Part 23

[69] See some examples in my _Essays of an Americanist_, pp. 288-290 (Philadelphia, 1890).

[70] G. Holm, _Les Grönlandais Orientaux_, p. 382 (Copenhagen, 1889).

[71] Dr. A. Pfizmaier, _Darlegungen Grönländischer Verbalformen_ (Wien, 1885).

[72] On the relative position of the Chukchis, Namollos and Yuit, consult Dall in _American Naturalist_, 1881, p. 862; J. W. Kelly, in _Circular of the U. S. Bureau of Education_, No. 2, 1890, p. 8; A. Pfizmaier, _Die Sprachen der Aleuten_, p. 1 (Vienna, 1884). The Yuits are also known as _Tuski_. The proper location of the Namollos is on the Arctic Sea, from East Cape to Cape Shelagskoi (Dall).

[73] _Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum_, 1883, p. 427. All of Clement G. Markham’s arguments for the Asiatic origin of the Eskimos have been refuted.

[74] Either from the river Olutora and some islands near its mouth (Petroff); or from Eleutes, a tribe in Siberia, whom the Russians thought they resembled (Pinart).

[75] Ivan Petroff, in _Trans. Amer. Anthrop. Soc._, Vol. II, p. 90.

[76] Comp. H. Winkler, _Ural-Altäische Völker und Sprachen_, s. 119, and Dall, _Contributions to N. Amer. Ethnology_, Vol. I, p. 49, who states that their tongue is distinctly connected with the Innuit of Alaska.

[77] Dr. A. Pfizmaier, _Die Sprache der Aleuten und Fuchsinseln_, s. 4 (Vienna, 1884).

[78] Dall, loc. cit., p. 47.

[79] Ivan Petroff, loc. cit., p. 91.

[80] Mr. A. S. Gatschet has compiled the accessible information about the Beothuk language in two articles in the _Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society_, 1885 and 1886.

[81] J. C. E. Buschmann, _Der Athapaskische Sprachstamm_, 4to., Berlin, 1856, and _Die Verwandtschafts-Verhältnisse der Athapaskischen Sprachen_, Berlin, 1863.

[82] See Mgr. Henry Faraud, _Dix-huit Ans chez les Sauvages_, pp. 345, etc. (Paris, 1866.) Petitot, _Les Déné Dindjié_, p. 32.

[83] See George M. Dawson, in _An. Rep. of the Geol. Survey of Canada_, 1887, p. 191, sq.; Washington Matthews and J. G. Bourke, in _Jour. of Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1890, p. 89, sq.

[84] The best blanket-makers, smiths and other artisans among the Navajos are descendants of captives from the Zuñi and other pueblos. John G. Bourke, _Journal of American Folk-Lore_, 1890, p. 115.

[85] A. F. Bandelier, _Indians of the Southwestern United States_, pp. 175-6 (Boston, 1890).

[86] Dr. Washington Matthews, in _Journal of American Folk-Lore_, 1890, p. 90.

[87] The student of this language finds excellent material in the _Dictionnaire de la Langue Déné-Dindjié_, par E. Petitot (folio, Paris, 1876), in which three dialects are presented.

[88] Stephen Powers, _Tribes of California_, p. 72, 76 (Washington, 1877).

[89] “On voit que leur conformation est à peu près exactement le nôtre.” Quetelet, “Sur les Indiens O-jib-be-was,” in _Bull. Acad. Royale de Belgique_, Tome XIII.

[90] I refer to the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. The numerous measurements of skulls of New England Algonkins by Lucien Carr, show them to be mesocephalic tending to dolichocephaly, orthognathic, mesorhine and megaseme. See his article, “Notes on the Crania of New England Indians,” in the _Anniversary Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History_, 1880.

[91] The best work on this subject is Dr. C. C. Abbott’s _Primitive Industry_ (Salem, 1881).

[92] _The Lenâpé and their Legends; with the Complete Text and Symbols of the Walum Olum, and an Inquiry into its Authenticity._ By Daniel G. Brinton, Philadelphia, 1885 (Vol. V. of Brinton’s _Library of Aboriginal American Literature_).

[93] See Horatio Hale, “_Report on the Blackfeet_,” in _Proc. of the Brit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science_, 1885.

