Part 24

[230] A. L. Pinart, _Coleccion de Linguistica y Etnografia Americana_, Tom. IV., p. 17; also the same writer in _Revu d’Ethnographie_, 1887, p. 117, and _Vocabulario Castellano-Dorasque_. Paris, 1890.

[231] On the Chocos consult _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1876, s. 359; Felipe Perez, _Jeografia del Estado del Cauca_, p. 229, sq. (Bogota, 1862.) The vocabulary of _Chami_, collected near Marmato by C. Greiffenstein, and published in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1878, p. 135, is Choco. The vocabulary of the Tucuras, given by Dr. Ernst in the _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1887, p. 302, is quite pure Choco. The Chocos call their language _embera bede_, “the speech of men.”

[232] “Relacion de las tierras y provincias de la gobernacion de Venezuela (1546),” in Oviedo y Baños, _Historia de Venezuela_, Tom. II. Appendice. (Ed. Madrid, 1885.)

[233] Aristides Rojas, _Estudios Indigenos_, p. 46. (Caracas, 1878.)

[234] “Mas hermosas y agraciadas que las de otros de aquel continente.” This was the opinion of Alonzo de Ojeda, who saw them in 1499 and later. (Navarrete, _Viages_, Tom. III., p. 9). Their lacustrine villages reminded him so much of Venice (Venezia) that he named the country “Venezuela.”

[235] According to Lares, the Bobures and Motilones lived adjacent, and to the north of the Timotes. The Motilones were of the Carib stock. See Dr. A. Ernst, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1885, p. 190.

[236] Joaquin Acosta, _Compend. Hist. de la Nueva Granada_, p. 31, note.

[237] Martin Fernandez de Enciso, _La Suma de Geografia_. (Sevilla, 1519.) This rare work is quoted by J. Acosta. Enciso was alguacil mayor of Castilla de Oro in 1515.

[238] See Jose Ignacio Lares, _Resumen de las Actas de la Academia Venezolana_, 1886, p. 37 (Caracas, 1886); and Dr. Ernst, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1885, s. 190.

[239] G. Coleti, _Dizionario dell’ America Meridionale_, s. v. (Venezia, 1771.) Not to be confounded with the Zaparos of the Marañon.

[240] _Ibid._, s. v.

[241] G. Marcano, _Ethnographie Pre-Columbienne de Venezuela._ (Paris, 1889.)

[242] “La lingua _Muysca_, detta anticamente _Chybcha_, era la comune e generale in tuttigl’ Indiani di quella Monarchia.” Coleti, _Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale_, Tom. II., p. 39. (Venezia, 1771.)

[243] “Casi todos los pueblos del Nuevo Reyno de Granada son de Indios Mozcas.” Alcedo, _Diccionario Geografico de America_, s. v. _Moscas_. “La lengua Mosca es como general en estendissima parte de aquel territorio; en cada nacion la hablan de distinta manera.” J. Cassani, _Historia del Nuevo Reyno de Granada_, p. 48. (Madrid, 1741.) He especially names the Chitas, Guacicas, Morcotes and Tunebos as speaking Chibcha.

[244] Herrera, _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_, Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 8.

[245] Rafael Celedon, _Gramatica de la Lengua Köggaba_, Introd., p. xxiv. (_Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine_.)

[246] The vocabulary is furnished by General Juan Thomas Perez, in the _Resumen de las Actas de la Academia Venezolana_, 1886, p. 54. I offer for comparison the following:

SIQUISIQUE. CHIBCHA-AROAC. Sun, _yuan_, _yuia_. Wife, _esio_, _sena_. Fire, _dueg_, _gue_. Water, _ing_, _ni_. Snake, _tub_, _kĕbi_.

[247] The connection of the Aroac (not Arawak) dialects with the Chibcha was, I believe, first pointed out by Friedrich Müller, in his _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. IV., s. 189, note. The fact was also noted independently by Dr. Max Uhle, who added the Guaymis and Talamancas to the family. (_Compte Rendu du Congrès Internat. des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 466.)

[248] Pinart, _Bulletin de la Société de Geographie_, 1885; Berendt, in _Bull. of Amer. Geog. Society_, 1876, No. 2.

[249] In _Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_. Washington, 1888.

