CHAPTER VII.

THE HAYTIAN OR TAINO LANGUAGE _restored, with fragments of the dialects of Cuba, Jamaica, Lucayas, Boriquen, Eyeri, Cairi, Araguas. Grammar, roots, and comparative Vocabularies._

At an early period I endeavored to collect all the scattered fragments of this language, in order to elucidate and support the historical traditions. This labour concluded in 1828, has given very important results, which shall now be explained. At the time of the Spanish discovery and conquest, many Spaniards spoke that language; many slaves were sent to Spain; but philology was not then attended to. Therefore we have no dictionary nor grammar of this language. Meantime the very nation has disappeared, destroyed by Spanish cruelty.

However, nearly all the early travellers and writers on the West Indies have preserved by chance, some words of it. Columbus himself mentions some of them in his original journal. Roman and Dangleria explain many of the quoted words. Others are scattered in Acosta, Gomara, Oviedo, Garcia, Diaz, Las-Casas &c.; which had never been all collected even by Vater nor Edwards. Gili alone undertook to give a long list of Haytian words; but three-fourths of them are geographical or historical names unexplained and unavailable.

I have used, compared and brought together all these loose materials, and thus succeeded in restoring about 234 words of this language, a list ample enough for all historical purposes. This contains besides 50 words of the Eyeri and eastern dialects, with 38 of the Cuban or western dialects, useful to show the variations of dialects. We know that from Bahama to Cuba, Boriquen to Jamaica, a same language was spoken in various slight dialects, but understood by all: Columbus himself says so.

But this language, which had also partly spread in Florida, and in South America, has the appearance of being a mixt speech. This appears from the many synonyms, the deviations of dialects, and the double forms, or relative position of words. In the small eastern islands the _Eyeris_ or _Cabres_ had been destroyed by the Caribs, who preserved the women, and these preserved their own language, mixt with some Carib words and taught it to their daughters; so as to produce a double language, that of the women being quite peculiar. This singular fact well authenticated, will enable us to presume a similar conquest and custom, wherever we shall meet in America, with a peculiar female idiom.

The many nations or tribes mentioned in the traditions, which had gradually amalgamated; and the settlement in Cuba and Hayti of the Mayas, will account for this mixture of synonyms. But the existence also of many homonyms, leads us to a former more simple speech, probably monosyllabic and quite regular as the oriental idioms, to which it is most akin.

From the primitive languages of North Africa and South Europe, it had received this regular position of ideas; but by the mixture with the Maya and Mexican nations using the inverse form, it borrowed that new form. The same happened in Europe to the Celtic and Oriental tribes, who received in Greece and Italy the inverse form of speech from the Scythian, Illyrian and Gothic tribes.

The comparative examination of the Haytian and dialects, was pursued by me, _upon all the languages of the earth_, as I was determined that one American nation at least, should be traced philologically to its real origin. Thus I found many thousand analogies of it, out of which I have used about 1500 in the annals, notes and vocabularies. A single American language does then contain more comparative analogies in about 200 words than all those collected by Vater and Malte, out of 400 American languages; and this fact upsets all the illusions, theories and false views, based thereon by them, Humboldt and others.

But this comprehensive labour teaches other facts, by far more important and available. 1. That American languages have analogies with all the languages of the earth, 2. That they have similar analogies with each other, 3. That it is only the superior number of analogies that may indicate a filial or parental connection out of America, 4. And that also similar greatest number of analogies, indicate the parental relations of American languages and nations between themselves, 5. Lastly that unless a language and nation is compared _with all the others_, we can never ascertain accurately, nor trace its real parentage philologically.

This consequence is obvious, although it will not please the lazy or timid philologists and historians. It shall be further pursued and elucidated hereafter; but now let us apply these rules to the Haytian.

I could give 400 comparisons. Let us select a few.

1. _Ainu of Choka_ islands between Japan and _Kamchatka_, 22 comparable words 4 alike in Haytian—Boat, house, no, drink—Mutual affinity only 21 per cent. No parentage.

2. _Singala_ of Ceylon, 50 comparable words, 16 analogies, with Haytian—Mutual affinity 32 per cent. Very distant parentage.

3. _Guanch_ of the Canary island nearest to Hayti in the east, 32 comparable words, 14 akin. Mutual affinity 42 per cent. Distant connection.

4. _Mandara._ Handsome black nation in the centre of Africa, 12 words comparable, 6 akin,—one, water, man, king, mother, river—Mutual analogies 50 per cent. Nearer connection than with the Guanch, or separation less remote.

5. _Pelagic_, or ancestors of the Greeks and Italians. Comparable words in all the ancient and modern dialects nearly 200, whereof about 160 offer more or less analogies!—Mutual affinity 80 per cent! Complete and near connection.

_Therefore the Haytians are of Pelagic origin!_ No other group of languages offer anything like as many. The nearest after, are the Atlantic L. Lybian, Egyptian, Bask, Sanscrit, Persian &c. who are all connected with the Pelagic nations. The analogies with the Tartars, Chinese, Polynesians &c., are all less in amount.

In America the Haytian affinities are of course the greatest with the _Aruac_ nations of South America; who are their brothers, and extend to the Taos of Tucuman and the Tinguis or true Patagons of Pigafetta. Yet they may have been divided long ago, or ever since their American settlement: since out of two selected for comparisons, after the vocabularies, the _Araguas_ had only 70 per cent of analogy, and the _Cairi_ only 56 per cent. The nearest affinities after these, were with the _Apalachis_, _Nachez_, _Cadoz_, _Huastecas_, _Mexican_, _Tarasca_, _Maya_, _Chontal_ &c. of N. America, and the _Darien_, _Betoy_, _Peruvian_, _Chili_, _Mbaya &c._ of South America.

Those with the nations of N. America of Asiatic origin, and the nations of South America of African origin, such as the Linapis and Guaranis, were much reduced. See the compared vocabularies.

The Haytian shall now become therefore one of the touchstones of other American languages, to verify their eastern or Atlantic origin, and above all the connection with the American Pelagians.

Let us now consider the forms and peculiarities of this interesting language, and first its phonology.

It appears to have all the sounds of the Italic languages; but it lacks the Greek TH, PS, the Cairi had _TH_. It has been written by Spaniards, and their simple orthography applies well to it; but leaves a doubt whether it had the Celtic and French û (unless it be y) Hebrew and English SH, lacking in Spanish. Their CH is as in English, and the French TCH.—It had the gutural X of the Greeks and Spanish, written X and J. Also the Spanish LL, GN or Ñ, and TZ.

It had few P being changed to B; few F often changed to V; few L changing to Y; few S changed to Z; few D changed to T.—It had no nasal sounds as in Italian, AN becoming _Ana_ &c. Many dipthongs AO, OEI, IA, AI, UA, AU, EI &c. as in Italian, each vowel sounded. This made the language soft, pleasing and musical as in Italian and Polynesian. Dangleria says the accent was always on the last syllable, as in French.

On the grammar of it, nothing has been written; what Vater has said is quite loose and inaccurate. We have not even the _Lord’s Prayer_ in it, so as to serve as a model. Our only guides are a few translated phrases of Roman and Dangleria; but they enable us to perceive the main features of it.

One of the chief was the great use of articles, as in Italian; but with a peculiar one GUA, put commonly before, but sometimes after the nouns. It was a demonstrative article, meaning _such_, or _this_, _that_, _these_, _those_; but never changing and common as our _The_: while this indicative _The_ was declinable or changing as in the Italic languages, and extremely various, although always prefixed, expressed by I, HI, HIN, NI, N’, ZI, LI &c. A third kind of article was O, which when added, appears to have been comparative, and to mean _Akin_, _Like_, _Similar_, or our English AS. The relative article _Of_ was A prefixed.

Examples of Articles.

_Gua-yava_ This pear. _Gua-ma_ This great, or lord. _Gua-tiaos_ Those brothers. _Ma-za-gua_ Great plain such. _Bala-gua_ Sea such, the ocean. _I-Guana_ The guana or lizard. _Ni-taino_ The good or noble. _Mi-taino_ My noble lord. _Li-ani_ The wife. Eyeri dialect. _Hin-Guaili_ The such-sons, the children. _Ziba o_ Stone like, stony. _A-na_ Of bloom, a flower. _A-boria_ Of labor, a vassal. _A-maca_ Of wood, a bed. _A-ma_ Of great, water. _A-reiti_ Of rite, song.

These articles formed probably the declinations of nouns, as we do not perceive a different desinense. This form was more like the Celtic, Oscan, and Greek, than the Latin.

The feminine was formed nearly as in Italian, O changing to A.—_Taino_, _Taina_, Lord, Lady—_Hito_, _Hita_, Man, Woman; but there must have been irregularities difficult to trace: as some words masculine end in I, S, N, U, L. Perhaps some were neutral.

Some words are formed by duplication, implying an amplitude, as in the Oriental language.—_Bi_ life, _Bibi_ mother and wife in dialects. _Ba_ habitation, _Baba_, _Vava_ Father. _Ma_ great, _Mama_ mother. _Xau_ cake, _Xauxau_ bread or large cake.

The plurals are chiefly in I as in Italian, or in S as in Spanish; but there are some irregular plurals. _Taino_, _Taini_, Lord, Lords. _Hito_, _hitos_ man, men.

EL son. ILI sons. _Zemi_ angel, _Zemes_ angels.

The Eyeri dialect forms many plurals in UM. _Eyeri_ man, _Eyerium_ men; _Inaru_ woman, _Inayum_ women.

The adjectives are put before or after the substantives, blending the two forms; and the prevailing form in compound words is doubtful, perhaps the regular as in Latin.

Examples of regular position.

_Hay-ti_ Land-high. _Ana-caona_ Flower (of) gold. _Buhui-tihu_ Priest high or eminent.

Examples of inverse positions.

_Bo-hito_ Old man or priest. _Jaya-el_ Earth-son. _N’abor-itas_ The working men.

The adjectives are chiefly formed from nouns, and often by a simple O added, thus _Ziba_ stone, _Zibao_ stony, _Zibayo_ mount.

_Turei_ heaven, _Tureigua_ heavenly or heaven-like.

_Duhos_ wealth, _Duihzi_ wealthy or wealth-is.

The superlatives are commonly formed by duplication. _Ua_ old, _Uaua_ very old. _Co_ fruitful, _Coco_ very fruitful, the coco nut.

Or else by the affix _Ma_ which amplifies every thing.

The pronouns appear very simple.

MI, M’ first person for I, me, my, mine; but _our_ is _Ahia_?

TI, T’ Second person for thee, thou, thy, thine.

LI, L’ Third person for he, she, his, her.

NI, N’ Common like _It_ or rather _On_ of the French.

How their plurals are formed, is doubtful; but perhaps the inflexions alone formed them. These pronouns are pure Italian! or rather primitive. They were often dispensed with as in Italian.

Of the verbs we know little or nothing. By a few examples of the verb _to be_, it was quite irregular as with us.

_Ei_ To be—_Tei_ be thou—_Bei_ being. _Beira_ a being—_Dacha_ I am. _El_ he is—_Zi_ it is, this is.

In these _Ei_ appears the root, derives from _Eil_, and was then similar to _El_ son, as _Zi_ to _Izi_ eyes.

This verb joined to others was added to words. _Guarocoel_ we know he is, may be analyzed _Gua-roco-el_ such-know-he-is.

We have an example of negative verbs in _Macabuca_ I do not care, which is _Macabuca_ not-care, or never-mind; in French _n’importe_, in Italian _non curo_.

Of the syntax we may form an idea by the few preserved phrases; which I have analyzed as follow, and compared with the Italian.

1. _Teitoca_ thou be quiet. _Tacitu_ Italian. _tocheta_ much. _molto._ _zinato_ angry. _irato._ _Guame-chyna_ this great God. _gran-Nume._

2. _Gua-ibba_ that go. _Vai_ It. _zinato_ angry. _irato._ _macabuca_ not care. _non curo._

3. _Dios_ Spanish God. _Dio_ It. _Aboria_ Servant. _Servo._ _dacha_ I am. _Sono._

This idiom or position of words is perfect in Italian which admits of many transpositions; but in English syntax and idiom these phrases mean

1. Be quiet, God will be very angry. 2. Begone, I do not care if he is angry. 3. I am the servant of the Spanish God.

The Haytian numbers have not been transmitted to us, and I could only collect the following secondary numbers—_Ata_ first, _Bem_ second, _Abem_ third: which however are primitive and indicate a binary numeration: although the language had probably the decimals.

By a careful analytical process I have been able to decompose the compound words, and even reach their monosyllabic roots. All the long words can be thus analyzed, and show that this compound form only arises, as usual in American languages, by the blunders of the Spanish writers, who wrote long words instead of short ones; blending articles and affixes. The Haytian thus analyzed and reduced is a very simple language, approximating to the primitive and oriental forms, wherein short monosyllables of generic import, formed the base of the speech, and became modified by union and relative position.

By these means the following essential roots of the language have been collected, and are given to help future similar investigations of American languages.

Examples of composition.

_Cazabi_ Bread. _Ca-za-bi_ soil-fruitful-life. _Manati_ Sea cow. _Ma-na-ti_ great-thing-eminent. _Turei_ Heaven. _T’ur-ei_ Thou-light-be. _Furzidi_ Cloudy. _Fur-zi-di_ gloom-it-is-day. (or now) _Areiti_ Song, rites. _A-rei-ti_ of reality eminent. _Nanichi_ Soul. _Na-ni-chi_ thing the active. _Maroyo_ Moon. _Ma-ro-yo_ great lovely.

74 essential monosyllabic roots of this language or genera of ideas.

