Part 23

++----+------++----+------++----+------++----+------++-------+--------++ ||Oz. | Kilo.||Lbs.| Kilo.||Lbs.| Kilo.||Lbs.| Kilo.|| Lbs. | Kilo.|| ++----+------++----+------++----+------++----+------++-------+--------++ || _1_| 0.028|| _1_| 0.454||_31_|14.062||_61_|27.669|| _91_| 41.277|| || _2_| 0.057|| _2_| 0.907||_32_|14.515||_62_|28.123|| _92_| 41.731|| || _3_| 0.085|| _3_| 1.361||_33_|14.969||_63_|28.577|| _93_| 42.184|| || _4_| 0.113|| _4_| 1.814||_34_|15.422||_64_|29.030|| _94_| 42.638|| || _5_| 0.142|| _5_| 2.268||_35_|15.876||_65_|29.484|| _95_| 43.092|| || _6_| 0.170|| _6_| 2.722||_36_|16.330||_66_|29.937|| _96_| 43.545|| || _7_| 0.198|| _7_| 3.175||_37_|16.783||_67_|30.391|| _97_| 43.999|| || _8_| 0.227|| _8_| 3.629||_38_|17.237||_68_|30.845|| _98_| 44.452|| || _9_| 0.255|| _9_| 4.082||_39_|17.690||_69_|31.298|| _99_| 44.906|| ||_10_| 0.283||_10_| 4.536||_40_|18.144||_70_|31.752|| _100_| 45.360|| ||_11_| 0.312||_11_| 4.990||_41_|18.597||_71_|32.205|| _200_| 90.720|| ||_12_| 0.340||_12_| 5.443||_42_|19.051||_72_|32.659|| _300_| 136.079|| ||_13_| 0.369||_13_| 5.897||_43_|19.505||_73_|33.113|| _400_| 181.439|| ||_14_| 0.397||_14_| 6.350||_44_|19.958||_74_|33.566|| _500_| 226.799|| ||_15_| 0.425||_15_| 6.804||_45_|20.412||_75_|34.020|| _600_| 272.159|| || | ||_16_| 7.258||_46_|20.865||_76_|34.473|| _700_| 317.518|| || | ||_17_| 7.711||_47_|21.319||_77_|34.927|| _800_| 362.878|| || | ||_18_| 8.165||_48_|21.773||_78_|35.380|| _900_| 408.238|| || | ||_19_| 8.618||_49_|22.226||_79_|35.834|| _1000_| 453.598|| || | ||_20_| 9.072||_50_|22.680||_80_|36.288|| _2000_| 907.195|| || | ||_21_| 9.526||_51_|23.133||_81_|36.741|| _3000_|1360.793|| || | ||_22_| 9.979||_52_|23.587||_82_|37.195|| _4000_|1814.390|| || | ||_23_|10.433||_53_|24.041||_83_|37.649|| _5000_|2267.988|| || | ||_24_|10.886||_54_|24.494||_84_|38.102|| _6000_|2721.586|| || | ||_25_|11.340||_55_|24.948||_85_|38.556|| _7000_|3175.183|| || | ||_26_|11.793||_56_|25.401||_86_|39.009|| _8000_|3628.781|| || | ||_27_|12.247||_57_|25.855||_87_|39.463|| _9000_|4082.378|| || | ||_28_|12.701||_58_|26.309||_88_|39.917||_10000_|4535.976|| || | ||_29_|13.154||_59_|26.762||_89_|40.370|| | || || | ||_30_|13.608||_60_|27.216||_90_|40.824|| | || ++----+------++----+------++----+------++----+------++-------+--------++

TECHNICAL TERMS OF THE CRAFT.

_Alley._—The space between two stands.

_Ascending letters._—Letters that ascend into the upper shoulder; as, b, d, l, &c. and all the capitals.

_Author’s proof._—The clean proof sent to an author after the compositors’ errors have been corrected.

_Bank._—A table about four feet high, to lay sheets on at press.

_Bastard title._—A short title preceding the general title of a work.

