Part 28
Hebrew accents, 106-108. alphabet, identical with Phœnician, 83. alphabetical table of, 104. Bible, first printed, 14. letters, numeral value of, 104. letters of similar appearance, 105. lower case, without points, 109. Masoretic points or vowels, 106. method of composing, 105. plan of cases with points, 110, 111. scheme for imposing 8vo sheet of, 161, 162. spacing letters, 105.
Height of type, standard for, 57, 58.
Hieroglyphic alphabet, 84.
Hinderances to fine printing in America, 276, 277.
Hints honoured in the breach, 136, 137.
Hoe & Co.’s cylinder presses, 239-242.
Hoe, Richard M., inventor of type-revolving printing machine, 241. Robert, account of, 239, 240.
Hoe’s web perfecting press, illustrated, 245.
Hollow quadrates, use of, 77.
Horn-book, illustration of, xi.
Humphreys’s History of the Art of Printing, 12.
Hurried work, how to expedite, 226-228.
Hyphen, how employed, 64, 65. not used by the earliest printers, 15.
Iceland, early printing office in, 14.
Imperial and half paper, size of, 298. paper, dimensions of, 298.
Imposing forms, directions for, 141, 142. in companionships, rules for, 230, 231.
Imposing, memoranda concerning, 148, 149. abstract title-deeds, 150. FOLIO, single sheet, 150. two sheets, quired, 151, 152. QUARTO, common sheet of, 153, 154. scheme for, music books, 153, 154. two half-sheets, together, 155, 156. half-sheet, broad way, 155, 156. OCTAVO, sheet of, 157, 158. the broad way, 157, 158. half-sheet, 159. two half-sheets, together, 159, 160. two quarters, together, 160. sheet, mixed, 161, 162. sheet of Hebrew, 161, 162. sheet, from the centre, 163, 164. half-sheet, from the centre, 163. two quarters, from the centre, 164. DUODECIMO, or 12mo, sheet, 165. the same, without cutting, 166. the same, two signatures, 167. half-sheet, 168. the same, without cutting, 168. the same, from the centre, 169. sheet of, from the centre, 170. the same, long way, 171, 172. one-third of a sheet, 171, 172. two half-sheets, together, 173. half-sheet, two signatures, 174. SIXTEENS, half-sheet of, 174. sheet of, 175. EIGHTEENS, half-sheet of, 176. the same, with two blanks, 176. sheet of, folded together, 177, 178. sheet of, one signature, 177, 178. the same, two signatures, 179, 180. sheet of, three signatures, 179, 180. half-sheet of, without transposition, 181. TWENTIES, half-sheet of, with two signatures, 181. sheet of, 182. TWENTY-FOURS, half-sheet of, 183. sheet of, two signatures, 183, 184. half-sheet of, sixteen-way, 184. half-sheet of, long, 185. half-sheet, two signatures, 185. half-sheet, without cutting, 186. THIRTY-TWOS, half-sheet of, 186. sheet of, 187, 188. the same, four signatures, 187, 188. half-sheet, two signatures, 189. half-sheet of, mixed, 189. THIRTY-SIXES, half-sheet of, 190. the same, without cutting, 190. the same, two signatures, 191. FORTIES, half-sheet of, 191. FORTY-EIGHTS, quarter sheet of, with two signatures, 192. the same, without cutting, 193. common quarter-sheet of, 194. half-sheet of, two signatures, 192. the same, three signatures, 193. SIXTY-FOURS, quarter sheet, 195. the same, two signatures, 194. sixty-fours, mixed, 195. half-sheet of, 196. SEVENTY-TWOS, half-sheet of, 197. NINETY-SIXES, half-sheet of, 198. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-EIGHTS, half-sheet of, 199.
Imposing stone, illustrated, 308.
Impression on cylinder presses, how to regulate, 269-275.
Indenting paragraphs, rule for, 132.
Index, directions for preparing copy of, 133. rule for setting, 133. where placed, 133.
India paper suitable for overlays, 280.
India-rubber cloth, good qualities of, 266.
Ink-block, how to be placed, 251.