A, Of, as, like. AC, Holy, sacred, religious. AM, Water, root, plenty. AN, Male thing, man, people, folk. AT, One, alone, first, unic. BA, Father, ancestor, dwelling. BAL, Raft, floating, wave, sea. BAN, Wind, air. BAO, Music, lyre, instrument. BAT, Beating, game, play, ball. BEM, Second, double, twin, two, next. BI, Life, wife, mother. BOA, Habitation, house. BOR, Labor, work, vassal, service. CA, Land, soil, earth, dry. CAN, Fish, swift, bad. CHI, Active, soul, work, wine, lively. CHON, Hot, dry, fever. CHUC, Take, grasp, hold. CO, Soil, fruitful, fountain, dog, thread. COAI, Joy, delight, happiness. CU, Chapel, altar, hearth, fire, all. CUS, Worm, creeping. DI, Day, now, actual. DUH, Wealth, riches, treasures, property. EI, Existence, to be. EL, Son, tribe, child, he is. FUR, Gloom, dark, cloud, fury. GIA, Fowl, bird, flying. GUA, Such, this, that, these, those. GUEY, Shell, hollow, closed. HA, Yes, sure, certain. HI, The, indication, here. HIO, House, hut, cottage. HUIB, Head. I, The, sign of life and action. IO, God, the living-type. IT, Man, male. IN, Woman, female. IZ, Eyes, looks. L’, LI, He, she, they, his &c., oft. changed to Y. MA, Great, big, larger, increase, mothers, water &c. MAS, Food, to eat &c. MI, M’, Me, my, mine. NA, Thing, bloom, lizard. NI, N’, The thing, my thing. NO, NOA, Boat, navigation, noble. O, Like, similar, akin. OB, Copper, yellow. OP, Dead. PU, Wood, purple. RA, REI, Real, rite, evidence, offspring. RIS, Red. RO, Love, belove. RI, Male, people, men. SOR, West, Eve, late, far. TOA, Breast, milk. TI, High, lofty, eminent. TAB, Tube, pipe. TAI, TIAO, Brother, friend, good. TOC, Rest, peace, quiet. UA, Old, ancient. UR, Light. UT, Rabbits. VA, Cave, hollow, father, origin. VAR, War, warrior. XAU, Cake, baked, bread. XI, Strong, pungent, pepper. YAR, End, tail, vent. YU, White, bright. ZA, Grass, fruitful, plenty. ZEM, Angels, deities, idols. ZIB, Stone, rock. ZIC, King, ruler.

Such was the Haytian language, once spoken by several millions, and a western branch of the Pelagic stock; that derived from the Asiatic _Pelegs_ and _Palis_, once peopled nearly all the shores of the Mediterranean 3 or 4000 years ago.

The following comparative vocabularies will prove this fact. They have not been made to support it; but to find the truth, and the probable ancestors of this American nation, by seeking them all over the earth. If this nation one of the nearest to the eastern hemisphere, is thus found of such remote antiquity, those further removed and inland may well be deemed equally old, or rather older still: which their own history shall disclose.

Out of the 234 words collected; many it will be perceived, are hardly comparable; being names of peculiar animals and plants. About 200 offer comparisons with our languages well known. It must be remarked that the Spaniards borrowed many Haytian words, which have since been introduced into Spanish and other European languages. Humboldt has given a list of them. Those admitted in the English language now are, hurricane, canoe, keys or islands, tobacco, pimento, yam, tomato, cassava, savana, mahogany, patatas, mangrove, indigo, copal, maize, bananas, parrot, guano, coco, cacao, guava, hammock or hanging bed &c.; which must not be compared, since they have been borrowed by us from the Haytian. The Spaniards have besides, chichas, balza, Cazic spelt cacique, aguti, manati, maguey, tiburo, guayac, macana, bejuco, nigua, tuna, aji, zeyba, &c.

Yet several of those words may be usefully compared in ancient languages often extinct, previous to the late connection with America. Thus we find analogies for maize, canoe, cazic, cayman, yam, chicha, macana, manati &c., in many: indicating very ancient connections.—Even the words manati, hurricane, canoe, nigua &c., have affinities in modern Italic languages, not derived from Hayti.

_Comparative_ TAINO _Vocabulary of Hayti._

_Authorities_,—R. Roman—C. Columbus—D. Dangleria,—Ac. Acosta,—Her. Herrera,—M. Munoz,—L. Las-Casas,—O. Oviedo,—G. Garcia or Gili,—E. Edwards,—H. Humboldt,—V. Vater,—A. all or nearly all of them,—Laet,—Diaz,—St. Mery,—Ey. Eyeri Dialect.

All or whole QUIS R. D. Xus O.

Analogies, _Oya_ Congo, _Jikoga_ Japan, _Chukoat_ Nepal, _Huy_ Copt, _Qualunque_ Italy.—_Ixquich_ Mexican, _Kiyih_ Mohigan &c.

Angel and Idol. ZEMI, _Zemes_, _Chemes_ A. analogies in annals.

Alligator or crocodile. CAYMAN A.—

_Caram_ Bornu, _Taymah_ Arabic, _Cuina_ Bechuana, _Caimio Chamoa_ Egyptian Dialects.—_Cayman_ Peruvian, _Camac_ Mexican, _Amangam_ Linapi.

Ants or pismires COMEXON R. see notes. Apple, pear, guava. GUAVA, _Guaiva_, _Guayaba_, _Xagua A._—

_Apis_, _Puar_, old French, _Apple_ English, _Aguas_, _Carba_ Pelagic, _Carpos_ Greek, _Carpath_ Aramic, _Ribi_ Egypt.

Angry ZYNATO D.—

_Irato_ Ital, _Orgytheis_ Greek, _Cato_ (bad) Ausonian, _Yahat_ Malay, _Ita_ Tonga.

Am, I am DACHA D.—

_Nach_ Turan, _Da_ (is) Bask, _Davo_ Sanscrit.—_Naca_ Maipuri, _Ehaca_ Tarasca.

Arachis or ground-nut. MANI, _Manis_ A.—_Nux_ Latin.

Aloe MAGUEY. Magheih H.—_Agave_ Greek.

Annona or Papaw GUANAVAN H.

Ananas or pine-apple BONIAMA G. _Fanpolomi_ E.

Annato or red paint ACHIOTO H. _Bixa_ G.

Apart, aside, the side NARA R.—_Parte_ It., _Share_ English &c.

Armadillo ATATU E.

Army GUARAVARA G., see War.

Air, see Wind.

Above _Ubek_ in Eyeri. _Super_, _Ubique_, Latin.

Breast and milk TOA R—primitive word found in all languages,—

_Teth_ Celtic, _Tit_ Saxon, _Tad_ Chaldaic, _Toho_ Ainu, _Aha_ (milk) Aramic, _Aho_ Guanche, _Tea_ Bisharis, _Doa_ Hindu &c.

Bread or cake CAZABI, _Cazavi_ A. _Cuac_, _Maru_ in dialects.—

Also primitive found in 100 languages. _Oguia_ Bask, _Ahran_ Celtic and Berber, _Shakua_ Abask, _Kabaka_ Nuba, _Khas_ Haikan, _Maru_ Zingani, _Yacu_ Dhagul mountains, _Axaus_ Pelagic, _Artos_ Greek &c.—_Cuzavi_ Tayrones, _Cosque_ Chili, _Casaah_ Cado, _Cancu_ Peru, _Shokua_ Atakapas, _Pasca_ Apalachi &c.

Be, to be, TEI, EI D.—Primitive.

_Ei_ Aramic, _E_ Italic, _Hei_ Arabic, _Eu_ Armoric, _Hei_ Oscan, _Esti_ Greek, _E_ Haikan, _Hein_ Pelagic, Eolian, _Pet_ Egypt &c.—_Eini_ Tarasca, _Atz_ Chaymas &c.

Being, and a being, BEI, BEIRA A.—primitive, same roots,

Boat, CANOA A. _Pages._—

Primitive word of 100 languages, _Nau Sanscrit_, Pelagic, Osset, _Nave_, _Barca_ Italic, _Naus_ Greek, _Guyon_ Guanch, _Scafo_, _Cahekiu_ Sicilian, _Xepec_ Lybian, _Bacolo_ Illyric, _Cahani_ Ainu, _Cayic_ Turk, _Doa_ Arabic, _Naos_ Haikan, _Ani_ Aramic, _Cana_ Bastul or Iberian, _Naoi_ Celtic, _Kan_ Teutonic &c.—_Noatek_ Mbaya, _Canahua_, _Canabir_ Galibis, _Palayak_ Aleutian, _Banias_ Panama &c.

Bird, fowl, BOGIAEL R. _Ipis_ in Cuba.—

Compare _Halit_ and _Ibis_ Egypt, _Pirid_ old Saxon, _Ipira_ Hindu, _Vogel_ German, _Pollo_ Oscan. _Ugedu_ Sicily, _Ogia_ Celtic, _Uchel_ Ausonian, _Bo_ Burman, _Mapel_ Suanic, _Haliga_ Pelagic &c.—_Gualpa_ Peru, _Coxol_ Huasteca &c.

Bed. AMACA A. _Amazas_ L. _Barbacoa_ H. _Nehera_, _Nekera in Dialects_.—

_Ekia_, _Kunera_, Greek, _Tamapat_ Malay, _Nedokuri_ Japan, _Cama_ Lusitanian, _Make_ Egypt—_Camata_ Peru, _Amaca_, _Akat_ Galibi, _Mucara_ Betoy? _Amaca_ Yaoy, _Chinchero_ Guarauna.

Blue and violet, TUNNA, _Quibey_, _Guei_, dialects.—_Cyanus_ Greek, _Chuanta_ Abask.

Beer, CHICHA A.—

_Alicha_, _Cheruisa_ Gauls, _Chelia_ Cantabrians, _Chacoli_ Bask, _Shashu_ China, _Ichua_, _Isua_ African Atlantes, _Acha_ (Wine) Aramic—_Chica_ Peru, _Chicha_ Chili, Mbayas, _Cachina_ Apalachi, _Huicu_ Galibis &c.

Beloved, loved, ROZI, _Berozi_ R.—

_Eros_ Greek, _Behar_ Persian, _Careich_ Celtic, _Cara_ Italic and Hebrew, _Heri_ Sanscrit, _Eiras_, _Meres_ Egypt, _Amore_ Italian, _Amuri_ Sicilian.

Ball, ball-game, BATOS D. _Batei_ G.—

_Orpatos_ Greek, _Ballota_ Italic, _Baton_ French, _Bandy_, _Bate_ old English—_Pali_, _Palican_ Chili.

Beast, beastly, wild, _Caracol_ R.—

_Caracal_ Lybian, _Car_ Turan, _Heraca_, _Ferua_ Italy, _Caracol_ Berber Atlantes, _Caracoler_ old French, _Ho-lo_ old Chinese, _Olo-olo_ Bugis and Macasar.

Basket, HAVA G.—Primitive, see Cave.

Bright, TUREIGNA D.—see Light.

Bananas, BANANAS Her. _Camois_ G.

Bad fellow, VAQUIANO Ac.—_Paquiano_ Sicily.

Brother, GUATIAO Her.—_Tayo_ Polynesia, _Fratielo_ Ital. D.

Blood, MOINALU Ey.—

_Omoina_ Aramic, _Idoimen_ African Atlantes, _Odola_ Bask, _Zemo_ Zend, _Tola_ Arabic, _Haimai_ Pelagic, _Haematos_ Greek, _Aimonos_ Romaic, _Hamanos_ Illyric, _Mulu_ Koriak and Kamchatka.

Corn, maize, MAHIZ, MAYZ A.—

_Maiza_ Bask. _Mas_ Nepal and Congo. _May_ Kirata of Imalaya, _Me_ Chinese, _Maza_ Pelagic, _Maiz_ Turan, _Zimidi_, _Zimind_ Caucasian languages, _Mozen_ Guanch, _Tiemzin_, _timezin tomzin_ African Atlantic—_Hazez_ Apalachi, _Iziz_ Huasteca, _Zara_ Peru, _Yasit_ Cora, _Umita_ Chili.

Cold, YMIZUI R.—_Hima_ Sanscrit, _Hiems_ Latin, _Frimat_ French.

Cave, cavern, COVA, _Vava_ D. _Giaga_, _Beina_ O.—

_Cava_, _Cabina_, _Phinon_ Pelagic, _Caura_ Lybian, _Thebi_ old Egyptian, _Tabaita_ Ausonian, _Ketena_, _Phian_ Oscan and Etruscan? _Libanah_, _Cuena_ Aramic, _Tana_ Sicily, _Deina_ Teuton ... Primitive.

Cotton, MAPU E. ZEIBA A.—_Gosupon_ Greek, _Kapas_, _Kipi_ Sanscrit language,

_Bombaz_ Pelagic, _Cosib_ old Arabic.

Cloth, see dress.

Club, see sword.

Copper, TUOB C. Yellow copper, HOBIN D.—_Kuop_ Pelagic, _Kupros_ Greek, _Cupreus_ Latin.

Careless, I don’t care, MACABUCA D.—_Bucanaco_ Congo.

Cutting, knife, HENEQUEN.—_Ecuta_ Bask, _Totenika_ Greek, _Sikunatant_ Pehlvi, _Kangiac_ Arabic &c.

Children or tribe, EL, ILI, GUAILI R.—Primitive, analogies already given in annals.

Clusia alba, or copal tree, COPEI, _Copal_ G. H.

Conch-shell, _Maguey_ C. as Aloe.

Cake, XAUXAU G. _Akes_ C. see Bread. _Xau_ is primitive.

Cocos, COCO G. _Coquillas_ in Boriquen.

Cedar, CAUVANA G.

Cacao, CACAO A. same in Mexico &c.

Church, temple, chapel, CU Acosta, _Tzia_.—Primitive, same name in Maya, Chontal, Mexican &c. _Gu_ Japan, _Tia_ Chinese D.

Cloudy, FURZIDI, Her.

Cane, YARUMA, Her.

Crabs, _Taracolas_.—_Grankio_ Italian, _Harkinos_ Greek.

Dress, mantle, cloth, COCHIO D. R. _Yaguas_ Her.—

_Ahico_ Guanch, _Haico_ Berber, _Cachaca_ Gaul, _Cochaya_ Slavonian—_Poncho_ Chili, _Cuayo_ Galibi.

Danse and song, rites and worship AREITOS A., _Areites_ D., _Areiti_ G., _Batocos_ G.—

_Iroitos_ sacred songs of Greeks, _Ticos_ Illyrian, _Artesis_, _Orchesis_, _Xoreite_, danses of Pelagians and Greeks, _Ariette_ (song) French and Ital., _Hurah_ Saxon, _Ahura_ Havay—_Yaravis_ Peru, _Mitotes_ Mexican.

Dog, _Cuchis_, _Gochis_, _Alco_ (a peculiar kind.)—

_Khoy_ Caucasus, _Cunis_ Pelagic, _Kiuen_ China, _Chiu_ Mungur of Nepal, _Chien_ French, _Cucus_ Persian, _Cucura_ Sanscrit, _Cucha_ Newar, _Cuxur_ Nepal, _Cuncha_ Guanch Atlantes, _Cuch_ Curdish, _Cho_ Siam—_Chichi_, _Alco_ Mexican, _Chegua_ Chili, _Cule_ Lule, _Allco_ Peru, _Vichu_ Tarasca.