_Bastard type._—Type with a face larger or smaller than its regular body: as Nonpareil on Minion body, or Minion on Nonpareil body.

_Batter._—Types accidentally injured in a form.

_Beard of a letter._—The outer angles supporting the face of a type and extending to the shoulder.

_Bearer._—A strip of reglet to bear off the impression from a blank page. A long piece of furniture, type-high, used in working jobs. A solid-faced type interspersed among the blank parts of a page composed for stereotyping, to resist the pressure of the knife when the plate is shaved.

_Bearer-lines._—The top line and bottom line in a page prepared for stereotyping.

_Bed._—The flat part of the press on which the form is laid.

_Bevels._—Slugs cast nearly type-high, with a beveled edge, used by stereotypers to form the flange on the side of the plates.

_Bite._—An irregular white spot on the edge or corner of a printed page, caused by the frisket not being sufficiently cut out.

_Blanket._—A woollen cloth used in the tympan.

_Blank-line._—A line of quadrates.

_Blocks._—The mahogany forms on which stereotype plates are placed for printing.

_Blocked up._—When the fount of type is all set, and none is available for present use.

_Bodkin._—A delicate awl-like tool used for correcting errors in type.

_Body._—The shank of the letter.

_Botch._—A bungling, incompetent workman.

_Bottled._—Type wider at the bottom than at the top.

_Boxes._—The compartments of a case in which the types are placed.

_Brayer._—A wooden or glass rubber, flat at the bottom, used to bray or spread out ink on the ink-block.

_Break-line._—A short line.

_Broad-side._—A form of one page, printed on one side of a whole sheet of paper.

_Broken matter._—Pages of type disrupted and somewhat intermingled.

_Bundle._—Two reams of paper.

_Bur._—Rough edge of a type which the founder neglected to take off in dressing.

_Cabinet._—A receptacle for cases, chases leads, &c.

_Cancelled figures._—Figures cast with a line across the face.

_Caret._—A character [^] used in proofreading to denote the place where omitted words should be inserted.

_Case._—The receptacle for type, divided into numerous compartments.

_Cassie paper._—Formerly, the two outside quires of a ream, consisting of defective sheets.

_Casting off._—Estimating how many pages a certain quantity of copy will make in type.

_Cattie._—Imperfect or smutty look of a printed sheet caused by an oily or unclean roller.

_Ceriphs._—The lines or cross-strokes at the ends of the stem of a letter.

_Chapel._—A printing-office.

_Chapel laws._—Rules of a printing-office.

_Chase._—A rectangular iron frame in which pages of type are imposed.

_Circular quadrates._—Blank types curved on one side.

_Clean proof._—A proof containing few faults.

_Clearing away._—Properly disposing of materials after a work has been completed.

_Clicker._—The chief of a companionship.

_Close matter._—Solid matter with few break-lines.

_Companionship._—All the hands employed on a work.

_Composing._—Setting type.

_Composing-rule._—A steel or brass rule, with a beak at one end, used in typesetting.

_Composing-stick._—An instrument in which types are arranged in words and lines.

_Corner quadrates._—A quarter section of a hollow square or rectangle.

_Correct._—A compositor is said to correct when he amends the faults marked in a proof.

_Corrections._—The alterations or errors marked in a proof.

_Cut-in letter._—A type of large size adjusted at the beginning of the first paragraph of a chapter.

_Cut-in note._—A note justified into the side of a page.

_Dead horse._—Matter charged and paid for before it is set.

_Dele, ₰._—A proof-reader’s mark, signifying to take out.

_Descending letters._—Letters that go down into the lower shoulder of the body; as, g, j, p, q, y.

_Devil._—The errand-boy of a printing-office.

_Dished._—A defect in electrotyped plates, the centre of a letter being lower than its edges.

_Distributing._—Returning types to their various boxes after having been printed from. Spreading ink evenly over the surface of a roller.

_Double._—Among compositors, repetition of words; among pressmen, a sheet that is twice pulled and mackled.

_Dressing a chase or form._—Fitting the pages and chase with furniture and quoins.

_Drive out._—To space widely.