Ink, black, how to intensify, 284. coloured, 286, 287. requires a hard roller, 267. for cylinder presses, 267, 268. for fine work, indispensable qualities of, 275, 276. how to prevent setting off, 279. how to remove surplus from the roller, 262. how to produce amber, 288. blue, 287, 288. brown, 288. fire-proof, 314. green, 288. lilac, 288. pink, 288. purple, 288. red, 286-288. scarlet, 288. vermilion, 288. to mark tin or zinc, 315. driers, how to make, 315, 316.
Ink-fountain, how to manage, 268. patent, illustrated, 310.
Ink-stone and muller, illustrated, 285.
Interleaving necessary in fine presswork, 279.
Interrogation, sign of, 63.
Iron furniture, how made, 310.
Ironical rules for compositors, 136, 137. for beginners in business, 139, 140.
Italic letter, invention of, 50. abuse of, 51.
Job department, 300-310. capitals and lower-case should not be laid together, 304. cases should be labelled with the type which is in case, 304. how to conduct the business, 300. memorandum slip for record, 301. requisites for, 301-310. selection of material, 300.
Job presses, American, unsurpassed, 246. varieties of, 246-248.
Jobbing facilities, 300-310.
Jobs, making margin for, 147.
Johnson, Lawrence, type-founder in Philadelphia, 20. William M., invents a type-casting machine, 22.
Journeymen, idle, 18.
Junius, Hadrianus, 10.
Justification, accurate, absolutely essential, 131.
Kerned letters, 59.
Kinsley, Dr., invents a cylinder press, 238.
Knowledge, progress of, accelerated by steam-presses, 240.
König, Frederick, inventor of the cylinder press, 238.
Koster, (or Coster,) Laurentius, inventor of printing, 9-14. printer of block books, 10. used wooden and tin type, 10.
Labour-saving brass rule, 81. plan of case for, 82. curvatures, 79. quotation furniture, 77. rule, 43, 81.
Lamp-holder, 309.
Laying a fount of type, directions for, 127. pages, 143, 144.
Lead cutter, illustrated, 307.
Leads, described, 80.
Leather belting, how to soften, 316.
Lenox, James, of New York, collection of Bibles, 11.
Lepsius, R., hieroglyphic types of, 83.
Letter paper, size of, 298.
_Letters of Indulgence_, of 1454-5, 11.
Letters, accented, 67. ascending, 59. descending, 59. double, 59. kerned, 59. long, 59. numeral, 67. short, 59. two-line, 76.
Ley, directions for making, 312. not to be used on wood-cuts, 283.
Ley-brush, how to be made, 265.
Ley-trough, described, 264, 265.
Liberty press, illustrated, 247.
Lifting pages, 143.
Lightning press, Hoe’s, 239-242. illustrated, 240.
Lilac ink, how to make, 288.
Lithographic chalk and ink, 28. stone, 27. transfer ink, how to make, 315.
Lithography, discovery of, 27. practice of, 27-31.
Locking up forms, 147, 148.
Long letters, 59.
Long Primer, specimen of, 54.
Lord’s Prayer in Anglo-Saxon, 51.
Lower-case sorts, 59.
Machine-casting, 22.
Machine-made paper, sizes of, 298.
Machine-press of Isaac Adams, 237, 238. Frederick, König, 238. Applegath and Cowper, 238. Richard M. Hoe, 239-242. William Bullock, 242-244. Campbell, 239, 246. Cottrell & Babcock, 239. Walter, 244.
Mackling, how to remedy, 263.
Make-up rule, steel, illustrated, 229.
Making margin, 145-147. for jobs, 147. ready a form, directions for, 257-260. on cylinder presses, 265-275. wood-cuts, directions for, 280-283. register, directions for, 260.
Making up furniture, 144, 145. in companionship, 229. letter and furniture in companionships, 230.
_Manual de Adultos_, one of the first books printed in America, 16.
Manuccio, Aldo, 61.
Mappa, Adam G., one of the early American type-founders, 19.
Margin, how to make, 145-147. on cylinder presses, 268.
Masoretic points, 106.
Mathematical signs, 71, 72.
Matrices, copper, 40. electrotyped, 23.
Matrix, illustrated, 40.
