Part 36

Locomotives, ability to climb grades, 8 American type, origin of, 109 Baltimore & Ohio "grasshopper," 106 boiler construction, 115 cab, what is in it, 131 capacity to draw loads, 120 consolidation, 122 cost of running, 307 cylinders, how supplied with steam, 117 decapod, 122 destructive force of, at high speed, 187 "DeWitt Clinton," 105 driving-wheels, how made, 142 earliest American, 2 early eight-wheeled, 105 engineer, the duties and qualifications of, 137; peculiarities of, 134; duties and dangers of, 400; spirit of fraternity of, 408 English type of, 3 equalizing levers, 4 fireman, 422 first trial of, in America, 103 fuel, 303; consumption, 135 hostler, 422 how to start and stop, 120 "John Bull," 106 Mogul, 122 number of, in the United States, 148 Peter Cooper's, 104 prize offered for, by the Baltimore & Ohio, 105 pumps and injectors, 116 "Rocket," 1 running, systems of, 134; cost of, 158, 159 running gear, adjustment of, 114; flexible, 113 shops, 132 size, weight, and price, 126 speed, law of, 127 suburban traffic, 124 ten-wheeled, 122 trials, Liverpool & Manchester Railway, 2, 3 truck, invention of, 4, 107 types of, 109 valve motion, 118

London Underground Railway, 97

"Long and short haul," 173

Mail service, railway, civil service reform in, 340

Mail train, fast, 317

Managers and investors, relations of, 357

Masonry arch bridges, 76

Massachusetts Railroad Commission and traffic questions, 367

Master Car Builders' Association brake-trials, 200 type of car-coupler, 223

Master car-builder's duties, 158

Master mechanic's work, 157

Master of transportation, duties of, 159, 171

Mexican Central Railway, 56

Mileage balances, reduction of, 273

Miller coupler and buffer, 237

Miller, Ezra, 237

Milling in transit, 175

Model railway service, 375

Mohawk & Hudson passenger-cars, 139

Mont Cenis Tunnel, 63

Moral standard on the railway, improvement in, 384

Mount Washington Railway, 58

Mountain climbing by rack railways, 58 railways, 49

National regulation of railways, 367

Newell, John, 340

New York Elevated Railways, 97

Niagara cantilever bridge, 34, 90 suspension bridge, 81

Nochistongo cut, 56

Operating department of a railway, importance of, 373

Oroya Railway in the Andes, 50, 53

Outram, Benjamin, 345

Paper car-wheels, 145

Passenger advertisement, first, 229 brakeman, 396 burned in wrecks, 225 cars, early, 231; English and American, 232; first American, 139; manufacture of, 252; Mohawk & Hudson, 139 conductor, 408 fares, comparative rates, 265 profits, 442 rates and commissions, 17 tickets, old, 236 traffic, 442 trains, first, 228; early American, 230; making time on, 403 travel, 362; amount of, 264; safety of, in England and America, 260; speed of, 249

Pay-car, trip of the, 309

Pay, increase of, for faithful service, 378

Paymaster's work, 308

Parallel roads, 356

Pensions for railway employees, 378

Pennsylvania Railroad shops at Altoona, 132 maintenance of track, 41 system, 371

Permanent service of a railway, 375

Pile-driver, work of a, 22

Pile foundations for bridges, 68

Plant, H. B., 340

Pneumatic caissons for bridge foundations, 69 interlocking apparatus, 210

Pœtsch method of building foundations for bridge piers, 32

Pooling rates, 184

Pools and competing points, 364 railway, origin and nature of, 364

Pope, Thomas, 33

Portage Bridge, 78

Postal cars, 325 first used, 316 provision against accident in, 338

Postal clerks, accidents to, 338

Postal progress, object lesson in, 312

Postal service, early history, 313

Potter, Thomas J., 412

Poughkeepsie cantilever bridge, 32, 34

Predecessors of the railway, 101

Premiums to section-men, 41

Promotion of employees, 376

Pullman, George M., 239 Palace Car Company, 242 sleeper, first, 241

Purchasing agent's varied duties and experience, 300

Rails, development of, 47 increased weight of, 122 iron, first used, 1, 37 joints for, 37 steel, first introduction, 37 supply and renewal of, 306 weight which they will carry, 121