Day, DI—Primitive _Dies_ Latin and all Pelagic languages.

Daughter, RAHEN Ey.—

_Chera_ Copt, _Ahu_, _Raena_ Sanscrit, _Nuora_ Italic—_Ninah_ Darien, _Tahira_ Omagua.

Dead, ghost, spirit, OPIA, _Opoyem_, _Goeiz_.—

_Boa_ old Ethiopic, _Aporoya_ Pelagic, _Iya_ Bishri, _Obit_ Latin, _Leoba_ Irish, _Zabi_ Bask, _Obiah_, _Oabye_, Africans—_Pitini_, _Conopas_ Peru, _Ho_, _Obihi_ Othomi, _Maboya_ Galibi, _Chipi_ Ottawa.

Devil and Evil, TUYRA D., see Annals. _Mabuya_ Eyeri is Carib.

Eternal, MAMONA R. _Jemao_, title of God, see Annals.

Earth, land, and island, JAYA, _Khaya_, _Cayos_, _Hay_, _Guaca_ &c. A.—Primitive, see Annals.

Eat, to eat, food, to feed, IMAS, Mani A.—

_Mets_ Celtic, _Yam_ Slavic, _Jian_ Bask, _Ishamas_ Kamchatka, _Macanu_ Malay, _Uem_ Copt, _Mas_ Sanscrit and Thibet, _Mashu_ Nepal—_Micuni_ Peruvian.

End, tail, YARIMA D.—

_Uras_ Greek, _Ora_ Anglo-Saxon, _Gomera_ Aramic, _Oari_ Japan, _Ura_ Manchu, _Brim_ Teutonic—_Yara_ Tarasca.

Emerald, gem, and money, AGUACAT, O.—_Achates_ Greek, _Agata_ Latin &c.

Eyes, IZI, O.—Primitive, _Mizi_ in Polynesia, _Opsis_ Greek, _Aiz_ English, _Iz_ Oriental language—_Cosi_ Cahiri.

Field, plain, CONUCO G. V. ZAVANA _Zanaga, Mazagua_, A.—

_Khana_ Pehlvi, _Bashan_ old Arabic, _Chonu_ Yakut, _Azagar, Zahal, Caha, Amaza_, African Atlantes, _Coy_ Copt, _Ager_ Latin, _Kuni_, _Nabeku_ Iberian Spanish—_Cog_ Guarani, _Cu_ Omaguas, _Tzallan_ Huasteca.

Fly, flying-insect, COCUYO, _Cuinix_, _Zievas_.—_Huica_ Pelagic, Cuic Sanscrit, _Musca_ Latin.

Fountain, COA, _Maca_, _Mini_.—_Cum_ Hindi, _Ain_ Arabic, _Hecoas_ Pelagic.

Frog, TOA G. Onomatopeia.

Father, AHIA, _Baia_, R., _Vava_, _Baba_ Ey.—Primitive, found in 500 languages.—

_Bap_ Lybian, _Ibas Babas_ of atlantes, _Ab_ Oriental Lang, _Pa_ Thibet, _Yaya_ Kawi, _Babo Avo_ Italy, _Ayenl_ French, _Ay_ Votiac and Edda, _Oaba_ Abase, _Aita_ Bask; _Ba Ab Baba_, Sanscrit; _Bay_ Jolof.—_Yaya_ Peru, _Iyay_ Taos, _Haia_ Sheba, _Ochai_ Yaqui, _Yapa_ Cora, _Lahai_ Cochimi and Lamones, _Ahay_ Eslen, _Aoy_ Eclemac, _Aya_ Yarura, _Yai_ Zamuca, _Ahen_ Yameos, _Yare_ Puri, _Baba_ Saliva, _Papa_ Tamanac and Cuna, etc.

Frolic, Intoxication.—_Barbasco_ St. Mary, _Frasco_ Sicilian.

Fish, ICAN, _Guaycan M_.—

_Ihan_ Malay, _Icthos_ Greek, _Guiena_ Iolof, _Nga_, _Gna_ Limbua and Newar of Nepal, _Piscan_ Oscan, _Ica_ Tonga and Nukahiva, _Sakana_ Japan, _Iguah_ Java,—_Yacun_ Wokon, _Hucat_ Cora, _Makach_ Nachez.

Fire, CUYO D, _Cuxo_ H.—

_Ecu_ Hottentot, _Cuat_, _Taquat_ afr Atlantes, _Guy_ Kawi, _Koke_ Coptic, _Ogiak_ Turk, _Cuasi_ Japan, _Fuyo_ Iberian, _Fuoco_ Italy, _Ucut_ Moluccas.—_Totecuh_ Muscolgi, _Cu_ Sussih, _Icu_ Lulè, _Eguza_ Saliva, _Yucu_, _Xucu_ Moxas, _Cutha_, Chili, _Cuyah_ Malali, _Cuati_ Sapibo, _Kueh_ Taculis.

Fire-fly, CUCUYOS G. _Cucuyo_ H. _Locuyos_ H. _Cucuix_ D. _Zievas_ in Lucayas O. see Fire and Fly.

Foe, ANAKI O. _Akani_ Ey.—

_Katahi_ Japan, _Neikos_ (strife) Greek, _Uaina_ Slavic, _Vahini_ Sanscrit, _Katalki_ Kendy, _Anakim_ Aramic, _Acanitu_ Sicilian, _Nemico_ Italian.

Flower, Blossom, ANA A.—

_Anu_, _Mana_, Egypt, _Anota_ Singala, _Anathos_ Greek, _Suan_ Newar, _Athina_ Palo, _Tana_ Japan, _Dani_ Othomi.

Fruit. INAS. GUAUANAS, Ac.—Derived from Flower.

Fruitful Co.—_Com_ Iberian, _Comestible_ French.

Fever, see heat.

Flamingo, Red bird. IPIRIS Diaz in Cuba.

God. JOVANA O. _Yocahuna_ R. and many other names and titles in all the Islands. See the annals and notes. All are compound primitive words: additional analogies.—

_Jan_ Janus of Etruscans, _Ju_ Ombrian, _Yu_ Ausonian, _Jovis_ Latin,—_Jona_, _Yauna_, _Juncva_, _Jaungoieva_ of Basks—_Jo-cauna_, _Janum_ of Lybians, IEUE of Moses, _Joh_ Luchu, _Yavang_ Sunda, _Iona_ Troyan, _Iunak_ Slavic, _Achaman Ahican_ Guanch, &c.—_Yah_, _yoha vah_ Chactah, _Hioh_ New Albion, _Yaho_ Apalachi, _Oyuac_ Old Peruvian, _Jahuagon_ Huron, _Wakon_ Ozages, _Conome_ Yaruras, _Oho_ Aleutian, _Ogha_ Othomi, &c.

Great, Big, Large. MA, _Magua_, _Guama_, A.—Primitive, akin to all old Languages,

—_Magnus_ Latin, _Megas_ Greek, _Ma_ Oriental and Sanscrit Languages, _Masa_ Pehlvi, _Mese_ Zend, _Maha_ Hindu and Bali, _Maque_ Jolof, _Maunu_ Fulah, _Mah_ Iran, _Mag_ Medic and Irish, _Guadul_ Phenician, _Maigh_ Celtic, _Magla_ Carthuli, _Waka_ Japan.—_Ecuah_ Tzuluki, _Gua_ Nachez, _Guazu_ Guarami, _Zhuma_ Muyzcas, _Ma_ Apalachi, _Manaho_ Othomi.

Green. HUARAHUA, _Guaragua_ Laet.—

_Xloris_ Greek, _Viridis_ Latin, _Huryo_ Nepal,—_Veragua_ Chontal.

Gold. CAONA, CAUNI—

_Canchana_ Sanscrit, _Sona_ Hindu, _Kin_ China, _Sanu_ Manding, _Sun_ Nepal, _Cancha_, Peru.

Go and Come. HA. _Guaiba_ D.—

_Odebo_ Greek, _Amòular_, _Va_, _Vaya_ Italic D, _Hanba_ Cosa afr, _Ya_, _Gati_ Sanscrit,—_Hoye_ Tarahumara, _Hupua_ Yaqui, _Aya_ Chactah, _Hai_ Patagon, _Auha_ Aleutian.

Gourd. HIGUERA. _Hibuera_ D. O. _Hibue ra_ M.—

_Guara_ Bask, _Cucurbita_ Latin.

Gentle, mild, tame. MATUM D. _Boniatum_ O.—

_Manso_ Italy, _Matio_ (Foolish,) _Amato_ (beloved), _Bonus_, _mitis_ Latin, _Gathos_ Greek.

Guitar, Lyre. HABAO. R.— _Hiuhaba_ Bask, _Chobao_ Hindi, _Balajo_ Jolof, _Oboe_, _Hinoa_ Italic D.

Garden, Delight, Joy, Happiness. COAI R. CHALI Ey.—

_Lali_, _Loula_ Egypt, _Chagla_ Aramic, _Shali_ Cashmir, _Shialar_ Sicily, _Gala_ Italy, _Yaul_ Scand, _Hali_ Zend, _Coya_ Pelagic, _Noali_ Armoric,—_Quali_ Mexican, _Haylli_ Peru, _Ululaez_ Maya.

Ghost, Spirit of Dead. GOEIZ. _Opoyem_ Ey.—

_Necuya_ Epirian, _Goe_ Greek, _Ghaib_ Aramic and Persian, _Goiti_ Slavic—_Goz_ Vilela, _Coyocop_ Nachez, _Aguis_ Peru.

Grand-father. AHIACAVO R. See Father. _Narguti_ In Eyeri D.

Guayac, Holy-wood. GUAYAC. _Guayacan_ H. _Guacum_ O.

Grove, Forest. ARCABUTOS Ac.

Good. TIAO R. _Taino_ D. See noble.

House, Habitation. BOA. _Bohio_ A. _Bai_ R. _Canei_ M. _Tunohoko_ Eyeri D. Primitive.—

_Ocos_ Pelagic, _Hustau_ Romanic, _Acam_ Afr Atlantic, _Uyon_ Uigur, _Huis_ Old French, _Khaneh_ Persian, _Kanaba_ Thibet, _Oneh_ Old Egypt, _Bantaba_ Fulah, _Beit_, _baith_ Aramic, _Bara_ Pelvi, _Batos_, _Beotes_ Pelagic, _Xoa_ Dorian, _Hu_ Chinese, _Bohiga_ Celtic, _Ca_ Etruscan, _Abode, Booth_ English—_Bohio_ Apalachi, _Buhio_ Maya, _Ochoch_ Poconchi, _Aothi, Baua_ Galibi, _Pokos_ Tao, _Nixai_ Quiché, _Uya_ Lulé, _Bahi_ Aruac, _Huachi_ Peru, _Oca_ Guarani, _Uca_ Omagua, _Ba_ Mizteca, _Chaho_ Tarasca.

Head, Summit, beginning, upon, peak. ZIMU D. _Huibo_.—

_Cima_, _Suma_ Italic, _Ima Sama_ Pelagic and Sanscrit, _Imula_ Ombay Id, _Kimita_ Yedzo, _Kima_ Ligurian, _Iman_ Arabic, _Zimba_ Bunda Congo, _Yuma_ Japan—_Uma_ Peruvian, _Chémé_ Quiché, _China_ Poconchi, _Umitz_ Nutka, _Muhuti_ Cora, _Yama_ Othomi.

Heliconia. BIHAO.

High, lofty, eminent, excellent, strong, raised. TIHU. _Tichetu, Car, Huibo, Uta_—

_Ti_ Pelagic, _Tien_ Chinese, _Tithos_ Greek, _Auti, Alti_ Italic, L. _Tith_ Lybian, _Tip_ Saxon, _Timal_ Oscan, _Tohu_ Copt, _Gibor_ Aramic, _Bop_ Jolof, _Obo_ Mogol, _Ube_ Singala.—_Iba_ Apalachi, _Uebo, Uipo_ Galibi, _Hayo_ Cado.

Heaven, sky. TUREI D. _Siela_ O, _Coaiba_ R. _Coyaba_ (Paradise.) _Soraya_ (West sky.) _Ubec_ Ey.—

_Uranus_, _Skia_ Greek, _Turan_ Old Persian, _Irem_ Persian, _Aru_ Osset, _Ciel_ French, _Coelum_ Latin, _Arai_ Tahiti, _Coelba_ Ausonian, _Suraga_ Bugis, _Suroloyo_ Kawi, _Surya_ Sanscrit, _Sora_ Japan, _Uren_ Armoric, _Arai_ Turan, _Serua_ Baik, _Urain_ Pelagic, _Hyalla_ Fullah.—_Capu_ Yaoy and Tamanac, _Coane_ Maya, _Cabu_ Otomacas, _Turci_ Paria, _Hetucoba_ Apalachi, _Yabe_ Guarani, _Purini_ Tarasca, _Cabo_ Galibi, _Tacab_ Poconchi, _Pacha_ Aymara.

Heart and Soul. NANICHI—

_Nasha_ Chaldic, _Anima_ Latin, _Han_ Chinese, _Gan_ Turk, _Huchi_ Deri Persian, _Uhane_ Havay, _Zinio_ Afgan, _Nima_ Pelagic, _Amé_ Egypt, _Anichal_ Celtic, _Nehima_ Congo,—_Kaueshin_ Aleutian, _Ichick_ Huazteca, _Agna_ Cumana, _Cama_ Peru, _Nashawanith_ Powhatan, _Ninohuani_ Galibi, _Nandi_ Ottomaca, _Juani_ Yarura, _Amitani_ Maipuri, &c.

Holy. AUC D. YAC G. GUACA R.—

_Cadish_ Aramic, _Aucus_ Old Latin, _Hagios_ Greek, _Agi_ Touga, _Haga_ Pelagic, _Ca_ Turan, _Hancus_ Ausonian, _Khuab_ Old Egypt,—_Aca_, _huaca_ Peru, _Wakon_ Dacota, _Huacan_ Cora, _Hualic_ Huazteca.

