Part 21

These four vocabularies of some dialects of the Arawak stock, from localities wide apart, disclose extensive variations from the standard tongue. They are, however, rather apparent than real, and often depend on either variations in orthography, or the substitution of synonymous or allied words. This is well seen in the comparative table of thirty-six Arawak dialects presented in tabular form by Karl von den Steinen in his _Durch Central-Brasilien_, s. 294. Neither he nor Adam includes the Chontaquiro in the Arawak stock, but a comparison of vocabularies leaves no doubt about it. The Chontaquiro prefix _hue_ is the Piapoco _gua_, = “thy.”

DIALECTS OF THE CARIB STOCK.

_Bakairi._ _Motilone._ _Guaque._ _Tamanaca._ Man, uguruto, ya´kano, guire, nuani. Woman, pekoto, esate, guerechi, aica. Sun, tsisi, güicho, uehi. Moon, nuna, kuna, nuna. Fire, pĕ´to, güesta, majoto. Water, paru, kuna-siase, tuna. Head, kχinaraχu, jutuye, prutpe. Eye, kχānu´, anú, emuru, januru. Ear, kχi uanata´, pana, janari, panari. Mouth, kχi ta´λ, indare. Nose, kχana´λ, ona, onari. Tongue, kχ u´lu, inico, nuru. Tooth, kχ ie´λ, kiyuko, yeri. Hand, kχ ama´λ, oma, niñare, jamgnari. Foot, kχ uχuλ, pisa, iyu puru, ptari. House, ŏtá, pesoa, migna. 1, tokalole, tukum-arko, ovin. 2, asage, kos-arko, oco. 3, asage-tokalo, koser-arko, orva. 4, asage-asage, kos aj-taka. 5, oma (hand).

The oldest existing forms of the Carib stock are believed by Von den Steinen to be preserved in the Bakairi, which I have accordingly placed first in the vocabularies of this family.

The Motilone, which is placed beside it, is one of the most northwestern dialects, and shows singular tenacity of the radicals of the language.

The Guaque, which is substantially the same as the Carijona, is the extreme western member of the family, but presents unmistakably the physiognomy of the stock.

Of the Tamanaca I have seen but incomplete specimens, but on account of its former importance, I insert it in this connection.

DIALECTS OF THE CARIB STOCK.--_Continued._

_Roucouyenne._ _Macuchi._ _Maquiritare._ _Cumanagoto._ Man, okiri, uratâe, rahuwari, guarayto. Woman, oli, nery, wiri, guariche. Sun, chichi, uci, ouéi, chi, sis. Moon, nunu, capoui, nonna, nuna. Fire, uapot, apo, guahato. Water, tuna, tuna, tona, tuna. Head, itepuru, popahy, iyoha, putpo. Eye, yanuru, yénu, tenu, yenur, ono. Ear, panari, panure, ihanarri, panar. Mouth, uaiamu, unta, intarri, umptar. Nose, yemna, yuna, yonari, ona. Tongue, nulu, unum, iwini, nuri. Tooth, yéré, piriabura, adderri, yer. Hand, yamuru, yanda, arra mori, yemiar. Foot, pupuru, uta, ohorro, putar. House, pacolo, euete, ahute, pata. 1, auini, tiuim, toni, tibin. 2, uakéné, sagané, hake, achac. 3, eleuau, siruané, arrowawa, achoroao. 4, sacreré, hake kiema, yzpe. 5, matiquim, petpe.

The Roucouyenne and Macuchi are dialects on either slope of the sierra south of Guyana. Both appear to have been affected by their proximity to the Arawak stock.

The Maquiritare of the Orinoco and the Cumanagoto of the northern portion of Venezuela are comparatively closely related, and both present few foreign elements.

We may expect a thorough treatment of the comparative grammar of the Carib dialects from M. Lucien Adam, who is engaged in this study at the present time.

A large amount of material has been collected by Von den Steinen, of which but a small portion has been published. It relates principally to the southern Carib dialects.