[94] See _Lenâpé-English Dictionary: From an anonymous MS. in the Archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pa._ Edited with additions by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D., and Rev. Albert Seqaqkind Anthony. Published by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1888. Quarto, pp. 236.

[95] J. Aitken Meigs, “Cranial Forms of the American Aborigines,” in _Proceedings_ of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, May, 1866.

[96] Horatio Hale, _The Iroquois Book of Rites_, pp. 21, 22. (Philadelphia, 1883. Vol. II. of Brinton’s _Library of Aboriginal American Literature_.)

[97] J. W. Powell, _First Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_, p. 61. (Washington, 1881.)

[98] _The Iroquois Book of Rites_, referred to above.

[99] There are twenty-one skulls alleged to be of Muskoki origin in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, of which fifteen have a cephalic index below 80.

[100] Examples given by William Bartram in his MSS. in the Pennsylvania Historical Society.

[101] See on this subject an essay on “The Probable Nationality of the Mound-Builders,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 67. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

[102] D. G. Brinton, “The National legend of the Chahta-Muskoki Tribes,” in _The Historical Magazine_, February, 1870. (Republished in Vol. IV. of Brinton’s _Library of Aboriginal American Literature_.)

[103] “The Seminole Indians of Florida,” by Clay MacCauley, in _Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_, 1883-4.

[104] See for the Yuchis, their myths and language, Gatschet in _Science_, 1885, p. 253.

[105] _Arte de la Lengua Timuquana_ compuesto en 1614 per el Pe Francisco Pereja. Reprint by Lucien Adam and Julien Vinson, Paris, 1886. An analytical study of the language has been published by Raoul de la Grasserie in the _Compte Rendu du Congrès International des Américanistes_, 1888.

[106] See “The Curious Hoax of the Taensa Language” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 452.

[107] D. G. Brinton, “The Language of the Natchez,” in _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, 1873.

[108] _Die Länder am untern Rio Bravo del Norte._ S. 120, sqq. (Heidelberg, 1861.) I give the following words from his vocabulary of the Carrizos:

Man, _nâ_. Woman, _estoc_, _kem_. Sun, _al_. Moon, _kan_. Fire, _len_. One, _pequeten_. Two, _acequeten_. Three, _guiye_. Four, _naiye_. Five, _maguele_.

The numbers three, four and five are plainly the Nahuatl _yey_, _nahui_, _macuilli_, borrowed from their Uto-Aztecan neighbors.

[109] Bartolomé Garcia, _Manuel para administrar los Santos Sacramentos_. (Mexico, 1760.) It was written especially for the tribes about the mission of San Antonio in Texas.

[110] As _chiquat_, woman, Nah. _cihuatl_; _baah-ka_, to drink, Nah. _paitia_. The song is given, with several obvious errors, in Pimentel, _Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico_, Tom. III., p. 564; Orozco y Berra’s lists mentions only the Aratines, _Geografia de las Lenguas de Mexico_, p. 295.

[111] Adolph Uhde, _Die Länder am unteru Rio Bravo del Norte_, p. 120.

[112] The name Pani is not a word of contempt from the Algonkin language, as has often been stated, but is from the tongue of the people itself. _Pariki_ means a horn, in the Arikari dialect _uriki_, and refers to their peculiar scalp-lock, dressed to stand erect and curve slightly backward, like a horn. From these two words came the English forms Pawnee and Arikaree. (Dunbar.)

[113] The authorities on the Panis are John B. Dunbar, in the _Magazine of American History_, 1888; Hayden, _Indian Tribes of the Missouri Valley_ (Philadelphia, 1862), and various government reports.

[114] J. Owen Dorsey, “Migrations of Siouan Tribes,” in the _American Naturalist_, 1886, p. 111. The numerous and profound studies of this stock by Mr. Dorsey must form the basis of all future investigation of its history and sociology.

[115] The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

[116] Mrs. Mary Eastman, _Dahcotah; or Life and Legends of the Sioux_, p. 211. (New York, 1849.)

[117] W. P. Clark, _Indian Sign Language_, p. 229 (Philadelphia, 1885); Whipple, Ewbank and Turner, _Report on Indian Tribes_, pp. 28, 80. (Washington, 1855.)

[118] R. Virchow, _Verhand. der Berliner Gesell. für Anthropologie_, 1889, s. 400.

[119] Dr. Franz Boas, “Fourth Report on the Tribes of the North West Coast,” in _Proceed. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science_, 1887.