Mazarin Bibles, 11.
Measure of stick, how to make by ems, 129.
Mecom, Benjamin, 24.
Medium paper, size of, 298.
Melting-kettle, description of, 252.
Metal rules, 75.
Metric system, 336, 337.
Minerva cutting machine, illustrated, 309.
Minion type, specimen of, 54.
Mitering machine, illustrated, 307.
Mittel, German name for English type, 53.
Modern conveniences, 120.
Mucilage, directions for making, 312, 313.
Mud process in stereotyping, 26.
Music, comparative table of bodies, 115. directions for composing, 116. plan of cases for, 117-119. specimens of, 114.
_New Hampshire Gazette_, oldest living paper of the United States, 17.
Newspapers, number of, printed in the United States in 1801 and 1810, 20.
New types, how to prevent them from adhering together, 127.
_New York Gazette_, first newspaper published there, 17.
Nicks, position of, 58.
Nicholson, William, suggester of the cylinder press, 238.
Ninety-sixes, to impose half-sheet, 198.
Nonpareil press, illustrated, 247. type, specimen of, 54.
Norse-Runic alphabet, 87, 88.
_North American and United States Gazette_, of Philadelphia, oldest daily newspaper in the United States, 17.
Note paper, size of, 298.
Notes, proper size of type for, 131. cut in, how arranged, 132.
Numeral letters, Gothic, 68, 69. Greek, 67. Roman, 68, 69.
Numerical value of Greek letters, 67, 98. Hebrew letters, 104.
Octavo, scheme for imposing sheet of, 157, 158. sheet of, the broad way, 157, 158. two half-sheets, together, 159, 160. sheet mixed, 161, 162. half-sheet, 159. two quarters, together, 160. sheet of Hebrew, 161, 162. sheet of, from the centre, 163, 164. half-sheet of, do., 163. two quarter-sheets, do., 164.
Oiling a press, 292.
Old English letter used by the early printers, 49.
Old-style figures, advantages of, 70.
Old works, no license of alteration allowable in reprinting, 202.
One hundred and twenty-eights, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 199.
Ornaments, ancient, exquisite and curious, 15, 16.
Orthography, hints on, 318-332. uniformity in, 202.
Overlaying on cylinder presses, 272, 273. on hand-presses, 277.
Overrunning, proper method of, 210.
Overseer, duties of, 218-232.
Over-sheets, rules for giving out, 294.
Packet note paper, size of, 298. post paper, size of, 298.
Pages, how to tie up, 142, 143. how to lift, 143. how to lay, 143.
Palmaert, Lambert, printed at Valencia, 1479, 14.
Paper-bank, how to be placed, 259.
Paper for jobs, rule for giving out, 294. cutters, 309. instructions for wetting, 255-257. qualities of good, 276. quantity required for a book, 299. sizes of, 298. suitable for fine printing, 257.
Papier-maché moulds, 242.
Paragon type, so called by printers in all countries, 52.
Paragraph mark, how used, 66.
Paragraphs, authors’ irregularities in making, 132, 133. rule for indenting, 132.
Parchment tympans, 254.
Parenthesis, use of, 65, 66.
Pasteboard tympan for a cylinder press, advantages of, 265.
Paste, directions for making, 312.
Pearl type, specimen of, 54.
Peerless press, illustrated, 248.
Penn, William, promotes printing in Pennsylvania, 17.
Perforating machine for round holes, illustrated, 308. rule, illustrated, 308.
Perforator, Ames’s Patent, 308.
Period, use of, 62.
Petit and Jungfer, German names of Brevier, 54.
Petit Romain, French name of Long Primer, 54.
_Petri Hispani Tractatibus Logicis_, one of the first printed books, 10.
Phœnician alphabetic system, 83.
Photo-engraving, 35-38.
Phrases, foreign, translated, 357-372.
Pica, specimen of, 53. the standard type, 52.
Picks in types, how to remove, 262. in wood-cuts, how to take out, 281.
Pietrison, Thomas, the inventor of printers’ ink, 10.
Pink ink, how to produce, 288.
Planetary signs, 73, 74.
Plate paper, directions for wetting, 256.