[250] Joaquin Acosta, _Compendio Historico de la Nueva Granada_, p. 77. When, in 1606, the missionary Melchor Hernandez visited Chiriqui lagoon, he found six distinct languages spoken on and near its shores by tribes whom he names as follows: Cothos, Borisques, Dorasques, Utelaes, Bugabaes, Zunes, Dolegas, Chagres, Zaribas, Dures. (_Id._, p. 454.)

[251] The only information I have on the Paniquita dialect is that given in the _Revue de Linguistique_, July, 1879, by a missionary (name not furnished). It consists of a short vocabulary and some grammatical remarks.

[252] Herrera, _Descripcion de las Indias Occidentales_, Cap. XVI.

[253] Alcedo, _Diccionario Geografico_, s. v., Muzos.

[254] _Vocabulario Paez-Castellano_, por Eujenio del Castillo i Orosco. Con adiciones por Ezequiel Uricoechea. Paris, 1877. (Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine.)

[255] Felipe Perez, _Geografia del Estado de Tolima_, p. 76 (Bogota, 1863); R. B. White, in _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, 1883, pp. 250-2.

[256] Dr. A. Posada-Arango, “Essai Ethnographique sur les Aborigenes de l’Etat d’Antioquia,” in the _Bulletin de la Société Anthrop. de Paris_, 1871, p. 202.

[257] Thirty thousand, says Herrera, with the usual extravagance of the early writers (_Decadas de Indias_, Dec. VII., Lib. IV., cap IV.)

[258] Leon Douay, in _Compte Rendu du Congrès des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 774, who adds a vocabulary of Moguex. The name is derived from _Mog_, vir.

[259] Hervas, _Catologo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., p. 279. Father Juan de Ribera translated the Catechism into the Guanuca, but so far as I know, it was not printed.

[260] Bollaert, _Antiquarian and Ethnological Researches_, etc., pp. 6, 64, etc. The words he gives in Coconuca are:

IN MOGUEX. Sun, _puitchr_, _piuchr_. Moon, _puil_, _pulue_. Stars, _sil_, _?_ Chief, _cashu_, _?_ Maize, _bura_, _purat_.

Bollaert probably quoted these without acknowledgment from Gen. Mosquera, _Phys. & Polit. Geog. of New Granada_, p. 45 (New York, 1853).

[261] My knowledge of the Totoro is obtained from an anonymous notice published by a missionary in the _Revue de Linguistique_, July, 1879. Its relationship to the group is at once seen by the following comparison:

TOTORO. MOGUEX. Man, _mujel_, _muck_. Woman, _ishu_, _schut_. Head, _pushu_, _pusts_. Eye, _cap-tshal_, _cap_. Mouth, _trictrap_, _chidbchab_. Nose, _kim_, _kind_. Arm, _qual_, _cuald_. Fingers, _cambil_, _kambild_.

[262] See Herrera, _Hist. de las Indias_, Dec. VI., Lib. VII., cap. V.

[263] The vocabulary was furnished by Bishop Thiel. It is edited with useful comments by Dr. Edward Seler in _Original-Mittheilungen aus der Ethnologischen Abtheilung der König. Museen zu Berlin_, No. I., s. 44, sq. (Berlin, 1885).

[264] Ed. André, in _Le Tour du Monde_, 1883, p. 344. From this very meagre material I offer the following comparison:

TELEMBI. COLORADO. Eye, _cachu_, _caco_. Nose, _quimpu_, _quinfu_. House, _yall_, _ya_. Hand, _ch’to_, _te-de_. Foot, _mi-to_, _ne-de_. Mother, _acuá_, _ayá_. Hair, _aichi_, _apichu_.

The terminal syllable _to_ in the Telembi words for hand and foot appears to be the Colorado _té_, branch, which is also found in the Col. _té-michu_, finger, _te-chili_, arm ornament, and again in the Telembi _t’raill_, arm.

[265] In the _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesellschaft_, 1887, ss. 597-99.

[266] Other analogies are undoubted, though less obvious. Thus in Cayapa, “man” is _liu-pula_; “woman,” _su-pula_. In these words, the terminal _pula_ is generic, and the prefixes are the Colorado _sona_, woman, abbreviated to _so_ in the Colorado itself, (see Dr. Seler’s article, p. 55); and the Col. _chilla_, male, which in the Spanish-American pronunciation, where _ll = y_, is close to _liu_.

