cyprus, Island of, 40, 184, 310

” Tamassus, 14

India, Gungeria, 2, 40

Southern Babylonia, Tel Sifr, 9, 40, 211, 383

AFRICA.

Africa, 149, 181, 306, 340, 359, 387, 393, 451

Egypt, 6, 7, 8, 147, 261, 298, 318, 391, 419, 475, 480

” Great Kantara, 298

” Karnak, 6

” Thebes, 7, 185, 234

Mauretania, 354

AMERICA, NORTH.

America, North, 43, 383, 476

Mexico, 4, 43, 166

Wisconsin, 2

AMERICA, SOUTH.

Bolivia, 165

” La Paz, 148, 165

Chili, Copiapo, 145

Ecuador, 148

Peru, 4, 148, 165

” Lima, 166

OCEANIA, &c.

Australia, 263

Borneo, 340

Fiji, 359

Japan, 275

Java, 142

Madagascar, 340

Malacca, 424

New Caledonia, 263

South Sea Islands, 34

Works by the same Author.

THE COINS OF THE ANCIENT BRITONS, Arranged and described by JOHN EVANS, F.S.A., F.G.S., Hon. Sec. Num. Soc. of London, and engraved by F. W. FAIRHOLT, F.S.A. Medium 8vo, 26 plates, price 21_s._

J. RUSSELL SMITH. LONDON, 1864.

THE ANCIENT STONE IMPLEMENTS, WEAPONS, AND ORNAMENTS OF GREAT BRITAIN. By JOHN EVANS, F.R.S., F.S.A., Hon. Sec. of the Geol. and Num. Socs. of London, &c., &c., &c. Medium 8vo, 476 woodcuts, 2 plates, price 28_s._

LONGMANS & CO. 1872.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See _postea_, p. 40.

[2] Butler, “Prehist. Wisconsin.”

[3] “Preh. Copper Impl.,” Boston, 1879.

[4] “Anc. Mon. of the Mississ. Valley,” p. 202.

[5] “Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain,” Paris, 1613, pp. 246-7, cited by Slafter, _op. cit._, p. 13.

[6] For notices of American copper instruments see, in addition to the works already quoted, Wilson, “Prehist. Man,” vol. i. p. 205, &c.; Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 258, &c. See also an interesting article by Dr. Emil Schmidt, in _Archiv. für Anth._, vol. xi. p. 65.

[7] A Peruvian chisel analyzed by Vauquelin gave ·94 of copper and ·06 of tin (Moore’s “Anc. Mineralogy,” p. 42).

[8] Ezra, ch. viii. v. 27.

[9] Exod., ch. xxvi. v. 37.

[10] Numbers, ch. xxxi. v. 22.

[11] Ch. xxviii. v. 1, 2.

[12] Genesis, ch. iv. v. 22.

[13] Smith’s “Dict. of the Bible,” _s. v._

[14] “Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. p.

[15] “Phönicier,” ii. 3.

[16] “Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. pp. 246, 247. See also “The Egyptians in the Time of the Pharaohs,” p. 99.

[17] “Etudes sur l’Antiquité Historique d’après les sources Egyptiennes,” &c., 1872, p. 69.

[18] “Catalogue de Boulaq,” pp. 247, 248; Chabas, p. 54. See also Emil Soldi, “L’Art Egyptien,” 1879, p. 41.

[19] Catal., No. 5410.

[20] Day, “Preh. Use of Iron and Steel,” page 14.

[21] Day, _op. cit._, p. 32.

[22] Wilkinson, _op. cit._, vol. iii. p. 247.

[23] “Les Métaux dans les Inscrip. Egypt.,” 1877, p. 57.

[24] “Zeitsch. f. Ægypt. Sprache,” &c., 1870, p. 114.

[25] _Op. cit._, p. 67. Dr. Birch translates _ba en pe_ “heavenly wood” or “stone” (_Arch._, vol. xxxviii. p. 377; _Hierog. Dict._). See also a paper by the Rev. Basil Cooper in _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. ii. p. 386, and Day, “Preh. Use of Iron and Steel,” p. 41.

[26] Chabas, _op. cit._, p. 47. Lepsius, _op. cit._, p. 57.

[27] “Photii Bibliotheca,” ed. 1653, col. 1343.

[28] “Herod.,” lib. ii. c. 152.

[29] _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. iv. p. 5.

[30] Soldi, “L’Art Egypt.,” p. 25.

[31] Χαλκεύειν δὲ καὶ τὸ σιδηρεύειν έλεγον, καὶ χαλκεάς, τοὺς τὸν σίδηρον ἐργαζομένους (Julius Pollux, “Onomasticon,” lib. vii. cap. 24).

[32] “Lectures on the Science of Language,” 2nd S., 1864, p. 229; Tylor’s “Anahuac,” 1861, p. 140.

[33] “Lectures on the Science of Language,” 2nd S., p. 231.

[34] “Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age,” vol. iii. pp. 498, 499.

[35] The reference is to Millin, “Minéralogie Homérique,” pp. 126, 132.

[36] “Metallurgy—Fuel, Fireclays, Copper,” &c., p. 6.

[37] Moore, “Anc. Mineralogy,” p. 57.

[38] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. iv. p. 97; Æsch. Agamem., v. 612. Professor Rolleston is inclined to refer the expression to the “tempering” of bronze (_Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc._, 1878).

[39] Rossignol, “Les Métaux dans l’Ant.,” p. 238.

[40] “Æn.,” viii. 450.

[41] “Iliad,” xviii. 474.

[42] xi. 24.

[43] xi. 34.

[44] xviii. 574.

[45] “Il.,” xviii. 612.

[46] xxiii. 561. For these and other instances see Prof. Phillips in the _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 10.

[47] Desor et Favre, “Bel Age du Bronze,” p. 16.

[48] Holtzapffel, “Turning and Mechanical Manipulation,” vol. i. p. 271.

[49] “Æneid,” vii. 743.

[50] “Iliad,” iii. 363.

[51] “Il.,” iii. 348, vii. 259.

[52] M. Ch. Houssel in _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. iv. p. 98.

[53] “Il.,” xi. 24.

[54] _Arch. für Anthrop._, vol. viii. p. 295; Müller, “Fragm. Hist. Græc.,” vol. i. p. 549.

[55] “Il.,” xiii. 612.

[56] “Odyss.,” i. v. 184.

[57] Plin. “Hist. Nat.,” lib. vii. c. lvi. 6.

[58] Lib. viii. c. 14, § 5.

[59] _Op. cit._, lib. iii. c. 12, § 8.

[60] Diodorus Siculus, lib. v. c. 64.

[61] Strabo, “Geog.,” lib. xiv. p. 935, ed. 1807.

[62] Callimachus, “Hymn. in Del.,” l. 31.

[63] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 5.

[64] _Archiv für Anthrop._, 1880, vol. xii. p. 293.

[65] “Iliad,” lib. xxiii. v. 826.

[66] “Troad.,” 143.

[67] “Æn.,” lib. vii. 743.

[68] “Op. et D.,” i. 150. Τοῖς δ̓ ἧν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα χάλκεοι δέ τέ οἶκοι Χαλκῷ δ̓ ἐιργάζοντο, μέλας δ̓ ὀυκ ἔσχε σίδηρος.

[69] Lib. v. 1282, _et seqq._

[70] “Juv. Mundi,” 1869, p. 26.

[71] “Scut. Hercul.,” v. 122-138.

[72] “Theogon.,” v. 161.

[73] “Op. et D.,” v. 741.

[74] “Olymp.,” od. i. 123; “Nem.,” od. x. 113, &c.

[75] Lib. i. c. 215.

[76] Lib. iii. c. 23.

[77] Lib. iv. c. 71.

[78] Lib. vii. c. 85.

[79] Lib. iii. p. 208, ed. 1707.

[80] Bochart’s “Phaleg.,” p. 208, cited in _Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 52.

[81] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 4.

[82] “Lacon.,” lib. iii. cap. iii.

[83] Herod., lib. i. c. 67.

[84] Plutarch, “Thes.,” p. 17, _c._ Ed. 1624.

[85] “Nat. Hist.,” lib. xxxiv. cap. 14.

[86] See “_Zeitsch. für Eth._,” vol. ii, 1870, p. 131.

[87] “Vit. Caii Marii,” 420, _b._

[88] “Bell. Gall.,” iii. 13; vii. 22.

[89] Lib. v. 12.

[90] _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. iv. p. 190. See also _Anthrop. Rev._, vol. iv. p. 76.

[91] _Trans. Eth. Soc._, vol. v. p. 105; “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 18.

[92] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 73.

[93] See Rossignol, “Les Métaux dans l’Ant.,” p. 205.

[94] Cochet, “Le Tombeau de Childéric,” i. p. 17.

[95] “Sammlung zu Sigmaringen,” p. 153.

[96] _Archiv. für Anthropol._, vol. viii. p. 161.

[97] _Archiv._, vol. ix. p. 127.

[98] _Op. cit._, p. 141.

[99] _Op. cit._, p. 185.

[100] _Arch. für Anthrop._, vol. ix. p. 181.

[101] _A. f. A._, vol. x. p. 27.

[102] _Arch. f. Anthrop._, vol. x. pp. 41, 63.

[103] Mortillet, “Fonderie de Larnaud,” 32, 33.

[104] _Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc._, 1878.

[105] Cap. xix. v. 24.

[106] P. 329, l. 23. NEQVE HIC ATRAMENTVM, VEL PAPYRVS, AVT MEMBRANA VLLA ADHVC, SED MALLEOLO ET CELTE LITERATVS SILEX. This inscription is said to have been found at Pola, in Istria.

[107] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 396.

[108] Rev. John Dow in _Archæol. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 199. See also Pegge in the _Arch._, vol. ix. p. 88, and Whitaker’s “Hist. of Manchester,” vol. i. p. 24.

[109] Epig. xxxiii. l. 1.

[110] Vol. iii. p. 418.

[111] P. 354.

[112] P. 265.

[113] “Itin.,” vol. iii. p. 7.

[114] “Britannia,” ed. 1637, p. 188.

[115] “Thoresby’s Correspondence,” vol. ii. p. 211.

[116] “Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire,” 1686, p. 403.

[117] “Mus. Lud. Moscard.”, Padua, 1656, fol. 305, lib. iii. c. 174.

[118] “Nat. Hist. of Staff.,” p. 403.

[119] P. 86.

[120] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 110.

[121] “Ants. of Cornwall,” p. 263.

[122] Count de Caylus has, however, engraved two which are said to have been found at Herculaneum. He thought that they were chisels (_Rec. d’Ant._, vol. ii. pl. xciii. fig. 2; xciv. fig. 1).

[123] Arch., vol. v. p. 106.

[124] Vol. ix. p. 84.

[125] “Nænia Britannica” (1793), p. 153.

[126] _Arch._, vol. xiv. p. 98.

[127] “Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. 1812, p. 203.

[128] _Arch._, vol. xix. p. 102.

[129] _Archæol. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 199.

[130] _Archæol. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 17.

[131] _Arch._, vol. xxviii. p. 418.

[132] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. pp. 1 and 327.

[133] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, 1853, vol. ix. p. 63.

[134] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 64.

[135] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 148, _et seq._

[136] _Jour. Roy. Un. Service Inst._, vol. xiii., 1869.

[137] P. 43, _et seqq._ 188.

[138] _See Revue de la Numis. Belge_, 5th Ser., vol. vi. p. 290.

[139] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 392.

[140] “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” pp. 367, 395 (Etruscan Coll., Berlin, No. 3244).

[141] “Horæ Ferales,” p. 136; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 169.

[142] “Catal. M. R.I.A.,” p. 366.

[143] “Troy and its Remains,” p. 330, &c.

[144] “Cong. préh.,” Stockholm vol. i. p. 346. _Proc. As. Soc. Bengal_, May, 1870.

[145] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 437.

[146] Kenner, “Arch. Funde,” 1867, p. 29.

[147] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 178.

[148] “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 292.

[149] “Cong. préh.,” Buda Pest vol. i. p. 227.

[150] _Bull. Soc. de Borda, Dax_, 1878, p. 57.

[151] “Cong. préh.,” Copenhagen vol. p. 484.

[152] Morlot, _Mém. Soc. Ant. du Nord_, 1866-71, p. 25.

[153] “British Barrows,” p. 188. The cut is Fig. 38.

[154] Figs. 369 and 370, p. 407.

[155] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 34. “Catalogue,” p. 75. _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 217.

[156] Vol. vii. p. 217, pl. xix.

[157] Vol. xliii. p. 445.

[158] “Vest. of the Ants. of Derb.,” p. 48.

[159] P. 74, No. 11.

[160] See “Catal.,” p. 32, No. 29.

[161] _Arch._, vol. ix. p. 85.

[162] Vol. xxii. p. 277.

[163] “Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire,” tab. xxiii. p. 403.

[164] Allies, p. 151, pl. iv. 11.

[165] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 179.

[166] _Op. cit._, vol. xviii. p. 158.

[167] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 44.

[168] _P. S. A._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251.

[169] Vol. v. pl. vii. i. p. 106.

[170] _Arch._, vol. ix. p. 378.

[171] Pl. ii. 1, 2, 3.

[172] “La Seine Inf.,” p. 552.

[173] “Matériaux,” vol. iv. p. 525.

[174] “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 2, 3.

[175] “Die ehernen Streitkeile” (1842), Taf. i. 1.

[176] “First Rep. Arch. Comm. I. of Man,” pl. iv. 2.

[177] “Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvi.

[178] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 444.

[179] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 68. “Catal.,” p. 75, No. 18.

[180] “Grave-mounds,” fig. 187.

[181] Pl. iv. No. 4.

[182] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. pp. 235, 250.

[183] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 363.

[184] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 159.

[185] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 135, pl. viii. 14.

[186] _Trans. Devon Assoc._, vol. v. p. 82.

[187] 3rd edit., 4to, 1818, pl. ii.

[188] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 1st S., vol. i. p. 83; _Arch._, vol. xxxi. p. 496; _Proc. Bury and West Suff. Arch. Inst._, vol. i. p. 26.