Plumbago, used in electrotyping, 27, 45.
Point system of type bodies, 55, 56.
Points, how to arrange, 258.
Polyglot founders, 18.
Position of nicks, 58. in composing, 127.
Prefaces, rules concerning, 135.
Press-book, form of, 222.
Press arbitrarily restricted, 235. history of invention of, 235-248. old common, 235. to print and number railroad tickets and coupons, 246.
Presses—see machine-presses. how to oil, 292.
Pressing sheets, mode of, 296, 297.
Pressmen should examine every sheet as printed, 263. rules and remedies for, 262-264. should study fine specimens of printing, 277.
Presswork, requisites for producing fine, 275-279.
Prima, 203.
Printed sheets, how treated, 295-297.
Printers, how not to succeed in business, 139, 140. ironical rules for, 136, 137.
Printer’s knife, illustrated, 210, 211.
Printing, discovery of, 9-14. extension of, 13. in bronzes, 284, 285. in colours, 285-288. in gold, directions for, 284. introduced into America, 16. manner of discovery, 9-12.
Printing-machine, type-revolving, 240-242.
Printing-offices, rules to be observed in, 233, 234.
Printing-press, amateur, 248. Bullock, 242-244. Campbell, 239, 246. Cottrell & Babcock, 239. Degener, 246, 247. Earl Stanhope’s, 236. earliest, 235. first set up in North America, 16. Frederick König’s, 238. Gally, 246. George Clymer’s, 236. George P. Gordon’s, 246, 247. invention of the, 235-248. Isaac Adams’s, 237. Job, 246-248. Peter Smith’s, 237. Railroad-ticket, 246. Ramage’s, 236. Richard M. Hoe’s, 239-242. Ruggles, 246. Samuel Rust’s, 237. Walter, 244. Wells, 246. Willem Jansen Blaeu’s, 235.
Proof-marks, explanation of, 214, 215. illustration of, 212, 213.
Proof-press, illustrated, 343.
Proof-reader, author’s obligations to, 201. duties of a, 202, 207. friendly offices of, 201. qualifications of, 200-206. should be a compositor, 200.
Proof-readers, caprices of, 207.
Proof-sheets, alterations in, justly chargeable, 204, 205, 211. detained by authors, 205. errors in correcting, 203, 204. method of reading, 202, 203. plan for keeping account of, 203. remarks concerning, 202. should be read by two readers, 204.
Proofs of engravings, how to take, 283.
Proper names should be plainly written, 211.
Prussian blue ink, 287.
Publishers’ interference with the printers’ province, 134.
Pulling, directions for, 260-262, 279.
Punch, illustrated, 40.
Punctuality indispensable in an apprentice, 123.
Punctuation, amending of, should be confined to one reader, 204. and orthography to be uniform throughout a book, 202. points of later invention than printing, 61. variations in use of, 61. whims of authors, 61. Wilson’s Treatise on, 62, 65.
Quadrates, circular, illustrated, and described, 78, 79. corner, illustrated, 306. directions for composing, 78, 79. hollow, illustrated, 77.
Quantity of paper required to print a book of one thousand copies, 299.
Quarto, scheme for imposing, 153, 154. the broad way for music, 153, 154. two half-sheets, together, 155, 156. half-sheet, the broad way, 155, 156.
Quires, cassie, of what made up, 294.
Quitting work, precautions to be used by the pressmen in, 264.
Quoins, proper form of, 147, 148. how to unlock, 148. various patents, 306.
Quotation furniture, illustrated, 77. marks, 62.
Quotations, broad and narrow, 76.
Railroad-ticket printing-machine, 246.
Ramage, Adam, 236.
Reading-boy, 202.
Receipts, various, 311-317.
Red ink, how to make, 286, 288.
References, use of, 66, 67.
Register, how to make, 260.
Regulations for a printing-office, 233, 234.
Reprints from standard authors not to vary from the original, 202.
Revise, 206.
Revise sheet necessary, 260.
Riding, how to prevent, 286.
Rittenhouse, William, the first paper-maker in America, 17.
Roller-boy, 262.
Roller-handle, how to lie when used, 251. how to check, 251.