[267] Bollaert, _Antiquarian and Ethnological Researches_, p. 82.

[268] Manuel I. Albis, in _Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnol. Soc._, vol. I., p. 52.

[269] A. Codazzi in Felipe Perez, _Jeografia del Estado de Tolima_, pp. 81 sqq. (Bogota, 1863.)

[270]

As tooth, Andaqui, _sicoga_; Chibcha, _sica_. house, ” _co-joe_; ” _jüe_.

[271] Manuel P. Albis, in _Bull. of the Amer. Ethnolog. Soc._, Vol. I., pp. 55, sq. See also General T. C. de Mosquera, _Memoir on the Physical and Political Geography of New Granada_, p. 41 (New York, 1853).

[272] Garcilasso de la Vega, _Commentarios Reales_, Lib. VIII., cap. 5. He calls the natives Huancavillcas.

[273] F. G. Saurez, _Estudio Historico sobre los Cañaris_ (Quito, 1878). This author gives cuts of these axes, and their inscribed devices.

[274] For a description, with cuts, see M. L. Heuzey, “Le Trésor de Cuenca,” in _La Gazette des Beaux-Arts_, August, 1870.

[275] _Cronica del Peru_, Pt. I., cap. cxvi.

[276] _Comentarios Reales de los Incas_, Lib. VII., cap. 3.

[277] _Antiquarian, Ethnological and other Researches, in New Granada, Ecuador, Peru and Chili_, p. 101 (London, 1860).

[278] He complains that the languages which the Incas tried to suppress, had, since their downfall, arisen as vigorous as ever, _Comentarios Reales de los Incas_, Lib. VII., cap. 3.

[279] _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_, s. 64 (Leipzig, 1884).

[280] See von Tschudi, _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_, s. 65. It is to be regretted that in the face of the conclusive proof to the contrary, Dr. Middendorf repeats as correct the statement of Garcilasso de la Vega (_Ollanta, Einleitung_, s. 15, note).

[281] See his Introduction to the _Travels of Pedro Cieza de Leon_, p. xxii. (London, 1864).

[282] See his _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_, ss. 64-66.

[283] The Chinchaya dialect is preserved (insufficiently) by Father Juan de Figueredo in an Appendix to Torres-Rubio, _Arte de la Lengua Quichua_, edition of Lima, 1701. It retained the sounds of _g_ and _l_, not known in southern Kechua. The differences in the vocabularies of the two are apparent rather than real. Thus the Chin. _rupay_, sun, is the K. for sun’s heat (ardor del sol); Chin. _caclla_, face, is K. _cacclla_, cheeks. Markham is decidedly in error in saying that the Chinchaya dialect “differed very considerably from that of the Incas” (_Journal Royal Geog. Soc._, 1871, p. 316).

[284] Introduction to his translation of Cieza de Leon, p. xlvii, note.

[285] Bollaert, _Antiquarian and Ethnological Researches_, p. 81.

[286] Von Tschudi, _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_, s. 66. Hervas was also of the opinion that both Quitu and Scyra were Kechua dialects (_Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., p. 276).

[287] A. Bastian, _Die Culturländer des Alten Americas_, Bd. II., s. 93.

[288] Juan de Velasco, _Histoire du Royaume de Quito_, pp. 11-21, sq. (Ed. Ternaux-Compans, Paris, 1840.) But Cieza de Leon’s expressions imply the existence of the matriarchal system among them. See Markham’s translation, p. 83, note. Some claim that the Quitus were a different, and, in their locality, a more ancient tribe than the Caras.

[289] _Relaciones Geograficas de Indias_. Peru. Tom. I., p. 19. (Madrid, 1881.)

[290] In _Le Tour du Monde_, 1883, p. 406. The word _Yumbo_ appears to be derived from the Paez _yombo_, river, and was applied to the down-stream Indians.

[291] “Casi tal come lo enseñaron los conquistadores.” Manuel Villavicencio, _Geografia de la Republica del Ecuador_, pp. 168, 354, 413, etc. (New York, 1858.) According to Dr. Middendorf, the limit of the Incarial power (which, however, is not identical in this region with that of the Kechua tongue), was the Blue river, the Rio Ancasmayu, an affluent of the upper Patia. (_Ollanta, Einleitung_, s. 5. Berlin, 1890.)