[189] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 369.

[190] Vol. xxxvi. p. 329.

[191] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 113.

[192] For the loan of these cuts I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.

[193] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 346. The scale of the cuts is there erroneously stated to be ½.

[194] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvi; _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 444.

[195] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 209, pl. xxix.

[196] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. ii. p. 90; _Cran. Brit._, xi. 7, where these objects are figured.

[197] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 268.

[198] Chantre, “Album,” pl. iv. 2, 3. “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 352.

[199] _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule._ _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. xiii. Pl. i. fig. H.

[200] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxi. 100. Lubbock’s “Preh. Times,” p. 28, fig. 17.

[201] Lisch, “Fred. Francisc.,” tab. xiii. 7.

[202] Die ehernen Streitkeile, Taf. i. 5.

[203] “Oldsag. fra Broholm,” pl. xxiii. 6.

[204] “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 6.

[205] Montelius, “La Suède préh.,” fig. 42. “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 292.

[206] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 428, pl. i. fig. 1.

[207] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 167. Chichester vol. of _Arch. Inst._, p. 62, whence this cut is taken.

[208] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. viii. p. 207.

[209] “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 2.

[210] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 278, xviii. p. 167.

[211] _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule._

[212] 4th S., vol. vi. p. 70. Cat. p. 1.

[213] “Album,” pl. iii. 1.

[214] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 20.

[215] Ibid.

[216] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 245.

[217] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iv. p. 187, and ix. p. 431.

[218] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iv. p. 380.

[219] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 182.

[220] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 430.

[221] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iii. App. II. p. 32; _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 431.

[222] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 381.

[223] Vol. ii. p. 6.

[224] _Op. cit._, p. 7.

[225] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 428.

[226] “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 6, 7.

[227] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 105.

[228] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iii. p. 245.

[229] “Preh. Ann.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 381.

[230] Engraved in _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. pl. vi. 4, p. 21.

[231] _P. S. A. S._, vol. vi. p. 41.

[232] “Itin. Septent.,” p. 116, pl. 1. No. 1.

[233] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xii. p. 601. I am indebted to the Council for the use of this cut.

[234] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. viii. p. 5.

[235] Madsen, “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xxi. 7. See also “Ant. Tidsk.,” 1861-3, p. 24.

[236] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xii. p. 602.

[237] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xiii. p. 120. I am indebted to the Council for the loan of this cut.

[238] Wilde, p. 361.

[239] Vol. xxvii. p. 308.

[240] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 410. For the use of this cut I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.

[241] See Wilde, Fig. 249, 266.

[242] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 295.

[243] See Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 389 _et seq._; “Vallancey,” vol. iv. pl. x. 9.

[244] Chantre, “Album,” pl. 1. 9, 10.

[245] _Nord. Oldsager_, No. 176.

[246] Carapanos, “Dodone,” pl. liv. 7.

[247] Vol. vii. p. 74.

[248] London, 1849, p. 25.

[249] P. 59.

[250] See Nilsson, “Skandinaviska Nordens Ur-Invånare,” p. 92.

[251] “Preh. Ann.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 382.

[252] Baker’s “Hist. of North.,” p. 558.

[253] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 258.

[254] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 324.

[255] _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule._

[256] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 21.

[257] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. iv. 25.

[258] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. viii. p. 209.

[259] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. v. p. 13.

[260] Meyrick’s “Cardigansh.” and “Ancient Arm.,” by Skelton, pl. xlvii. 1.

[261] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxxiii. p. 118.

[262] _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule._

[263] “La Seine Inf.,” p. 272.

[264] Lindenschmit, “Alt. uns. heidn. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft. i. Taf. iv. 43.

[265] Vol. ii. p. 268, No. 11.

[266] _Arch._, vol. x. pl. x. 2, p. 132.

[267] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 8.

[268] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. iv. 26.

[269] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 38.

[270] Allies, “Worc.,” p. 112, pl. iv. 4.

[271] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. pl. x. No. 3, p. 163.

[272] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xvii. p. 255.

[273] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xxvii. p. 183.

[274] _S. A. C._, vol. xxix. p. 134.

[275] _Trans. Dev. Assoc._, vol. ii. p. 647.

[276] “Montgom. Collections,” vol. iii. p. 435.

[277] “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. iv.

[278] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 82.

[279] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. pl. xxv. p. 236; vol. xiv. p. 269.

[280] 3rd Series, vol. xiii. p. 283.

[281] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, N.S., vol. iv. p. 442.

[282] “Itin. Cur.” Cent., ii. pl. xcvi.

[283] _Arch. Inst._, Norwich vol. p. xxvi.

[284] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 58; _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 381.

[285] “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. iv. 48.

[286] Von Braunmühl, “Alt. Deutschen Grabmäler” (1826), pl. i. 3; Schreiber, “Die ehern. Streitkeile,” Taf. i. 13, Taf. ii. 14.

[287] _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule._

[288] “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. iv. 49.

[289] “La Vie Souterraine,” “Matériaux,” vol. iii. p. 100.

[290] Keller, 6ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 30; 7ter Ber., Taf. ix. 30.

[291] “Les Palafittes,” fig. 40.

[292] _Bull. di Palet. Ital._, vol. i. p. 10, Tav. I. 9.

[293] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 327.

[294] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxix. p. 96.

[295] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 346.

[296] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 164.

[297] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 158.

[298] Plot’s “Nat. Hist. of Staffordsh.,” p. 403.

[299] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 85.

[300] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 63.

[301] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 73.

[302] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 412.

[303] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 129.

[304] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 248.

[305] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 302.

[306] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 159.

[307] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251.

[308] P. 112, fig. 37.

[309] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, N.S., vol. iv. p. 442.

[310] “It. Cur.” Cent., ii. pl. xcvi.

[311] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xiv. p. 171; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 192.

[312] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 214; “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 437.

[313] Vol. v. p. 113.

[314] Ibid.

[315] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. viii. p. 268.

[316] _Arch._, vol. vii. p. 417.

[317] Vol. ix. p. 84, pl. iii. 1.

[318] “Album,” pl. ix. 4.

[319] Allies, p. 108, pl. iv. 3.

[320] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. xiii. p. 283.

[321] Vol. xix. pl. viii. p. 102.

[322] _Arch._, vol. xiv. p. 94.

[323] Pring, “The Brit. and Rom. on the site of Taunton,” p. 76, pl. iii.

[324] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 381, fig. 273.

[325] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. ii. p. 130.

[326] 4th Ser., vol. vi. p. 20.

[327] Ibid., p. 71.

[328] “La Seine Inf.,” p. 14.

[329] “A. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. iv. 44.

[330] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ix. p. 366.

[331] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160, whence this cut is reproduced.

[332] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd. S., vol. i. p. 332.

[333] _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. p. 99, and Private Plate.

[334] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. viii. p. 209.

[335] _Arch._, vol. xxxi. p. 494; _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 80; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. p. 51; Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 105; “Catal. Norwich Mus.,” No. 9.

[336] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. vi. p. 195.

[337] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 363, pl. lxviii.

[338] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 117. See Borlase, “Ant. of Cornw.,” pl. xx. 6.

[339] _Arch. Cant._, vol. xi. p. 123.

[340] _Journ. Roy. Inst. of Cornw._, No. 21.

[341] Oldsager, fig. 184.

[342] “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft i. Taf. iv.

[343] Von Sacken, “Das. Grab. v. Hallst.,” Taf. vii.

[344] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 188.

[345] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 186.

[346] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 85.

[347] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 96.

[348] Borlase, “Næn. Corn.,” p. 188.

[349] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 398.

[350] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 387; vol. x. p. 247; vol. xxvii. p. 230.

[351] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 107. For the use of this cut I am indebted to the Council of the Royal Archæological Institute.

[352] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 246.

[353] “Matériaux,” vol. xiv. p. 192.

[354] Vol. vi. p. 69, 369.

[355] Gongora y Martinez, “Ant. preh. de Andal.,” p. 110. _Arch. Journ._, xxvii. p. 237.

[356] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvii. p. 230.

[357] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 30; Wilson’s “Preh. Ann.,” fig. 58.

[358] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 21.

[359] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 203.

[360] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xi. p. 153.

[361] Wilson’s “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 382, fig. 56; “Cat. Ant. Mus. Ed.,” E. 48.

[362] Vol. ii. pp. 8 and 9.

[363] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 113, pl. viii. No. 2; Gough’s “Camden,” vol. i. p. ccvi.

[364] Gordon’s “Itin. Septent.,” p. 116, pl. 6.

[365] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 21; Wilson, “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 383.

[366] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 21.

[367] “Itin. Septent.,” p. 116, pl. l. 4.

[368] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 377; “Cat. Mus. Arch. Inst. Ed.,” p. 27; Wilson, “Preh. Ann. Scot.,” vol. i. p. 386.

[369] “Catal.,” p. 521, fig. 394.

[370] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 258.

[371] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 262.

[372] _Op. cit._, p. 373, fig. 259.

[373] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 373, fig. 260.

[374] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 379, fig. 270.

[375] Vallancey, vol. iv. pl. x. 7.

[376] Vol. iv. pl. x. 2.

[377] P. 381, fig. 273.

[378] P. 379, fig. 265.

[379] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 377, fig. 263.

[380] “Catal.,” p. 433, No. 641.

[381] Vol. iv. pl. x. 1.

[382] “Recueil d’Antiq. Suisses,” pl. ii. 6. See also _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 377; vol. xxi. p. 100.

[383] “Die eher. Streitkeile,” Taf. ii. 8.

[384] “Recueil d’Ant.,” pl. xciv. 1.

[385] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 382, fig. 274; _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 194.

[386] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 222.

[387] “Catal.,” p. 521, fig. 393; _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. p. 91, pl. No. 1.

[388] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 156.

[389] Vol. iv. pl. x. 6.

[390] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 521, fig. 397.

[391] “Matériaux,” vol. iii. p. 395.

[392] “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft ii. Taf. ii. 5.

[393] “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 293.

[394] “Age du Br.,” ptie. i. p. 59.

[395] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. vi. p. 195.

[396] “Surrey Arch. Soc. Coll.,” vol. vi.; Anderson’s “Croydon Preh. and Rom.,” p. 11, pl. ii. 1.

[397] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 268, fig. 8.

[398] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 408; “Cong. Préh.” Stockholm vol., 1874, p. 444.

[399] “Pfahlbauten, in M.,” 1865, p. 78.

[400] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 69.

[401] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. v. p. 349; Bateman, Catal. M. 60, p. 76.

[402] Stukeley, “It. Cur.,” pl. xcvi. 2nd.

[403] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 113.

[404] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 114.

[405] Hartshorne’s “Salopia Antiqua,” 1841, p. 96, No. 9.

[406] Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 101.

[407] Engraved in _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 343.

[408] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. i. p. 67; 2nd S., vol. i. p. 83.

[409] “The Barrow Diggers,” p. 74.

[410] Gross, “Deux Stations, &c.,” pl. i. 15, 18.

[411] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 214, No. 4; “Montg. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 437.

[412] _Arch. Camb._, _ubi sup._ No. 3.

[413] _Arch._, vol. iv. p. 24, pl. i. 6.

[414] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 114, pl. viii. 9, 10; Gough’s “Camden,” vol. i. p. ccvi.

[415] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 268, fig. 7.

[416] Ibid., fig. 12.

[417] _Arch._, vol. xvii. p. 337.

[418] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 75.

[419] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 172.

[420] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 75.

[421] “Matériaux,” vol. i. p. 539.

[422] Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft ii. Taf. ii. 4.

[423] “Zeitsch. für Eth.,” vol. vii. Taf. ix. 2.

[424] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 94. Pring, “Brit. and Rom. on Site of Taunton,” pl. i. 1.

[425] Neville’s “Sepulchra Exposita,” p. 3.

[426] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 362, pl. liv.; _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 6.

[427] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 107, pl. vii. 5; see also vol. iii. p. 58.

[428] _Op. cit._, vol. viii. p. 332, pl. xxxvii. 1; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. ii. p. 304.

[429] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 7.

[430] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 185.

[431] _Op. cit._, vol. xv. p. 235.

[432] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 13, pl. ii. 8.

[433] Evans’ “Anc. Brit. Coins,” p. 102.

[434] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. pp. 69, 70.

[435] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 332.

[436] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132.

[437] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. p. 59.

[438] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ix. p. 118, fig. 7.

[439] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 31.

[440] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 6.

[441] _Journ. Roy. Inst. Corn._, No. 206.

[442] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 427, pl. i. 3.

[443] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 69.

[444] Allies, “Worc.,” p. 18, pl. i. 1.

[445] “1st Rep. Arch. Comm. I. of M.,” pl. iv. 1.

[446] “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 11.

[447] Bateman’s “Catalogue,” p. 74; Marriott’s “Ant. of Lyme” (1810), p. 303.

[448] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 157.

[449] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. pl. xxiv. 7, p. 236; Arch. Journ., vol. xv. p. 158.

[450] Chantre, “Age du Bronze,” 2me partie, p. 284, fig. 81; _Mém. des Ant. du Nord_, 1872-7, p. 115.

[451] Chantre, “Age du Bronze,” 2me partie, p. 292, fig. 138.

[452] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 106.

[453] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. ii. p. 101; 2nd S., vol. i. p. 83. See also _Arch._, vol. xxx. p. 491; and _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. i. p. 21.

[454] Engraved also in “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 5.

[455] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., v. p. 428.

[456] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. 398.

[457] This is possibly the specimen mentioned in _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iv. 303.

[458] Vol. v. 109, pl. vii. 5.

[459] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. v. p. 349; Bateman’s Catal., p. 76, No. 60.

[460] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iv. 55; _Arch. Æliana_, vol. ii. p. 213.

[461] Allies, p. 149, pl. iv. 6.

[462] “Album,” pl. x. 4.

[463] _Op. cit._, pl. lv. 8.

[464] _Mém. Soc. Ant. Norm._, 1827-8, pl. xvi. 4.