Railroading fifty years ago, 100

Railways, American, key to the development of, 3; rolling stock of, 148; and English, essential differences, 10 amount of capital invested in, 344 and their employees, nature of relations, 374 and democracy, 45 and their customers, 358 beginning of, 345 building, cost of, 43; example of rapid, 44; history of, 445 competition of, 174; with canals, 347 consolidation, 174, 346 council, proposed, 380 division of expenses on, 359 earnings, average net, per mile, 444 earliest, 1; in America, 103 early systems of management, 346 economic view of, 45 educational institutions, 379 employees, permanent and temporary, 375; general characteristics of, 423; moral welfare of, 423; a typical, 383; wages of, 448 growth of, 346 income, sources of, 180 influence on the world, 149 mail first carried on, 314 mail service, growth of, 314; importance of, 323; needs of, 341; organization of, 323; party injury to, 341 management, development of, 150; in Europe, 184; organization and division of authority, 151; results expected from, 184; special departments of, 372; stability of, 184; subdivisions of, 372 men's building in New York, 424 mileage, comparative, of the principal countries, 425; of the United States, 426 national idea developed by, 348 national regulation, 367 officers' duties and responsibilities, 151 organization analyzed, 185; complex, 183; growth of, 371 personnel, importance of, 424 place in the modern industrial system, 344 postal clerks' dangers, 337; just claims, 343; need of provision against disability, 339; work, 334 relations of, to their employees, 357 shop-men, 423 State ownership of, 362 statistics of, 425 systems, 428 the largest single industrial interest, 370 United States, extent of, 43 "wars" between, 361

Randall, Samuel J., 323

Rates and rebates, 173 causes of reduction, 358 combinations and adjustments, 176 forced reductions, 363 how made and regulated, 176 inequalities of, 359 passenger, and commissions, 178 plans for regulating, 362 special, wars over, 177 without a natural standard, 360

Reagan, John H., 368

Reconnoissance, 13

Refrigerator cars, 289

Representation for railway employees, 380

Restriction of railways, tendency to, 369

Ride on a locomotive at night, 188

Righi Railway, 59

Road-bed of a railway, how made, 21

Roadway department of a railway, 154

Roberts, George B., 340

Roebling, John A., 82

Rolling stock, growth of, 448

Routine of the railway mail service, 325

Rutter, J. H., 340

Safety appliances, railway, 191 devices needed, 423

St. Gothard Tunnel and spirals, 63

St. Louis Bridge, 64, 93

Schneider, C. C., 34

Scott, Thomas Alexander, 319, 349

Scrap-heap, value of, 302

Section-master's duties, 421

Section-men's work, 156

Semaphore signals, 203

Shepard, General D. C., 44

Signals and switches, interlocking, 168, 204 automatic block, 215 block system, 168, 213 semaphore, 203 torpedo, 213

Sleeping-car rates, comparative, 266

Sleeping-cars, first experiments, 239 immigrant, 251 Pullman, 239, 242

Smith, Colonel C. Shaler, 34, 88

Snow-sheds and fences, 18

South American mountain-railways, 50

South Carolina Railway, 104 early passenger trains, 231

Special rates, 177, 361

Spoils system, how it works in the railway mail service, 342

Spreading of rails, 220

State ownership of railways, 362

State regulation of railways, 362, 363

Station agent's duties, 411

Station indicators, 259

Station, large, work at, 415 small, work at, 411

Stationery and blanks, quantity used on a railway, 304

Statistics, railway, 425

Steam driver-brake, 192 how distributed to the cylinders, 117 shovel, work of, 21 supply and speed, relations of, 129

Steel bridges, 29

Steel rails, first introduction, 37

Steel truss-bridges, development of, 85

Stephenson, George, 1, 2, 3, 228, 346 Robert, 1, 2, 3, 79, 192

Stock and bonds, relative position, 354

Storekeeper's duties on a railway, 307

Stockton & Darlington passenger train, 228

"Stourbridge Lion," 102

Strikes, evils of, 374

Superintendent, duties of, 274 of machinery, powers and duties, 157

Supply department, 298 importance of, 311

Supplies, aggregate of, on a railway, 299 variety required for a railway, 301

Surveying party, life of, 13 from a rope ladder, 50

Surveys, preliminary, 13

Suspension bridges, 81

Switchbacks and loops, 8; types of, 9, 10

Switches, interlocking, 420 stub, accidents caused by, 218

Switch-tender's work, 420

Telegraph in railroading, 238

Thompson, William B., 317, 322, 342

Thomson, Frank, 43, 340

Thomson, J. Edgar, 349

Through and local freight, 288

Through lines, growth of, 348

Tickets, cost of, on a railway, 305 coupon, 254 old, 236 sales and reports, 182

Ties and timber supplies, 306

Time, fast, instances of, 404 making, on passenger trains, 403

Time-tables, cost of, 305 earliest American, 235 how made, 160

Torpedo signals, 213

Track, early experiments with, 36, 37 how laid, 36 how maintained and kept in order, 38 inspection on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 41 laid on stone, 36 standards of excellence, 41