[292] Mr. C. Buckley, “Notes on the Macas Indians of Ecuador,” in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 1874, pp. 29, sqq.

[293] References in Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. III., s. 492.

[294] _Arte de la Lengua Chilena_, Introd. (Lima, 1606).

[295] Paul Topinard, in _Revue d’Anthropologie_, Tome IV., pp. 65-67.

[296] Lucien Carr, _Fourth Report of the Peabody Museum of Archæology_.

[297] I would especially refer to the admirable analysis of the Peruvian governmental system by Dr. Gustav Brühl, _Die Culturvölker Alt-Amerikas_, p. 335, sqq. (Cincinnati, 1887.) I regret that the learned Kechuist, Dr. E. W. Middendorf, had not studied this book before he prepared his edition of the _Ollanta_ drama (Berlin, 1890), or he would have modified many of the statements in its _Einleitung_.

[298] See J. J. von Tschudi, “Das Lama,” in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1885, s. 93.

[299] Dr. Nehring has shown that all the breeds of Peruvian dogs can be traced back to what is known as the Inca shepherd dog. _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1885, s. 520.

[300] _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. II., Abth. I., 370.

[301] A careful edition is that of G. Pacheco Zegarra, _Ollantai; Drame en Vers Quechuas du temps des Incas_ (Paris, 1878); an English translation, quite faulty, was given by C. G. Markham (London, 1871); one in Kechua and German by Von Tschudi, and recently (1890) Dr. Middendorf’s edition claims greater accuracy than its predecessors.

[302] Espada, _Yaravies Quiteños_. (Madrid, 1881.)

[303] J. J. Von Tschudi, _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_ (Leipzig, 1884); Dr. E. W. Middendorf, _Das Runa Simi, oder die Keshua Sprache_. (Leipzig, 1890.)

[304] The Yauyos spoke the Cauqui dialect, which was somewhat akin to Aymara.

[305] See Markham’s paper in _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, 1871, p. 309.

[306] _Arte de la Lengua Aymara_, Roma, 1603; _Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara_, Juli, 1612. Both have been republished by Julius Platzmann, Leipzig, 1879.

[307] See Steinthal, “Das Verhältniss zwischen dem Ketschua und Aimara,” in _Compte-Rendu du Congrès International des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 462. David Forbes reverses the ordinary view, and considers the Kechua language and culture as mixed and late products derived from an older Aymara civilization. See his article on the Aymara Indians in _Journal of the Ethnological Society of London_, 1870, p. 270, sqq.

[308] “Principalmente se enseña en este Arte la lengua Lupaca, la qual no es inferior a la Pacasa, que entre todas las lenguas Aymaricas tiene el primer lugar.” Bertonio, _Arte de la Lengua Aymara_, p. 10.

[309] For measurements, etc., see David Forbes, in _Journal of the London Ethnological Society_, October, 1870.

[310] One of the most satisfactory descriptions of them is by E. G. Squier, _Travels in Peru_, Chaps. XV., XVI. (New York, 1877).

[311] The observations of David Forbes on the present architecture of the Aymaras lend strong support to his theory that the structures of Tiahuanuco, if not projected by that nation, were carried out by Aymara architects and workmen. See his remarks in _Jour. of the London Ethnol. Soc._, 1870, p. 259.

[312] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tome I., p. 309.

[313] Quoted by A. Bastian.

[314] “Son estos _Uros_ tan brutales que ellos mismos no se tienen por hombres.” Acosta, _Historia de las Indias_, p. 62 (Ed. 1591).

[315] “Los Indios Puquinas … son rudos y torpes.” La Vega, _Comentarios Reales de los Incas_, Lib. VII., cap. 4.

[316] _Mithridates_, Theil III., Abth. II., ss. 548-550.

[317] In the _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, 1871, p. 305.

[318] In his _Organismus der Ketschua Sprache_, s. 76 (Leipzig, 1884).

[319] _Relaciones Geograficas de Indias_. Peru, Tom. I., p. 82. (Madrid, 1881.)

[320] Fernando de la Carrera, _Arte de la Lengua Yunga_. (Lima, 1644, reprint, Lima, 1880.)

[321] See Von Tschudi, _Die Kechua Sprache_, p. 83, 84.

[322] Charles Wiener, _Perou et Bolivie_, p. 98, seq. (Paris, 1880.)