[465] “Cong. préh.,” Bologna vol. p. 293.

[466] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 13, pl. ii. 7.

[467] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. 255, pl. fig. 3.

[468] Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1re ptie. p. 59; Desor, “Les Palafittes,” fig. 39.

[469] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 378, whence this cut is borrowed.

[470] Perrin, “Et. préh. de la Sav.,” pl. x. 4, 5; “Exp. Arch. de la Sav.,” 1878, pl. vi. 210; Chantre, “Album,” pl. lv. 3.

[471] Chantre, “Album,” pl. x. 2.

[472] _Op. cit._, pl. xl. bis. 3.

[473] Gross, “Deux Stations,” pl. i. 17.

[474] “Matériaux,” vol. xiv. pl. ix. 10.

[475] “Matériaux,” vol. i. p. 463.

[476] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160, whence this and fig. 157 are borrowed.

[477] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iv. 153; Arch. Inst., Norwich vol. p. xxvi.

[478] Vol. viii. p. 91. The length is erroneously stated to be about 4 inches in a subsequent volume (vol. xviii. p. 164).

[479] Vol. viii. 91.

[480] “Nat. Hist. Staff.,” p. 404, pl. xxxiii. 7.

[481] _Arch._, vol. v. pl. viii. 23, p. 118.

[482] “Zeitsch. für Eth.,” vol. vii. Taf. viii. 4.

[483] _Journ. Anth. Inst._, vol. vi. p. 195.

[484] _Arch._, vol. v. pl. viii. 7, p. 114.

[485] Segested, “Oldsag. fra Broholm,” pl. xxiii. 8.

[486] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. ii. p. 90.

[487] _Arch._, vol. xliii. 443.

[488] _Trans. Dev. Assoc._, vol. iv. p. 300, pl. ii. 1.

[489] Evans, “Anc. British Coins,” p. 102.

[490] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 156; Arch. Inst., York vol. Catal., p. 27.

[491] “Barrow Diggers,” 1839, p. 72.

[492] For the use of these cuts I am indebted to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

[493] “Ayr and Wigton Coll.,” vol. ii. p. 10.

[494] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 196.

[495] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 435.

[496] “Preh. Ann. Scot.,” vol. i. pp. 351, 384.

[497] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ii. p. 153.

[498] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 209.

[499] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iv. p. 396.

[500] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. pl. xi. 5, p. 111.

[501] “Preh. Ann. Scot.,” vol. i. p. 384, fig. 61.

[502] “Collections,” vol. ii. p. 11.

[503] Vol. iv. pl. ix. 3, 4, 6.

[504] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 392, fig. 306.

[505] P. 385, fig. 279.

[506] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 385, fig. 280. This cut is kindly lent by the Council.

[507] Engraved in _Journ. Roy. Hist. and Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 4th Ser. vol. v. p. 259.

[508] Fig. 282.

[509] Fig. 284.

[510] P. 429.

[511] P. 384, fig. 275.

[512] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xi. p. 170.

[513] P. 521, fig. 398.

[514] Vol. iv. pl. ix. 7.

[515] Report on “Expedit. to Western Yunan,” Calcutta, 1871, p. 414.

[516] “Arch. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. de Toulouse,” vol. i. pl. vi. 6.

[517] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 91. For the use of this cut I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.

[518] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 13; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxi. p. 262; _Mém. des Ant. du Nord_, 1872-7, p. 116, &c.

[519] “Die ehern. Streitkeile,” Taf. ii. 12.

[520] _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N. S., vol. vii. p. 45.

[521] “Cong. préh.” Copenhagen vol. p. 352.

[522] Vol. xvi. p. 348.

[523] 3rd S., vol. i. p. 250.

[524] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 518.

[525] Von Sacken, “Grabf. v. Hallst.,” Taf. vii.

[526] Deschmann und Hochstetter, “Präh. Ansied. u. Begr. stätt. in Krain.,” 1879, Taf. xvi.

[527] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxiii. p. 257, pl. viii.

[528] See “Matériaux,” vol. v. p. 376.

[529] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxiii. p. 293, pl. xv.

[530] “Matériaux,” vol. v. p. 379, pl. xix. 7.

[531] “Preh. Times,” p. 29. For other examples see Klemm, “Allgem. Culturwiss.,” vol. i. p. 100.

[532] “Lake Dwellings,” Eng. ed., p. 110, pl. x. 16. See also xi. 2, and xxviii. 24; and Lindenschmit, “Hohenz. Samml.,” Taf. xxix. 4.

[533] “British Barrows,” p. 188.

[534] “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 35.

[535] Cited in Schreiber’s “Die ehernen Streitkeile,” Freiburg, 1842, p. 4.

[536] See Lisch, “Frederico-Francisceum,” p. 38.

[537] “Antiquiteiten,” iii. Stück, p. 285.

[538] “Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft,” pl. i. fig. 186, p. 105.

[539] Strobel in _Bull. di Palet. Ital._, Anno i. (1875), p. 7, Tav. i.; Anno 4to (1878), p. 46 Tav. ii.

[540] Keller, “7ter Bericht,” Taf. xxiv. 17.

[541] See Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” vol. i., Heft. i. Taf. iv. 32.

[542] _Arch._, vol. xix. p. 102, pl. viii. 6.

[543] “Ancient Armour,” by Skelton, vol. i. pl. xlvii.

[544] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 4.

[545] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 367.

[546] Leland’s Itin., Hearne’s ed., vol. i. p. 145.

[547] P. 370, fig. 257.

[548] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. pl. xxv. p. 236; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 159.

[549] _A. A. J._, vol. xiv. p. 269.

[550] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 161.

[551] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 362; _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 6; Klemm, “Allg. Kult. gesch.,” p. 107.

[552] “Nydam Mosefund,” 1859-1863. Copenhagen, 1865.

[553] “Vimose Fundet” af C. Engelhardt, 1869, p. 29.

[554] Westropp in _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 335.

[555] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 4, fig. B.

[556] _Revue Arch._, vol. xxix. p. 73, pl. iii. 2.

[557] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 436.

[558] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 100.

[559] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 369.

[560] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 69.

[561] Lib. xix. v. 573. See also Lib. v. v. 235.

[562] While speaking of French celts, I may refer to a short Paper on the method in which they were hafted, written by the late M. Penguilly-l’Haridon.—_Rev. Arch._, 2nd S. vol. iv. p. 329.

[563] Ep. 20, lib. 4. See _Arch._, vol. xxx. p. 492.

[564] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 182, pl. xxi.

[565] “Prim. Ant. of Denmark,” p. 26.

[566] “Vimose Mosefundet,” p. 28.

[567] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 207.

[568] See _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 346. I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S. for the use of this cut.

[569] “Troy and its Remains,” p. 332.

[570] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 467.

[571] “Anales del Museo de Mexico,” vol. i. p. 117.

[572] _Somerset Arch. and Nat. Hist. Proc._, 1856-7, vol. vii. p. 27.

[573] Chantre, “Album,” pl. xliii.

[574] Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. ix. 34, 35.

[575] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 167; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66.

[576] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 80; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. p. 59.

[577] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 381, 408; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 5.

[578] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 253.

[579] Bateman’s “Catalogue,” p. 74, No. 8; “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 8.

[580] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 195.

[581] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 480.

[582] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 381, fig. 54.

[583] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xii. p. 613.

[584] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 520.

[585] Pl. v. 43, 44.

[586] Vol. viii. p. 91.

[587] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 80; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. pp. 57, 59; Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 105; _Arch._, vol. xxxi. p. 494; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 40.

[588] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 303.

[589] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 382. See also _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 58, fig. 4.

[590] “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 12.

[591] _Exp. Arch. de Savoie_, 1878, pl. xxi. No. 3; pl. vi. 215, 216; Perrin, “Et. Préh. de la Sav.,” pl. x. 8.

[592] Chantre, “Album,” pl. x. 7.

[593] Ibid. No. 5.

[594] Keller, 6ter Bericht, Taf. ix. 38; 7ter Ber., Taf. vii. 2, 3, 5, &c.; Desor, “Les Palafittes,” fig. 46.

[595] Desor and Favre, “Le Bel Age du Br.,” pl. i. 7.

[596] “Cong. Préh.,” Copenhagen vol. p. 485.

[597] Jannsen’s “Catal.,” No. 21.

[598] Schreiber, “Die ehern. Streitkeile,” Taf. ii. 11.

[599] “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft v. Taf. iii.

[600] Taf. ii. 10.

[601] “Freder. Francise.,” Tab. xxxiii. 5.

[602] Lindenschmit, Taf. xlii. 7.

[603] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 80; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. p. 51,59; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 42.

[604] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 3; “Horæ. Fer.,” pl. v. 36.

[605] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 381, 408; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 58.

[606] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 55, pl. vii. 5; _Arch. Æliana_, vol. ii. p. 213, pl. iv. c.

[607] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 3.

[608] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 294.

[609] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iv. p. 323.

[610] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 167; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 35.

[611] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 232.

[612] Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 101; _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 81.

[613] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 13, pl. ii. 12.

[614] “Surrey Arch. Soc. Coll.,” vol. vi.

[615] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 195.

[616] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 214; “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 437.

[617] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 39.

[618] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 127.

[619] “Preh. Ann. Scot.,” vol. i. p. 388.

[620] Vol. iv. p. 335, pl. iii. 1, 2, 3, 4.

[621] Pl. v. 37, 38, 41.

[622] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 38.

[623] Vol. iv. pl. ix. 5.

[624] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 34; _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. xiii. pl. ii. x.

[625] Pl. x. 6, and xl. 5. See also _Mém. Soc. Ant. Norm._, 1828-9, pl. xvi. 16.

[626] “Deux Stations Lacustres,” pl. iv. 34. Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 4; Desor and Favre, “Le Bel Age du Br.,” pl. i. 5.

[627] “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” Heft. v. Taf. iii. 9, 10; “Hohenzoll. Samml.,” pl. xlii. 7.

[628] _Mém. Soc. Ant. du Nord_, 1872-7, p. 118.

[629] Vol. xxvii. p. 142.

[630] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 3; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66, where it is engraved full size; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. v. 33.

[631] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 94; Pring, “Brit. and Roman Taunton,” pl. i. 2.

[632] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 55, pl. vii. 4; _Arch. Æliana_, vol. ii. p. 213, pl. iv. b.

[633] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 13, pl. ii. 13.

[634] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 129; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. v. 32.

[635] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66.

[636] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 65.

[637] “Matériaux,” vol. xiv. pl. ix. 6.

[638] Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie. p. 38.

[639] “Matériaux,” vol. v. p. 452.

[640] Parenteau, “Le fondeur du Jard. des Plantes;” “Matériaux,” vol. v. p. 190, pl. viii. 10.

[641] “Exp. Arch. de la Sav.,” 1878, pl. v.; Chantre, “Album,” pl. v. 1.; Perrin, “Et. Préh. sur la Sav.,” pl. x. 6, 7, xix. 17.

[642] Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 9.

[643] Desor et Favre, “Le Bel Age du Br.,” pl. i. 9; Gross, “Deux Stations,” pl. iii. 22.

[644] Desor, “Les Palafittes,” fig. 47.

[645] “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. 13, 15.

[646] Evans, “Anc. Brit. Coins,” pl. xii. 6.

[647] “Grabfeld von Hallstatt,” pl. xix. 11, p. 89.

[648] Wilde, “Catal. Stone Ant. in R. I. A. Mus.,” p. 81.

[649] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 401.

[650] “Age du Br.,” ptie. i. p. 39.

[651] Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 8; Gross, “Deux Stations,” pl. iii. 28.

[652] “Catal. Mus. Soc. Ant.,” p. 16; _Arch._, vol. xvii. p. 337.

[653] E. Chantre, “Album” pl. xxv. No. 5.

[654] Chantre, “Album,” pl. xliii.

[655] Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 11.

[656] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 157, 158; “Cong. préh.,” Stockholm vol., 1874, p. 494.

[657] “Comptes Rend. de l’Ac. des Sc.,” 1871, vol. ii. p. 476.

[658] “Catal.,” p. 597, No. 96.

[659] E. Chantre, “Age du Bronze,” 1ère ptie. p. 87.

[660] Von Sacken, “Das Grabf. v. Hallst,” pl. xix. 12.

[661] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 127.

[662] “Anc. Egyptians,” vol. iii. p. 224, fig. 375.

[663] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxxvi., p. 59.

[664] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 66; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 167.

[665] Vol. xliii. p. 464.

[666] Vol. i. p. 99, pl. xi. The cut is from the _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 466.

[667] Pl. xxx. 3.

[668] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 122, pl. iv. 5.

[669] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 3.

[670] “British Barrows,” _passim_.

[671] _Op. cit._, p. 138.

[672] “Stonehenge,” p. 45, pl. xxxii.

[673] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 465, fig. 163.

[674] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. i. p. 55.

[675] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 85.

[676] “Vest. Ant. of Derb.,” p. 41.

[677] “Vest. Ant. of Derb.,” p. 82.

[678] Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 60, pl. xxi. 3.

[679] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 155.

[680] _Lib. cit._, p. 106.

[681] “Vest. Ant. of Derb.,” p. 104.

[682] “Reliquary,” vol. ix. p. 67.

[683] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 3.

[684] Vol. i. p. 122, pl. xv. No. 3.

[685] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 164, pl. xvii.

[686] Wilde’s “Catal.,” p. 597.

[687] Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. lxiii.

[688] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 274, 276; Nilsson, “Nordens Ur.-Invånare,” figs. 55, 57.

[689] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 74.

[690] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. p. 266; _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 218.

[691] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 547.

[692] “Ayr and Wigton Coll.,” vol. ii. p. 14.

[693] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 403.

[694] Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie. p. 87.

[695] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 320.

[696] Macrob. “Saturn.,” v. c. 19.

[697] “Met.,” vii. 224.

[698] “Æn.” lib. iv. 513.

[699] “Nat. Hist.,” xviii. c. 30.

[700] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxx. p. 192.

[701] Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. vii. 1.

[702] See Lubbock’s “Preh. Times,” p. 513.