Heat, hot, fever, dry. ZECHON. ZEZIONES M.—

_Ako_ Old Arabic, _Sicus_ Latin, _Xerone_, _Chaone_ Pelagian, _Chon_ Egypt, _Chaud_ (Cho) French, _Cau_ Romanic,—_Achi_ Chili.

Hog, Swine, Pecari. ZAINO. _Scuna_ Ac.

—_Sis-ino_ Japan, _Chinia_ Ausonian, _Suina_ Russian, _Zayos_ Pelagic, _Zanno_ Oscan, _Zinial_ Ligurian, _Muaca_, _Charcu_ Celtic, _Taguazen_ Guanch,—_Tayasu_ Guarani, _Sayones_ Calamari, _Nigda_ Mbaya.

His, her, He, she. LI.

Hill. HUIBO D. _Carive_ Laet, see mountain.

Hollow, hole, YARA. _Yari_, _Yaru_. _Coatris_.—_Trou_, _Creux_ French.

Hut. BOHARQUE M. _Canei_ G. _Tuhonoko_ Ey. See House.

Insect. See Little.

Island, CAYA, _Caic_, _Caiz_, _Caiques_. All—see Earth and Land.

Infinite, RAPITA, _Apito_, _Virita_ R. D. O. title of God with _Guaca_ holy. Analogies with _Rapid_ and _Veritas_ Latin.

Invisible, GUIMAZOA, _Zuimaco_, _Quinazona_ R. D. O.—other title of God, compound words, perhaps of different import: with many affinities in divine names of Lybia, &c.

In, Within, Inside. _Hiqui_ in Cuba Laet. _Nacan_ C.

Indigo, DIGO R.

Is, it is, this is. ZI—primitive _Ze_ in Mosaic and Oriental Languages.—He is, she is, EL or _eil_, see Grammar.

King. CAZIC A. _Cacique_, _Caciqui_, _Caxicus_, _Casiche_ Various spellings.—See the Annals.

Knowledge, to know. GUAROCO, D.—_Char_ Aramic, _Imparar_ Italic, _Rasaca_ Malay.

Life. BI G.—Primitive. I Oriental L. _Vita_ Italic, _Bios_ Greek, _Vie_ French.

Lizard. GUANA. _Iguana_ A. _Yuanas_ Her,—_Aguana_ Guinea, _Iagandu_ Congo, _Athaguan_ Pelagic, _Manatha_ Aramic, _Guha_ Singala,—_Iuganas_ Cumana, _Leguan_ Aruwak.

Labor. BORIA.

Laborer, Vassal, Servant. NABOR, _Anaboria_, _Naboritis_. See Annals.

Little, Small, Nothing, Insect. NIGUA. _Nianti_ Ey.—

_Nigu_, _niga_ Sicily, _Niente_ Italic, _Ngai_ Birman, _Naga_ Hindi, _Ngni_ Newar, _Guti_ Bask, _Minizi_ Gothic,—_Piqua_ Peru, _Chigua_ Darien, _Nechet_ Adaiz, _Enchique_ Yaoy.

Land. See Earth.

Lord. See Noble.

Light, Shining. TUREIGNA D. See Heaven.

Lake, HAGUAI. See Water.

Man, men, male, husband, people. HITO GUANI, CARI R. _Magua_ G. 3 roots IT, RI, AN, connected all over the world: IT found in

_Iota_ Old Gothic, _Itua_ Polynesia, _Toy_ Old Egypt, _Hitnos_ Pelagic, _Hita_ Sanscrit, _Ati_ Zend, _Itga_ Nubian, _Hetus_ Ausonian, _Het_ Talahet, _Dito_ Kawi, _Fito_ Japan, _Tuhihuit_ Cumanche, &c.—

RI in _Ria_ Congo, _Vir_ Latin, _Hari_ Tombuctu, _Ira_ Tambu, _Er_ Turk, _Air_ Celtic and Haikan, _Yeri_ Hungarian, _Ari_ Peruvian, _Nieri_ Illyrian, _Vair_ Gothic, _Viro_ Timuacan, _Ir_ Oscan, &c.—

AN in _Nan_, _Yang_, Chinese D. _Ani_ Anam, _Gens_ Latin, _Han_ Mbaya, _Huinac_ Tzendal, _Aner_ Greek, _Orang_ Malay, _Guan_ Gaunch,—_Hua_ Apalachi, _Huentu_ Chili, _Guana_ Guanas, &c.

Mother. MAMA D.—Primitive word, found in 500 Languages; identic or nearly so in all the Sanscrit and European Languages, the Atlantic Dialects, Bask and Manchu, Egypt and Tartary, Thibet and Polynesia; changed to _Mu_ in Chinese; _Am_, _Om_ in Arabic Languages—In America quite common also, least changed in _Hama_ Shebaoy, _Amani_, Adaiz _Ma_ Mobima, _Mama_ Betoy, Omagua and Peru.

Moon. MAROYO R. _Marohus_ O. _Mona_, _Kati_ in Eyeri. See the Annals.

Much, Many. TOCHETA D.—_Tucho_ Iberian, _Chuanti_ Ausonian, _Chehel_ Persian, _Totus_ Latin.—_Tacha_ Achagua, _Mioch_ Mexican, _Tobu_ Brazilian.

Mammeafruit. MAMEY D.

Millet. PANYCKE D.—_Panicum_ Latin.

Mountain or hill, highlands, rough country. TIHUI. _Huibo_, _Baino_, _Zibao_, _Hayti_.—

_Mtay_ Carthul, _Oiten_ Lusitanian, _Hauteur_ (pr hotoer) French, _Tith_ Pelagic, _Buno_, Romaic, _Guibo_ Aramic, _Tohu_ Copt,—_Uibui_ Galibi, _Caquihuin_ Totonaca, _Titi_ Collas of Peru, _Ehuata_ Omagua, _Vata_ Tarasca, _Hatez_ Chontal, _Guetia_ Mbaya, &c.

Music, Noise. HABAO, _Giahuba_.—

_Hapan_ Pelagic, _Hubub_ Celtic, _Buba_ Congo, _Bhatai_ Bali, _Behan_ Turan and Khorazan.—_Paypa_ Peru, _Ahbal_ Huazteca, _Tupan_ Guarani.

Me, I, my, mine, myself—NI, N’, MI, M’.—Primitive, found in all the European and Asiatic Languages more or less deviated—

_Ni_, _Mich_ Bask, _Ani_ Aramic, _Mina_ Negro Langs, _Nio_ Japan,—_Ne_, _Me_ Mexican Languages, _Na_ Apalachi, _Ni_, _Mi_ Linapi Dial, _Hi_ Tarasca, _Ani_ Pimas Muscolgi, _Nia_ Cora, _Mio_ Dacota, _Gane_, _Kuno_ Japan.

Metal, hard. NIN. _Guanin_ C. _Hobin_ D.—_Irania_ Sanscrit, _Vina_ Jolof,—_Panilgue_ (Iron) Chili.

Manati, Sea-Cow. MANATI A.—_Lamantin_ French, _Mamatino_ Sicilian.

Mosquito. JEJEN D.—_Zinzara_ Toscan.

Mushroom. YEGAN. _Guayegan_ R.—_Fungus_, _Agaricus_ Latin, _Mycos_ Greek, _Guarib_ Slavic, _Guaygrion_ Celtic, and Old French.

Meadow. ZAVANA. _Zabana_ A. See Field.

Master, Lord. GUAMA. See Prince.

Mantle. YAGUAS. Her. See Dress.

Moving. MANA. See Grammar.

Manioc. BONIATA O, is the mild kind, _Yuco_ D.

Mahogany. MAHOGANI H. _Cahoba_.

Mangrove tree. MANGLE H.

Noble, good, fine, handsome, lord, chief. TAINO A. _Mato_ Her, _Nitaino_, _Mitaino_ Dialects.—

_Thano_ Oscan, _Tona_ Japan, _Hainac_, _Theano_, _Tuyano_ Pelagian, _Turanos_ Greek, _Zain_ Turk, _Atueyn_ Birman, _No_ (fine) Greek, _Ethauo_ Singala, _Tayon_ Kamchatka, _Talen_ Iberian, _Ona_ (good) Bask, _Sitino_ Old Arabic; _Tonos_, _Taminas_ Scythian, _Maitai_ Polynesia,—_Toani_ Mexican, _Tzalleine_ Huazteca, _Votan_ Chontal, _Noen_ Mocobi, _Nin_ Abipon, _Hitana_ Apalachi.

No, Not, Nothing, Bad. MAYANA, MACA D.—

_Eyni_ Mozabi, Lybian; _Nani_ Romanic, _May_ Dorian, _Niani_ Ausonian, _Niente_ Italian, _Ima_ Tahiti, _Mabi_ Birman, _An_ Copt,—_Ama_ Othomi, _Isana_ Cado, _Nitio_ Guarani, _Mayan_ Puncays; _Ma_, _Matar_ Maya, _Mana_ Peru, _Mani_ Poconchi.

Nuts. _Zibayos_ D—Derived from _Ziba_ Stone.

Now, To-day. DI. See Grammar.—_Adesso Oggidi_ Italian.

One, first, alone, unique. ATA, ATU R. D.—Primitive, found in 200 Languages.

_Bat_ Bask, _Yat_ Kong Chinese, _Atus_ Oscan, _Ada_ Aramic, _Ath_ Egypt, _Ata_ Pelagic, _Tahi_ Polynesia, _Tah_ Gaman Afr, _Auto_ Greek, _Yat_ Shilo Atlantic, _Suat_ Sumatra.—_Ata_ Muyzcas, _Hatun_ Peru, _Mato_ Pimas, _Ata_ Innuit, _Aguit_ Vilela, _Carata_ Sapibo, _Nacut_ Micmac, _Scatta_ Onondago.

Old, oldman. UA, BOH. _Beh_, _Bohito_, _Bohique_ A. See Priest.—_Holbo_ Copt,—_Bial_ Huazteca, &c.—Very old Uaua as in Mexican.

Oldest, Eldest. NENECHIN, R.—_Ainé_ French.

Onion, Bulb. CABAICOS R. _Macoanes_ D.—

_Cepa_ Latin, _Ceba_ Tonga Isl., _Kipo_ Nepal, _Cipola_ Italian, _Cipuda_ Sicilian, _Zaibel_ German, _Bacang_, _Bawang_ Malay and Javan.

Omnipotent. LIELLA R. _Siela_. Title of God, analogies with EL, and _Ciel_ Heaven in French, pr. _Siel_.

Opossum. TONA R.

Ocymum. ZOCHEN R.

Paddle, Oar. PAGAYA, _Pages_, _Nae_ D.—_Pahi_ (boat) Tahiti, _Nae_ is the root of boat in all Oriental and Pelagic Languages.

Pheasant. _Babiayas_ Her. Cuba.—_Phasianus_ Latin.

Palace. CANEI H. See House.

Peace, repose, rest, quiet. TOCA D.—_Sata_ Lybian, _Netuc_ Tozi old Arabic, _Cueto_ Sicilian, _Paca_ Aussonian, _Thegi_ Scand.

Pepper, pungent, sharp, strong taste. AXI, AJI. _Ages_ A.—_Ac_ is a primitive word for sharp. _Ac_, _ag_ Celtic, _Acutus_ Latin, _Oxus_ Greek,—_Axi_ Cumana.

Priest. BOHITO. _Bautio_, _Buhui_, _Bohique_, _Behique_. _Boition_, _Bouiti_, _Buutio_, _Boyeto_, &c., by different writers, and in Dialects. See the Annals and Notes.

Pontif, High-priest. BUHUI-TIHU A. See High.

Part or Share. See Apart.

Pipe, Tube. TOBACO D. _Tubus_ Latin, _Sipos_ Greek, _Hukah_ Hindi, _Chibuc_ Turk,—_Bacana_ Carib.

Purple. RAGUI. _Anigua_ D.—_Uarg_ Celtic, _Banicos_, Iberian.

Patatos. BATATAS.—The same in South America.

Place. GUARA R.

People, men. CHIVI, IBAR D. _Cabres_ Eyeri. See Man.

Parrot. PARACA. _Maca_ Cuba and Aruac.

Psidium pyriferum. Guava pear. _Guayava_, _Guaxaba_ D.

Pimento. PIMENTO.—_Pimienta_ Maya.

Poke. CUCATO. _Xucato_.—_Pocan_ Powhatan, _Coacum_ Mohigan, _Cuechiliz_ Mexican.

Plain. MAGUA. See Field.

Palm. YAGUA O. _Caico_ Eyeri.

Paradise. COAIBAI R. Her. See Heaven.

Physician. BOITI G. See Priest.

Parsnep. _Guaieros_ D.

Plumbtree, Myrobolan. XOBOS R. Plumbs _Hicaco_ H. _Cainito_ D.

Prince, Lord. GUAMA D.

_Tequeni-gua_, _Gua-miniqui_ Her, _Hamon_ afr Atlantes, _Samah_ Lybian, _Lucumon_ Etruscan, _Vimala_ Sanscrit, _Magister_ Lat., _Mana_, _Menuh_, Zend and Old Sanser, _Haman_ Iran, _Buyama_ Old Arabic—_Tequanes_ Mexican., _Tuinametin_ Tarasca, _Tequenes_ Muyzcas, _Inquathil_ Huazteca, _Amo_ Choco, _Ahan_ Maya, &c.

Raft. BALZA A.—_Balza_, _Balca_ Italian D. _Balagan_ Malay.

Root, Yam. NIAMES. _Ames_, _M’ames_.—

_Ima_ Molucas, _Lami_ Macasar, _Nuni_ Copt, _Boniam_ Celtic, _Boan_ Persian, _Niami_ African L.—_Nanat_ Cora, _Moniatos_ Calamari.

Rabbits. AGUTI, _Aguchi_, _Huti_, _Utia_, _Cuti_ A. R. Peculiar Genus _Cavia_ like Rabbits, 4 kinds in Hayti, says Laet.—_Hutia_ Largest; _Chemi_, _Cori_, _Mohuy_, Smallest.—_Cavia_ and _Pucarara_ in Dialects E. _Quinaxes_ E. Cuba.—

_Saraguchi_ Egypt, _Guniyu_ Sicilian, _Cuniculus_ Latin, _Lagotis_ Greek,—_Cuyes_ Quito, _Coy_ Huazteca, _Cuya_ Peru, _Curus_ Tayronas, _Quinazis_ Cauca.