[120] Dr. J. L. Le Conte, “On the Distinctive Characteristics of the Indians of California,” in _Trans. of the Amer. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science_, 1852, p. 379.

[121] Dr. Aurel Krause, _Die Tlinkit Indianer_. (Jena, 1885.)

[122] See the various reports of Dr. Boas to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and the papers of Messrs. Tolmie and Dawson, published by the Canadian government.

[123] _A Manual of the Oregon Trade Language or Chinook Jargon._ By Horatio Hale. (London, 1890.)

[124] Dr. W. F. Corbusier, in _American Antiquarian_, 1886, p. 276; Dr. Ten Kate, in _Verhand. der Berliner Gesell. Für Anthrop._, 1889, s. 667.

[125] J. R. Bartlett, _Explorations in New Mexico_, Vol. I., p. 464. C. A. Pajeken, _Reise-Erinnerungen in ethnographischen Bildern_, s. 97.

[126] Whipple, Ewbank and Turner, _Report on Indian Tribes_ (Washington, 1855), and numerous later authorities, give full information about the Yumas.

[127] Jacob Baegert, _Nachricht von den Amerikanischen Halbinsel Californien_. (Mannheim, 1773.)

[128] I have not included in the stock the so-called M’Mat stem, introduced erroneously by Mr. Gatschet, as Dr. Ten Kate has shown no such branch exists. See _Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell._, 1889, ss. 666-7.

[129] Mr. E. A. Barber estimates that the area in which the characteristic remains of the cliff-dwellers and pueblos are found contains 200,000 square miles. _Compte Rendu du Congrès des Américanistes_, 1878, Tome I., p. 25.

[130] “Casas y atalayas eregidas dentro de las peñas.” I owe the quotation to Alphonse Pinart.

[131] The Tze-tinne; Capt. J. G. Bourke, in _Jour. Amer. Folk-lore_, 1890, p. 114.

[132] This affinity was first demonstrated by Buschmann in his _Spuren der aztekischen Sprache_, though Mr. Bandelier erroneously attributes it to later authority. See his very useful _Report of Investigations among the Indians of the South Western United States_, p. 116. (Cambridge, 1890.) Readers will find in these excellent reports abundant materials on the Pueblo Indians and their neighbors.

[133] Buschmann, _Die Spuren der aztekischen Sprache im nördlichen Mexiko und höheren Americanischen Norden_. 4to. Berlin, 1859, pp. 819.

_Grammatik der Sonorischen Sprachen._ 4to. Berlin, Pt. I., 1864, pp. 266; Pt. II., 1867, pp. 215.

[134] Perez de Ribas, _Historia de los Triomphos de Nuestra Santa Fé_, Lib. I., cap. 19.

[135] _Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, p. 99. (Mexico, 1881.)

[136] Col. A. G. Brackett, in _Rep. of the Smithson. Inst. 1879_, p. 329.

[137] Capt. W. P. Clark, _The Indian Sign Language_, p. 118. (Philadelphia, 1885.)

[138] _Ibid._, p. 338.

[139] See _Contributions to North American Ethnology_, Vol. I., p. 224. (Washington, 1877).

[140] R. Virchow, _Crania Ethnica Americana_.

[141] W. P. Clark, _The Indian Sign Language_, p. 118.

[142] _The Snake Dance of the Moquis of Arizona._ By John G. Bourke. (New York, 1884.)

[143] For these legends see Captain F. E. Grossman, U. S. A., in _Report of the Smithsonian Institution_, pp. 407-10. They attribute the Casas Grandes to Sivano, a famous warrior, the direct descendant of Söhö, the hero of their flood myth.

[144] The Apaches called them Tze-tinne, Stone House People. See Capt. John G. Bourke, _Journal of American Folk-Lore_, 1890, p. 114. The Apaches Tontos were the first to wander down the Little Colorado river.

[145] See the descriptions of the Nevomes (Pimas) in Perez de Ribas, _Historia de los Triumphos de Nuestra Santa Fé_, Lib. VI., cap. 2. (Madrid, 1645.)

[146] “Las casas eran o de madera, y palos de monte, o de piedra y barro; y sus poblaciones unas rancherias, a modo de casilas.” Ribas, _Historia de los Triumphos de Nuestra Santa Fé_, Lib. X., cap. 1. (Madrid, 1645.)