[703] “Vimose Fundet,” 1869, p. 26.

[704] “Aarböger for Oldkynd.,” 1867, p. 250.

[705] _Somerset Arch. and Nat. Hist. Proc._, 1854, vol. v. p. 91.

[706] _Op. cit._, 1856-7, vol. vii. p. 27.

[707] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 94. Pring, “Brit. and Roman Taunton,” pl. i. 3.

[708] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 258, pl. 13, No. 1.

[709] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 85.

[710] 2nd S., vol. v. p. 95.

[711] _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. p. 191.

[712] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 378.

[713] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 376.

[714] Vol. xvi. p. 206, cited by Wilson, “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 401.

[715] “Catal.,” p. 527.

[716] “Coll. de Reb. Hib.,” vol. iv. pl. x. 4, p. 60.

[717] Fig. 406. Compare “Horæ Ferales,” pl. x. 19.

[718] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 186. See also _Dublin Penny Journ._, i. p. 108: “Horæ Ferales,” pl. x. 18.

[719] Vol. iii. p. 9.

[720] 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 333.

[721] “Samml. zu Sigmar.,” Taf. xli.; “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft xii. Taf. ii.

[722] “Avanzi Prerom.,” 1863, Tav. ii. 6, 7.

[723] “Nuovi Cenni,” 1862, Tav. iv. 17, 18.

[724] “Samml. zu Sigmar.,” Taf. xli.

[725] Stevens, “Flint Chips,” p. 157.

[726] See Evans, “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 256.

[727] Vol. vii. p. 302.

[728] Vol. xxxiv. p. 301.

[729] “Anc. Armour,” pl. xlvii. 11.

[730] _Arch._, vol. xlii. p. 75, pl. viii. 22.

[731] Vol. xv. p. 118, pl. ii.; “Catal. Mus. Soc. Ant.,” p. 16.

[732] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 254.

[733] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 359. This cut is lent by the Society.

[734] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iv. p. 303.

[735] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 390.

[736] _Op. cit._, p. 402.

[737] “Catal.,” p. 465.

[738] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 250: _Arch._, vol. xxxvi. p. 330: “Horæ Ferales,” pl. x. 29.

[739] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 258.

[740] “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 400; _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. viii. p. 310. The cut is here reproduced by permission of Messrs. Macmillan.

[741] Vol. viii. p. 310.

[742] Chantre, “Album,” pl. vi. 2.

[743] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 229.

[744] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 332.

[745] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 258.

[746] “Catal.,” p. 467, fig. 355.

[747] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 269 (woodcut).

[748] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 503, figs. 387, 388, 389.

[749] “Preh. Ann. Scot.,” vol. i. p. 402.

[750] _Arch. Cant._, vol. xi. p. 125, pl. c. 14.

[751] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 9.

[752] Parenteau, “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. viii. 16.

[753] 3rd S., vol. vi. p. 138.

[754] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 304, fig. 255.

[755] “Matériaux,” vol. xiv. pl. ix. 4.

[756] “Ann. du cercle Arch. de Mons,” 1857, pl. i. 6.

[757] “Matériaux,” vol. xiv. p. 489.

[758] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 160.

[759] Lisch, “Freder. Francisc.,” tab. xvii. 10.

[760] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 301. For the use of this cut I am indebted to the Council of the Society.

[761] “Freder. Francisc.,” tab. xviii. 14.

[762] Vol. xliii. p. 450, pl. xxxii. 5.

[763] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxii. fig. 4.

[764] _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. p. 346.

[765] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. pp. 67, 176, 238, pl. xxxii. 1.

[766] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxii. fig. 8.

[767] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 152.

[768] Thoresby’s “Catal.,” in Whitaker’s ed. of “Ducat. Leod.,” p. 114.

[769] “British Barrows,” p. 446.

[770] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. x. p. 434.

[771] Greenwell, “Brit. Barrows,” p. 446.

[772] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vii. p. 476. For the use of this cut, as well as figs. 268, 271, 272, and 273, I am indebted to the Society.

[773] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. x. p. 431.

[774] P. 116, pl. l. 8 (1726).

[775] Vol. xxxvii. p. 95. See also Pring, “Brit. and Rom. Taunton,” pl. i. 4.

[776] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 74; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. xii. p. 97; _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxii. 7.

[777] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxii. 6.

[778] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. x. p. 440; “Catal.,” p. 83, No. 182.

[779] P. 549, fig. 433.

[780] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 47.

[781] Jannsen’s “Catal.,” No. 209.

[782] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 84; vol. x. p. 441. I am indebted to the Society for the use of this and the following cut.

[783] See Keller, 5ter Bericht, Taf. xvi.

[784] See Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère partie, p. 76.

[785] _Mém. de la Soc. des Ant. de l’Ouest_, 1844, pl. ix. 10.

[786] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 450, fig. 154, from which this cut is copied; “Wilts. Arch. Mag.,” vol. iii. p. 186; “Cran. Brit.,” pl. 42, xxxii. p. 3.

[787] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 381, fig. 355.

[788] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxii. 2, 3, p. 449.

[789] Hoare’s “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. 44, pl. ii.

[790] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 246.

[791] Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1re partie, p. 91; Cazalis de Fondouce, “Allées couv. de la Provence,” pl. iv. 1.

[792] Vol. xiv. p. 491.

[793] Vol. xxxiv. pl. xx. 8, p. 255.

[794] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 295, pl. xxv. 9.

[795] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 160.

[796] _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. iv. p. 643.

[797] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 51; _Arch. Journ._, vol. i. p. 247; Bateman’s “Catal.,” p. 4.

[798] “Ten Years’ Digg,” p. 163; “Catal.,” p. 19.

[799] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 45.

[800] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 99, pl. xi.

[801] “British Barrows,” p. 265.

[802] “Ayr and Wigton Coll.,” vol. ii. p. 12.

[803] “Troy and its Remains,” p. 330.

[804] “British Barrows,” p. 186.

[805] “British Barrows,” p. 264, fig. 125; “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 284.

[806] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 282; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 249.

[807] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 217; Bateman’s “Catal.,” p. 15; “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 34.

[808] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” pp. 61, 63, 66, 68, 90, 96; “Ten Years’ Dig.,” pp. 21, 24, 34, 39, 57, 91, 113, 115, 119, 148, 160, 163; “Cran. Brit.,” pl. 13, xxii. 2.

[809] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 245; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 42.

[810] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 119.

[811] _Op. cit._, pp. 57, 113.

[812] Greenwell, “Brit. Barrows,” p. 360, n.

[813] M.S. Minutes of Soc. Ants., 1784, p. 51, cited in Warne’s “Celtic Tumuli of Dorset,” pt. iii. p. 7.

[814] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 323.

[815] _Arch. Inst._, Salisb. vol. p. 97.

[816] Stukeley’s “Stonehenge,” p. 45, pl. xxxii.

[817] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 16; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. xiv. p. 241.

[818] _Arch. Inst._, Salisb. vol. p. 110; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 29.

[819] Hoare’s “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 39, pl. i.; _Archæol._, vol. xliii. p. 452.

[820] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 209.

[821] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 185.

[822] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 148, 151.

[823] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. x. p. 164.

[824] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 21.

[825] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. vi. p. 71.

[826] _Archæol._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxiii. fig. 4.

[827] Ibid., fig. 3.

[828] Ibid., fig. 5.

[829] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” pp. 21, 115, 119.

[830] _Archæol._, vol. ix. p. 94, pl. iii.

[831] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 206.

[832] _Op. cit._, p. 226.

[833] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxiii. 6.

[834] “British Barrows,” p. 207. This specimen has since been presented, with the rest of the Greenwell Collection, to the British Museum.

[835] “Catal.,” p. 1; “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 39.

[836] “Catal.,” p. 12; “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 98.

[837] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 226.

[838] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 441.

[839] “Cran. Brit.,” 52, 4; “Reliquary,” vol. vi. p. 4.

[840] Vol. xvi. pl. 25, fig. 5, p. 288.

[841] _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. v. p. 555, pl. ii.

[842] “Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 124, unpub. pl. xv. B; _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 503, fig. 196.

[843] “Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 201, pl. xxv. 4; _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 458.

[844] “Exp. Arch. de la Sav.,” 1878, pl. xii. 357.

[845] “Mém. Soc. Ant. Norm.,” 1827-8, pl. xix. 4, 5.

[846] _Arch. Cant._, vol. xi. p. 125, pl. c, 18.

[847] “Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 185, pl. xxiii.; _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 458, pl. xxxiv. 2.

[848] Bateman, “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 68.

[849] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 462, pl. xxxiv. 3.

[850] “Ancient Wilts,” vol. i. p. 202, pl. xxvii. 2.

[851] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxv. 1.

[852] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 203, fig. 154.

[853] Douglas, “Nenia,” p. 153, pl. xxxiii. fig. 3.

[854] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 207.

[855] _Op. cit._, p. 194.

[856] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxiv. 1.

[857] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 1st S., vol. i. p. 75.

[858] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 98; vol. xv. p. 228.

[859] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 100.

[860] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 459.

[861] “Celtic Tumuli of Dorset,” pl. ii. p. 17.

[862] Hartshorne’s “Salop. Ant.,” p. 96, No. 7.

[863] Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronze schwerter des K. Mus.,” Taf. xvi. 31; Wilkinson’s “Ancient Egyptians,” vol. i. p. 320. Another dagger with a hilt is figured at p. 23.

[864] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 458, fig. 334; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. vii. 14.

[865] _Proc._, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 196.

[866] Vallancey, “Coll.,” vol. iv. p. 61, pl. xi. 4; Gough’s “Camden,” vol. iv. pl. xviii. 4; Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 467, fig. 354; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vii. 13.

[867] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 161.

[868] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 466, fig. 353.

[869] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 463, fig. 346.

[870] “Cong, préh.,” Stockholm vol., 1874, p. 521; Keller’s “Lake-dwell.,” Eng. ed., pl. xli. 5.

[871] Strobel, “Avanzi Preromani,” 1863, Tav. ii. 35; Gastaldi, “Nuovi Cenni,” 1862, Tav. ii. 7.

[872] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 239, pl. xxxiv.

[873] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 455.

[874] P. 74, pl. ii. fig. 3.

[875] Gross, “Deux Stations,” pl. iv. 3.

[876] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iv. p. 329; “Horæ Ferales,” p. 158, pl. vii. 21; _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxiii. 1.

[877] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 96; _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 461, fig. 161.

[878] _Arch._, vol. xxx. p. 332, pl. xvii. 8; “Celtic Tumuli of Dorset,” pt. iii. p. 46 pl. x. d, e.

[879] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 322.

[880] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 288, pl. 25, fig. 6.

[881] “Matériaux,” vol. xiii. p. 155.

[882] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxxiii. p. 231.

[883] Gross, “Deux Stations,” pl. iv. 4.

[884] “Matériaux,” vol. xv. p. 289.

[885] “Ant. Preh. de Andalusia,” pp. 97, 105.

[886] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. x. pp. 84, 459. I am indebted to the Council of the Society for the use of this and the following cut.

[887] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xii. p. 449.

[888] _Op. cit._, vol. xii. p. 439.

[889] _P. S. A. S._, vol. xii. p. 456.

[890] _Op. cit._, vol. xii. p. 440.

[891] Bateman’s “Ten Years’ Diggings,” p. 148; engraved in _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 461, fig. 162, from which my cut is copied.

[892] “British Barrows,” p. 359; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 243.

[893] Raine, “North Durham,” p. 235.

[894] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 346; _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. iv. p. 304. For the use of this cut I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.

[895] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 122, pl. xiv.

[896] Ibid., pl. xv.

[897] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 456.

[898] _Wilts Arch. Mag._, vol. vi. p. 164.

[899] Iliad, lib. xix. v. 387.

[900] P. 185.

[901] _Op. cit._, p. 242.

[902] _Arch._, vol. xliii. pl. xxxiv. fig. 4; xxxv. figs. 2, 4.

[903] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 211, pl. xxviii.

[904] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 248.

[905] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 334.

[906] _Ante_, p. 233.

[907] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 322.

[908] “Celtic Tum.” pt. i. p. 35, pl. x. E. and G.

[909] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 453, fig. 157.

[910] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 184; vol. xv. p. 90; _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ix. p. 120.

[911] _Surrey Arch. Soc. Trans._, vol. i.; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 305.

[912] _Arch._, vol. xxxvi. p. 328, pl. xxv. fig. 6; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vii. 18.

[913] Borlase, “Nænia Corn.,” p. 236.

[914] Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. i. Heft xi. Taf. ii. 1.

[915] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 456; _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 454, fig. 158.

[916] _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. vii. p. 104.

[917] _Journ. Royal Hist. and Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 286, whence this cut has been kindly lent.

[918] _Arch._, vol. xxxvi. p. 328, pl. xxv. 5, from which the cut is copied.

[919] Dixon’s “Geol. of Sussex,” p. 12; _Arch. Journ._, vol. viii. p. 112; _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 260.

[920] Fig. in _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 364.

[921] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. p. 311.

[922] _A. A. J._, vol. xiv. p. 329.

[923] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 50.

[924] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 268.

[925] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 79; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. vii. 19.

[926] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 370.

[927] Von Sacken, “Die Funden an der Langen Wand bei Wiener Neustadt,” 1865, p. 6.

[928] Wilde, “Catal.,” p. 465, fig. 347.

[929] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 403, fig. 6.

[930] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. vi. p. 19.

[931] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 73.

[932] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 363.

[933] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 60.

[934] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 83.

[935] Vol. xvi. p. 365, pl. lxx.

[936] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160.

[937] _Op. cit._, p. 158.

[938] Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. xvi. 2.

[939] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxxiii. p. 231.

[940] Vol. x. p. 73.

[941] “Collect.,” vol. iv. pl. xi. 9.

[942] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 193.

[943] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 110.

[944] _Op. cit._, p. 113.

[945] “Collect.,” vol. iv. pl. xi. 10; Gough’s “Camden,” vol. iv. pl. xviii. 10.

[946] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. vii. 23.

[947] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 186.