Red. RIS. Diaz, ACHIOTO Her. Bay or Scarlet-red. PU, BU.—

_Giria_ Bask, _Kiris_ Arab, _Rehita_ Sanscrit, _Rosso_ Italian, _Rubus_, _Badius_, _Puniceus_ Latin, _Phoenis_, _Erythros_ Greek, _Bai_ Egypt, _Bugra_ Maroco, _Arbho_ Thibet.

Rich, Wealth, Wealthy, Treasure. DUCHI M. _Duhos_ G. _Duyhzi_ D.—

_Divitia_ Latin, _Guhya_ Sanscrit, _Duhut_ Hindi,—_Dites_ Darien, _Cusca_ Quichè.

Rattle, Holy music. MARACA.—

_Amara_ Bali, _Raya_ Pelagic.—_Quaqua_ Huazteca, _Amaraca_ Tupi Brazil, _Tamaraca_ Aruac and Anzerma, _Malaca_ Apalachi.

Retreat. TIBA.—_Thbe_ Moses, _Tiba_ Thibet, _Theba_ Egypt. &c.

Remora fish. REMORA G. _Reveo_ H. _Rambos_ Ac.—_Remor_ Pelagic.

Rope. CABUYA G.—_Cable_, _Cord_, English, French, Italian.

River. See Stream.

Rites, worship, reality. REITI.—_Ritus_ Latin &c.

Sea, Ocean. BAGUA V. _Balahua_ Ey. Evident analogy with _Agua_, _Aqua_, (water) in Spanish and Italian.—

_Talahua_ Mogol, _Balua_, _Pela_ Pelagic, _Va_ Sanscrit, _Ab_ Persian, _Baa_ Sussu of Afr, _Panyui_ Tarahum, _Cagua_ Saliva, _Gua_ Tupi.

Star, Bright. STAREI D.—Primitive, found from England to India.

_Asterias_ Greek, _Aster_ Pelagic, _Sial_ Osset, _Taroth_ Aramic, _Tara_ Hindi, _Stara_ Sanscrit, _Izeran_, _Yethra_ African Atlantic, _Izara_ Bask, _Sitarah_ Persian.—_Sirica_ Galibi, Tamanac and Otomaca, _Chirica_ Yaoy, _Silico_ Betoy, _Ergrai_ Abipon, _Stan_ Aleutian, _Setere_ Patagon.

Sword, Club, Weapon. MACANA A. _Machana_ O.—

_Mukenai_ Dorian, _Makaira_ Greek, _Magal_ Aramic, _Maguila_ Bask, _Maco_ (spear) Gaunch, _Mayado_ (club) Do. _Mazza_ Italian, _Mace_ Old English,—_Macana_ Darien, and many other languages of South America. _Macahui_ Mexican.

Stream, River, Flood, NIQUEN. _Neguin_ D. _Ziniquin_, _Cuhen_, _Agua_ in Cuba.—

_Dhuni_ Sanscrit, _Dunic_ Osset, _Dexamen_ Guanch, _Chuen_ Chinese, _Cuemen_ Celtic, _Hunica Kayan_ Turan, _Nahuen_ Pehlvi, _Amnica_ Ausonian, _Nukil_ Afgan, _Binanga_ Bugi, _Annigan_ Scand, _Annegar_ (to drown) Italian, _Nikli_, _Khian_ Lezghi, _Nikar_, Toba Old Arabic.—_Wuinic_ Aruac, _Necua_ Yarura, _Cuyk_ Aleutian, _Nidachi_ Cado, _Uchi_ Chacta.

Storm, Hurricane, Fury. FURACANE D. _Huracanes_ G. _Urogan_ Ey. Derived from rage and fury of elements, primitive roots.—

_Rages Soarah_, (rage and storm) Aramic, _Racas_ Toba Arabic, _Taravat_ African Negros, _Burasca_ Italian, _Orage_ French, _Hurlig_ Saxon, &c.

Sun. BOINIAL, BINTHAITEL. See Annals. _Kachi_ in Eyeri. See King.

Setting Sun, the West. SORAYA. See Heaven.—

_Surya_ Sanscrit, _Soir_ evening in French, _Sera_ in Italian, _Vesper_, _Hesper_, Pelagic, _Spera_ Romaic.

Song, see Dance.—Soul, see Heart.—Small, see Little.

Son, EL. Sons, ILI. See Annals. _Rabu_, in Eyeri. See Grammar.

Stone, Rock. ZIBA A. See the Annals. Rocky _Zibao_.

Such. GUA. Demonstrative article much employed, found in many old languages.—_Ath_ Aramic, Arabic, Hebrew, Egyptian, &c.—_Gua_ in South America.

Shell. GUEY C. COHOB O.

Strong. CARIB, AGI A. See Pepper.

Shark. TIBURON Ac. TEBURA O.

Stranger. CHAPETON AC. _Guachinango_ Diaz in Cuba.

Soup, Boiled. CALALU.—_Bollito_ It. _Olla_ Spt.

Snake. BOBA in Boriquen.—_Boa_ African L., _Ob_ Oriental L., _Coluber_ Latin, _Ophis_ Greek.—_Coa_ Mexican, _Boya_ Guarani.

The, English indicative article I, HI, HIN, ZI, NI, LI.—Primitive, variable in Dialects, root I, same as I Italian, IL, L’ do. Y, _Ye_ Old English, I Persian and Lybian, _Yn_ Celtic, Y Old Arabic, _Ni_, _N’_ Illyrian, _Ohi_ Havay,—TI Cora, TL Mexican, _Ini_ Pimal, _Ni_ Lapani D., _Nuya_ Achagua, _Iu_ Payuri. See Grammar.

This, that, these, those. GUA, same as such. See Grammar.

Thou, thy, thine. TI, TE.—Primitive from Celtic to Sanscrit. _Ti_, _te_, _toi_, _tien_ Greek and Illiryan, nearly similar in Bask, Gothic, Pelagic, Latin, Italian, Persian, Magyar, &c.

Take. CHUC C. _Chugue_ Her.—_Busca_ Italian, _Aku_ Lampung of Sumatra.—_Huyca_ Huazteca, _Uhca_ Tarasca.

Tomato. TOMATES G.

Temple. See Church.

Tree. See Wood.

Town, habitation. BOHIO, same as house—

_Bahus_, _Pagus_, _Urbis_ Italic L., _Paese_, _Pays_, _Payz_ Modern I., _Choyo_ Greek D., _Bajeth_ Aramic, _Huebo_ Iberian, _Bohus_ Pelagic, _Bya_ Scand, &c.

Thread. HICO D.—_Hilo_ Oscan, _Trico_ Greek, _Hagu_ Nepal—_Hito_, _Pito_ Maya.

Tobacco, COHIBA O. COGIOBA R. _Cohoba_ D.—_Dokhan_ Arabic, _Tuhica_ Nuba.

Turtle. ICOTA G. ICOTEA H. _Cabini_ D.—_Chucua_, _Icuma_ Sanscrit, _Boco_ Bali.—_Cotos_ Cumana.

Two, or Second. BEM?—_Bi_ Bask, _Binus_ Latin, _Ambi_ Italian.

Three, or Third. ABEM?

Tame, Mild. MATUM D. _Boniatum_ O.—_Bonus_ Latin.

Throne. DUCHI M.

Vine, Creeper. BEJUCO D.—_Bixuco_, _Bexucum_ O., _Bochuco_ M. Grape-vine. UVERIU. _Uyeros_ M.—_Uva_ Italian, _Viniera_ Catalan, _Zibi_ Arabic, _Ivy_ (pr Aivi) English.

Vassal. See Laborer.

Water. AMA. BAGUA.—

Primitive. _Ma_ Atlantes and Lybian, _Aman_ Modern Atlantes, _Aemon_ Gaunch, _Mohu_ Copt, _Nam_ Siam, _Maim_ Arabic, _Balua_ Pelagic, _Oman_ Old Arabic, _Ameh_ Affadeh Negros, _Maza_ Congo, _Kama_ Corana, _Asma_ Romaic, _Agua_ Spanish, _Aigo_ Romanic, _Lagus_, _Lacus_ (lake) Latin and Celtic.—_May_, _Mayu_, Peru, _Nhama_ Puris, _Amuk_, _Ahua_ Tzuluki, _Iia_ Chontal, _Maya_, _A_ Mexican, _Agua_ Veragua, _Ak_ Atakapus, _Haya_ Shebay, _Aya_ Yarura, _Ahay_ Eslen, &c.

Woman, Wife. INUYA. HITA. ITI. BIBI _Inara_, _Liani_, _Churon_, Ey.—

Several roots, _Iti_ same as _Hito_ man,—_Bibi_ is wife D. _Gyna_ Greek, _Guine_ Old French, _Nurin_ Desatir and Hindi, _Cunica_, _Enaztia_, _Toya_ Bask D., _Iona_ Pelagic, _Zaita_ (girl) Bask, _Zitta_ (bride) Sicilian, _Tanaya_ Tedla Atlantic, _Yuri_, _Nin_ Chinese Dialects, _Ita_, _Itua_, Oscan, _Gin_ Haikan, _Gina_ Australia, _Cuinta_ Congo, _Nuriu_ Hindi, _Machini_ Polynesia; _Ana_, _Biana_ Oscan, _Puta_ Venitian, _Heana Beana_ Celtic, _Zitella_ (girl) Italian, _Nurani_ Pehlvi, _Shina_ Copt, _Wanito_ Kawi, _Uxor_ (wife) Latin, _Boba_, _Chura_ Slavic Bulgar, _Biby_ Malabar, _Muchn_ Iran, _Keron_ (girl) Dorian Greek, _Koriza_ Romanic, &c.—_Uita_ Cora, _Zitua_ Mexican, _Nuatitu_ Saliva, _Esena_ Moxas, _Tiguy_ Muyzcas, _Tinio_ Maypuri, _Yatè_ Mocobi, _Nikib_ Atakapus, _Zina_ (girl) Othomi, _Wanita_ Uchi, _Iras_ Cumana, _Ira_ Coyba, _Nia_ Apalachi.

White. YUCA, LUCA A.—

_Leucas_ Greek, _Ca_ Turan, _Casis_ Scythian, _Chuna_ Bask, _Aluca_ Lezghi, _Cucua_ Abask,—_Luza_ Chacta, _Elu_ Galibi, _Lapaca_ Mbaya, _Zaco_ Totonaca, _Luc_ Chili, _Yurac_ Peru, _Hacaya_ Cado, _Usca_ Ozage, _Yutaga_ Mocobi, _Zac_ Maya.

Wood or Tree. MACA, MAPU A. BUTOS Ac.—_Maica Chimala_ Dialects.—

_Kha_ Circaz, _Micha_ Abask, _Khad_ Osset, _Taimala_ Lezghi, _Makia_ Oscan, (yet forest in Toscan.) _Gas_ Hindi, _Gatz_ Pehlvi, _Agaz_ Tartar, _Cayu_ Malay,—_Ca_ Omagua and Guarani, _Caa_ Mbaya, _Kag_ Atakapas, _Canch_ Nachez, _Manga_ Adaiz, _Aca_ Peru, &c. _Butos_ is like _Bois_ (bua) French, _Wood_ (Vud) English.

War, Army. GUAZAVARA G. _Huctu_ Ey. Warrior. VARA.—Root same as in English and Gothic, _Guerra_ Italian, &c.

Wanderer. UMAKUA Ey.—_Omuvagu_ Sicilian.

Wind or Air. BANZEX D.—Primitive.

_Baud_ Old Arabic, _Bao_ Hindu, _Bad_ Persian, _Bau_ Ruyaga, _Andai_ Oscan, _Nabha_ Sanscrit, _Bentus_ Ausonian, _Bana_ Kawi, _Hanem_ Pelagic, _Abklia_ Abask,—_Eheca_ Mexican, _Acate_ Cora, _Peco_ Chetimacha, &c.

West. SORAIA R.—_Warab_ Old Arabic, _Varapa_, _Saraya_ Sanscrit, _Urop_ Pelagic, _Hesper_ Greek, _Vesper_ Latin, _Urai_ Bugis. _Sor_ Aramic. See Setting Sun.

World. QUEYA, OCON R. D.—_On_ Oriental Root, _Xton_ Greek, _Queya_ from _Quiscaya_ whole earth.

Which, HIQUI Laet.—_Qui_ French, _Ilquale_ Italian, _Cui_ Sicilian.

Worms. CUSI. _Piojo_ in Jamaica.—_Cus_ Lybian, _Baco_ Toscan, _Pioc_ (vermin) Celtic.

Yes. HA.—Primitive. _Ha_ Lezghi, _Ya_ Gothic and Lamut, _Do_ Ostiac, _Aham_ Arabic, _Am_ Haikan, _A_ Timani and Bulam Africa, _Uaa_ Jolof, _Yaga_ Congo, _Ay_ English, _Hea_ African Atlantes,—_Haha_ Apalachi, _Aa_ Aleutian, _Haa_ Otomaco, Othomi and Cumanchi, _Ya_ Totonac and Puris, _May_ Chili, _Oyah_ Ozage, _Ahi_ Cado, _Yasay_ Aruac.

Yellow. HOBAS.—_Majob_ Lezghi, _Lobidus_ Ausonian, _Bahenda_ Biaju of Borneo, _Aubain_ (Oben) Old French, _Hoang_ Chinese.

Yuca gloriosa. YUCA E. same in Mexico, meaning bright, white.

Fragments On The Western Dialects Of Cuba, Jamaica, And The Lucayas Islands

C. Cuba, by Herrera, Diaz, Columbus, Acosta, Laet, Munoz, &c.

J. Jamaica, by Columbus, Garcia, Gomara, &c.

L. Lucayas, by Columbus, Acosta, Oviedo, &c.

Land or Country, _Katos_, L. _Xai_ J. _Nacan_, _Guaca_, C.

Island, _Caya_, L _Cayo_, C _Caic_ J.

Stranger, _Guachinango_, C.

House, _Bohio_, C.

Remora, _Reves_, C.

Partridge, _Lizas_, C. by Ocampo.

Pheasant, _Babiayas_, C.

Parrot, _Maxa_ C. _Macan_, J.

Prince, Lord, _Guami_, C.

Rabbits, _Usias_, _Hutic_, _Quinaxes_ C. _Hutia_ L.

Opuntia, _Tuna_ C.

Cacao, _Cacao_ C.