LANGUAGES OF THE ORINOCO BASIN.

_Opone and _Peba._ _Yahua._ _Saliva._ Carare._ Man, comoley, huano, cocco. Woman, watoa, huaturuna, gnacu. Sun, bueno, wana, hini, mumesechecocco. Moon, cano, remelane, arimaney, vexio. Fire, fotó, feula, jigney, egussa. Water, tuna, ain, aah, cagùa. Head, iube, siyoco, raino, firignio. Eye, ieu, yeo, vinimichi, huiranca, pacuté. Ear, itana, stana, mituva, ontisiui, aicupana. Mouth, rito, huiçama, aajà. Nose, iena, yena, vinerro, unirou, incuu. Tongue, inu, syno. Tooth, viala. Hand, iaso, iyaso, vi-nitaily, hui janpana, immomó. Foot, idebu, stuyo, vi nimotay, muniumatu, caabapa. House, mune, lowarrey, rore. 1, tomeulay, tekini. 2, nomoira, nanojui. 3, tamoimansa, munua. 4, namerayo, naïrojuiño. 5, taonella, tenaja.

The Opone and the Carare have evidently been subjected to foreign influences, but still retain the characteristics of the Carib dialects.

The Peba and the Yahua are not attached to the Carib family. They, however, reveal the traces of its influence, and appear to have adopted many words from it. Probably they are largely jargons, and between themselves indicate a rather close relationship.

Of the Saliva, which seems to stand alone, the materials are inadequate. Some texts, with an effort at a grammatical analysis, are given in the _Mithridates_, III., s. 625.

LANGUAGES OF THE ORINOCO BASIN.--(_Continued._)

_Otomaca._ _Piaroa._ _Guaraouna._ _Guahiba._ Man, andoua, ovo, guarao, pebi. Woman, ondoua, ysaho, { ibama, petiriba, C., { tira, pihaoua. Sun, noua, morho, hoke, { wameto, C., { icatia, isota. Moon, oura, chawa, guanica, oamito. Fire, noua, ocoura, hècouno, isoto. Water, ia, ahiia, ho, mera. Head, chû, { pemoto hocota, C., { ibun. Eye, chiahere, yto huto. Ear, cacoco, { pemohuyo roto, C., { nu tanipara. Mouth, chaha, doco, pinpierda. Nose, chihino, ca-icari, pepomuteito. Tongue, chame, peeberta. Tooth, chacou, ca-ycay, bono. Hand, chumu, ca-mahu, napi. Foot, chinepo, omu, petahu. House, hanouco, ta-habo (my). 1, enga, itchaca, cahene. 2, dé, manamo, nawanube. 3, yakia, dianamo, acueyani. 4, depitade, urabocaya, penaya autsiva. 5, ionga pinibo, uabachi, cahecobe.

The above four _lengue matrice_ were among the most important on the Orinoco. The Guaraouna or Warrau was, and continues to be, spoken by the tribes of the delta, who are numerous and intelligent, when they have a fair chance to live undisturbed.

Of the Otomaca only the merest fragments have been published, and my vocabulary is nearly empty.

Several recent travelers have brought back information about the Piaroa and Guahiba, some of which may be found in the eighth volume of the _Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine_ (Paris, 1882), with observations by M. Adam. C. refers to Chaffanjon.