[948] _Arch._, vol. xvii. p. 337.

[949] _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule._

[950] Wilde, “Catal.,” p. 448, fig. 326.

[951] 4th Series, vol. ii. p. 197.

[952] “Hallands Fornminnes-Förenings Aarskr.,” 1869, p. 89.

[953] Wilde, “Catal.,” p. 458, fig. 333, from which the fig. in the text is copied on a somewhat larger scale; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. vii. 15.

[954] “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 1.

[955] “Matériaux,” vol. x. p. 370.

[956] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 120.

[957] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 191; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 406.

[958] Vol. iii. p. 47.

[959] Vol. xxxvi. pl. xxv. 2.

[960] _Arch._, vol. xxxvi. p. 326.

[961] _Arch._, vol. xxxvi. pl. xxv. 1; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. vi. 24.

[962] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 322, pl. 26, No. 1.

[963] “Cong. préh.,” Copenhagen vol., p. 483.

[964] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 349. For the use of this cut I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S.

[965] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 349.

[966] _Arch._, xxxvi. pl. xxv. 3; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. vi. 25.

[967] Vol. xxxvi. p. 328, pl. xxv. 3.

[968] Wilson’s “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 390; Catal. Mus. Arch. Inst., Edinb., p. 23.

[969] “Matériaux,” vol. v. pi. xix. 11.

[970] Fig. 131.

[971] Taf. vii. 1; xxxiii. 1; “Horæ Ferales,” pl. x. 2.

[972] “Handb. der Germ. Alterth.,” p. 208. See also Preusker, “Blicke,” Taf. iii. 44 f.; Klemm, “Allg. Culturwiss.” p. 112.

[973] Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronze Schwerter des K. Mus.,” Taf. vi. 6.

[974] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. x. 3; Von Ledebur, “Königl. Mus.,” p. 15.

[975] “Matériaux,” vol. viii. pl. xvi. 14; vol. xiii. p. 232; Chantre, “Age. du Br.,” 2me partie, p. 283; _Mém. des Ant. du Nord_, 1872-7, p. 116.

[976] “Zeitsch. für Ethnol.,” vol. ix. 1877, Proc., p. 34, Taf. vi. 3.

[977] Col. A. Lane Fox, “Prim. Warfare,” lect. 2.

[978] “Coll. Hib.,” vol. iv. p. 62, pl. xi. 11.

[979] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 449.

[980] P. 449.

[981] Conf. Wilde, _op. cit._, p. 489, figs. 356 and 357; and “Horæ Fer.,” pl. x. 6.

[982] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 187.

[983] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 396.

[984] _Ibid._, vol. vii. p. 423. I am indebted to the Council for the use of this cut.

[985] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 258.

[986] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 414; vol. xviii. p. 161; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 403.

[987] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 193; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. x. 7.

[988] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. vi. p. 20 (figured).

[989] “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xi. 14.

[990] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 181.

[991] Skelton’s Meyrick, vol. i. pl. xlv.

[992] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 111.

[993] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 411.

[994] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 302.

[995] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. p. 249, vol. iii. p. 60.

[996] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160.

[997] “Catal. Mus. R.I.A.,” p. 493, fig. 361. I am indebted to the Council for this cut.

[998] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 12.

[999] “Alt. u. h. Vorzeit,” vol. i. Heft viii. Taf. 2.

[1000] “Freder. Francisc.,” Taf. xxv. 13, 14.

[1001] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, _ubi sup._

[1002] Annalen for Nord. Oldkynd., 1851, Taf. v. 1.

[1003] Conf. Greenwell, “British Barrows,” p. 49.

[1004] _Op. cit._, p. 44.

[1005] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 394.

[1006] _Arch. Scot._, vol. iii. App. p. 67.

[1007] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 60.

[1008] _A. A. J._, vol. xv. p. 230.

[1009] “On the True Assignation of the Bronze Weapons,” &c., _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N.S., vol. iv. p. 176. _The Celt, Roman and Saxon_, 2nd Ed. p. 7, _et seqq._

[1010] “Catal. Lond. Ant.,” p. 80.

[1011] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 72.

[1012] “Preh. Times,” 4th Ed. p. 17; _Trans. Ethn. Soc._, N.S., vol. v. p. 105.

[1013] See “Horæ Ferales,” pls. xiv., xv., and xviii.

[1014] Lib. v. c. 33.

[1015] Beckman, “History of Inventions,” vol. ii. p. 328.

[1016] “Saturn.,” lib. ii. cap. 3.

[1017] “Preh. Times,” p. 22.

[1018] Worsaae’s “Prim. Ant. of Denmark,” p. 29.

[1019] Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 32.

[1020] _Trans. Brist. and Glouc. Arch. Soc._

[1021] 1st S., vol. ii. p. 215.

[1022] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 263; vol. xv. 230, pl. 23, 5.

[1023] _Somerset Arch. and N. H. Soc. Proc._, vol. xxii. p. 70, pl. iii.

[1024] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 229, pl. 23, 3.

[1025] _Op. cit._, vol. iii. p. 9.

[1026] _Op. cit._, vol. xiv. p. 328, pl. xxiv. 5.

[1027] _Arch._, vol. xix. p. 56, pl. iv.

[1028] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. v. pl. ix. 1.

[1029] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 60.

[1030] See “Horæ Fer.,” pl. ix. 2, p. 161.

[1031] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 50; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 91.

[1032] Keller, 8ter Bericht, Taf. iii. 1.

[1033] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 329; _op. cit._, vol. xxii. p. 244.

[1034] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 429.

[1035] _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxxiii. p. 231.

[1036] _Arch._, vol. xix. p. 56, pl. iv.; Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Anc. Armour,” pl. xlvii. 14.

[1037] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 67; _Arch._, xliii. p. 480.

[1038] _Bury and West Suff. Proc._, i. p. 24.

[1039] “Reliquary,” vol. iii. p. 219.

[1040] _Arch._, vol. xi. p. 431, pl. xix. 9.

[1041] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 229, pl. xxiii. 2.

[1042] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 406; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 191.

[1043] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. ix. 5, p. 162.

[1044] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 7.

[1045] Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft iii. Taf. iii. 5.

[1046] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 254; xv. p. 230, pl. xxiii. No. 4.

[1047] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. v. p. 349.

[1048] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 363.

[1049] Catal. of Gr. Coins in Brit. Mus., Italy, p. 28.

[1050] “Numm. Vet. Ital. descript.,” pl. xli.

[1051] Vol. iv. p. 147; vol. iii. p. 334.

[1052] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 327; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 83, No. 14.

[1053] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 44.

[1054] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 91.

[1055] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxiv. p. 301.

[1056] _Anth. Inst. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 230.

[1057] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 158 (24½ inches); _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 243; _Arch._, vol. xxvi. p. 482 (said to have had a bone or wooden hilt when found).

[1058] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 90.

[1059] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 356.

[1060] Stukeley, “It. Cur.,” vol. i. p. 14.

[1061] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 321.

[1062] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 11, pl. iv. 3.

[1063] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 118.

[1064] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 353.

[1065] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 113.

[1066] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 115.

[1067] _Arch._, vol. xxi. p. 548.

[1068] _Arch._, vol. xxvi. p. 464.

[1069] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 91.

[1070] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 250; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 214.

[1071] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x, p. 221.

[1072] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. iii. p. 204.

[1073] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. ix. 9, p. 162.

[1074] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. ii. p. 199.

[1075] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. xxiv. pl. xxv. 3.

[1076] Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. xiv. _bis_, 3; _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule_.

[1077] Keller, 7ter Bericht, Taf. iii. 4; 3ter Bericht, Taf. iii. 35; Desor and Favre, “Le Bel Age du Br.,” pl. v. 10; Troyon, “Habit. Lacust.,” pl. ix. 11.

[1078] Keller, 7ter B., Taf. xxiv. 9.

[1079] Von Sacken, “Grabf. v. Hallst.,” pl. v. 10.

[1080] Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” Heft i. Taf. ii. 1.

[1081] “Zeitsch. für Ethn.,” vol. vii. Taf. x. 2.

[1082] “Bull. di Palet. Ital.,” anno ii., p. 26.

[1083] “Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B. iv., 40-42; Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 135, 136.

[1084] “Afbild,” vol. ii. pl. v. vi.

[1085] P. 882.

[1086] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 429; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. ix. fig. 3, p. 161.

[1087] “Treatise on Anc. Armour,” pl. lxi. 1.

[1088] _Op. cit._, pl. lxi. 2, 3, 4.

[1089] Wilson’s “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 352, fig. 52.

[1090] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 210, pl. xx. 10, 11.

[1091] Pl. li. 2, 3, p. 118.

[1092] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 33.

[1093] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iii. p. 102.

[1094] Ayr and Wigton Coll., vol. ii. p. 14.

[1095] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 252.

[1096] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. pp. 181, 224: _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 203.

[1097] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 121.

[1098] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. ix. 4, p. 161.

[1099] Vol. ii. p. 334, pl. xliv.

[1100] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xiii. p. 321.

[1101] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 439.

[1102] _Op. cit._, p. 454.

[1103] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ix. 7, p. 162.

[1104] Vol. iii. p. 355, pl. xix.

[1105] Vol. iv. pl. vii. 1, p. 50.

[1106] De Bonstetten, “Essai sur les Dolm.,” 1865, pl. ii. 2; _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. xiii. p. 183, pl. v. D.

[1107] Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. xvi. 1.

[1108] _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule._

[1109] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. iv. pl. xiii. 23.

[1110] Von Sacken, Taf. v. 2.

[1111] Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft iii. Taf. iii. 6.

[1112] 3rd S., vol. i. p. 23; 2nd S., vol. vi. p. 72; “Reliquary,” vol. x. p. 65.

[1113] _Jour. Royal Hist. & Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 257. I am indebted to the Council for the use of the cuts.

[1114] _Op. cit._, 4th S., vol. i. p. 505.

[1115] “Aarböger for Nord. Oldk.,” 1871, p. 15.

[1116] _Arch._, vol. iii. p. 363.

[1117] Ib., p. 364.

[1118] Ib., p. 365.

[1119] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 446, fig. 322, here by permission reproduced.

[1120] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxx. p. 282.

[1121] “Age du Br.,” lère ptie. p. 105 _et seq._; Alb., pl. xv. _bis_, 2; De Ferry, “Macon préh.,” pl. xxxix.

[1122] Keller, _passim_.

[1123] See Gastaldi, “Iconografia,” 1869, Tav. viii.; Pellegrini, “Sepolchreto Preromano,” 1878, Tav. iii., iv. Gozzadini, “Mors de Cheval et l’Épée de Rorzano,” 1876.

[1124] “Aarbög. f. Nord. Oldk.,” 1879, pl. i.

[1125] “Mycenæ und Tiryns,” 1878, pp. 281, 303, &c.

[1126] Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronze Schwerter des K. Mus. zu Berlin,” 1878, p. 56.

[1127] “Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B, ii., iii., iv.; Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 114 to 137.

[1128] Lisch, “Freder. Francisc.,” Tab. xiv., xv.

[1129] “Cong, préh.,” Stockholm vol. i. p. 506.

[1130] “Cong, préh.,” Buda Pest vol., p. 238.

[1131] “Cong, préh.,” Copenhagen vol., p. 449.

[1132] See Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronze Schwerter des K. Mus. zu Berlin,” 1878.

[1133] Von Sacken, “Grabf. v. Hallst.,” Taf. v.; Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. ii. Heft i. Taf. v.

[1134] Vol. xlv. p. 251.

[1135] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. xxvi. p. 321.

[1136] “Horæ Ferales,” pl. viii. 7; Chantre, “Age du Br.,” lère ptie., p. 108; Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” vol. ii. Heft i. Taf. 3.

[1137] Chantre, _op. cit._, p. 135.

[1138] Madsen, “Afb.,” vol. ii. pl. vii.; Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. ii. Heft i. Taf. iii. 1.

[1139] Madsen, _op. cit._, pl. v.

[1140] “Horæ Ferales,” p. 159. See also _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxiv. p. 301, fig. 3.

[1141] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 404.

[1142] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 214; “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 437.

[1143] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 259, whence this cut is taken, by permission of Mr. Franks.

[1144] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, iii. p. 118; _Arch._, vol. xxvii. p. 298.

[1145] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 201. See “Horæ Ferales,” pl. ix. No. 10 to 14, and C. R. Smith, “Coll. Ant.,” vol. iii. p. 72.

[1146] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 118.

[1147] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 427.

[1148] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. p. 181; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 203; “Catal. Mus. Arch. Inst. Ed.,” p. 24.

[1149] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 221, whence the figure is copied.

[1150] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxx. p. 280.

[1151] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 461, fig. 336.

[1152] “Exp. Arch. de la Sav.,” 1878, pl. xii. 354, 356.

[1153] _Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland_

[1154] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 322.

[1155] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 461.

[1156] Fairholt’s “Costume in England,” p. 382.

[1157] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 321, pl. 30, fig. 2.

[1158] Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie. p. 136. _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. xxxix. p. 306.

[1159] _Dict. Arch. de la Gaule._

[1160] “Matériaux,” vol. xiii. p. 64. See also a paper by M. Alex. Bertrand, in the Bull. Soc. Ant. de France, 1878, p. 56. “Matér.,” vol. xv. p. 162.

[1161] De Bonstetten, “Rec. d’Ant. Suisses,” Supp., pl. xxi. 1; Von Sacken, “Grabf. v. Hallstatt,” Taf. vi. 11.

[1162] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 518.

[1163] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. xxxix. p. 305.

[1164] “Das Grabfeld von Hallstatt,” p. 155, pl. xix. fig. 10.

[1165] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 257, pl. xiii. 6; Wilson, “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 441, fig. 82.

[1166] _Arch. Scot._, vol. i. p. 393.

[1167] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 556, pl. xxxvii. 3.

[1168] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 323, pl. xxvi. 5; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 521.

[1169] Arch. Inst., York vol. p. 33; _Arch._, vol. xiv. pl. xx. 6.

[1170] “Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B ii. 2; Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 115; Madsen, “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xi. 1.