Priest, _Behique_, _Bohique_ C. L.

River, _Agua_ C.

Corn, _Maysi_, C.

Bread, _Zabi_, C.

God, _Yocahuna_, _Guama-coti_, _Guama-oxocoti_, C.

Supreme being, _Attabex_, C.

Ghost, _Dupi_, J.

Life, _Bi_, C. L.

Fountain, _Mini_, C. L.

Wood, _Maica_, J.

Cedar, _Cauvana_, C.

Dog, _Alco_, C.

Alligator, _Cayaman_, C.

Poke, _Cucato_, J.

Fire-fly, _Locuyos_, C. _Zievas_, L.

Noble, _To_, _Mato_, C.

Shell, _Cohobas_, C.

Guayac, Guacum, C.

Red, _Ris_, C.

White Worm, _Cusi_, J.

Palm Worm, _Piojo_, J.

King. _Caxicus_, C.

Within, _Hiqui_, _Nacan_, C.

Gold, _Nucay_, C. L. Columbus.

Yams, _Mames_, C.

Grape Vine, _Uveros_, C.

Fragments On The Eyeri Eastern Dialects Of Boriquen And The Carib Islands.

B. Boriquen, by Herrera, Acosta, &c.

E. Dialect of the Women of Carib, quite different from Carib, by Rochefort, &c.

Land, Island, _Kati_, E. _Ca_, _Ay_, B.

God, _Iocana_, _Guama-nomocon_, B.

Noble, _Ditayno_, B.

Snake, _Boba_, B.

Cloudy, _Furzidi_, B.

Mahogany, _Maga_, B.

Poison Apple, _Manzanila_, B.

Cotton Tree, _Zeyba,_ B.

Violet, _Quibey_, B.

Bananas, _Camois_, E.

Coco, _Coquillas_, B.

Guayac, _Guage_, B.

Hog, _Saine_, B.

Boat, _Piraguas_, B.

Wood, Tree, Bow, _Chimala_, E.

Angel, _Chemin_, Angels, _Chemignum_, E.

Spirits, _Opoyem_, E.

Moon, _Mona_, _Kati_, E.

Storm, _Urogan_, E.

Blood, _Moinalu_, E.

Heaven or above, _Ubec_, E.

Bread, _Maru_, E.

Boat, _Canoa_, _Pages_, E.

Man, _Eyeri_, Men, _Eyerium_, E.

Woman, _Inaru_, Women, _Inuyum_, E.

Foe, _Akani_, E.

Little, _Nianti_, E.

House, Hut, _Tuhonoco_, E.

Garden, _Chali_, E.

War, _Nihuctu_, E.

Mother, _Bibi_, _Nucu-churon_, E.

Father, _Baba_, _Nucu-chili_, E.

Grandfather, _Narguti_, E.

Wife, _Liani_, E.

Son, _Rabu_, E.

Daughter, _Rahen_, E.

The, _Ni_, N’.

Heart, _ Nanichi_, E.

Vassal, _Labuyu_, E.

Sea, _Balana_, E.

Bed, _Nekera_, E.

Sun, _Kachi_, _Cochi_, E.

Money, _Agucat_.

Palm, _Caico_.

Red, _Pu_, E.

People, _Ibas_, B. Cabres, E.

Priest, _Boyez_, E.

Wanderer, _Umckua_, E.

Devil, _Mabuya_, E.

Vocabulary Of The Cairi Of Trinidad Island, 1594.

This Dialect of the ARUAC is the nearest geographically to the _Eyeri_, and yet very different; nearer in words to the _Aruac_ of the Continent. Therefore the _Aruac_ and _Taino_ altho’ belonging to the same group, are distinct Languages, and the two people had been separated for ages.

Dudley collected in 1594, about 55 words of it, which are in Purchas, yet have been neglected by all the Philologists. Out of these 27 are in my _Taino_ List, and offer 16 affinities, equal to 56 per cent. The remainder 27, lack there and cannot be compared; but afford a kind of supplement to it.

16 Comparable Words Akin In Both.

Man, _Guttemock_.

Woman, _Hiaru_.

Heaven, _Huihua_.

Gold, _Calcoari_.

Maize, _Mauris_.

Pipe, _Bayu_.

Shell, _Tibetibe_.

Water, _Bara_, _Oronuy_.

Sun, _Hadali_.

Moon, _Katti_.

Bread, _Callit_.

Fire, _Hicket_.

Eyes, _Cosi_, _Scrath_.

Boat, _Canoa_, _Canosin_.

Stone, _Sibath_.

Head, _Cabbo_.

12 Different Comparable Words.

Copper, _Arara_.

Metal, Iron, _Mointiman_.

Emerald, _Taarao_.

Sword, _Caspara_.

This, My, _Da_, D.

Parrot, _Wahowa_.

Tree, _Mentini_.

Potato, _Halete_.

Batatas, _Caenuda_.

Knife, _Yedola_.

Basket, _Queca_.

Tobacco, _Hurreit_.

27 Additional Words Not Comparable.

Hand, _Can_.

Feet, _Cutti_.

Knees, _Cude_.

Toes, _Boda_.

Hair, _Bairo_, _Barah_.

Bow, _Marahabo_.

Arrow, _Semaro_.

Spoon, _Heldaro_.

Silver, _Perota_.

Forehead, _Dessi_.

Tongue, _Dill_.

Ears, _Dudica_.

Lips, _Desire_.

Teeth, _Arehe_.

Monkey, _Howa_.

Chest, _Bodad_.

Well, _Sakel_.

Bracelet, _Techir_.

Scissors, _Arkeano_.

Comb, _Baruda_.

Mouth, _Lacoak_.

Bell, _Toletilero_.

Stick, _Adoth_.

Beach, _Barenaine_.

Flying fish, _Bohery_.

Tunny fish, _Uassa_.

I don’t know, _Nonguo_, _Nonquapa_.

Fragment On The Araguas Of Brazil, 1519.

As early as 1519, Pigafetta collected a dozen words of the Brazilian Language; which are quite different from the _Tupi_; but very akin to the Haytian. Altho’ he does not name the tribe he visited, they must have been _Araguas_, who are thus traced to the _Aruac_ Stock. This great nation was still further extended; since the Patagons or _Tinguis_, the Chiquitos or _Taos_, and perhaps the _Charruas_ belonged to it, as I shall show elsewhere. Meantime adding some words from Cabot & Vespucci, we have 17 Araguas words, whereof 14 are comparable with the Haytian, offering 10 affinities, which gives 72 per cent of mutual analogy, much more than with the _Cairi_.

10 Consimilar Words.

House, _Boi_, _Bohio_, by Cabot.

Corn, _Maiz_.

Rattle, _Hanmaraca_.

Boat, _Canoe_.

Sword, _Macana_, Cabot. King, _Cachic_, (written _Cacich_) Italian Orthography.

Good, _Tum_.

Bed, _Hamac_. Big-land, _Taquino_, by Vespuci, name of Brazil.

4 Different Comparable Words.

Knife, _Tarse_.

Bananas, _Pacaras_.

Pear, _Caxus_, by Cabot.

Meal or Cassave, _Hui_.

3 Words Not Comparable.

Hook, _Pinda_.

Scissors, _Pirame_.

Comb, _Chipag_.

End Of First Volume.

FOOTNOTES

1 In 1824, I published my first essay on American history, a pamphlet on the _Ancient History of Kentucky_, or Central North America, before 1770. Although it was a mere rude sketch, it contains many important historical facts. I was too little advanced then in philological studies, to give it their support, and many of my surmises must be rectified by it. My late researches have also greatly impaired the general belief of the Tartarian origin, and western route of the Mexican nations.

2 I published this presumed key in 1832 in my Atlantic Journal; but many accurate comparisons are yet required to confirm my surmises, although the Lybian analogies are evident.

3 In Hughes’ Travels in Sicily, Greece and Albania in 1813-14, published 1820, we find this fact about Hesiod’s mention of maize, used by the poor in mush and cakes by the early Greeks: the modern Greeks call it _Arabo-sité_, Arabic corn, in Italy it is called _Grano-turco_, or Turkish-corn: having reached Greece and Italy through the Arabs, and not from America. It has been cultivated in Java, Central Africa, Soudan, &c. from time immemorial, having native names in the Negro languages. Gebelin thinks it was known in Assyria. Polo found it in Tartary in the 13th century. Frazer lately saw it almost wild in the Imalaya mts.: it has never been found quite wild in America.

4 The _Poncho_ is a long strip of cloth, with a hole in the middle for the head, the ends hanging before and behind, often fastened on the sides. It was used by the ancient Mexicans, the Muyzcas, Peruvians and Chilians. It has been adopted as quite convenient by the Spanish colonists, and is very becoming when ornamented.

5 E-AD’M, Self-Adam, is the name given by Moses to the first men, pronounced since Adam. Gen. 1. v. 27; but called also ZXR and N’K’BE or male and female. The 2d AD’M or Adam was subsequent: although the commentators have blended them, as they have the floods, days and other things. Our bible translation of early events is besides very erroneous; the Talmudist or Jewish version with points is not correct, being in a late dialect: the true text of Moses which I follow, has no points, but admits of a sheva or soft breathing between consonants.

6 Geological comments are not here required, my business is with mankind. Moses calls men beside _Aish_, _Anush_, _G’bforeign_, and women _N’shim_, _Itath_, _Ashe_, _Ashth_; which are perhaps as many names of early tribes! as well as ALEIM or _Elohim_, XRBIM _Cherubim_, _Nahash_, &c. If these primitive names will offer any analogies in America, they shall be thoroughly pointed out hereafter. HUE is the real Eve. See the chapter on the Mosaic Ontology for many other human beings, or early tribes. But it may be well to add here the names of the beings of the 7th and 8th Yums which we all deem animals, although there are indications to the contrary.

7. YUM. The MIM waters produced SH’R’TZ production—translated reptile! No soul. N’F’SH-HIE, soul living. OUF, Fowl, made to come from waters, and their motion. LOUF’F means both flying and flirting or swimming, G. 1. v. 20. But ALEIM realized or created the TH’NI NIM whales, or rather Great fishes, having a soul living NFSH-EHIE, verse 21. This fine word _soul_ has been translated creature.

8. YUM. The earth produces with soul BEME. Cattle or Herdsmen of life? v. 24. R’M’SH, Reptiles or creeping Troglodytes? HITHU, Beasts or Hunters. The BEME are perhaps Herdsmen! and all these may be men, over whom Adam was to reign, giving them names. Else all these animals had real souls like men! The fishes or fishermen D’G’TH only appear in v. 26. at subjects of Adam.

Moses and the Hebrew poets divided the animals in 3 classes, which represent also men! and were personified.

1. SH’R’TZ, Production—Moses. LUITH’N of Job. The Leviathan of Poets.

2. N’F’SH, Animated—Moses. OZN or Hozan of Poets. Moses has 2 kinds of these: THNINIM Aquatic, and OUF-XNF, Fowl strong winged, as he had 2 of the last. SH’R’TZ, aquatic reptile, and OUF aerial fowl.

3. HITHU, Beast: of 2 kinds, BEME and RMSH, which are the BEMUTH of Job, BEHEMOTH of Poets.

7 The Cherubim were deemed Angels, but of 4 sorts, 3 having faces of a lion, ox, and eagle: which indicates tribes bearing those names, or the 4 primitive castes of mankind, the oxen referring to the laboring caste, the lion to the militant caste.

8 See his learned work, translation and paraphrase of the first chapters of Genesis: wherein the best account of the creation, antidiluvian history and flood has been given.

_ 9 Lanca_ was according to the Hindus a big land under the equator, including perhaps the Decan or south of India, then separated by a sea from the Imalaya mountains, now yet a vast level plain; and united to Ceylon and other islands. It is in this land of _Lanca_ that many traditions place Adam, with several early events.

The _Sunda_ land was very different, a large peninsula south of Asia including Java, Sumatra, Borneo &c. Or perhaps an island, if Malaca was separated from Siam by a strait.

10 The monumental archeology and history of America, is not the least curious. Humboldt opened the way; but did little: the facts since collected in Central and North America, will astonish all the reflecting minds, and lead us to times of great civilization and prosperity. In the single small state of Kentucky, have already been found the sites of 200 ancient towns in ruins, or having monuments. If as many exist in all the neighbourhood, there must have been 2000 towns in North America, west and south of the Apalachian mountains. Many earthy remains are gradually disappearing under the plough, and will be obliterated ere long.—_See_ my account of monumental sites, published in 1824.

11 The Tao is one of the earliest religions of China. It is the personification and worship of the powers of nature, the earth, air, winds, thunder, sea, mountains, lakes, trees &c. The spiritual worship of their souls is the purest part of it, while the blind material worship of the objects themselves is the degradation of it, as in Egypt and Guinea.

12 See my Memoir on the Domestic Annnals of Both Hemispheres, 1832, Atlantic Journal, where the names of all are given. But I have collected a few more since.

13 By admixture with American women, the Spaniards formed a mixed race in Hayti, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay &c.; called Cholas, Mestizos &c.; which partook of the qualities and vices of both races; few great men have been produced by them; although we know of some exceptions. Lavega one of the best American historians was son of a Peruvian princess by a Spaniard. In Paraguay the Spaniards having no women, took Guarani concubines, and all their offsprings were of mixt breed, a sad set, like the Mamalucos of Brazil born from Portuguese and Tupi women. These instances, and the production of mulatoes subsequently, teach us how some former nations were born in America.

14 The Missouri tribes, Panis and Cumanches, the Abipons and Talahets of the vast plains of N. and S. America; are already become wandering horsemen like Tartars, quite formidable in war. Many tribes now possess and use guns. Brandy, rum and whiskey, liquors of hell, ... make the savage foes furious and reckless: they have killed as many as guns have. The small pox is another scourge sent to America from Europe, the Cholera may be another. The Syphilis wrongly ascribed to America, has been traced to the ancient continent also: although it was returned from hence again, like maize.

15 The precious commodities of America are numberless. If the Europeans had traded there for them, as they now do in China, Persia, Arabia and Africa, how different would have been the fate of America? Iron would have purchased gold and pearls, with every thing else: there was no need to use the steel swords, nor thundering guns. Coffee and rice are not American productions, but lately introduced from Arabia and India. The origin of the sugar cane is also oriental; but it was found wild in South America, as orange trees were in Florida.