[147] Torquemada, _Monarquia Indiana_, Lib. V., cap. 44. An interesting sketch of the recent condition of these tribes is given by C. A. Pajeken, _Reise-Erinnerungen_, pp. 91-98. (Bremen, 1861.)

[148] Perez de Ribas, _Historia_, etc., Lib. II., cap. 33.

[149] Eustaquio Buelna, _Peregrinacion de los Aztecas y Nombres Geograficos Indigenas de Sinaloa_, p. 20. (Mexico, 1887.)

[150] Buelna, loc. cit., p. 21.

[151] Father Perez de Ribas, who collected these traditions with care, reports this fact. _Historia de los Triumphos_, etc., Lib. I., cap. 19.

[152] See “The Toltecs and their Fabulous Empire,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, pp. 83-100.

[153] There is an interesting anonymous MS. in the _Fond Espagnol_ of the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris, with the title _La Guerra de los Chichimecas_. The writer explains the name as a generic term applied to any tribe without settled abode, “vagos, sin casa ni sementera.” He instances the Pamis, the Guachichiles and the Guamaumas as Chichimeca, though speaking quite different languages.

[154] “Cuitlatl, = _mierda_” (Molina, _Vocabulario Mexicano_). Cuitlatlan, _Ort des Kothes_ (Buschmann, _Aztekische Ortsnamen_, s. 621), applied to the region between Michoacan and the Pacific; also to a locality near Techan in the province of Guerrero (Orozco y Berra, _Geog. de las Lenguas_, p. 233).

[155] Dr. Gustav Brühl believes these schools were limited to those designed for warriors or the priesthood. Sahagun certainly assigns them a wider scope. See Brühl, _Die Calturvölker Alt-Amerikas_, pp. 337-8.

[156] See “The Ikonomatic Method of Phonetic Writing” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 213. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

[157] Four skulls in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, give a cephalic index of 73.

[158] Sahagun, _Historia de la Nueva España_, Lib. X, cap. 29.

[159] D. G. Brinton, _Ancient Nahuatl Poetry_, p. 134. (Philadelphia, 1887, in Library of Aboriginal American Literature.)

[160] E. G. Tarayre, _Explorations des Regions Mexicaines_, p. 282. (Paris, 1879).

[161] D. G. Brinton, _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 366.

[162] H. de Charencey, _Melanges de Philologie et de Palæographie Américaine_, p. 23.

[163] Sahagun, _Historia_, Lib. X, cap. 29. The name is properly _Tarex_, applied later in the general sense of “deity,” “idol.” Tarex is identified by Sahagun with the Nahuatl divinity Mixcoatl, the god of the storm, especially the thunder storm. The other derivations of the name Tarascos seem trivial. See Dr. Nicolas Leon, in _Anales del Museo Michoacano_, Tom. I. Their ancestors were known as Taruchas, in which we see the same radical.

[164] Dr. Nicolas Leon, of Morelia, Michoacan, whose studies of the archæology of his State have been most praiseworthy, places the beginning of the dynasty at 1200; _Anales del Museo Michoacano_, Tom. I., p. 116.

[165] From the Nahuatl, _yacatl_, point, apex, nose; though other derivations have been suggested.

[166] For numerous authorities, see Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific Coast_, vol. II., pp. 407-8; and on the antiquities of the country, Dr. Leon, in the _Anales del Museo Michoacano_, passim, and Beaumont, _Cronica de la Provincia de Mechoacan_, Tom. III., p. 87, sq. (Mexico, 1874).

[167] Sahagun, _Historia de la Nueva España_, Lib. X., cap. 6.

[168] Herrera, _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_, Dec. II., Lib. V., cap. 8.

[169] Strebel, _Alt-Mexiko_.

[170] Pimentel, _Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico_, Tom. III., p. 345, sq.

[171] From _didja_, language, _za_, the national name.

[172] Mr. A. Bandelier, in his careful description of these ruins _(Report of an Archæological Tour in Mexico_, Boston, 1884) spells this Lyo-ba. But an extensive _MS. Vocabulario Zapoteco_ in my possession gives the orthography _riyoo baa_.

[173] Garcia, _Origen de los Indios_, Lib. V., cap. IV., gives a lengthy extract from one of their hieroglyphic mythological books.

[174] Sahagun, _Historia de la Nueva España_, Lib. X., cap. VI.

