Part 20

In the above vocabularies the relation of the Zoque to the Mixe is more clearly shown than that of the Zapotec to the Mixtec. A more extended comparison of the two latter has been instituted by Pimentel in his work on the languages of Mexico, which appears to strengthen the belief that they belong to the same stock. Prof. Friedrich Müller, however, continues to regard them as separate stocks (_Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. II., Ab. I., s. 298, sq.). The question is discussed with fullness in the introduction, by Dr. Nicholas Leon, to the _Arte del Idioma Zapoteco_, of Juan de Cordova (ed. Morelia, 1886), to which the student is referred. I think the evidence is sufficient to regard them as allied idioms. The Zapotec of the mountains, _Zapoteco serrano_, differs considerably from that which is given above.

CENTRAL STOCKS.

_Chinantec._ _Huave._ _Maya._ _Chapanec._ Man, { cha, } náshui, uinic, dipaju, naha. { ñuh, } Woman, mui, { naptah, } ixal, nafui. { nostah, } Sun, mañui, noet, kin, napiju, nyumbu. Moon, zei, cahau, u, yuju. Fire, nigei, kaak, niiyu. Water, mui, ha, nimbu. Head, gui, pol, hol, tkima. Eye, manihi, uich, naté. Ear, xicin, nyujmi. Mouth, cuhaha, chi, duŭi, nunsu. Nose, ni, nyungu. Tongue, uak, baelu, griji. Tooth, co, niji. Hand, nquaha, cab, dila, diro. Foot, nni, uoc, oc, laku, gura. House, nu, piem, otoch, nangu. 1, cna, anop, hun, tike, ticao. 2, tno, epoem, ca, jomi, hăo. 3, nne, erof-poef, ox, jami, haui. 4, quiu, apûkif, can, haha. 5, ña, akukif, ho, hāomo.

The Chinantec is included in the Zapotec stock by Pimentel, who follows the dictum of Hervas, confessedly without examination (_Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico_, Tom. III., cap. 37). This was not the opinion of Dr. Berendt, who has compared both tongues, and a comparison of the short vocabularies which I give shows only one word, that for “foot,” which is identical in both.

The Huaves, who claim a migration from the south, do not reveal a connection in their language with any of the southern stocks.

The Maya of the Vocabulary is the pure tongue as spoken in Yucatan. Its various dialects have been carefully studied by Berendt, Stoll and others. The most corrupt is probably the Chaneabal of Chiapas, of which I gave a short analysis in the _American Anthropologist_, Jan., 1888.

INTER-ISTHMIAN STOCKS.

_Musquito._ _Lenca._ _Xicaque._ _Ulva._ Man, waikna, amashe, jomé, all. Woman, mairen, mapu, pitmé, yall. Sun, lapta, gasi, behapoi, moa. Moon, kati, numui, uaigo. Fire, pauta, uga, inqueamoos, ku. Water, li, güas, sur, uas. Head, lel, toro, laipuco, tunik. Eye, nakro, saring, non, miniktaka. Ear, kiama, yang, fora, tabaki. Mouth, bila, ingori, muipane, dinibas. Nose, kakma, napse, meguin, nangitak. Tongue, twisa, navel, rin, tuki. Tooth, napa, nagha, quir, anaki. Hand, mita, gulala, mor, tumi. Foot, mena, güagl, san, kalkibas. House, watla, tahu, chef, u. 1, kumi, ita, pani, { aslar, { aloslag. 2, wal, na, matis, muye bu. 3, niupa, lagua, contis, muye bas. 4, wälwäl, aria, urupan, muya runca. 5, matasip, saihe, casanpani, muye sinca.

The above four vocabularies are taken from MS. material in my possession collected by E. G. Squier and Dr. C. H. Berendt. They do not appear to indicate the slightest relationship either between themselves, or with any other known stocks. The careful researches of Lucien Adam on the Musquito grammar do not bring it into connection either with the Carib or the Chibcha families, with which it has sometimes been supposed to be affined.

The Lenca dialects, of four of which I have vocabularies, do not differ materially, but the exact distribution of the stock at the period of the conquest is uncertain.

INTER-ISTHMIAN STOCKS.--(_Continued_.)

_Guatuso._ _Subtiaba._ _Matagalpan._ _Xinca._ Man, ochapa, rabu, misa, jumu, jurac. Woman, curijuri, rabaku, yūeiya, ayala. Sun, toji, daska, lal, pari. Moon, ziji, dŭkkú, aiko, ahua. Fire, cuepala, agu, lauale, ŭra. Water, ti, iĭa, li, ui. Head, machia, edi, ekxu, ma’ike, gesalia. Eye, mafi zicu, siktu, kuñke, yurati. Ear, nato coto, nyahu, topalke, mami. Mouth, macoquica, daghu, taŭake, xajac. Nose, natain, dakko, namke, jutu narin. Tongue, macu, duhun, tomamke, eilan. Tooth, oca, sinnyu, ninike, jari xajan. Hand, macu quichia, nyau, panake, pum, pu. Foot, naho quichia, nasku, napake, guapan. House, uh, guá, u, macu. 1, anacachumaru, imba, bas, ica. 2, ponca, pangi, apu, buyo, ti, piar. 3, assu, gūatba, uala. 4, paque, posai, asku, bota´jio, iria. 5, uissu, pijar.