16 The physical changes undergone in America within late historical recollections are very numerous, and ought to be collected into one connected body by historians or geologists.

17 These two figures of speech, _Personification_ and _Animalization_, are two of the keys of ancient history. By the first is not meant alone the personification of the passions or divine attributes; but likewise the individuality of men, tribes and nations pervading primitive history, by the frequent substitution of the singular for the plural, as was done by the Asiatics, the Greeks, and the Americans. It is thus that the ancient patriarchs, Hercules, Heros, Gods &c. are often meant for their followers; the head for the whole set or social body. This practice has survived to our days, and we mean all the English when we speak of _John Bull_, the Russians by the _Northern Bear_ (a kind of animalization), all the Turks by _the Grand Turk_ &c. The reverse mode of speech or the employment of the plural for the singular, is less frequent: but used when we substitute in our modern languages, _We_ and _You_ instead of I or Thee. It was less common anciently, yet it appears Moses employed it when he called God, ALEIM our _Elohim_ or _the Angels_, and polytheism was the consequence of similar mistakes or substitutions; but in his account of the patriarchs, he has used the individuality of tribes.

_Animalization_ pervades the whole of the fabulous periods of history. It is to this mode of speech that we owe the fables of Pilpay and Esopus, where animals are made to speak. Whenever we meet in history or fables, animals acting like men and conversing, they are surely men, and often tribes individualized by an animal appellation: such as might be emblematic or patronymic, adopted honorable names, as lion, tyger, eagle; or else nicknames given in derision by foes, such as snake, dog, ape &c. Even the Hebrew had their _Cherubim_, who were beings like a man, a lion, ox, and eagle; who drove the Adamites from Eden. This name is preserved by the Turks in _Cherabi_ or _Chelabi_, which means _Lords_ in the old Turkish language of Turan or Tartary. Perhaps also in the _El-abi_, now Arabians, which meant _Angel-fathers_, or our forefathers the angelic men. _Elapi_ means _the most manly_ in Linapi!

18 The word _Olum_ is remarkable, because it is analogous to the OLEN, the legislator and teacher of Runes of the Celts. The writings of the Druids and Irish were called OCOL, CALLAN, OGHAM, the Irish OLAM were recorders and teachers. _Olum_ does not properly mean a writing, since _Leki_ is book, paper or letter in Linapi; but it implies _a record_, _a notched stick_, an engraved piece of wood or bark. It comes from _Ol_ hollow or graved record. Hekewelder says that _Oluma-pisid_ was in the 18th century, a king of the Linapis on the river Susquehanna, who kept the _Olum_ or records of the nation. It is probable these were part of them.

19 These actual _Olum_ were at first obtained in 1820, as a reward for a medical cure, deemed a curiosity; and were unexplicable. In 1822 were obtained from another individual the songs annexed thereto in the original language; but no one could be found by me able to translate them. I had therefore to learn the language since, by the help of Zeisberger, Hekewelder and a manuscript dictionary, on purpose to translate them, which I only accomplished in 1833. The contents were totally unknown to me in 1824, when I published my Annals of Kentucky; which were based on the traditions of Hekewelder, and those collected by me on the Shawanis, Miamis, Ottawas, &c.

20 This account of the creation is strikingly similar to the mosaic and oriental accounts; although it does not speak of days or _Yums_. The word for angels _Angelatawiwak_, is not borrowed, but real Linapi, put in the plural: thus the same as the Greek _Angelos_.

_ 21 Jin-wis_ is the AISH or _Adam_ of all the Linapi tribes. W’IS is identic with ISH, W’ being the article _he_, WI added to words is common, meaning but _he_, _she_ and _they_, the plural _wak_ means _many_.

_ 22 Owini_ may be analyzed O-WI-NI, meaning _such-they-men_ or beings. O is the common article for pronouns _On_ and _Ce_ of the French, in English _such_, _it_, _this_, _these_, preserved in many Linapi dialects, _Ni_ and _Ini_ mean both _me_, _I_, _my_ and _men_. It must be noticed that many words of these two ancient songs are often obsolete now in some modern dialects; but preserved in others. This with the peculiar ancient style, and the many words suppressed in the narrative, and the constant compound words, have rendered this translation a difficult task.

23 Here the _Owini_ become _Ni-jini_, evidently the Jins of China and Iran; Jains of India.

_ 24 Wakon_ is the god of all the Missouri tribes, and many Asiatic nations. _Akon_ of Syria.

_ 25 Tula_ is the ancient seat of the Toltecas and Mexican nations in Asia: the _Tulan_ or _Turan_ or Central Tartary. In Linapi the meaning is _Turtle_ or _Tortoise_, names derived from _Thor_ turtle in Hebrew. But all derive from strong and tall. _Tul-ap-in_ is the real tortoise of Linapi meaning _strong-manly-thing_: the water soft turtle is called _Unami_. The Chinese, Hindus &c. point also to a turtle as the THBE refuge of the flood. _Nana_ appears Noah; his title of Hare must allude to his long ears? All the Linapi tribes have tales and songs on Nana-bush, which they venerate as a god; but his symbol is a turtle body with a large head and nose, and a crest of feathers or hair on the head.

26 The symbol is a kind of Hercules, with a club and arrow; his name appears to be Eluwi, thrice repeated and meaning _the most he_. _Elu_ the root is probably akin to the _Aleim_ or _Elohim_ of Moses, and _Elai_ meaning strong in Hebrew: also to _Her-cules_ of the Latins, _Hera-cleen_ of the Greek, _Her_ prefixed meaning Lord.

27 Here the people begin to be called O-LINI, this was probably their old name when coming to America. The tribes that used R for L must have said _O-rini_, those who have neither, as the Niniwas and Ottawas, say _O-nini_. This will afford matter for many philological enquiries and comparisons.

_ 28 W’oken-api_ properly mean _the fathers manly_. _Shinaki_ the first seat in America must have been near Alaska, and the big _Shinaki_, the N. W. coast.

29 It is doubtful whether these 10 nameless kings were successive or contemporary during the civil strifes. But the first is most probable. If otherwise, this lessens the generations.

30 This southern land of _Akolaking_, and the subsequent _Minihaking_, cannot be identified; but were west of Oregon mountains, probably the Oregon country.

31 As early as 72 generations before 1600 or about 800 years before our era, we find a recorder of old events, by means of _Olum_. Compare _Olen_ and _Olam_ of Celts.

32 Here this people leave at last the Sea shores, and strike to the east over the mountains. In _Oligon_, we have the etymology of Oregon.

_ 33 Wisawana_ is either the Missouri or Yellowstone.

34 This _Tamenend_ is famous in the songs of the Linapis, and many kings took that title afterwards. He is also the _Amik-wi_ or great beaver of the Miamis and Ottawas.

35 Wingenund must have been another legislator, and high-priest. His festivals are called _Gentiko_, and known to many nations.

_ 36 Maskan-Sini_, must be the Sioux and Assinis, called stony or hard people throughout North America. The subsequent foes _Akowini_ appear to be the _Kowetas_, the _Lowanuski_ are the Esquimaux, _Lowakon_ are the Ozages and Missouri tribes. Thus this was a period of invasions by many nations, which compelled the Linapis to go further east.

37 The Nemasipi is the Mississippi, so says Hekewelder: where began the wars with the _Talegas_, the northern Toltecas or Atlantes, towards 48 generations before 1600, near the beginning of our era, which continued for 4 generations or over 130 years, till about 150 after Christ. The allies Talamatans are the Hurons and Iroquois then united, since called _Delamatan_ and _Lamatan_. The traditions of Hekewelder and Cusick both agree here in fact and time. That of Hekewelder is most ample, taken from other songs; but these supply names omitted by both. I rather think the Nemosipi must have been the Ozages or Illinois river, since the Mississippi is called afterwards Masispek, and the monuments of the Talegas are found west of it at St. Louis &c.

In my ancient history of Kentucky, having only for guide Hekewelder and some other traditions, I placed the conquest of the Talegas about 500 of our era; but these annals are more correct and remove further this event. The computation of Cusick annals of Ongwis place this great event still earlier, or between 300 and 100 years before our era. I knew neither Cusick nor the Wallam-Olum in 1824.

38 Here we find another recorder of events who probably wrote the former wars with the Talegas.

39 The Linapi tribes begin to disperse now, about 600 years of our era.

40 This prophet, pontiff and king, went probably to visit many tribes, and became their legislator.

41 These new wars were again with the Missouri tribes, _Lowako_ is a new invading tribe from the north.

42 The passage of the Alleghanies was towards 800 of our era: the atlantic states appear to have had no inhabitants, or but few. Hekewelder confirms these facts.

43 Hekewelder has given no etymology of this river, the name means either branching or roaring stream, perhaps both. _Winaki_ was the name of east Pennsylvania.

44 By this account the Mohigans only separated towards 970 from the main body. This may be inaccurate, as the north-east tribes appear older by their traditions.

By the account given by the missionary Beatty in 1766, this event would be still later: he states that after separating from the western tribes and long wanderings, the Lenaps (Linapis) settled on the river Delaware 370 years before 1766, or in 1396; which was preserved in a mosaic belt.—_See Moulton’s Hist. of New-York, Vol I._

45 This is the second Tamenend who united all the tribes 1010. This famous name is spelt very variously _Tamanend_, _Tamany_, _Tamini_ &c. all meaning beavering or acting like a beaver. There are many songs and traditions on them.

46 Here is the first mention of white men towards 1170 by the computation of generations: whether they were Eric or Madoc, or both, will be enquired hereafter. The Tuscororas of North Carolina were visited at the same time by Cusick tradition, the Mohigans had also their _Wach-queow_. Hekewelder has omitted this tradition like many others. But Holm in his description of New Sweden positively gives two traditions of the Linapis, tribe Renapis, of a _white woman_ who came to America, married an American, had a son, who went to heaven; and of 2 bigmouths (or preachers) who came afterwards with long beards, and also went to heaven. This relates to the bishop Eric who went to convert the Americans between 1120 and 1160, rather than Madoc or a warlike band.

47 The Miamis or M’amiwis were descendants of the first beaver tribe, separated long before.

48 This verse is double, or has 2 symbols with 6 words, appearing to be two different readings united, or two modes of expressing the same thing, the separation of the real Linapis into three tribes.

49 This may allude to the subjection of the Linapis, by the _Mahongwis_ (Mengwi or Iroquois) about this time, caused by the division of the tribes. The name of failer is certainly an epithet or nickname given: most of the names of kings appear of the same kind or titles. We know they changed names when becoming kings or after great deeds.

_ 50 Otali_ is the real name of the Cheroki mountaineers, so says Adair: this recalls the Talegas to mind, of whom they may be a fragment. The _Wasioto_ are the Cumberland mountains, meaning the _South Sioto_. The _Siotos_ were a Missouri tribe that advanced as far as the _Sioto_ river in Ohio, gave name to it, and were expelled by the Ottawas; probably akin to the _Otos_ of Missouri. They bear the snake sign in the symbol.

51 The symbolic glyph for this event is nearly the same as for the arrival of _Wapsi_ or Eric. A sea, a boat, with mast, sail, and cross over it. Every nation is denoted by a peculiar sign on the head in these annals. 1. _Jinwis_ and his wife by an aureole, 2. the _Ako_ or snakes by a forked tongue or 2 horns, 3. the _Jins_ by a crown of rays, 4. the _Owinis_ by a feather, 5. the kings by 3 feathers, the medial longer, 6. the Esquimaux by a T, 7. the Talamatans by the same reversed T, 8. the Talegas by a bar pointing to the right, 9. the Nentegos by a hook, 10. the Europeans by a cross. This evinces a kind of systematic symbolic plan, like the Mexican; but the symbols are very seldom similar.

_ 52 Mattanikum_ appears to be both the _Tinikum_ and _Mattahorn_ of the Swedes and Holm. Horn is not a Linapi word, but Swedish, so as to translate half the name. He was king in 1645.

53 Holm says the Renapis called the Swedes, Akhoures, which in dialect Linapi would be _Akoli_, meaning _ugly_ or _snake-looking_; the prefix _Win_, means either _the beings_ or snow, or may refer to Winaki.

54 The assertion that no land was ever sold to the colonists is singular. They thought to buy land with trifling presents; but the natives understood all the while the permission to dwell with them.

55 This is a third Tamanend, the great king of the whole nation dwelling at the forks of the Delaware, which appears in Penn’s treaties, and came in great pomp in 1697. The other chiefs mentioned in deeds, were only his vassals: he is also called Taminy; but is very different from _Tatami_ who was king till 1748 at Welakamika or Nazareth, where he was killed by an Irish settler. Hekewelder mentions him; but has many blunders on Tamanend, having mixt the three into one.

56 Netawatwis was king in the west from 1748 till 1776. Alimi or Coquetha-gekton (Heck.) was regent of his grandson _Unamiwi_ till 1780, after him Gelelelund was regent till 1782 when the boy _Unamiwi_ was killed by the Bigknives.—(Heck.) this was the cause of the wars till 1795.

57 General Wayne was compared to their old foes, and called Black Snake, because he beat the allied nations.

58 These are the chiefs of the two united tribes, that appear in the last treaty with the United States.

59 The United States here are called snakes like the oldest foes of mankind. The insiduous manner in which the English settled North America, and wronged the natives, has procured them that appellation. The French and Canadians are never called snakes. The former names of _Yankwis_ has only been preserved as our Yankees. The belief of their being _Gishakis_ or children of the sun-land, at the sun-rise, has long been exploded here as in South America. The Spanish cruelties did since procure to the Castillians the names of devils, assassins, snakes of the sea &c.

60 Many other notions on the primitive nations, may be collected from the mythologies of the various Linapi tribes. Their true devils are similar to vampyres.

61 Wakon is the god and ancestor of all the Washashas or Ozage tribes, Arkanzas, Sioux &c. belonging to the _Capaha_ or Missouri group of nations.

62 The account of these strangers in Hayti is very slender and confused, some writers deem them the ancestors of all the Caribs; yet they acknowledge Caonabo as a late comer. _Mayo-banex_ name of their last king means Maya-head in the Maya language. They must have been an ancient colony or remain of the Mayas, since they had already three dialects. All strangers were called Caribs at last by the Haytians, whence the blunder.

63 Traces of 44 distinct nations or tribes are found in the ancient history of the Antilles, (see last note) which are the ancestors of all the American nations of eastern origin by the Atlantic ocean.