[175] Herrera, _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_. Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 7.

[176] _Explorations and Surveys of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec_, pp. 126-7. (Washington, 1872.)

[177] J. G. Barnard, _The Isthmus of Tehuantepec_, pp. 224, 225. (New York, 1853.)

[178] _Apuntes sobre la Lengua Chinanteca, MS._

[179] Herrera, _Hist. de las Indias Occidentales_. Dec. III., Lib. III., cap. 15.

[180] Herrera, _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_. Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 11.

[181] Gregoria Garcia, _Origen de los Indios_, Lib. V., cap. v.

[182] Oviedo, _Historia General de las Indias_, Lib. XLII., cap. 5.

[183] Peralta, _Costa Rica, Nicaragua y Panama, en el Siglo XVI_, p. 777. (Madrid, 1883.)

[184] Lucien Adam, _La Langue Chiàpanéque_ (Vienna, 1887); Fr. Müller, _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. IV., Abt. I. s. 177.

[185] _Anales del Ministerio de Fomento_, p. 98. (Mexico, 1881.)

[186] Beristain y Souza, _Biblioteca Hispano-Americana Septentrional_, Tomo I., p. 438.

[187] For example:

_Tequistlatecan._ _Yuma dialects._ Man, acue, eke-tam, ham-akava. Woman, canoc, anai, sinyok. Sun, orá, rahj. Moon, mu_tla_, h’la. Water, laha, aha, kahal. Head, ahūa, hū. Eyes, au, yu. Mouth, aco, a, aha. Tree, ehe, ee-ee. Foot, la_mish_, mie. Two, ucuc, kokx, goguo.

[188] _Geografia de las Lenguas de Mejico_, p. 187.

[189] _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_, Dec. III., Lib. VII., cap. III.

[190] See also Dr. Berendt’s observations on this language in Lewis H. Morgan’s _Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity in the Human Family_, p. 263. (Washington, 1871.)

[191] In his _Nicaragua, its People, Scenery and Monuments_, Vol. II., pp. 314, 324. (New York, 1856.)

[192] “Fr. Francisco de las Naucas primus omnium Indos qui _Popolocae_ nuncupantur anno Dom. 1540, divino lavacro tinxit, quorum duobus mensibus plus quam duodecim millia baptizati sunt.” Franciscus Gonzaga, _De Origine Seraphicae Religionis_, p. 1245. (Romae, 1587.)

[193] “Fr. Francisco de Toral, obispo que fué de Yucatan, supo primero de otro alguno la lengua popoloca de Tecamachcalco, y en ella hizo arte y vocabulario, y otras obras doctrinales.” Geronimo de Mendieta, _Historia Eclesiastica Indiana_, Lib. V., cap. 44.

[194] “Linguâ Mexicanâ paullulum diversa.” De Laet, _Novus Orbis_, p. 25.

[195] _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_, Decad. II., Lib. X., cap. 21.

[196] See the note of J. G. Icazbalceta to the _Doctrina_ of Fernandez, in H. Harrisse’s _Biblioteca Americana Vetustissima_, p. 445, sq.

[197] _Geografia de las Lenguas de Mejico_, p. 273.

[198] See an article “Los Tecos,” in the _Anales del Museo Michoacano_, Año II., p. 26.

[199] Domingo Juarros, _Compendio de la Historia de la Ciudad de Guatemala_, Tomo I., pp. 102, 104, et al. (Ed. Guatemala, 1857.)

[200] Dr. Otto Stoll, _Zur Ethnographie der Republik Guatemala_, s. 26 (Zurich, 1884).

[201] In the _Sitzungsbericht der Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften_, Wien, 1855.

[202] “Demas de ocho cientos años,” says Herrera. _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_, Dec. III., Lib. IV., Cap. XVIII.

[203] I have edited some of these with translations and notes, in _The Maya Chronicles_, Philadelphia, 1882. (Volume I. of my _Library of Aboriginal American Literature_).

[204] Sahagun, _Historia de la Nueva España_, Lib. X., cap. 29, sec. 12.

[205] One of the most remarkable of these coincidences is that in the decoration of shells pointed out by Mr. Wm. H. Holmes, in his article on “Art in Shells,” in the _Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_. (Washington, 1883.)