The Guatuso is taken from the vocabularies collected by Bishop Thiel, and several times republished. The remaining three are from MS. materials collected by Dr. C. H. Berendt. The Xinca I have previously published, with a general discussion of the tribe, in the _Proc. of the Amer. Philosoph. Soc._, 1885.

The Matagalpan or “Chontal of Nicaragua” (see _anté_, p. 149), is from the vocabulary collected by the Rev. Victor Noguera. It appears to stand quite alone. A few remote resemblances to the Talamanca dialects of Costa Rica seem to exist, which, if real, would connect the Matagalpan with South American stocks.

COLUMBIAN STOCKS.

_Cuna._ _Changuina._ _Andaqui._ _Tucura._ Man, mastule, taro, himbera. Woman, puna, bia. Sun, ipe, querele, caqui, ahumautu. Moon, ni, sirala, mitae, jedeco. Fire, chau, quebu, jifi (= candle). Water, ti, si, ti, yi, jiji, pania. Head, chag’la, { duku, } quinaji, poru. { quinunuma, } Eye, ibia, oko, sifi, tabu. Ear, ugua, kuga, sunguajo, quiburi. Mouth, kagya, caga, ité. Nose, ŭchue, neko, quifi, kaimbu. Tongue, guapina, cuba, sonae. Tooth, nugada, zuu, sicoga. Hand, changa, kulosol, sacaá, juwajimi. Foot, nacamali, ser, soguapana, jenu. House, neca, hu, cojoo, té. 1, quenchigue, que, aba. 2, pogua, como, unmé. 3, pagua, calabach, unpia. 4, paquegua, calacapa, kimare. 5, atale, calamale, cuesume.

The Cuna and the Changuina or Dorasque are from M. Alph. Pinart’s various publications on these dialects; the Andaqui from the collections of the Presbyter Albis; and the Tucura, a Choco dialect, from the report of Dr. A. Ernst (_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1887, 302). The last mentioned was obtained on the upper Sinu river, near the junction of the Rio Verde. It is not of the San Blas (Cuna) family, but clearly Choco.

I have already referred (p. 200) to some slight similarity of the Andaqui to the Chibcha; but until we have more extensive material of the former, the question must be left open.

DIALECTS OF THE CHOCO STOCK.

_Noanama._ _Tado´._ _Chami._ _Sambo or Choco._ Man, emokoyda, umujina, muguira, { umachina, { muguira. Woman, uida, uena, huera, auera. Sun, edau, pesia, umata, pisia, imuanba. Moon, edau, jedego, tedeco, jedecó. Fire, igdn, tibúa, tibuzhia, tŭjoor. Water, du, panea, pania, { pania. { do = river. Head, púdu, paru´, boro, poro. Eye, daū, taū, tao, tau. Ear, cachi, kŭru´, guru, juru. Mouth, i, itai´, gu, ji, itai. Nose, keun, kung, y, cung, jun. Tongue, meujina, kinóme, guiranee, quirame. Tooth, hierra, kida´, guida, tida. Hand, hua, hua´, tua, jua. Foot, bopidi, jinuga´, tiui, jinu. House, di, tee´, te, dhe. 1, aba, aba, aba, aba. 2, nu, ume, ube, ome. 3, tanjupa, kimaris, umpea, ompea. 4, jay upa, guasuma, guimare, quimari. 5, juambo, kisona, guasome, guasoma.

The Choco family had probably at one time a much wider extension than we are familiar with in historic times. I have suggested (_anté_, pp. 274, 275), that even the sparse material for comparison as yet available seems to indicate an affinity with the Betoya stock. As our knowledge of the Orinoco and the Columbian region extends, probably other tribes will be discovered speaking related dialects. The four vocabularies which I give above serve to illustrate the comparatively slight differences of the phonetics. Another dialect, the Tucará (see _anté_, p. 176, note), is given on the preceding page.

DIALECTS OF THE CHIBCHA STOCK.