Roller, hard, best for fine work, 267. soft, required for posters and old type, 267.
Roller-mould, directions for using, 252.
Roller-stand, how to set up, 250, 251. illustrated, 251.
Rollers, composition, how made, 252-254, 311, 312. for hand-presses, how to keep, 278. hand-press, 252. precautions in using, 252. to be adapted to style of work, 267. when in working order, 253.
Roman letter, invention of, 49. deserving general adoption, 50.
Ronaldson, James, type-founder in Philadelphia, 19. Richard, type-founder in Philadelphia, 20.
Rosetta stone, discovery of, 83.
Royal and half paper, size of, 298.
Royal paper, size of, 298.
Ruggles’s job presses, 246. card cutter, illustrated, 309.
Rule, brass, 80. labour-saving, illustrated, 81. plan of case for, 82.
Rules and remedies for pressmen, 262-264. for beginners in business, ironical, 139, 140. for compositors, ironical, 136, 137. for perforating, illustrated, 308.
Runes, earliest alphabets of the Teutons and Goths, 86.
Runic alphabets, 86-90. inscription on Bewcastle cross, 89.
Russian alphabet, 112, 113.
Rust, Samuel, inventor of the Washington press, 237.
Saur (or Sower), Christopher, first American type-founder, 19. issues the _Germantown Chronicle_ in 1739, 19. prints the first quarto Bible, 19.
Scarlet ink, how to make, 288.
Schœffer, Peter, inventor of type-founding, 13, 14.
Semicolon, invented by Aldo Manuccio, 61. use of, 62.
Senefelder, Alois, discoverer of lithography, 27.
Setting fly on a cylinder press, 274. off, how to prevent ink from, 279. tapes, process of, 274. up a Washington press, 250. up a roller-stand, 250, 251.
Seventy-twos, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 197.
Shades of ink, how to produce, 288.
Sheets, counting out and putting away, 294. filling in and pressing, 296. how to take down from the poles, 296. names of, 149.
Shooting-sticks, illustrated, 307.
Short letters, 59. numbers of sheets, allowance for, 294. pages, how to back, 133.
Side notes, how arranged, 131, 132.
Signatures, table of, 216, 217. inventor of, 16.
Signaturing, remarks concerning, 135.
Signs, astronomical, 73, 74.
Signs, commercial, 71. mathematical, 71, 73. medical, 74, 75.
Silk tympan-covers, 254.
Silvering solution, how to make, 316.
Sitting at work improper, 127.
Sixteens, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 174. sheet of, 175.
Sixty-fours, scheme for imposing quarter-sheet of, 195. scheme for imposing quarter-sheet of, with two signatures, 194. quarter sheet of, mixed, 195. half-sheet of, 196.
Slotted brass corners, illustrated, 44.
Slovenly copy, censurable, 223.
Slurring, how to prevent, 263, 278.
Small capital letters, 58, 60, 61. Pica, specimen of, 54.
Smith, George Frederick, founder in Philadelphia, 20. Matthew, press-maker, 239. Peter, inventor of a hand-press, 237.
Sorts, upper and lower case, 59.
Sounds of German letters, 94. Greek letters, 98. Hebrew letters, 104.
Sower—see Saur.
Samuel & Co., early American type-founders, 20.
Space-rules, metal, 81.
Spaces, described, 75. various sizes of, should be kept separate, 128.
Spacing, remarks on, 130, 131.
_Speculum Humanæ Salvationis_, the first printed book, 11.
Spelling, rules for, 318-332.
_Spiegal enser Behoudenisse_, one of the first printed books, 10.
Spring bearers, 259.
Springing, to prevent wood-cuts from, 280.
Square cross, where used, 66.
Standard for height of type, 57, 58. metal furniture, 77.
Standing press, how to fill, 296, 297. improved, illustrated, 297.
Stanhope, Earl, press invented by, 236.
Star chamber, regulations of, concerning English founders, 18.
St. Augustin, French and Dutch name for English type, 53.
Stereotype plates, English imperfections of, 18. how to underlay, 272. block, illustrated, 44.
Stereotyping, invention of, 24. mode of, 24-26, 46. mud process, 26.