_Duck’s-bill._—A tongue cut in a piece of stout paper and pasted on the tympan at the bottom of the tympan-sheet, to support the paper when laid on the tympan.

_Duodecimo_, or _12mo._—Twelve pages to a form.

_Em._—The square of the body of a type.

_En._—Half the dimensions of the preceding.

_Even page._—The 2d, 4th, 6th, or any even-numbered page of a book.

_Fat._—Poetry and leaded matter.

_Fat face_, or _Fat letter_.—Broad stemmed letter.

_Father of the chapel._—President or chairman of a composing-room or press-room chosen by the hands.

_Feed guide._—An implement attached to a press to aid in correct feeding.

_Feeding._—Supplying the press with sheets.

_First form._—The form first printed, which generally contains the first page of a sheet.

_Fly._—The person or apparatus that takes off the sheets from the press.

_Folio._—Two pages to a form.

_Foot-sticks._—Sloping pieces of furniture placed at the bottom of pages, between which and the chase the quoins are driven to fasten the pages.

_Form._—The pages when imposed in a chase.

_Foul proof._—A proof with many faults marked in it.

_Fount._—A complete assortment of type, of the same nick, body, and face, put up by type-founders in accordance with an ascertained ratio.

_Fountain._—Reservoir for ink, attached to printing-presses.

_Friar._—A light patch in a printed sheet, caused by defective rolling.

_Frisket._—An iron frame fastened by a hinge to the upper part of the tympan, to hold the sheet of paper fast as it goes in and comes from the press.

_Fudge._—To contrive without proper materials.

_Full press._—When two men work at the press with hand rollers.

_Furniture._—Strips of wood or metal placed around and between pages to make the proper margin.

_Galley._—A wooden or brass flat oblong tray, with side and head ledges, for holding type when composed.

_Galley-slaves._—An ancient term of derision applied by pressmen to compositors.

_Gauge._—A strip of reglet with a notch in it, passed with the make-up, to denote the length of the pages.

_Gauge-pin._—An instrument to aid in feeding job presses correctly.

_Get in._—To set close.

_Good colour._—Sheets printed neither too black nor too light.

_Guide._—A strip of metal frequently used to denote the last line of copy set.

_Gutter-sticks._—Furniture used in imposition to separate the pages.

_Half press._—When but one person works at the press.

_Half-title._—The title of a book inserted in the upper portion of the first page of matter.

_Hanging indention._—Where successive lines are set-in an em or more beyond the first line.

_Head-sticks._—Furniture put at the head of pages in imposition, to make margin.

_Hell._—The receptacle for broken or battered letters; the old-metal box; the shoe.

_High-line._—Term applied to a type that ranges above the rest in a line.

_High (or low) to paper._—Applied to a type cast higher or lower than the rest of the fount.

_Hollow quadrates._—Metal quadrates mortised for the insertion of types, &c.

_Horse._—The stage on the bank on which pressmen set the heap of paper.

_Horsing._—Charging for work before it is executed.

_Imposing._—Arranging and locking up a form of type in a chase.

_Imposing-stone._—The stone on which compositors impose and correct forms.

_Imprint._—The name of the printer or of the publisher appended to jobs or title-pages.

_Inferior letters._—Small letters cast near the bottom of the line.

_Inset._—Same as offcut.

_Jeff._—To throw for the first choice with em quadrates instead of dice.

_Justifying._—Spacing out lines accurately.

_Keep in._—To crowd in by thin spacing.

_Keep out._—To drive out or expand matter by wide spacing.

_Kerned letter._—Type of which a part of the face hangs over the body.

_Laying cases._—Filling cases with a fount of new type.

_Laying pages._—Placing pages of type on the stone in a proper order for imposition.

_Leaders._—Dots or hyphens placed at intervals of one or more ems in length, to guide the eye across the line to the folio in tables of contents, &c.

_Leads._—Thin strips of metal cast of various thicknesses, quadrate-high, to separate lines of type.

_Lean._—Close and solid matter.

_Lean face._—Light, thin type.

_Letter hangs._—When the page is out of square.