_Chibcha._ _Aroac._ _Chimila._ _Guaymi._ Man, muysca, sökue, söökué, nitocua. Woman, ti-güi, yun-kue, yuunkué, meri. Sun, sua, yuia, neiin-á, ninguane. Moon, chie, tii, tii, só. Fire, gata, gué, uuñé, nocua. Water, sie, yira, niitake, si, ña. Head, zysqui, zankalla, oökrá, thokua. Eye, upcua, uba, uaákua, ocua. Ear, cuhuca, kuhcua, kuúsaka, olo. Mouth, quihica, köhka, köökua, cā da. Nose, saca, niksaiñ, naañakra, secua. Tongue, pcua, kuca, kuá, tudra. Tooth, sica, köhka (?), né, tu. Hand, yta, atta-kra, aattakra, cuse. Foot, quihicha, ksa, pukré, pookré, ngoto. House, güe, húi, aátaka, jú. 1, ata, kuté, kuté, kr-ati. 2, boza, moga, muuhná, kro-bu. 3, mica, maigua, teieme´, kro-mai. 4, muihica, murieié, murieié, kro-boko. 5, hisca, achigua, kutendeu-rehattagra, kro-rigua.

The relations of the Chibcha dialects are so important in their bearings on the question of the migrations from South into North America, that in addition to the specific comparisons on page 186, I here add vocabularies of six dialects; three, the Chibcha, Aroac and Chimila, from south of the Isthmus, and three, the Guaymi, Talamanca and Boruca, from north of it.

The Chibcha proper is a language of extremely difficult phonetics for a European, and doubtless the Spanish orthography, in which it is rendered, is far from accurate.

The fundamental identity of the dialects of the stock becomes much more apparent after a study of their laws of phonetic variation, as set forth by Dr. Max Uhle (_anté_, p. 185).

CHIBCHA STOCK. COLUMBIAN STOCKS. _Talamanca._ _Boruca._ _Paniquita._ _Timote._ Man, vipá, con-rokh, piz, petam, { mayoi, { kak, nachu. Woman, arácra, kam-rokh, neyo, cuenas, { kursum, { naktun. Sun, divu, kak, itaqui, mpú. Moon, turu, tebe, ate. Fire, yuk, dukra, ipi, chirip, fú. Water, di, di, yo, chimpué. Head, tsuko, sagra, dicté, kicham. Eye, vubra, caix, yafi. Ear, cucüh, cuaga, tógnue, timabum. Mouth, sacu, casa, yugue, { macabó, { karichnuck. Nose, chi´scah, xiska, inz. Tongue, ku, tone, chiqui vú. Tooth, aka, quith. Hand, ura, dijurre, cose. Foot, iucra, di-krescua, chinda, kuju. House, huh, yath, nakot. 1, et, yas, vitech, kari. 2, bug, enz, gem. 3, mang, tec, sut, hisjut. 4, keng, panz, pit. 5, skera, taz, { caboc, { mubes.

The Talamanca and Boruca are Chibcha dialects (see preceding page). The Paniquita (see _anté_, pp. 190-192) has no positive affinities with its neighbors. The grammatical character of its Paez dialect has been analyzed by Fr. Müller (_Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, Bd. II., Ab. I., p. 356). He points out some similarity in the numerals to the Kechua and Goajiro. But this is not significant.

The various vocabularies of the Timote stock differ considerably, and none of them is at all complete.

DIALECTS OF THE DIALECTS OF THE BARBACOA STOCK. COCANUCO STOCK. _Colorado._ _Cayapa._ _Moguex._ _Totoro._ Man, zachi, unilla, liu-pula, muck, mujel. Woman, sona, sonala, su-pula, schut, ishu. Sun, ió, pacta, puizarum. Moon, pe, macara, puil. Fire, ni, ninguma, ipt. Water, pi, pi, pii. Head, muchú, mishpuca, pusro, pushu. Eye, cacó, capucua, cap, captchul. Ear, pungui, calo. Mouth, fiquiforo, tipaqui, chidbchad, trictrap. Nose, quinfu, kijo, kind, kim. Tongue, nigca, nile. Teeth, tesco, tchugul. Hand, tede, fia-papa, coze, cambil. Foot, nede, ne-papa, kadzigd. Home, ia, ya, yaatk, ia. 1, manga, kanendova. 2, paluga, pubuin. 3, paimun, puinbun. 4, humbaluló, pipuin. 5, manta, tchajpun.

A comparison of the above vocabularies will probably strengthen the supposition I have advanced (_anté_, p. 199), that these two stocks were originally branches of one and the same. The material on all the dialects is scanty, and for a proper grammatical collation is quite wanting. As they are yet living idioms, it is to be hoped that some energetic traveler will supply the facts to solve the question. The sources of the vocabularies are indicated in the text.

PERUVIAN STOCKS.