[1171] Boye, “Oplys. Fortegnelse over det K. M.,” p. 31.

[1172] “Annalen for Oldk.,” 1848, p. 336; “Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B. ii. 7; Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 119; Madsen, “Afbild.,” vol. ii. p. 9. pl. iv. 8.

[1173] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 495.

[1174] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 120.

[1175] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 29.

[1176] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, 1868, N.S., vol. i. p. 36.

[1177] Iliad, vi. v. 319; viii. v. 494.

[1178] Dawkins, “Cave Hunting,” p. 143, fig. 34.

[1179] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 231.

[1180] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. v. p. 349.

[1181] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 429, pl. iv.

[1182] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 159. I am indebted to Mr. Franks for the use of this block.

[1183] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 235, pl. xxiv. 3.

[1184] _Op. cit._, vol. viii. p. 332.

[1185] _Op. cit._, vol. xv. p. 235, pl. xxiv. 4.

[1186] Hartshorne’s “Salop. Ant.,” p. 96.

[1187] Stukeley’s “It. Cur.,” pl. 96, vol. ii.

[1188] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 351.

[1189] Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Anc. Arm.,” pl. xlvii. 10.

[1190] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iv. p. 279.

[1191] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251; “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 437.

[1192] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 221.

[1193] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 254.

[1194] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 13, pl. i.

[1195] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 110.

[1196] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 102.

[1197] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 417.

[1198] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. iv. pl. xiii. 2-14.

[1199] Keller, _passim_.

[1200] Von Braunmühl, “Alt Deutschen Grabmäler;” Schreiber, “Die ehern. Streitkeile,” Taf. ii. 19; Lisch, “Fred. Francisc.,” Taf. viii.

[1201] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 190.

[1202] “Heidnisch. Alterth.,” Taf. viii. fig. 1.

[1203] _P. S. A. S._, vol. ix. p. 435. The cut has been kindly lent by the Society.

[1204] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 364.

[1205] _A. J._, vol. ix. p. 8. It is there erroneously stated to be 26 inches long.

[1206] _Trans. Devon. Assoc._, vol. vii. p. 199; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 40.

[1207] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 185, 186; “Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B 1, 16.

[1208] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 28.

[1209] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 332.

[1210] Keller, 6ter Bericht, Taf. ix. 34.

[1211] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 90.

[1212] “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 433; vol. xi. p. 205.

[1213] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. viii. p. 269.

[1214] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 107.

[1215] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 47. There is an article by Mr. Du Noyer on the classification of bronze arrow-heads in vol. vii. p. 281.

[1216] See “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 328.

[1217] _Arch. Journ_., vol. xiii. pp. 20, 27; vol. xxii. p. 68; _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 187; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 322.

[1218] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 3; “Hor. Fer.,” pl. vi. 27.

[1219] _Arch. Camb._, 4th. S., vol. iii. p. 351.

[1220] Anderson’s “Croydon Preh. and Rom.,” p. 11, pl. iii. 4.

[1221] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. v. p. 349.

[1222] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 351.

[1223] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxx. p. 282.

[1224] _Arch._, vol. xix. p. 56, pl. iv. 5.

[1225] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 361, pl. lxiv. 1.

[1226] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iv. p. 244.

[1227] _P. S. A._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 280.

[1228] _P. S. A._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 83.

[1229] _Arch._, vol. xxvii. p. 105.

[1230] _P. S. A._, vol. iv. p. 323.

[1231] Plot’s “Stafford.,” p. 404, pl. xxxiii. 8.

[1232] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 113.

[1233] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. viii. p. 210.

[1234] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 9.

[1235] Vol. x. p. 480, pl. xl. 5.

[1236] _Sussex Arch. Coll._, vol. viii. p. 269.

[1237] “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 432. and vol. xii. p. 25.

[1238] Vol. ix. p. 94, pl. iii.

[1239] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 348, pl. 1.

[1240] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 334.

[1241] Arch. Inst., Salisb. vol., p. 110.

[1242] Wilde, “Catal. R. I. A.,” p. 496, fig. 363; “Hor. Fer.,” pl. vi. 15.

[1243] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 447; “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 208.

[1244] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xi. p. 168.

[1245] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 282, and xviii. p. 167.

[1246] Vol. ii. p. 187.

[1247] Pl. vi. 17.

[1248] “Coll. Hib.,” vol. iv. pl. xi. v.

[1249] Pl. vi. 12, 13.

[1250] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 280; “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 9.

[1251] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 285.

[1252] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 196.

[1253] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” pp. 498, 501.

[1254] Ibid., Figs. 385 and 386, p. 502.

[1255] Pl. vi. 19.

[1256] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 187.

[1257] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 111, pl. xi. 4.

[1258] Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” vol. ii. Heft iv. Taf. i. 9.

[1259] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 329, pl. xxiv. fig. 3.

[1260] _Arch. Assoc. Jour._, vol. xvi. p. 322.

[1261] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 365, pl. lxx. 3.

[1262] Arch. Inst., Norwich vol., p. xxvi. Another from this hoard is in the Brit. Mus., “Hor. Fer.,” pl. vi. 22. Mr. Franks thinks that the mould was in four pieces besides the core, but on this point I am rather doubtful.

[1263] Vol. iv. pl. xi. 6.

[1264] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 415.

[1265] “Catal. Mus. Lond. Ant.,” p. 83, No. 370.

[1266] Pring, “Brit. and Rom. Taunton,” pl. iii.

[1267] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 20.

[1268] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 366, p. 496; “Hor. Fer.,” pl. vi. 18.

[1269] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160.

[1270] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 322, pl. xxvi. 3.

[1271] _Op. cit._, vol. xvii. p. 110, pl. xi. 3.

[1272] “Durobrivæ,” p. lvi. 4.

[1273] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. 354; Allies, “Worcester.,” p. 60.

[1274] Ayr and Wigton Coll., vol. ii. p. 13.

[1275] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 214.

[1276] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 296.

[1277] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 65. I am indebted to the Council for the use of this block.

[1278] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 413; “Hor. Fer.,” pl. vi. 21.

[1279] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 363.

[1280] Ibid., vol. xxv. p. 49.

[1281] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. v. p. 89.

[1282] Ibid., vol. xvi. p. 250.

[1283] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 429.

[1284] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 234; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 158.

[1285] Grose’s “Treat. on Anc. Armour,” 1786, pl. lxi. 5.

[1286] Vallancey, “Coll. Hib.,” vol. iv. pl. xi. 7.

[1287] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 16.

[1288] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 217, fig. 8; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 251.

[1289] Hartshorne’s “Salop. Ant.,” p. 96.

[1290] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 352.

[1291] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 154.

[1292] _Mém. des Ant. du Nord_, 1872-7, p. 115.

[1293] Wilson’s “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 391; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 23; “Catal. Mus. Arch. Inst. Ed.,” p. 23.

[1294] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 404, pl. iii. 11; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 322, pl. xxvi. 4.

[1295] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 187; vol. iii. p. 354; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. vi. 26; Allies, “Worc.,” p. 30; “Arch. Inst.,” York vol., pl. v. 4.

[1296] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 125.

[1297] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 84; vol. xviii. p. 160.

[1298] Ibid., vol. xiv. p. 357; vol. xviii. p. 161.

[1299] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. iii. pp. 339, 347.

[1300] _Arch._, vol. xxvi. p. 464.

[1301] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 160. I am indebted to Mr. Franks for the use of this cut.

[1302] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 250; vol. v. p. 422; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 214; “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 437.

[1303] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 332.

[1304] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 84.

[1305] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 221.

[1306] Ibid., 4th S., vol. iii. p. 353.

[1307] Anderson’s “Croydon Preh. and Rom.,” p. 11, pl. iii. 5.

[1308] P. 116, pl. l. 7.

[1309] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 96.

[1310] _Arch._, vol. xix. p. 56, pl. iv. 10, 11; Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Anc. Arm.,” pl. xlvii. 12.

[1311] _Arch._ _ubi sup._, “Millin, Peintures de Vases,” tome ii. p. 25.

[1312] “Iliad.,” lib. x. 153; lib. xiii. 443. &c.

[1313] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xv. p. 235.

[1314] “Preh. Cong.,” Norwich vol., p. 77.

[1315] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 191; “Atlas for Nord. Old.,” pl. B 1, 22, 23.

[1316] Vol. xi. p. 55.

[1317] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 118.

[1318] _Arch._, vol. v. pl. viii. 15.

[1319] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. U. A.,” figs. 390, 391.

[1320] _Op. cit._, p. 517.

[1321] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iv. p. 211.

[1322] “Matériaux,” vol. v. pl. ii. 25.

[1323] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. iv. pl. xiii.

[1324] Vol. xlv. p. 383.

[1325] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. xiv.; _Arch._, vol. xxiii. p. 97; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iv. p. 144; Skelton’s “Meyrick’s Anc. Arm.,” pl. xlvii. 7.

[1326] “Horæ Fer.,” pl. xv.; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 330.

[1327] Vol. xxvii. pl. xxii. p. 298; “The Barrow Diggers,” pl. ii. 1, p. 73; Worsaae, “Prim. Ant. of Denm.,” Eng. ed., p. 32. I am indebted to Messrs. James Parker & Co. for the use of this block.

[1328] _Journ. R. H. and A. Assoc. of Ireland_, 4th S., vol. iv. p. 488.

[1329] “Horæ Fer.,” p. 167, pl. xi. 1; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 187.

[1330] _Op. cit._, p. 167, pl. xi. 3; “Catal. of Ants., &c., of the Soc. Ant.,” p. 17.

[1331] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vii. p. 77, whence the cut is copied; “Hor. Fer.,” p. 167, pl. xi. 4.

[1332] “Hor. Fer.,” p. 167; _Trans. Camb. Ant. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 12.

[1333] Copied from _Publ. Camb. Ant. Soc._, vol. ii. Misc. pl. 3.

[1334] “Catal. Mus. Soc. Ant.,” p. 16.

[1335] See “Ayr. and Wigt. Coll.,” vol. i. p. 66, where I have described this shield.

[1336] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” 1st ed., p. 267; 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 397.

[1337] “Minute Book of Soc. Ant.,” vol. xxiv. p. 147.

[1338] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 165. See also _Tr. R. Hist. and Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 4th S., vol. iv. p. 487.

[1339] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. viii. p. 393.

[1340] _Arch._, vol. xxiii. p. 92; “Anc. Arm.,” by Skelton, vol. i. pl. xlvii. 4.

[1341] _Arch._, vol. xxiii. p. 95.

[1342] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 157.

[1343] “Hor. Fer.,” pl. ix. 168; C. Roach Smith, “Catal. of Lond. Ant.,” p. 80.

[1344] C. Roach Smith, _ubi sup._

[1345] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 518; v. p. 363; _Gent. Mag._, Dec, 1865, p. 771.

[1346] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 200.

[1347] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 395; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 200; _Proc. Roy. Irish Acad._, 1874, p. 277.

[1348] _Arch. Assoc. Jour._, vol. xxxvi. p. 165.

[1349] _Journ. Royal Hist._ and _Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 118, and vol. iv. p. 487. See _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 480.

[1350] Vol. x. p. 155.

[1351] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 203.

[1352] _Arch._, vol. xiv. p. 90. pl. xviii.

[1353] See _Arch. Scot._, vol. v. p. 217.

[1354] “Hor. Fer.,” p. 166.

[1355] Madsen, “Afbild.,” vol. ii. pl. xvii.; “Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B, v.; Worsaae “Prim. Ant. of Den.,” Thoms’ Eng. ed., p. 31.

[1356] “Cong, préh.,” Bologna vol., p. 294.

[1357] Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorzeit,” vol. i. Heft xi. Taf. 1, 4, and 5.

[1358] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 398.

[1359] _Num. Chron._, N.S., vol. xvii. pl. x. 7 and 8.

[1360] See _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 187.

[1361] “De Bell. Civ.,” i. 39, 48.

[1362] “Agric.,” 36.

[1363] See Smith’s “Dict. of Ant.,” _s. v._ Cetra.

[1364] “Horæ Ferales,” p. 168, pl. xii. 1.

[1365] Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. Vorzeit,” vol. i. Heft xi. Taf. 1.

[1366] Von Sacken, “Grabf. zu Hallst.,” Taf. viii. 5, 6.

[1367] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. i. p. 167.

[1368] Lib. iii. c. 14.

[1369] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 518.

[1370] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 342; Waring’s “Ornaments of Remote Ages,” pl. xci. 10.

[1371] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 362.

[1372] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 553, pl. xxxvi.

[1373] “Album,” pl. xvi. _bis._

[1374] Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie., p. 146.

[1375] P. 623

[1376] Fig. 360, p. 492. _et seqq._

[1377] “Discourse concerning Danish Mounds, &c.”

[1378] _Phil. Trans._, vol. xxviii. p. 270.

[1379] Vol. ii. pl. xx. 3, 4, 5; Gough’s “Camden,” vol. iv. pl. xiv.; “Hor. Fer.,” pl. xiii. 1.

[1380] 4th S., vol. iii. p. 422.

[1381] P. 282.

[1382] Wilde, fig. 529, p. 592, kindly lent by the Council of the R. I. A. One of Mr. Day’s trumpets is also patched.

[1383] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xii. p. 96. There is an article on Irish trumpets by Dr. Petrie in the _Dublin Penny Journal_, vol. ii. See also _Proc. R. I. A._, vol. iv. pp. 237, 423.

[1384] Von Bibra, “Die Br. u. Kupf.-leg.,” p. 140.

[1385] Pl. xiii. 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.

[1386] “Coll. Hib.,” vol. iv. pi. vii. 2.

[1387] Vol. iv. pl. xiii. 2.

[1388] _Trans. R. I. A._, vol. ii.

[1389] Wilde’s “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 624 _et seqq._; _Jour. R. H. and A. A. of Ireland_, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 422 _et seqq._ See also _Ulster Journ. of Arch._, 1860, vol. viii. p. 99; and “Horæ Ferales,” p. 172.