[206] On this point see “The Lineal Measures of the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central America,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, p. 433. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

[207] The principal authority is the work of Diego de Landa, _Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan_. It has been twice published, once imperfectly by the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, Paris, 1864, 8vo.; later very accurately by the Spanish government, Madrid, 1881, folio.

[208] The most profitable studies in the Maya hieroglyphs have been by Dr. Cyrus Thomas in the United States, Dr. E. Förstemann, Ed. Seler and Schellhas in Germany, and Prof. L. de Rosny in France. On the MSS. or codices preserved, see “The Writings and Records of the Ancient Mayas” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, pp. 230-254.

[209] _Popul Vuh, Le Livre Sacré._ Paris, 1861.

[210] _The Annals of the Cakchiquels, the original text with a Translation, Notes and Introduction._ Phila., 1885. (Volume VI. of my _Library of Aboriginal American Literature_.)

[211] See “The Books of Chilan Balam,” in my _Essays of an Americanist_, pp. 255-273.

[212] The name Huaves is derived from the Zapotec _huavi_, to become rotten through dampness. (_Vocabulario Zapoteco._ MS. in my possession.) It was probably a term of contempt.

[213] _Nicaragua, its People and Scenery_, Vol. II., p. 310.

[214] E. G. Squier, “A Visit to the Guajiquero Indians,” in _Harper’s Magazine_, October, 1859. A copy of his vocabularies is in my possession.

[215] I collected and published some years ago the only linguistic material known regarding this tribe. “On the Language and Ethnologic Position of the Xinca Indians of Guatemala,” in _Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society_, 1884.

[216] On the ethnography of the Musquito coast consult John Collinson, in _Mems. of the Anthrop. Soc. of London_, Vol. III., p. 149, _sq._; C. N. Bell, in _Jour. of the Royal Geograph. Soc._, Vol. XXXII., p. 257, and the _Bericht_ of the German Commission, Berlin, 1845. Lucien Adam has recently prepared a careful study of the Musquito language.

[217] See Leon Fernandez and J. F. Bransford, in _Rep. of the Smithsonian Institution_, 1882, p. 675; B. A. Thiel, _Apuntes Lexicograficos_, Parte III.; O. J. Parker, in Beach’s _Indian Miscellany_, p. 346.

[218] _Catalogo de las Lenguas conocidas._ Madrid, 1805. This is the enlarged Spanish edition of the Italian original published in 1784, and it is the edition I have uniformity referred to in this work.

[219] _Personal Narrative_, Vol. VI., p. 352 (English trans., London, 1826).

[220] _The Philosophic Grammar of American Languages, as set forth by Wilhelm von Humboldt; with the Translation of an Unpublished Memoir by him on the American Verb._ By Daniel G. Brinton. (8vo. Philadelphia, 1885.) This Memoir was not included in the editions of Wilhelm von Humboldt’s Works, and was unknown even to their latest editor, Professor Steinthal. The original is in the Berlin Public Library.

[221] _L’Homme Américain de l’Amérique Méridionale, considéré sous ses Rapports Physiologiques et Moraux._ Par Alcide D’Orbigny. 2 vols. Paris, 1839.

[222] _Organismus der Khetsua Sprache._ Einleitung. (Leipzig, 1884.)

[223] _Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, zumal Brasiliens._ Von Dr. Carl Friedrich Phil. von Martius. Leipzig, 1867. 2 vols.

[224] Von Tschudi, _Organismus der Kechua Sprache_, s. 15, note.

[225] He was superior general of the missions on the Marañon and its branches about 1730. See _Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses_, Tom. II., p. 111, for his own description of his experiences and studies.

[226] See especially his paper “Trois familles linguistiques des bassins de l’Amazone et de l’Orénoque,” in the _Compte-Rendu du Congrès internationale des Américanistes_, 1888, p. 489 _sqq._

[227] Joaquin Acosta, _Compendio Historico de la Nueva Granada_, p. 168. (Paris, 1848.)

[228] _Hist. de las Indias Occidentales_, Dec. VII., Cap. XVI.

[229] Dr. Max Uhle gives a list of 26 Cuna words, with analogies in the Chibcha and its dialects. (_Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. Américanistes_, 1888, p. 485.) Alphonse Pinart, who has published the best material on Cuna, is inclined to regard it as affiliated to the Carib. (_Vocabulario Castellano-Cuna._ Panama, 1882, and Paris, 1890.)