_Letter-press printing._—Printing from types.

_Ligatures._—Two or more letters cast on the same shank, as ff, fi, fl, ffi, ffl, æ, œ.

_Line formers._—Brass rule bent in various shapes to aid in making curved lines of type.

_Locking up._—Tightening up a form by means of quoins.

_Logotypes._—The same as ligatures.

_Long cross._—The bar that divides a chase the longest way.

_Long pull._—When the bar is brought close to the cheek of a press.

_Low case._—When the compositor has set almost all the letters out of his case.

_Lower case._—The case containing the small letters of the alphabet, figures, points, &c.

_Low-line._—Applied to a type that ranges lower than the rest in a line.

_Mackle._—When part of the impression appears double.

_Make-up._—To arrange the lines of matter into pages.

_Make-up rule._—A steel rule with a projection on the top, for making up matter.

_Making margin._—In imposition, arranging the space between the pages of a form so that the margin will be properly proportioned.

_Making ready._—Preparing a form on the press for printing.

_Mallet._—A wooden hammer.

_Matter._—Composed type.

_Measure._—The width of a page.

_Monk._—A black spot in a printed sheet, owing to the ink not being properly distributed.

_Naked form._—A form without furniture.

_Nicks._—Hollows cast in the front of the lower part of the shank of a type, to show the compositor how to place it in his stick.

_Octavo_, or _8vo._—Eight pages to a form.

_Octodecimo_, or _18mo._—Eighteen pages to a form.

_Odd page_ or _folio_.—The 1st, 3d, and all uneven-numbered pages.

_Off._—Signifies that the pressman has worked off the form.

_Offcut._—A portion of a sheet that is cut off before folding.

_Off its feet._—When matter does not stand upright.

_Open matter._—Matter widely leaded or containing numerous break-lines.

_Out._—An omission marked in a proof by the reader.

_Out of register._—When the pages do not back each other.

_Overlay._—A scrap of paper pasted on the tympan-sheet to bring up the impression.

_Overrunning._—Carrying words backward or forward in correcting.

_Page-cord._—Twine used for tying up pages.

_Passing the make-up._—Passing to the next hand in order the lines remaining (if any) after a compositor has made up his matter, together with the gauge and proper folio.

_Peel._—A broad, thin board with a long handle.

_Perfecting._—Printing the second form of a sheet.

_Perforating rule._—Brass or steel rule, somewhat higher than type.

_Pi._—Type promiscuously intermingled.

_Pick._—A particle of ink or paper imbedded in the hollow of a letter, filling up its face and occasioning a spot.

_Pigs._—An ancient nickname given in derision by compositors to pressmen. The press-room was called a pigsty.

_Planer._—A smooth block of wood used for levelling the surface of pages of type when imposed.

_Planing down._—To bring down types evenly on their feet, by laying a planer on the page and striking it firmly with a mallet.

_Platen._—The part of a printing-press which, acted upon by the lever, gives the impression to a sheet.

_Point-holes._—Fine holes made by the points to register the second impression by

_Points._—Two thin pieces of steel with a point at one end, adjusted to the tympan with screws, to make register.

_Quadrate._—A low square blank type, used to indent the first line of a paragraph, and to fill up blank spaces.

_Quarters._—Octavos and twelves are said to be imposed in quarters, not from their equal divisions, but because they are imposed and locked up in four parts.

_Quarto_, or _4to._—Four pages to a form.

_Quire._—Twenty-four sheets of paper.

_Quoins._—Small wedges for locking up a form.

_Quotation furniture._—Quotations cast of various sizes in length and width, used for blanking and as furniture.

_Quotations._—Large hollowed quadrates.

_Rack._—Receptacle for cases.

_Ratchet._—An instrument for turning the screws of stereotype blocks.

_Ratting._—Working at less than the established prices.

_Ream._—Twenty quires of paper.

_Recto._—Right-hand page.

_References._—Letters or characters serving to direct the reader’s attention to notes at the foot of a page.

_Register._—To cause the pages in a sheet to print precisely back to back.

_Register sheet._—The sheet used to make register.