[1390] Wilde, 630 _et seqq._

[1391] “Collections,” vol. i. p. 74; _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. xii. p. 565.

[1392] Vol. vi. p. 50.

[1393] “Tour through Britain,” vol. iv. p. 130.

[1394] Vol. lxxxvi. 1796, pl. xi.; “Horæ Fer.,” pl. xiii. 2; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 150.

[1395] Evans, “Anc. British Coins,” pl. iii. No. 11, and pl. v. No. 10, &c.

[1396] “Anc. Armour,” pl. xiii.; Gough’s “Camden,” vol. iv. p. 231.

[1397] Lisch, “Fred. Francisc.,” Tab. ix. 3.

[1398] “Atlas for Nord. Oldk.,” pl. B, vii.; Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 199-201.

[1399] Lib. ii. c. 29.

[1400] Lib. v. c. 30. See also Livy, lib. v. 37 and 39.

[1401] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 612, fig. 523, whence this cut is reproduced. See also _Proc. R. I. A._, vol. iv. pp. 237, 423.

[1402] Greenwell, “British Barrows,” pp. 15, 31.

[1403] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 130. I am indebted to the Council of the Society for the use of this cut.

[1404] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 259.

[1405] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 227.

[1406] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 247.

[1407] “Vest. Ant. Derb.,” p. 34; “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 130.

[1408] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 366.

[1409] _Arch._, xv. p. 129.

[1410] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. pp. 206-208.

[1411] _Op. cit._, p. 207.

[1412] _Op. cit._, p. 210. The references to the plate are somewhat confused or confusing.

[1413] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. ii. p. 90.

[1414] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 319.

[1415] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 194, pl. xxiii., here copied. See also _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 467.

[1416] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 199, pl. xxiv.

[1417] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxv. p. 246. I am indebted to the Institute for the use of this cut.

[1418] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 94. Pring, “Brit. and Rom. Taunton,” pl. ii.

[1419] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 106.

[1420] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 265.

[1421] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 469.

[1422] 2ème Mém., “Album,” pl. xi. 17.

[1423] Fig. 452.

[1424] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 348, pl. 1.

[1425] Allies, “Worc.,” p. 149, pl. iv. 7.

[1426] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 8. I am indebted to Mr. Franks for the use of this cut.

[1427] _Arch._, vol. xii. p. 414, pl. li. 8.

[1428] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 260.

[1429] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 469.

[1430] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 468. I am indebted to the Council of the Soc. Ant. for this and the next cut.

[1431] _Proc. Som. Arch. Soc._, vol. viii. p. 45.

[1432] Dr. Thurnam, _ubi sup._ (Horsfield, “Lewes,” vol. i. 48, pl. iii. 12).

[1433] _Journ. R. Hist. Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 4 Sec. vol. v. p. 97.

[1434] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 394, pl. xxxiv. 5.

[1435] Like Keller, “Lake-dwellings,” pl. xxxiv. 2.

[1436] Lisch, “Freder. Francisc.,” Tab. xxiv. 5, 6.

[1437] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” fig. 447.

[1438] _Op. cit._, p. 558, fig. 449; _Journ. Arch. Assoc. of Scot._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 194.

[1439] Wilde, fig. 448.

[1440] _Journ. Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 194.

[1441] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, N.S. vol. i. p. 322. For the loan of this block I am indebted to the Council of the Society.

[1442] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” fig. 239.

[1443] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 558, fig. 450.

[1444] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 102.

[1445] Vol. ix. p. 247.

[1446] Florus, lib. ii. c. 4.

[1447] Aulus Gellius, lib. ix. c. 13.

[1448] Cohen, “Méd. Cons.,” pl. xxvi. 5.

[1449] Vol. ii. p. 368; vol. iii. p. 27.

[1450] _Arch._, vol. xxvi. p. 471.

[1451] _Arch._, vol. xxi. p. 557.

[1452] _Op. cit._, vol. xxvi. p. 464.

[1453] _Op. cit._, vol. xiv. p. 96.

[1454] See Wilde’s “Catal.,” p. 70, _et seqq._; and “Vetusta. Monum.,” vol. v. pl. xxix.

[1455] Vol. xxi. pl. xii. 2.

[1456] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 81.

[1457] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 107, whence this cut is lent by the Council.

[1458] _Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vol. vii. p. 27.

[1459] _Op. cit._, vol. v. 1854, p. 91.

[1460] _Arch._, vol. xiv. p. 94, pl. xxiii.

[1461] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. i. p. 234.

[1462] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 88.

[1463] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxi. p. 232.

[1464] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 323; _Arch._, vol xxix. 372; _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 267.

[1465] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 211, pl. xxi. 2.

[1466] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 74, fig. 603.

[1467] _Arch._, vol. xi. p. 429, pl. xix. 3.

[1468] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 467; “Montgom. Coll.,” vol. iii. p. 419; vol. iv. p. 247.

[1469] _Arch._, vol. xxxiv. p. 83, pl. xi.; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. ii. p. 148; _Arch._, xxxii. p. 400.

[1470] _Arch._, vol. xxx. p. 554.

[1471] _Arch._, vol. xxv. p. 595; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 167.

[1472] _Arch._, vol. xxxi. p. 517, pl. xxiii; _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 32.

[1473] _Arch._, vol. xxx. p. 521.

[1474] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 258, pl. xiii. 2, 3.

[1475] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 367; vol. xxiv. p. 254.

[1476] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. i. p. 234.

[1477] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 435.

[1478] _P. S. A. S._, vol. iv. p. 377.

[1479] _P. S. A. S._, vol. i. p. 138.

[1480] Schoolcraft, “Ethn. Res.,” vol. i. p. 92; Squier and Davis, “Anc. Mon. Miss. Vall.,” p. 204.

[1481] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 96; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. pp. 406, 422; Borlase, “Nænia Corn.,” p. 162.

[1482] “Ten Years’ Digg.,” p. 167.

[1483] “Catal.,” p. 22; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. ii. p. 83.

[1484] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 88.

[1485] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 200. The Council of the Institute have kindly lent this figure.

[1486] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 277.

[1487] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xvii. p. 111, pl. xii. 2; vol. x. p. 8.

[1488] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 332.

[1489] “Barrow Diggers,” p. 77, pl. v. 14, 15.

[1490] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 344 (I am indebted to the Council for the use of this cut); _Arch._, vol. xxxv. p. 247; “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 417.

[1491] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. pp. 406, 430.

[1492] Bateman, “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 167.

[1493] Hoare’s “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 160; _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 469, fig. 172. I am indebted to the Council of the Soc. Ant. for the use of this cut.

[1494] “Reliquary,” vol. vi. p. 211, pl. xx. 1; Dawkins, “Cave Hunting,” p. 129.

[1495] _Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vol. v. 1854, p. 91.

[1496] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxxvii. p. 107. I am indebted to the Institute for the use of this cut. See Figs. 468 and 87.

[1497] _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 323.

[1498] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. i. p. 148; _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ii. p. 260.

[1499] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 131. For the use of this cut I am indebted to the Council of the Society.

[1500] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 74.

[1501] Perrin, “Etude, préh. sur la Sav.,” pl. xviii. 6.

[1502] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 570, fig. 479.

[1503] “British Barrows,” p. 210.

[1504] “Cran. Brit.,” pl. xii. B 4; _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 474.

[1505] Greenwell’s “British Barrows,” p. 209.

[1506] _Op. cit._, p. 386.

[1507] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 258.

[1508] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 59.

[1509] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 256; _Arch._, vol. xxvi. p. 483.

[1510] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 74.

[1511] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. x. p. 224.

[1512] Pring, “The Brit. and Rom. on the Site of Taunton,” p. 50.

[1513] _Arch._, vol. xxi. p. 39.

[1514] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 294.

[1515] _Journ. Hist. and Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, 3rd S., vol. i. p. 164.

[1516] “Vallancey,” vol. iv. pl. xiv. 8; Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 578, fig. 490.

[1517] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 570, fig. 480.

[1518] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 46, fig. 573.

[1519] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. ii. p. 83. The cut is kindly lent by the Council.

[1520] “Catal.,” p. 22.

[1521] _Sup._, p. 378; _Arch. Journ._, vol. v. p. 323.

[1522] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 332.

[1523] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. iii. p. 24, whence this cut is borrowed.

[1524] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 295.

[1525] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 36.

[1526] _Arch._, vol. xxxvii. p. 368.

[1527] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 426.

[1528] _Som. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vol. v. 1854, p. 91.

[1529] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 81.

[1530] “British Barrows,” p. 223.

[1531] “Brit. Barrows,” p. 324. For Fig. 491 I am indebted to the Delegates of the Clarendon Press.

[1532] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 80.

[1533] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. viii. p. 30.

[1534] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 40, fig. 570.

[1535] _Op. cit._, p. 38.

[1536] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 88.

[1537] Von Sacken, “Grabf. v. Hallst.,” Taf. xvii. 4, 6.

[1538] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 470.

[1539] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 243.

[1540] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 103.

[1541] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 525.

[1542] _Op. cit._, 114. A bead of burnt clay has also been found in a Westmoreland barrow. “Brit. Barrows,” p. 55.

[1543] See Thurnam, _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 495.

[1544] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 313, pl. xxi.

[1545] Ibid.

[1546] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 3.

[1547] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. ii. p. 213, pl. iv.; _Arch. Scot._, vol. iv. p. 55, pl. vii.

[1548] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 294.

[1549] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 10.

[1550] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. iii. p. 354. I am indebted to the Council of the Cambrian Arch. Assoc. for the use of this cut.

[1551] _Mém. Soc. Ant. Norm._, 1827-8, pl. xvii.

[1552] 3rd S., vol. i. p. 164, whence the cut is borrowed.

[1553] “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 579, fig. 494.

[1554] Vol. iv. pl. xiv.

[1555] See Wilde’s “Catal.,” p. 576 _et seqq._

[1556] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 74; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. xii. p. 97.

[1557] Type of Evans, “Anc. Brit. Coins,” pl. ii. 9.

[1558] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxxvi. p. 110.

[1559] “British Barrows,” p. 209.

[1560] “Essays on Arch. Sub.,” vol. i. p. 25.

[1561] “Anc. Stone Imp.,” p. 407.

[1562] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxii. p. 74; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. xii. p. 97.

[1563] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 232.

[1564] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, N.S., vol. i., p. 322, whence this cut is borrowed.

[1565] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 179.

[1566] Ibid.

[1567] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 200.

[1568] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 120.

[1569] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 236. This and the following cut are kindly lent me by the Council of the Society.

[1570] Fourdrignier, “Double Sép. Gaul.,” 1878, pl. v. and vi.

[1571] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. i. p. 13, pl. ii. 14.

[1572] See Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie., p. 156.

[1573] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. vii. p. 485.

[1574] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxx. p. 282, fig. 3; _Anthrop. Inst. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 230.

[1575] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 556, pl. xxxvii. figs. 8 and 11.

[1576] Pl. xl. 16; _Samlede Fund_, pl. xvi. 12.

[1577] _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. vi. p. 137.

[1578] “Age du Bronze,” 1ère ptie., p. 188.

[1579] _Rev. Anthrop._, 1875, tome iv. p. 650.

[1580] See Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1re ptie., p. 152.

[1581] “Anc. Wilts,” vol. i. p. 209.

[1582] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 252.

[1583] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 46.

[1584] See _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. pp. 35 and 52; _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. v. p. 111; C. R. Smith’s “Catal. London Ant.,” p. 82; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. viii. p. 208; vol. x. p. 57; “Hor. Fer.,” p. 184.

[1585] _Trans. Kilkenny Arch. Soc._, vol. iii. p. 65. _Annaler for Oldk._, 1836, p. 175.

[1586] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 90.

[1587] Vol. xliii.

[1588] Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” 4th ed., p. 223.

[1589] P. 399 _et seqq._

[1590] Erroneously called a celt by Mr. Kirwan. See _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiv. p. 189, whence this cut is borrowed.

[1591] “Ten Years’ Dig.,” p. 173.

[1592] P. 21.

[1593] Wilson, “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. pp. 350, 408.

[1594] Shirley’s “Dominion of Farney;” _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 96.

[1595] Wilson, _op. cit._, vol. i. p. 409. I am indebted to Messrs. Macmillan & Co. for the use of this cut.

[1596] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 529, fig. 407. This cut has been lent me by the Council of the Academy.

[1597] Vol. v. p. 82.

[1598] Catal. Mus. R. I. A., p. 531, fig. 409.

[1599] _Rev. Arch._, N.S., vol. xxvi. p. 326.

[1600] A paper on “Etruscan Commerce with the North,” by Dr. Hermann Genthe, will be found in the _Archiv. für Anthrop._, vol. vi. p. 237.

[1601] Von Sacken, “Das Grabf. v. Hallst.,” Taf. xxi. 1.

[1602] April 30, 1879.

[1603] Percy’s “Metallurgy,” vol. i. p. 474 (ed. 1861).

[1604] _Comptes Rendus de l’Ac. des Sc._, vol. lxxvi. (1873), p. 1232.

[1605] _Phil. Trans._, 1796, vol. lxxxvi. p. 395.

[1606] Chantre, “L’Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie., p. 62.

[1607] J. A. Phillips, _Q. J. Chem. Soc._, vol. iv. p. 266.

[1608] O’Curry’s “Mann. and Cust. of the Anc. Irish,” vol. i. p. ccccxx.

[1609] O’Curry, _op. cit._, p. ccccxviii.