LANGUAGES OF THE ORINOCO BASIN.--(_Continued._)

_Omagua._ _Yarura._ _Betoya._ _Correguaje._ Man, ava, mena, pume, umasoi, emiud, pai. Woman, huaina, cunia, ibi, ain, ro. Sun, huarassi, do, teo-umasoi, ense. Moon, yase, goppe, teo-ro, paimia. Fire, tata, condé, futui. Water, uni, uui, ocudú, ocŏ. Head, yacue, pacchá, rosaca, sijope. Eye, zaicana, { batchioo, C., } ufoniba, ñancoca. { jonde, } Ear, nami, cajoroso. Mouth, yuru, yaoo, C. Nose, ti, nappe, jusaca, jinquepui. Tongue, cumuera, { hihn, C., } ineca, chimenu. { toppono, } Tooth, say, hundee, C., cojini. Hand, pua, icchi, rum-cosi, jete. Foot, pueta, tahoo, C., rem-ocá, coapi. House, uca, guce. 1, uyepe, canāme, edojojoi. 2, mucuica, { adotchami, } edoi. { ñoeni, } 3, iruaca, tarani, ibutu. 4, adoitchemī. 5, canikiro.

The Omagua is a well-marked Tupi dialect. Adam has shown the grammatical concordances clearly (_Compte-Rendu du Cong. des Amer._, 1888, p. 496).

The Yarura and Betoya reveal faint resemblances in the words for “sun” and “tongue”; but not enough to justify assuming a relationship. Their grammars are quite unlike, that of the Yarura preceding by suffixes, that of the Betoya by prefixes (see Müller, _Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. II., Ab. I., s. 361).

The Correguaje shows less analogy to the Betoya in the above vocabulary than in a more extended comparison. The word for water, _ocŏ_, reappears in a number of dialects not akin to this stock, and is perhaps allied to the Chinchasuyu _yacu_ (see _anté_, p. 205).

DIALECTS OF THE UPPER AMAZONIAN BASIN.

_Pano._ _Culino._ _Baré._ _Puinavi._ Man, buene, huebo, nukung, ehinari. Woman, avio, yusabu, auy, hinatape. Sun, bari, wari, camuhu, iama. Moon, usde, osi, ozii, ki, heboet. Fire, si, yuai, cameni. Water, uaca, unpas, uaka, huni, u, eti. Head, macho, mapo, mazu, dosia, ahouiat. Eye, buero, würru, iwiti, ambic. Ear, pauké, tsaybynky, idatini, about. Mouth, uschà, ibi, ecuacha, inuma, ayé. Nose, desan, rüky, itti, mohec. Tongue, āna, anu, inene, arok. Tooth, seta, sena, sita, heheyi. Hand, maku, nucobi, arap. Foot, tacu, tarú, whyta, isi, asim. House, subo, subu. 1, pajü, uüty, bacanacari, atam. 2, dabui, rubä, rabii, bicunama, ahao. 3, muken aute, takuma, kirikunama, apaoui. 4, akaouno. 5, daptan.

The grammatical and phonetic relations of the Pano stock have been judiciously analyzed by M. Raoul de la Grasserie (_Compte-Rendu du Cong. des Amer._, 1888, p. 438, sq.). The Pano and Culino are seen to be closely connected, those who use the one doubtless understanding the other.

The Baré, which is an Arawak dialect, I have inserted here for the sake of convenience.

The Puinavi is unclassified (see _anté_, p. 278). In the few words above given, those for “sun,” “water,” and “foot” appear to have affinities to the Baré.

DIALECTS OF THE UPPER AMAZONIAN BASIN.--(_Continued._)

_Catoquina._ _Ticuna._ _Zaparo._ _Tucano._ Man, eu, iyate, táúcuo, euma, mina. Woman, ainà, niai, itiúmu, numea. Sun, tscha, ehajeh, yano´cua, muipu. Moon, wahlya, cashi´cua, mama nunpo. Fire, ychta, ejheh, anamis-hu´cua, pecaméê. Water, uata-hy, aaitchu, muricha, ocó. Head, ghy, nahairu, a´naca, diptuá. Eye, yghó, nehaai, namijia, caperi. Ear, masaehta, nachiuai, taure, umepero. Mouth, nunaghy, naha, atupa´ma, sero. Nose, opaghpó, naran, najúcua, ekéá. Tongue, nogho, kohny, ririccià, yéménó. Tooth, y, taputa, icare, upiry. Hand, paghy, tapamai, ichiosa, amupamá. Foot, achman, nacoutai, iñocua, dipoca. House, ih, hi, itia, uiy’. 1, heghykty, hucih, nucua´qui, nekeu. 2, upaua, tarepueh, anamis-hiñaqui, piana. 3, tupaua, tomepueh, aimucuraque, itiana. 4, hoyhan, ague mouji, { huet sara maja } bapalitina. { itiaca, } 5, hueamepueh, manucua, nicumakina.