Stop cylinder press, illustrated, 238. well adapted for fine printing, 239.
Stower, extract from, 205, 206.
Superiors, 67.
Super-royal paper, size of, 298.
Syllables, abbreviated, 15. how to divide, 64, 65.
Symbols, absurd, 74.
Table of paper required for a book, 299. proof-marks, 212. signatures, 216, 217.
Takes of copy should be small, 221.
Taking copy in companionships, 228, 229.
Taking down sheets when dry, 296.
Tapes, how to set, 274.
Technical terms explained, 338-343. names should be legibly written, 211.
Tertia, German name of Great Primer, 53.
Theinhardt, Ferdinand, Prussian type-founder, 84.
Thirty-sixes, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 190. half-sheet of, without cutting, 190. the same, with two signatures, 191.
Thirty-twos, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 186. sheet of, 187, 188. sheet of, with four signatures, 187, 188. half-sheet, two signatures, 189. half-sheet of, mixed, 189.
Thomas, Isaiah, 14.
Tilloch, Dr. Alexander, 24.
Tinted paper, coloured ink on, 291.
Tints, neutral, 291.
Title-deeds, scheme for imposing, 150.
Title-pages, hints for setting, 134. remarks on, 134.
Token-sheet, purpose of, 256.
Tokens explained, 294.
Tools for wood engraving, 34.
Trade-marks, how to secure patents, 335.
Transposing pages, directions for, 207. pages in companionships, 232.
Turkey boxwood, best for engraving, 34.
Turning a heap, directions for, 261, 262.
Turpentine, spirits of, best for cleansing wood-cuts, 283.
Tweezers, illustrated, 210.
Twenties, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, with two signatures, 181. sheet of, 182.
Twenty-fours, scheme for imposing half-sheet of, 183. sheet of, 183, 184. half-sheet, the sixteens way, 184. half-sheet of, long, 185. half-sheet of, without cutting, 186.
Two-line letters, how used, 76.
Tying up pages, 142, 143.
Tympan suitable for cylinder press, 265.
Tympans, how to cover, 254.
Type bodies, point system of, 55, 56.
Type-casting machine, description of, 42. illustrated, 41. origin of, 22.
Type-casting machine, perfected by David Bruce, Jr., 22, 23.
Type-founding a distinct calling in the seventeenth century, 18. early, in New York, 19. early, in Philadelphia, 19. in America, 19. in Europe, 18.
Type-foundries in the United States, 23.
Type-foundry, first American, at Germantown, Pennsylvania, 19. walk over a, 39-48.
Type, how to lay a fount of, 127.
Type-measure, 227.
Type-metal, 40.
Type-revolving printing machine, Hoe’s, illustrated, 240.
Types, bill of, 57. Black or Old English letter, 49, 51. directions for choosing, 50. fount of, 58. gradation of, 55. how to prevent them from adhering, 127. Italic, invention of, 50. names and sizes of, 52-54. prices of, since 1801, 25. process of manufacturing, 39-43. Roman, invention of, 49. specimens of, 53, 54.
_Typographic Advertiser_, 20.
Typographical errors, a blemish, 200. peculiarities, ancient, 17, 18.
Underlaying old stereotype plates, 282.
Underlays, when proper on cylinder presses, 270-272.
Uniformity in colors, how to secure, 263. in spacing essential, 130.
Universal press, illustrated, 248.
Unlocking forms, precautions in, 208.
Upper-case sorts, 59.
Van der Mey’s method of stereotyping, 24.
Variations from copy chargeable, 211.
Varnish for printing ink, how to make, 314. the common menstruum for colours, 286.
Varnish, prevents enamel from peeling, 284.
Vignettes, how to prepare on the press, 281.
Walter perfecting press, 244.
Warehouse book, form of, 293. department, 293-298.
Warehouseman, duties of, 293.
Warping of a cut, how to cure, 282. how to prevent, 282.
Washing forms, directions for, 264, 265.
Washington press, how to set up, 250. invented by Samuel Rust, illustrated, 237.
Waterproof paper, how to make, 317.
Watts, John, 21.
Web perfecting presses, 242-246.
Wells’s job presses, 246.