[1610] For an interesting essay on the sources of bronze, see Prof. Sullivan in the Introduction to O’Curry’s “Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish,” p. ccccvii. See also H. H. Howorth, F.S.A., on the “Archæology of Bronze,” _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. vi. p. 72; Sabatier, “Production de l’or, de l’argent, et du cuivre,” &c., 1850; Von Bibra, “Die Bronzen und Kupferlegirungen,” 1869; De Fellenberg, “Bull. de la Soc. des Sc. nat. de Berne,” 1860; Wocel, “Chemische Analysen anb. Bronze legirungen,” in Sitz.-Ber. phil. hist. Classe. Acad. der Wiss. Wien. Bd. xvi. 169; “Kelternes, Germanernes og Slavernes Bronzer,” in _Antiq. Tidskrift._, 1852-54, p. 206; Morlot, “Les Métaux dans l’Age du Bronze,” _Mém. Soc. Ant. du Nord_, 1866-71, p. 23; Wibel, “Die Cultur der Bronze-Zeit Nord und Mittel Europas,” 1865; Von Cohausen’s Review of Wibel, _Archiv. für Anth._, vol. i. p. 320, vol. iii. p. 37; Lubbock, “Prehistoric Times,” p. 59 _et seqq._; Zaborowski-Moindron, “L’Ancienneté de l’Homme,” 1874; Dr. C. F. Wiberg, “Einfluss der Etrusker und Griechen auf die Bronze Cultur,” _Arch. für Anth._, vol. iv. p. 11; Troyon, “Monuments de l’Ant. dans l’Europe barbare,” 1868; De Rougemont, “L’Age du Bronze,” 1866; A. Bertrand, “Arch. Celtique et Gauloise,” 1876; G. De Mortillet, “Origine du Bronze,” _Revue d’Anthrop._, vol. iv. p. 650; Wilson, “Preh. Annals of Scotland,” and “Prehistoric Man.”

[1611] Job, chap. xxviii. v. 2.

[1612] P. 115.

[1613] _Comptes Rendus_, 1866, vol. lxii. pp. 223, 346.

[1614] The doubts raised by the late Sir G. C. Lewis on this point have been dealt with by Sir John Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 63 _et seqq._

[1615] Von Bibra, _op. cit._, p. 94.

[1616] Dr. Percy, F.R.S., and other practical metallurgists have shown that this view is untenable. See Lubbock, “Prehist. Times,” p. 621.

[1617] _Annales for Oldk._, 1852, p. 249; _Jahrbüch. des Ver. v. Alt.-freund im Rheinl._, vol. lix. p. 21; Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie., p. 62; Perrin, “Et. préh. sur la Savoie,” 1870, p. 19; Layard, “Nineveh and Babylon,” p. 670.

[1618] “Die Bronzen und Kupferlegirungen,” 8vo. Erlangen, 1869.

[1619] _Bull. di Paletnol. Ital._, 1879, p. 159.

[1620] Chantre, “Age du Br.,” 1ère ptie., p. 36; “Alb.,” pl. xxviii.; “Matériaux,” vol. xi. pl. i. 1. _Proc. Soc. Ant._ 2nd Ser., vol. viii. p. 250.

[1621] _Arch. Camb._, 4th S., vol. ii. p. 59, vol. viii. p. 210; Pennant’s “Tour,” vol. i. p. 63; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxix. 194; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 286.

[1622] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 118.

[1623] _Journ. Roy. Inst. Cornw._, No. xxi.

[1624] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 120 (Leland).

[1625] _Arch._, vol. xvi. p. 363.

[1626] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd Ser., vol. v. p. 427.

[1627] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxvi. p. 288.

[1628] _Surrey Arch. Coll._, vol. vi.

[1629] Anderson’s “Croydon,” p. 10.

[1630] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 248.

[1631] _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. vi. p. 195.

[1632] _Penes me, Arch. Journ._, vol. xi. p. 24.

[1633] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ix. p. 302.

[1634] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 116.

[1635] In the British Museum.

[1636] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd Ser., vol. iii. p. 232.

[1637] Smith’s “Coll. Ant.,” vol. i. p. 101.

[1638] In the British Museum.

[1639] _Arch. Journ._, vol. ii. p. 80.

[1640] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 116.

[1641] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 114.

[1642] _Penes_ Capt. Brooke, Ufford Hall, Woodbridge.

[1643] _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 69.

[1644] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. ii. p. 213.

[1645] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. i. p. 306; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 86.

[1646] _Arch._, vol. v. p. 115.

[1647] Wilson, “P. A. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 348; _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. p. 132.

[1648] Crawfurd, _Trans. Eth. Soc._, vol. iii. p. 350.

[1649] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ix. p. 435.

[1650] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 376.

[1651] Lubbock, “Preh. Times,” p. 44; Von Sacken, “Das Grabfeld von Hallstatt,” p. 118.

[1652] Keller, 3er Bericht, p. 93.

[1653] “Manners and Customs of the Anc. Irish,” O’Curry and Sullivan, p. ccccxix.

[1654] “Cong. préh.,” Buda-Pest, vol. i. p. 242; _Engineer_, March 26, 1876.

[1655] _Arch. für Anth._, vol. ix. p. 265.

[1656] Jul. Pollux. “Onom.,” lib. ix. c. 6, p. 1055.

[1657] Evans, “Coins of the Anc. Brit.,” p. 123.

[1658] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 39; whence the cut is borrowed.

[1659] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxviii. p. 196. See also _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 7, for an interesting paper on Ancient Metallurgy, by the late Prof. J. Phillips.

[1660] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xvi. p. 39.

[1661] Spano, “Paleoetnol. Sarda,” p. 26.

[1662] Keller, “Lake-dwellings,” Eng. ed., p. 54.

[1663] _Op. cit._, p. 118.

[1664] “Preh. Times,” p. 40.

[1665] _Arch. Æliana_, vol. iv. p. 107; _Arch. Journ._, vol. x. p. 2.

[1666] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. ii. p. 33, vol. vi. p. 209.

[1667] _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. ii. p. 341; _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iv. p. 513. _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xxxvi. p. 146. Only seven depressions are there described.

[1668] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. i. p. 45.

[1669] Ibid., vol. iv. p. 383, and v. p. 109.

[1670] Ibid., vol. ii. p. 34; Wilson, “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 343, pl. v.

[1671] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 335, pl. vi.; Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 392.

[1672] “Catal.,” p. 78.

[1673] Wilde’s “Catal.,” p. 91, fig. 72.

[1674] Pegazzoni, “L’uomo preist. nella Prov. di Como,” 1878, pl. vi. 18-20.

[1675] Wilson, “Preh. Ann.,” vol. i. p. 358, fig. 46.

[1676] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 335.

[1677] “Les dernières trouvailles du Lac de Bienne,” 1879, pl. i. 10; “Matériaux,” 1880, pl. i. 10.

[1678] _Exp. Arch. de la Sav._, 1878, pl. iv. 187; Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. lii.

[1679] “Matériaux,” vol. x. p. 112.

[1680] “Matériaux,” vol. xii. p. 185.

[1681] “The Barrow Diggers,” p. 75, pl. v. 10. It is so badly drawn that it might be taken for a broken mould for a palstave. _Arch._, vol. xxviii. p. 451.

[1682] P. 78.

[1683] Hampel, “Cat. de l’Exp. préhist.,” 1876, p. 134; “Ant. préh. de la Hongrie;” “Matériaux,” vol. xii. p. 184.

[1684] Wittlock, “Jord-fynd från Wärend’s förhist. Tid.,” 1874, p. 68.

[1685] “Preh. Ann. of Scot.,” vol. i. p. 345, figs. 48 and 49. Fig. 61 shows a casting from one of the moulds.

[1686] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 91, fig. 73.

[1687] Gastaldi, “Nuovi cenni,” 1862, Tav. iv. 22.

[1688] Vol. ix. p. 185.

[1689] _Mém. des Ant. du Nord_, 1872-77, p. 142.

[1690] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 349, pl. xxxiv. 1, 2.

[1691] Wilde, “Catal. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 93.

[1692] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 170. The cut is kindly lent by the Council of the Institute.

[1693] Ranchet e Regazzoni, _Atti della Soc. Ital. de sc. nat._, vol. xxi.

[1694] _Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._, vol. vi. p. 48, pl. vi. I am indebted to the Council for the use of these four blocks.

[1695] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iii. p. 257, vol. vi. p. 385; Lindenschmit, “A. u. h. V.,” vol. ii. Heft. xii. Taf. i. 5.

[1696] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 166.

[1697] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iv. p. 148.

[1698] Spano, “Paleoetnol. Sard.,” p. 27.

[1699] “Troy and its Remains,” pp. 82, 110, 139, 173, 261, &c.

[1700] See _Arch._, vol. v. p. 108 _et seqq._

[1701] “Collectanea,” vol. iv. p. 59.

[1702] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 386, vol. xviii. p. 166; _Arch. Camb._, 3rd S., vol. ii. p. 128.

[1703] Vallancey, “Coll.,” vol. iv. p. 59, pl. x. 10.

[1704] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 158.

[1705] Chantre, “Album,” pl. i.; “Age du Br.,” 1ère. ptie., p. 26

[1706] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 433.

[1707] Keller, 3er Bericht, p. 109, pl. vii. 43; Troyon, “Hab. Lac.,” pl. x. 15.

[1708] Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. V.,” vol. ii. Heft. xii. Taf. i. 3.

[1709] Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronze-schwerter des K. Mus. zu Berlin,” Taf. xiv. 9.

[1710] Lindenschmit, _ubi sup._, Taf. i. 4.

[1711] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 408; “Cong. préh.,” Stockholm vol. i. p. 445.

[1712] Holtzappfel, “Turning and Mech. Manip.,” vol. i. p. 321; _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 337.

[1713] “Anc. British Coins,” p. 124.

[1714] _Proc. Geol. and Polyt. Soc. of Yorkshire_, 1866, p. 439.

[1715] Lindenschmit, “Alt. u. h. Vorz.,” Heft. i. Taf. ii. 10, 11, 12.

[1716] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. xiv. p. 171; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xx. p. 192.

[1717] _Arch._, vol. xxii. p. 424; _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 387; “Arch. Inst.,” Norwich vol., p. xxvi. I have assumed that the mould described in these passages is one and the same.

[1718] _Arch._, vol. v. pl. vii.; _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. p. 336, pl. iii. 5, 6, 7, 8.

[1719] _Arch. Journ._, vol. iv. pl. ii. 5, 6, 7, 8.

[1720] “Itin. Cur.,” pl. xcvi, 2nd ed.

[1721] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 358.

[1722] _Arch. Journ._, vol. xviii. p. 166.

[1723] Ibid.

[1724] “Surrey Arch. Soc. Coll.,” vol. vi.

[1725] Bastian und A. Voss, “Die Bronzeschwerter des K. Mus.,” p. 76.

[1726] Ulfsparre, “Svenska Fornsaker,” pl. viii. 93.

[1727] _Mém. Soc. Ant. Norm._, 1827-8, pl. xviii.

[1728] Chantre, “Alb.,” pl. liv. 5.

[1729] Keller, 7ter Bericht, p. 16, Taf. xvii.

[1730] “Matériaux,” vol. xii. p. 184.

[1731] “Aarböger for Nord. Oldk.,” 1866, p. 124.

[1732] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 409.

[1733] _Arch. Journ._, vol. vi. p. 382; _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. iii. pp. 10 and 58.

[1734] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 258.

[1735] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 232.

[1736] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. ii. p. 132. I am indebted to the Council for the use of this cut; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xix. p. 358.

[1737] _Arch._, vol. xv. p. 118, pl. ii.

[1738] _Journ. Roy. Inst, of Cornwall_, No. xxi. fig. 4.

[1739] “Petit Album,” pl. xxv. 6.

[1740] _Arch. Assoc. Journ._, vol. xiv. p. 260.

[1741] Worsaae, “Nord. Olds.,” figs. 213, 214.

[1742] Montelius, “La Suède préh.,” fig. 40.

[1743] Hartshorne’s “Salop. Ant.,” p. 95.

[1744] _Proc. R. I. Acad._, vol. iv. p. 439.

[1745] Chap. xi. p. 235 _et seqq._

[1746] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vol. ix. p. 120, whence this cut is borrowed; _Arch. Journ._, vol. xiii. p. 184, vol. xv. p. 90.

[1747] “Reliquary,” vol. iv. p. 63.

[1748] Pennington, “Barrows and Bone Caves of Derbyshire,” 1877, p. 51.

[1749] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. v. p. 412.

[1750] Page 128.

[1751] Page 84.

[1752] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, 2nd S., vol. iii. p. 328

[1753] Evans’s “Coins of the Anc. Britons,” p. 102.

[1754] Vol. xvi. p. 348.

[1755] _Supra_, p. 405; _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 556.

[1756] See also Col. A. Lane Fox’s “Primitive Warfare, Sect. III.,” in _Journ. R. U. Service Inst._, vol. xiii.

[1757] The Bronze Period of Switzerland has by some been calculated to have begun not less than 3,000 years B.C.—Zaborowski Moindron, “L’Anc. de l’homme,” 1874, p. 208.

[1758] See Greenwell’s “British Barrows,” p. 44 _et seqq._

[1759] “British Barrows,” p. 19.

[1760] Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” p. 348.

[1761] See Worsaae in _Arch. Journ._, vol. xxiii. p. 30.

[1762] “British Barrows,” pp. 32, 375. See also _Reliquary_, vol. vi. p. 1.

[1763] “Primitive Warfare, Sect. III.;” _Journ. R. U. S. Inst._, vol. xiii.

[1764] “Preh. Times,” p. 73.

[1765] Worsaae, in “Aarb. for Nord. Oldk.,” 1879, p. 327.

[1766] See A. Bertrand in _Rev. Arch._, vol. xxvi. p. 363.

[1767] See Chantre, “Age du Bronze,” 2ème ptie. p. 281.

[1768] “Habitations Lacustres de la Savoie,” 1864, 1867, 1869.

[1769] See Thurnam in _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 494.

[1770] _Arch._, vol. xliii. p. 497.

[1771] See “Ancient Stone Impts.,” p. 411. I may take this opportunity of correcting the statement that the Assynt necklace is inlaid with gold. It is merely engraved with various patterns, in which micaceous grains of sand got lodged and were mistaken for gold.

[1772] “Ancient Stone Impts.,” p. 402.

[1773] Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” p. 352; _Quart. Journ. Suff. Inst._, vol. i. p. 31.

[1774] See also Rolleston’s App. to “British Barrows;” Lubbock’s “Prehist. Times;” Dawkins’s “Early Man in Britain,” &c., &c.