The Catoquina and Ticuna are mixed dialects or jargons, but clearly related to each other. Martius hesitated whether to assign them to his “Guck” or his “Gês” stem. They both contain elements of the Arawak, probably by borrowing. Locally they are neighbors. The vocabulary of Ticuna is from Paul Marcoy’s work.

The Tucano, which is in the form obtained by Coudreau, shows elements of Betoya and Arawak. Its relationship to the Tapuya is not fully established.

The Zaparo from the Putumayo is from the collection of Osculati. It does not seem in any way related to the great stocks of the Amazonian region.

DIALECTS OF THE UPPER AMAZONIAN BASIN.--(Continued.)

_Tacana._ _Maropa._ _Sapibocona._ _Araua._ Man, deja, dreja, reanci, maquida. Woman, ano, anu, anu, waidaua. Sun, ireti, isjeti, mahi. Moon, bari, bantri, bari, massicu. Fire, quati, cuati, cuati, sihu. Water, { eave, } yuvi, eubi, paha. { jene, Head, echu, echujā, echuja. Eye, etra drun dru, eta chundru, etua churu. Ear, edaja, eshacuena. Mouth, equatri, equatra. Nose, evieni, evi, evi. Tongue, eana, eana, eana. Tooth, etre, etré. Hand, ema, eme, eme, usafa. Foot, equatri, evatri, ebbachi, otama. House, ejtej, etai, zami. 1, pea, pembive, carata, warihi. 2, beta, beta, mitia, famihi. 3, quimisha, camisha, curapa, arishafaha. 4, puchi, puschi. 5, puchica, pischica.

The interesting group of the Tacana stock is illustrated above by three of its dialects. I regret that the recent publication on the Arauna by Rev. Nicolas Armentia (_Navegacion del Rio Madre de Dios_) has not been accessible to me.

The scanty vocabulary of the Araua does not permit any extended study of its relations.

I call attention to the numerals of the Sapibocona and Cayubaba as given above and on page 360. Prof. Fr. Müller has transposed the two in his lists of examples (_Sprachwissenschaft_, II., I., p. 438. Compare _Mithridates_, III., p. 576).

LANGUAGES OF THE BOLIVIAN HIGHLANDS.

_Yurucare._ _Itene._ _Samucu._ _Chiquito._ Man, suñe, huatiki, { vairiguè, } ñoñich. { nani, H., } Woman, yee, tana, { yacotea, } paich. { cheke, H., } Sun, puine, mapito, yede, anene, zuuch. Moon, subi, panevo, etosia, vaach, paas. Fire, aima, iche, pioc, pee. Water, sama, como, yod, tuuch. Head, dala, mahui, yatodo, taanys. Eye, tanti, tauté, to, yedoy, nosuto. Ear, meye, iniri, yagorone, { nonemasu, { umapus. Mouth, pile, ai. Nose, unte, yacunachu, iña. Tongue, otu. Tooth, sansa, oo. Hand, bana, uru, ymanaetio, { panaucos, { ees, H. Foot, te farafka, irie, pope. House, { vive, techte, } poo. { siba, } 1, lecia, lecca, chomara, etama. 2, lasie, gar. 3, libi, gaddioc. 4, lapsa. 5, cheti.