64 These titles of the Supreme God might furnish many pages of compared analogies. _Mamona_ is identic with the _Mammon_ of Africa and Asia. _Liella_ has analogies with all the EL or suns, gods and lords of the east. _Atabeira_ is identic with _Atabyrius_ the Jove of the Phrygians and Pelasgians: The meaning _Unic-being_ has analogies in _Ata-beira_ all over the world. _Ata_ is one or first in many languages. Compare _Atmon_ of Egypt, _Baracata_ or _Paraxacta_ the nature or mother of _Brama_ of the Hindus. _Mamona_ with _Vimana_ eternal god of the Jains, the _Manitos_ of North America. _Até_ was god in Thracian, _Ata_ in Brazil, _Etua_ and _Heyta_ in Polynesia. The names of God in the Cantabrian and Oscan dialects is _Ian_, _Ion_, _Jauna_, _Jain_, _Janieva_, _Janugoieva_ &c. similar to _Jemao_, _Jocana_ and _Hiauna_ of Hayti.

_ 65 Gua-ma-o-con_ was such-great-of-world, in the early monosyllabic language of the Antilles. Compare with _Con-el_, and the gods of the Atlantes, Guanches &c.

66 Compare the following words for winds with _Gua-banzex_.

_Vayajam_ Sanscrit. _Band_ old Arabic. _Watem_, _Vato_ Zend. _Bangin_ Bali. _Bentus_ old Latin. _Ventus_ Latin. _Andas_ Etruscan. _Abka_ Abask. _Sabam_ Ceylon.

67 It was _Jaia_, _Khaya_, _Cayo_, _Hay_ in the dialects and it is pure Greek and Egyptian. Compare _Aya_, _Ai_, _Eia_, _Ia_, _Gaya_, in the Pelasgic dialects, since become _Aya_, _Yaia_, _Gea_ in Greek.

_Kahi_ Egyptian. _Akhé_ Zend. _Kay_ Deri of Iran. _Iya_ Sanscrit. _Ca_, _Aion_ Phenician. _Ay_ Lybian. _Aya_ old Irish. _Ayate_, _Gays_ Ausonian and Oscan.

In America numerous analogies are found,

_Aya_ Betoy, _A_ in Lulé, _Catun_ Tzuluki, _Acuti_ Moxos &c.

68 EL for son was primitive Haytian and synonymous with tribe, children, family, divine or son of God as in Asia. In the dialects _Rabu_, _Rahen_, _Muru &c._ meant Son. Compare _Ili_ tribe in Persian, _Zitl_ man in Circassian, _Leh_ Osset, _Lez_ Lezghi. _Lele_ in Pelasgian, UL in Turan, now _Oglu_ in Turk—_Olgos_ Eolian, _Vulgus_ Latin, _Chuli_ in Carthulan, _Oleos_, _Laos_ in Greek, _Eleuth_ in Mongol, _Chula_ old Spanish, _Alu_ Copt, _Bail_ Etruscan, _Cobayl_ Berber, _Haial_ in D. _Shiluh_, _Ulu_ Afgan, _Eli_ Hungarian, _Filius_ and _fam-ilia_ Latin &c. Even our words _Fellow_, _Child_ and _Folks_ derive from this ancient source, the oriental EL, IL, OL.—In America we find it in the OL-mecas, Chols &c.—_Olo_ in Vilela, _Yoale_ Abipon, ELES Mexican &c.

69 The _Cols_ are perhaps the Chols, Olmecas, _Colas_ of Florida, _Collas_ of Peru &c. The _Caras_ may be the ancient Caribs, or the Guaranis, the _Caras_ of Peru, the _Coras_ of Mexico &c.; compare with the ancient Carians and many other primitive nations.

70 Although we do not meet in Hayti the Greek name of Atlantis, we have so many allusions to the devils _Taras_, and Amazons _Amayuna_, that we can connect these traditions with the Greek accounts. The ancestors of the Haytians if Pelagians were foes and vassals of the Atlantes; but allies of the Amazons.

71 Compare _Cazic_ with the following names for king:

_Oriental Names._

_Ach_ Egypt and Etruscan. _Vasil_ of Greeks. _Kasek_ in Sitka. _Cazi_ in Iran. _Sheik_ in Arabic. _Zic_ Iberians and Sicules. _Acalic_, _Agazi_ Berber. _Bazilik_ Pelagian. _Cahin_ Lybian. _Hazil_ Carian. _Cay_ Zend. _Iza_ Tigreh. _Cazil_ Mindanao island. _Cazis_ Socotora island. _Izcan_ of Haikans. _Izca_, _Kan_ of Turans. _Casis_ of Syrians.

_American Names._

_Acachi_ of Totonacas. _Wachil_ of Nachez. _Zac_ of Muyzcas. _Cathi_ of Pinindas. _Ahatic_ of Huaztecas. _Inca_ of Peruvians. _Chiaca_ of Coras. _Cuchi_ of Puncays. _Kiuska_ of Tzulukis.

72 Compare _Ziba_ with the following names for stone:

_Hiban_ in Berber. _Uben_ in Hebrew. _Aben_ in Syriac. _Keibe_ Celtic. _Siwa_ Nukahiva island. _Ripa_, _Rupes_ in Latin. _Sitaba_ Pelasgian. _Bahiba_ old Arabic. _Iba_ Samoyed. _Batu_ Malay.

It is in America, _Siba_ in Cahiri, _Tabu_ in Yaoy; _Saba_, _Tebu_, _Tobu_ in Galibi dialects, _Tushub_ in Huasteca, _Tepe_ in Mexican, _Tzacapu_ in Talasca &c.

73 Although Matinino was one of the names of Martinico, it may have been given afterwards, and there may have been another land of that name, perhaps the Atlantis or Trinidad.

Garcia gives _Matalino_ as a synonym, _Ma_ means great, and thus it would be the great TALINO, the real great _Atalantis_. The conjecture is plausible; but the name was afterwards transferred to South America. If the real African Atlantis is meant, the event must be before the last flood.

74 This metal Guanin is the Orichalc of the ancient Greeks; which has so much puzzled the learned, being wrongly deemed Platina, which would have been infusible. It was the production of Atlantis!

75 But Garcia gives a different version of this fable, he says that the men being in want of women sent 4 Caracols (their vassals?) to catch wives, who were like ants on trees; but slippery like eels: yet some being caught became the wives of the Guaninis. Ants were called _Comekhon_ in Haytian, and thus we have another tribe akin to the _Comaguas_, _Comayaguas &c._ who were previous settlers of Hayti, and descendants of _Kon_! the _Khons_ of Lybia? But it is strange that we find here the _Myrmidons_ of Grecian fable! and many affinities in the name of that tribe of ants. _Mur-mekon_ in Pelagian and Greek, _Umekon_ in Thracian, _Formica_ in Latin, _Camot_ in Bali, _Mohur_ in Iran &c., while in America _Comagen_ of Uraba, _Camaxen_ of the Talascas and Opatas. All referring perhaps to the ancient people of Ants; the Pismires of Gothic tribes; a people of dwarfs or weakness, akin to Pygmies and Troglodytes! thus traced also to America.

76 Compare with _Anaboria_ or _Naboritas_ (working men) the following names for vassals and laborers—_Naboriti_ in Coyba, _Labuyu_ of Caribs, _Anaconas_ of Peru and Muyzcas, _Naboria_ of Mayas &c.—and in the east.

_Tabara_ in Turan. _Burutis_ in Ausonian. _Aborian_, _Abeirgon_ Pelagic. _Boor_, _Bura_ Frisic. _Ambactos_ in Gaul. _Manahunis_ in Tahiti. _Nerba_ Hindostani. _Bendar_ Pehlvi. _Abondas_ Saxon. _Canabas_, Knave Gothic. _Nebara_ Nepal. _Parias_ India.

77 It is remarkable that the primitive notions of the Haytians about ghosts &c. prevail yet among the Negroes of the Antilles. The _Obiah_ or sortilege, and _Dupin_ ghosts, of Jamaica &c., appear to have survived. If introduced lately by the African Negroes, it is strange they should be similar to the Haytian names of old.

78 The two brothers became gods of good and evil, as their names indicate—_Gua-tauva_ implies _such goodness_: while _Pregonero_ is the devil of Cumana, under the names of _Proruru_ or _Proguro_.

79 These priests drest in white as in Central America, and the Druids; are primitive Lybian or Druidic priests and Pelagic Bramins. Their name is found in

_Hubantes_ in Pelagic. _Faybo_ of the Guanches. _Vates_ Ausonian and Gaul. _Aobu_ in Aramic. _Behotus_ Dorian. _Bedo_ old French. _Phonto_ in Egypt. _Purohito_ in Sanscrit. _Budan_ in Pelvi. _Budha_ of Budhists. _Baharas_ Nepal. _Heotes_ Sicanian &c.

80 The Caribs went nearly naked; when the Spaniards came with clothes and guns the prophecy was explained. _Cochio_ for dress and mantle has affinities with many ancient languages, _Gonachen_ in Iran, _Ahico_ of Guanches, _Poncho_ of Peru and Chili, _Cachaca_ of Gauls, _Cochaya_ of Slavonians, _Cota_ in Celtic &c.: whence our coat.

81 This is the most plausible account of Caonabo; but he perhaps was a Maya and not a Carib: his name is not Carib, but Haytian, meaning _gold of the house_. Anacaona would hardly have married a Carib? I have attempted to put probable dates to these retrospective events, loosely mentioned by Dangleria and the Spanish writers.

82 The intercourse between Cuba, Florida and the Lucayas was frequent. Dangleria says the Lucayas were a happy people, with beautiful women, for whose sake many Cubans and Floridans came to live there.

83 It will be proper to recapitulate here the ancient nations and tribes of the Antilles, mentioned in these traditions and annals; adding to each some well-known modern nations of the continent, bearing nearly the same name, and most probably descended from them: unless it is preferred to consider them as ancestors rather than posterity, a very improbable fact. Meantime we acquire thereby a new clue to American annals and ethnology: since nearly all the nations of America may be connected with those by other links of languages, traditions &c.

1. _Zemis_ or _Chemes_, Compare Zemis and Zemayos of Chaco and Chimus of Peru.

2. _Tuyras_ or _Taras_, Compare Tarascas and Tarahumara of Mexico, Taricas and Talas of Tucuman, Atures of Oronoc &c.

3. _Guabanz_, Compare Abays and Abipons of Chaco?

4. _Khayas_, Compare Cayubas and Khakhas of Peru.

5. _Higueras_ or _Hibueras_, Compare Guaranis, they called man _Ibi_, the Borias &c.

6. _Boinis_, Bohanes of Charcas, and names of priests in South America.

7. _Marohus_ or _Marocas_, Muras of Brazil, Aymaras of Peru, Maronios of Charcas.

8. _Corocores_, Coretus of Brazil, Coras of Peru, Coros of Cumana, Coras of Mexico.

9. _Coles_, probably same as Cores, Colas of Florida, Collas of Peru, Chols of Central America, Cholas of South America.

10. _Caracara_ again same, Caras, Caris, Carios of Guaranis and Peru, perhaps also Caribs?

11. _Manicos_ or _Manacos_, the great Nacos—Manicas or Manoas, Maynas of Peru, Nacos of Comayagua.

12. _Icotas_ or _Hicoteas_, Cotos Carib tribes.

13. _Cautas_ appear same as _I-cota_—_I_ and _Hi_ are articles, Cotos and Cotas tribes of Cumana and Oronoc.

14. _Caanau_ or _Caonas_, Cagnas, Canaris of Peru.

15. _Giagau_ or _Xaguas_, Changas of Peru, Achaguas of Guyana.

16. _Amayunas_, Mayoriexes of Hayti, Mayas of Yucatan, Mbayas of Chaco.

17. _Machocha_, Machicuis of Charcas, Chunchos of Peru.

18. _Zibas_, Zipas of Muyzcas, Shibaois of Guyana.

19. _Khoboses_, Coropos of Brazil, Coybas of Darien, Mocobis of Chaco.

20. _Gionas_ or _Aunas_, Yana-conas of Peru.

21. _Kadrus_, Aruacs of Guyana.

22. _Giahubas_, Yaoys, Shiahubas and Yahus of Guyana.

23. _Guaninis_, Guanas all over South America.

24. _Tonas_, Atun-collas of Peru, Tuncas of Popayan, Tun of Chili.

25. _Anacac_ or _Manati_, Tamanacus of Guyana.

26. _Boras_, Anaborias of S. America. Boroas of Chili.

27. _Comos_, _Comis_ or _Come-Khon_, Comayaguas of Honduras, Comagre of Darien, Aculma of Mexico.

28. _Goeiz_, Goyaz of Brazil, Guyanas of Oronoc.

29. _Aumatex_, Yumas, Yameos of Peru, Amatalas of Moxos.

30. _Guatauvas_, Guatayos or Aruac tribes.

31. _Moretes_, Muretes of Moxos? Muras of Brazil.

32. _Caribas_, _Canibas_, _Canimas_, The Calibis or Caribs.

33. _Timanis_, Timanas of Chaco, Tamanacs and Tamecas of Oronoc.

34. _Labouyous_, Abuyas and Abayes synonym of Mbayas.

35. _Cahiris_ Caris of South America.

36. _Eyeris_, Yaros of Parana.

37. _Toas_, Taos of Tucuman, and of New Mexico.

38. _Oumekwas_, Omaguas, Humayons of Chaco &c.

39. _Mabuyas_, Abuyas, Poyas, Poyay of North and South America.

40. _Cofachis,_ Cofachis or Cowetas of North America?

41. _Apalachis_, Apalaches, Yamasis of North America.

42. _Mayoriex_ or _Ziguayos_, Mayas, Guayos of Chaco.

43. _Cons_, Chons and Yana-Conas of Peru, Conos of Chaco, Conivos and Conamas of South America.

44. _Els_ or _Ili_ (children), Eles and Ols of Mexico, Yoales or Vilelas and Lules or Pelé of Chaco.

Thus, how gratuitous was the common opinion that only one nation filled the Antilles. Meantime we find nowhere in these annals that name of Antilia, which in their language would have been _Anti-ili_ sons of Antes, or _Ana-ti-ili_ flower-high-children. It may be a Lybian name like Atlantes, both referring to the _Antis_ or Anteus, the early inhabitants of North Africa, and of Peru.