[323] _Commentarios Reales_, Lib. VI., cap. 32.

[324] See the chapter on “The Art, Customs and Religion of the Chimus,” in E. G. Squier’s _Peru_, p. 170, sq. (New York, 1877.)

[325] “En la lengua Mochica de los Yungas.” Geronimo de Ore, _Rituale seu Manuale Peruanum_. (Neapoli, 1607.)

[326] A. Bastian, _Die Culturländer Alt-Amer._ Bd. II.

[327] In C. R. Markham’s translation of Cieza de Leon, Introduction, p. xlii. (London, 1864.)

[328] _Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tome I., p. 274.

[329] Dr. R. A. Philippi, _Reise durch die Wüste Atacama_, s. 66. (Halle, 1860.) J. J. von Tschudi, _Reisen durch Sud-Amerika_, Bd. V., s. 82-84. T. H. Moore, _Compte-Rendu du Congrès Internat. des Américanistes_, 1877, Vol. II., p. 44, sq. Francisco J. San-Roman, _La Lengua Cunza de los Naturales de Atacama_ (Santiago de Chile, 1890). The word _cunza_ in this tongue is the pronoun “our,”--the natives speak of _lengua cunza_, “our language.” Tschudi gives the only text I know--two versions of the Lord’s Prayer.

[330] “Con la nacion Aymara esta visiblimente emparentada la Atacameña.” Dr. L. Darapsky, “Estudios Linguisticos Americanos,” in the _Bulletin del Instituto Geog. Argentino_, 1890, p. 96.

[331] _L’Homme Américain_, Tom. II., p. 330.

[332] _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache_, s. 71, and _Reisen_, Bd. V., s. 84.

[333] Alcide D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tome I., p. 334. (Paris, 1839.)

[334] “Entre los Changos no se conserva vestigio de lengua indijena alguna.” F. J. San-Roman, _La Lengua Cunza_, p. 4.

[335] Wallace estimates the area of the Amazon basin alone, not including that of the Rio Tocantins, which he regards as a different system, at 2,300,000 square miles. (_Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro_, p. 526.)

[336] See authorities in Von Martius, _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. I., s. 185. (Leipzig, 1867.)

[337] The origin of the Chiriguanos is related from authentic traditions by Nicolas del Techo, _Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ_, Lib. XI., Cap. 2. The name Chiriguano means “cold,” from the temperature of the upland region to which they removed.

[338] “Nullam gentem Christianis moribus capessendis aut retiendis aptiorem in australi hoc America fuisse repertam.” Nicolas del Techo, loc. cit., Lib. X., Cap. 9.

[339] Comp. von Martius, u. s., s. 179.

[340] _Reise in Chile und Peru_, Bd. II., s. 450.

[341] “Though widely different from the Tupi, ancient or modern, I am satisfied that the Mundurucú belongs to the same family.” C. F. Hartt, in _Trans. of the Amer. Philological Association_, 1872, p. 75.

[342] Von Martius, _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. I., s. 412. A specimen of their vocalic and sonorous language is given by E. Teza, _Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane_, p. 43. (Pisa, 1868.)

[343] G. Coleti, _Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale_, Tom. II., p. 38. (Venezia, 1771.)

[344] Lozano, _Hist. de la Conquista de Paraguay_, pp. 415, 416.

[345] Lozano, _Ibid._, pp. 422-425.

[346] Paul Marcoy, _Voyage à travers l’Amérique du Sud_, Tome II., p. 241; comp. Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Bd. III., s. 427.

[347] The “Amazon-stones,” _muira-kitan_, are ornaments of hard stone, as jade or quartz.

[348] H. Müller, in _Compte Rendue du Congrès Internat. des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 461.

[349] Dr. P. M. Rey, _Etude Anthropologique sur les Botocudos_, p. 51 and passim. (Paris, 1880.) Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, “Ueber die Botocudos,” in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1887, Heft I.

[350] Von Tschudi, _Reise in Sud Amerika_, Bd. II., p. 281. If this is one of their ancient arts, it is the only instance of the invention of an artificial light south of the Eskimos in America.

[351] Dr. P. M. Rey states that the custom of kissing is known to them both as a sign of peace between men, and of affection from mothers to children. (_Et de Anthropologique sur les Botocudos_, p. 74, Paris, 1880.) This is unusual, and indeed I know no other native tribe who employed this sign of friendship.