_Kechua._ _Aymara._ _Yunca._ _Atacameño._ Man, runa, hague, chacha, ñofœn, sima. Woman, huarmi, marmi, mecherrœc, licau. Sun, inti, inti, villca, xllang, capim. Moon, quilla, phakhsi, çamur. Fire, nina, nina, humur. Water, una, yacu, uma, la, leng, puri. Head, uma, ppekeña, lecq, hlacsi. Eye, ñaui, nayra, locq, kjepi. Ear, rincri, hinchu, medeng, aike. Mouth, simi, lacca, ssap, khaipe. Nose, sencca, nasa, fon, misi, sipe. Tongue, ccallu, lakhra, ed, lasi. Tooth, quiru, lacca, cchacca, œcquang, quenne. Hand, maqui, ampara, mœcqua, suyi. Foot, chaqui, cayu, loc, khoche. House, huasi, uta, enec, lec, an, turi. 1, huc, mayni, maya, onöc, na, sema. 2, iscay, pani, paya, atput, pac, poya. 3, quimsa, quimsa, çopæt, çoc, palama. 4, tahua, pusi, nopœt, noc, chalpa. 5, pichka, pisca, exllmätzh, mutsma.

The wide differences between the four main Peruvian stocks are seen in the above vocabularies. The Kechua and Aymara alone have anything in common. The Yunca is presented in the Mochica dialect, which is that adopted by Carrera in his Grammar. The vocabulary of the Etenes, as furnished by Bastian, differs from it only in the word for “eye,” _tassack_, and “head,” _chätz_, which is remarkable, considering the extreme difficulty of the Yunca phonetics. The grammars of these three tongues are carefully analyzed by Fr. Müller.

The Atacameño words are from the authorities quoted on p. 227. Of its grammar we have only the imperfect account furnished by San Roman, which seems to remove it from the character of the Kechua and Aymara.

SOUTH ATLANTIC LINGUISTIC STOCKS.

_Arawak._ _Tapuya._ _Tupi._ _Kiriri._ Man, wadili, { samnaha, } apyaba, klöh. { waha, } Woman, hiaeru, zokna, cunhá, kütsi. Sun, haddali, taru te mu, curasse, utschih. Moon, katti, kmuniak, jaçi, cayacu. Fire, hikkihi, chompek, tatá, issuh. Water, wuini, muniā, hy, dzu. Head, krain, canga, tzambu. Eye, akussi, ketom, tesa, po-nubi. Ear, adikkehi, nunk-hōn, namby, benjen. Mouth, uelleru kuhu, nimā, juru, oriza. Nose, issirihi, kigin, iting, nambih. Tongue, uejehi, kzigiok, japecong, nunuh. Tooth, ari, { zhún, } ainha, dza. { yune, } Hand, uekabbu, po, ypo, mnssang. Foot, ukutti, po, py, bouih. House, bahü, kjiemm, oka, era, bate. 1, abba, pogik, jebe, bihe. 2, biama, nom, mucuing, wachani. 3, kabbuhin, tscho caorhu, musapui, wachani dikie. 4, bibiti, iapes chacoron, erundi. 5, abbatekabbe, nonhoron.

The four chief stocks of the eastern Amazon region present a fundamental diversity both in vocabulary and grammar. The Arawak is shown as it is, as current in Guiana and along the northern affluents of the Amazon; the Tapuya is in the dialect of the Botocudos, as presented by Dr. Paul Ehrenreich; the Tupi is the “lingua geral” of Brazil; and the Kiriri is from the _Arte_ of Mamiani.

In most of the South Atlantic stocks the numerals are imperfectly developed, all quantities above three being usually expressed by compound words.

DIALECTS OF THE ARAWAK STOCK.

_Chontaquiro._ _Baniva._ _Piapoco._ _Guana._ Man, geji, enami, ima, { hapohitai, { tahanan. Woman, sichuné, neyau, inanahi, zeeno. Sun, intiti, amorci, ureri, kat-hai. Moon, cachiri, { pia, } keri, kohaivai. { achita, } Fire, chichi, arsi, kitsai, incu. Water, uné, ueni, huni, houna. Head, huejijua, { ibupi, } ivita, kombaipoi. { nombo, } Eye, huijarsajé, nu puri, nouto ui, onguei. Ear, huijepe, notarifara, gua-wui, guaihaino. Mouth, huespé, e-noma, wa-numa, baho. Nose, huisiri, pe-yapa, nouïacou, agueiri. Tongue, guenè, n-hotare, wa-nimi, nahainai. Tooth, huisé, na-si, yai, onhai. Hand, huamianuta, capi, ha-capi, no. Foot, huisiqui, itsipara, ouabari, djahavai. House, panchi, panisi, capi, maihaino. 1, suriti, abehita, poikoja. 2, apiri, pucheibata, pid-djaho. 3, noquiri, maisibba, mopoa. 4, ticti, bainoco, honaton. 5, tictisiri, abemo hacapi, houakoo.