_Reglet._—Thin furniture, of an equal thickness all its length. It is made to match the depth of type.

_Reiteration._—The form printed on the second side.

_Revise._—The last proof of a form before working it off.

_Riding._—One colour falling on another. Type at the end of a line catching against a lead.

_Rise._—A form is said to rise when, in raising it from the correcting stone, no letters drop out.

_Roller._—A wooden cylinder covered with composition, which, set in an iron frame, revolves upon a rod, and is used for inking type.

_Rounce._—The handle for running in and out the carriage of a hand-press.

_Round pick._—A dot in a letter in a stereotype plate caused by an air-bubble.

_Running title._—The title of the book or subject placed at the top of the pages.

_Runs on sorts._— Requiring an inordinate proportion of particular letters.

_Saw-block._—A box similar to a carpenter’s mitre-block, to guide in cutting furniture, &c.

_Schedule._—A sheet of paper passed with the make-up, containing folios, on which the compositor marks his name opposite to the pages set by him.

_Set off._—When sheets that are newly worked off soil those that come in contact with them, they are said to set off.

_Shank._—The metal body upon which the face of a letter stands.

_Sheep’s-foot._—An iron hammer with a claw-end.

_Sheetwise._—When the pages of a sheet are imposed in two forms, which are backed in printing.

_Shooting-stick._—A wedge-shaped instrument for locking up a form.

_Short cross._—The short bar which, crossing the long bar, divides the chase into quarters.

_Shoulder._—The surface of the shank of a type not covered by the letter.

_Side sorts._—Types in the side and upper boxes of a case, consisting of letters not frequently used.

_Side-sticks._—Sloping furniture on the outside of the pages next to the chase, where the quoins are inserted.

_Signature._—A letter or a figure used at the bottom of the first page of a sheet, to direct the binder in placing the sheets in a volume.

_Slice galley._—A galley with an upper movable bottom, called a slice, used for pages and jobs too large to be lifted by the fingers.

_Slug._—A thick lead. Sometimes with a word or figure on top, used to denote the ownership of matter on galleys.

_Slur._—A blurred impression in a printed sheet.

_Solid pick._—A letter in a stereotype plate filled up with metal, resulting from an imperfect mould.

_Sorts._—The letters in the several case-boxes are separately called sorts, in printers’ and founders’ language.

_Space-rules._—Fine lines, cast type-high, and of even ems in length, for table and algebraical work.

_Spaces._—Low blank types used to separate words.

_Squabble._—A page or form is squabbled when the letters are twisted out of a square position.

_Stand._—The frame on which the cases are placed.

_Stem._—The vertical strokes of a type.

_Stereotype printing._—Printing from stereotyped plates.

_Stet._—Written opposite to a word in a proof, to signify that the word erroneously struck out shall remain.

_Sub._—A compositor occasionally employed on a daily paper, to fill the place of an absentee.

_Superior letters._—Letters of a small face, cast by the founder near the top of the line.

_Table-work._—Matter consisting partly of rules and figures.

_Take_, or _Taking._—A given portion of copy.

_Token._—Two hundred and fifty sheets.

_Turn for a letter._—When a sort runs short, a letter of the same thickness is substituted, placed bottom upward.

_Tympan._—A frame covered with parchment or muslin and attached to the press-bed to lay the sheet on before printing.

_Underlay._—A piece of paper or card placed under types or cuts to improve the impression.

_Uppercase._—The case containing capital and small capital letters, fractions, &c.

_Verso._—Left-hand page.

_Wayz-goose._—A term given in England to the annual dinner customary among printers there during the summer months.

_White line._—A line of quadrates.

_White page._—A blank page.

_White paper._—Until the second side of a sheet is printed, pressmen call the heap white paper.

_Work and turn._—When a sheet is printed half-sheetwise, the paper must be turned and worked on the second side.

_Working in pocket._—When the hands share equally their earnings on a work.

ABBREVIATIONS.

A.—Acting.

a.—are, (of the French metric system.)