[352] Dr. Rey, _loc. cit._, p. 78, 79.

[353] In the _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1887, s. 49.

[354] A comparative vocabulary of these dialects is given by Von Martius, _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. I., s. 310.

[355] In the _Transactions of the American Association for the Advancement of Science_, 1886, p. 329. The terms for comparison are borrowed from Von den Steinen’s Comparative Vocabulary of the Tapuya Dialects.

[356] See D. G. Brinton, “The Arawack Language of Guiana in its Linguistic and Ethnological Relations,” in _Trans. of the Amer. Phil. Soc._, 1871.

[357] Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” in _Revue d’Ethnographie_, 1887, p. 282.

[358] C. Greiffenstein, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1878, s. 137.

[359] Von Tschudi, _Organismus der Kechua Sprache_, p. 67. For other members of the Campas see Hervas, _Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., p. 262; Amich, _Compendio Historico de la Serafica Religion_, p. 35, and _Scottish Geog. Journal_, Feb., 1890.

[360] D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tom. II., p. 104, note.

[361] “Los Guanas son la mejor nacion de las barbaras hasta ahora descubiertas en America.” Hervas, _Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas_, Tom. I., p. 189.

[362] _Expédition dans l’Amérique du Sud_, Tome II., p. 480.

[363] _Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 510.

[364] The words from the Paiconeca and Saraveca are from D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, Tome I., p. 165; those from the Arawak stock from the table in Von den Steinen, _Durch Central-Brasilien_, s. 294.

[365] Im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_, p. 165. Comp. Von den Steinen, _Durch Central Brasilien_, ss. 295, 307.

[366] Sir Robert H. Schomburgk, in _Report of the Brit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science_, 1848, pp. 96-98. See also Im Thurn, u. s., pp. 163, 272; Martius, _Ethnographie_, Bd. I., s. 683.

[367] Lucien Adam, _Compte-Rendu du Congrès Internat. d’Américanistes_, 1888, p. 492.

[368] “All the numerous branches of this stem,” says Virchow, “present the same type of skull.” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1886, s. 695.

[369] Everard F. im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_, p. 189. (London, 1883.)

[370] F. X. Eder, _Descriptio Provinciæ Moxitarum_, p. 217. (Budæ, 1791.) Dr. Washington Matthews has kindly made for me a number of observations upon Navajo Indians with reference to this anatomical peculiarity. It is not markedly present among them.

[371] For particulars see Im Thurn, _ubi suprá_, Chap. VII.

[372] Von Martius, _Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas_, Bd. I., s. 625-626.

[373] Karl von den Steinen, _Durch Central-Brasilien_, Cap. XXI., “Die Heimat der Kariben.”

[374] Im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_, p. 171-3.

[375] See Francisco de Tauste, _Arte, Bocabulario, y Catecismo de la Lengua de Cumana_, p. 1 (Ed. Julius Platzmann).

[376] They are printed in the Berlin _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1878.

[377] Chaffanjon, _L’Orénoque et le Caura_, p. 308 (Paris, 1889).

[378] Joao Barboza Rodrigues, _Pacificaçáo dos Crichanas_, (Rio de Janeiro, 1885). Dr. Rodrigues was Director of the Botanical Museum of the Amazons. His work contains careful vocabularies of over 700 words in the Macuchi, Ipurucoto and Crichana dialects. His journeys to the Rio Jauapery were undertaken chiefly from philanthropic motives, which unfortunately did not bear the fruit they merited.

[379] “D’un blanc presque pur.” Dr. J. Crévaux, _Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud_, p. 111 (Paris, 1883).

[380] Dr. Crévaux, _Ibid._, p. 304.

[381] See Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, in the _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1888, p. 549. These are not to be confounded with the Apiacas of the Rio Arinos, who are of Tupi stock. The word _apiaca_ or _apiaba_ in Tupi means simply “men.”

[382] A. S. Pinart, _Aperçu sur d’ile d’Aruba, ses Habitants, ses Antiquités, ses Petroglyphes_ (folio, Paris, 1890).

[383] Report of the _Brit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science_, 1848, p. 96.

[384] _Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnolog. Society_, Vol. I., p. 59.

[385] The identification of the Motilones as Caribs we owe to Dr. Ernst, _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1887, s. 296.