The variety of stocks on the Bolivian highlands is clearly shown by the vocabularies on this and the following page. I have taken them from the D’Orbigny MSS., in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, the collections of Hervas, and the papers of E. Heath in the _Kansas City Review_, 1883. I have not been able to connect any one of the eight tongues with any other, although each has some words which have been borrowed from others or from some common stock. Thus, the Yurucare _suñe_, man, Mosetena _zoñi_, Chiquito _ñoñich_, are too similar not to be from the same radical. It must be remembered that the Chiquito was adopted by the missionaries as the general language for instruction, and other tribes were persuaded to learn it whenever possible. Thus some of its words came to be substituted for those originally familiar to the speakers.

The Chiquito and the Yurucare are the only tongues of the eight given of which I have found satisfactory grammatical notices; and that of the latter is still unpublished (see _anté_, p. 297).

LANGUAGES OF THE BOLIVIAN HIGHLANDS.--(_Continued._)

_Canichana._ _Mosetena._ _Cayubaba._ _Mobima._ Man, { hiochama, } zoñi, meyése, iti-laqua. { enacu, D., } Woman, huiquigáue, phen, tenani, { cue´ya, { cuc ya, H. Sun, ni-cojli, tsuñ, itoco, { tino, { mossi, H. Moon, ni-milaue, yvua, irara, yeche. Fire, ni-chuco, tsi, idore, vŭée. Water, nih-tji, ozñi, ikita, to´mi. Head, ni-mucukh, hutchi, guana-quana, ba-quáqua. Eye, eu-tokhe, ve, _pl._, vein, en-chaco, tsora. Ear, eu-comeh, choñ, ena-jengicui, lototo. Mouth, eu-chene, chóo, en-diachi, cuana. Nose, e-ebjé, hey, ena-hauvéo, { ba-chi, { chini, H. Tongue, eu-tscháva, nem, ena-yi, { ruchlan, { rulcua, H. Tooth, { eu-huti, } monyin } söichlan. { eu-cuti, D., } (_pl._), } Hand, eu-tehli, uñ, en-dadra, { chopan, { zoipok, H. Foot, eu-ajts, yu, en-arje, risan. House, nit-cojl, aca, droya, asña. 1, mereca, zrit, pebbi. 2, caadita, pana, bbeta. 3, caarjata, chibbin, kimisa. 4, tsis. 5, canam.

LANGUAGES OF THE CHACO TRIBES.

_Guaycuru._ _Guaycuru._ _Toba._ _Payagua._ Man, conailaigo, sellarnicke, iale, yraic, D., pichires. Woman, ivuavo, alucke, aló, elommi. Sun, ali jega, nalacke, la lá, ijcabala. Moon, aipainahi, auriucke, karoic, apajsa. Fire, noolai, nodecke, nodec, anorec, D. Water, niogo, estract, netrat, guayaque. Head, lacaicke, lakaic, caracaic, D., yamagra. Eye, cogaicoguo, laicté, haité, yacte, D., yatiqui. Ear, conapajoti, telá, tela, yaiguala. Mouth, coniola, halap, ayap, D. Nose, codeimie, lunuke, lomi, imic, D., iyocque. Tongue, codocaiti, lacharat. Tooth, codoai, hué, lué, yohua, D. Hand, cobahaga, yagata, pokena, inagchiac. Foot, codohoua, lapiá, lapiá, ypia, D., ybagro. House, dimi, lumacké, nollic, nnoic, D., yaggo. 1, nathedac. 2, cacayni _or_ nivoco. 3, cacaynilia. 4, nalotapegat. 5, nivoca-cacaynilia.

The three dialects of the Guaycuru stock above given show considerable diversity. The first is from Castelnau, the second from Fontana, the third (Toba) from Carranza and de Angelis. The Payagua is also from Fontana (_Revista de la Soc. Geog. Argentina_, 1887, p. 352, sq.).

All the Chaco tribes are singularly defective in numeration. Pelleschi says that intelligent chiefs among them cannot count the fingers of one hand. Above the two numerals are generally compound words and have not fixed forms.

LANGUAGES OF THE CHACO TRIBES.--(_Continued._)