A. or Ans.—Answer.

A. A. G.—Assistant Adjutant-General.

A. A. P. S.—American Association for the Promotion of Science.

A. A. S.—_Academiæ Americanæ Socius_, Fellow of the American Academy (of Arts and Sciences).

A. A. S. S.—_Americanæ Antiquarianæ Societatis Socius_, Member of the American Antiquarian Society.

A. B.—_Artium Baccalaureus_, Bachelor of Arts.

A. B. C. F. M.—American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.

Abp.—Archbishop.

Abr.—Abridgment.

A. C.—_Ante Christum_, before the birth of Christ.

A. C.—Archchancellor.

Acct.—Account.

A. C. S.—American Colonization Society.

A. D.—_Anno Domini_, in the year of the Lord.

A. D. C.—Aide-de-camp.

Adj.—Adjective.

Adjt.—Adjutant.

Adjt. Gen.—Adjutant-General.

Ad lib.—_Ad libitum_, at pleasure.

Adm.—Admiral; Admiralty.

Adm. Co.—Admiralty Court.

Admr.—Administrator.

Admx.—Administratrix.

Ad v.—_Ad valorem_, at (or on) the value.

Adv.—Adverb.

Æt.—_Ætatis_, of age; aged.

A. F. B. S.—American and Foreign Bible Society.

A. F. & A. M.—Ancient Free and Accepted Masons.

A. G.—Adjutant-General.

Ag.—_Argentum_, silver.

Agr.—Agriculture.

A. G. S. S.—American Geographical and Statistical Society.

Agt.—Agent.

A. H.—_Anno Hegiræ_, in the year of the Hegira.

A. H. M. S.—American Home Missionary Society.

Ala.—Alabama.

Ald.—Alderman.

Alex.—Alexander.

Alg.—Algebra.

Alt.—Altitude.

A. M.—_Anno mundi_, in the year of the world.

A. M.—_Ante meridiem_, before noon; morning.

A. M.—_Artium Magister_, Master of Arts.

Amb.—Ambassador.

Amer.—American.

AMM.—_Amalgama_, amalgamation.

Amt.—Amount.

An.—_Anno_, in the year.

An. A. C.—_Anno ante Christum_, in the year before Christ.

Anat.—Anatomy.

Anc.—Ancient; anciently.

And.—Andrew.

Ang.-Sax.—Anglo-Saxon.

Anon.—Anonymous.

Anth.—Anthony.

Aor. or aor.—Aorist.

A. O. S. S.—_Americanæ Orientalis Societatis Socius_, Member of the American Oriental Society.

Ap.—Apostle; Appius.

Ap.—_Apud_, in the writings of; as quoted by.

A. P. G. or Ast. P. G.—Professor of Astronomy in Gresham College.

Apo.—Apogee.

Apoc.—Apocalypse.

App.—Appendix.

Apr.—April.

A. Q. M. G.—Assistant Quartermaster-General.

A. R.—_Anna Regina_, Queen Anne.

A. R.—_Anno regni_, year of the reign.

A. R. A.—Associate of the Royal Academy.

Arch.—Archibald.

Arg.—_Argumento_, by an argument drawn from such a law.

Arith.—Arithmetic.

Ark.—Arkansas.

A. R. R.—_Anno regni regis_, in the year of the reign of the king.

A. R. S. S.—_Antiquariorum Regiæ Societatis Socius_, Fellow of the Royal Society of Antiquaries.

Art.—Article.

A. S. or Assist. Sec.—Assistant Secretary.

A. S. A.—American Statistical Association.

A. S. S. U.—American Sunday-School Union.

Astrol.—Astrology.

Astron.—Astronomy.

A. T.—Archtreasurer.

A. T. S.—American Tract Society.

Ats.—At suit of.

Atty.—Attorney.

Atty.-Gen.—Attorney-General.

A. U. A.—American Unitarian Association.

Aub. Theol. Sem.—Auburn Theological Seminary.

A. U. C.—_Anno urbis conditæ_, or, _ab urbe conditâ_, in the year from the building of the city (Rome).

Aug.—August.

Aur.—_Aurum_, gold.