Trackmen's duties, 38 organization and officers, 41

Track-walker's duties and trials, 422

Trade centres, advantages of, 360

Traffic, how influenced and secured, 172 manager, duties of, 172 questions and the Massachusetts Railroad Commission, 367 receipts, how returned and accounted for, 182

Train despatcher and his work, 163, 422

Train despatching, 162 old and new, 187

Train orders and rules, 164

Train signals, bell-cord and other, 237

Train work, irregularity of, 399

Trainmen, accidents to, 393 and tramps, 386

Trains, rules for running, 162

Tramways, Roman, of stone, 1

Transfer freight stations, 288

Transportation, cost of, 43 conducting, 159 department and the car-accountant, 275

Trestles, wooden, 78

Trevithick, Richard, 2

Tribunal, proposed, for adjusting differences between railways and their employees, 376

Trucks for cars, 7, 108 for locomotives, 4, 107, 109

Trunk lines compared, 428

Trunk-line pool, origin and history, 365

Truss-bridge, typical American, 86

Tubular bridges, 80

Tunnels, 59 American, 23 connected by a bridge, 55 difficulties of construction, 62 great, 62 how avoided, 23 located by triangulation, 53 Mont Cenis, 63 St. Gothard, 63

Underground Railway, London, 97

Union Pacific Railway system, extent of, 370

Vacuum-brake, 193, 195

Vail, Theodore N., 317, 322

Valleys, how crossed by a railway, 49

Valve-motion arrangements, 118

Vanderbilt business methods, 351

Vanderbilt, Commodore, 318, 340

Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 350, 424

Vanderbilt, William H., 318, 340

Verrugas Viaduct, 55

Vestibule train, luxury of, 248 as a safety device, 224

Viaducts, American metal, 79

Victoria Bridge, 80

Waddell, A., 323

Wagner Palace Car Company, 242

Wagon cars, 290

War, the late, effect of, on railway growth, 348

Washington Bridge over the Harlem River, 77, 94

Waste and saving in supplies, 302

Water-jet method of sinking piles, 68

Watt, James, 1

Way-bill and its theory, 181

Westinghouse air-brake, 195, 196

Westinghouse, George, Jr., 200, 237

West Point Foundry as a locomotive shop, 104

Whipple, Squire, 28

Winans, Ross, 7, 108

Yardmaster's duties, 283

Young Men's Christian Association, Railway Department, 424

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

Italic text is denoted by _underscores_.

Bold text is denoted by =equal signs=.

A superscript is denoted by ^x for example 12^1.

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

Basic fractions are displayed as ½ ¼ ¾; other fraction are shown in the form a/b as 1/117 or 39-2/10 for example.

A large dense table spanning two pages in the original book (page 158 and 159) has been split into 4 parts, with column #1 (engine number) being repeated in each part. The vertical column headings have been replaced by a key, A B etc, with an explanation of the keys at the beginning of each part. Some cell values were unclear in the scanned image and a best guess of the digit has been made.

Another large table at page 447 has been split into 2 parts.

In several tables with dollar.cent values the decimal point is faint or missing. For consistency the decimal point has been inserted in all cases.

Footnote #31 had no anchor; this has been added in the chapter title.

Nine consecutive full-page illustrations placed after page 428 have detailed maps and Gantt charts and many have large amounts of text on them. Most of this text, and the Gantt chart information, have been copied and placed under the illustration as part of the caption.

In the organization chart on page 185, it is very likely that the Train Master and the Station Agents were all intended to report to the Superintendant of Transportation. The missing connecting line has been inserted using a dotted line to indicate this insertion.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained. For example, untravelled; sirup; smouldering; box car, box-car; cast iron, cast-iron.

Pg 42, 'from 1 to 10' replaced by 'from 0 to 10'. Pg 114, 'have ournal-boxes' replaced by 'have journal-boxes'. Pg 392, 'no one brakeman' replaced by 'not one brakeman'. Pg 416, 'fusilade' replaced by 'fusillade'.