Part 1

VOL. XXXIII. No. 4.

THE

AMERICAN MISSIONARY.

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“To the Poor the Gospel is Preached.”

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APRIL, 1879.

_CONTENTS:_

EDITORIAL.

MAP OF EASTERN AFRICA (Cover) p. 2 THE ARTHINGTON MISSION 97 FINANCIAL 101 PROGRESS--ENCOURAGEMENT 101 CONGREGATIONALISM IN THE SOUTH: Rev. C. L. Woodworth 102 ITEMS FROM THE FIELD 103 GENERAL NOTES 104

THE FREEDMEN.

SUNDAY-SCHOOLS FOR THE FREEDMEN: Rev. J. E. Roy, D. D. 107 VIRGINIA--Work at Hampton, from a Three Months’ Observation: Rev. John H. Denison 109 GEORGIA, MACON--A Beginner’s Reflections, &c. 112 ALABAMA, TALLADEGA--Revival in Church and College 113 SELMA--Revival Work--A Well-organized Church 114 MONTGOMERY--Thoughtful Congregation 115 MISSISSIPPI, TOUGALOO--A Praise Meeting 116

AFRICA.

HEATHEN BUNDOO DANCE AND A RETREAT: Benj. James, M. D. 118 VISIT TO THE INTERIOR: Rev. A. E. Jackson 119

THE INDIANS.

SCHOOL AND CHURCH WORK AT DUNGINESS, W. T. 120

THE CHINESE.

OUR CHINESE HELPERS: Rev. W. C. Pond 121

RECEIPTS 123

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NEW YORK.

_Published by the American Missionary Association,_

ROOMS, 56 READE STREET.

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Price, 50 Cents a Year, in advance.

THE

AMERICAN MISSIONARY.

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VOL. XXXIII. APRIL, 1879. No. 4.

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American Missionary Association.

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THE ARTHINGTON MISSION.

In the March MISSIONARY we published the letter containing the offer of £3,000 to the A. M. A. for the establishment of a mission in Central Africa, to lie between the river Nile on the west, and the river Jub on the east, and to extend from 10 deg. north latitude to 3 deg. on the Nile, and 1 deg. on the Jub. The offer has received as much and as careful attention as the time has allowed, and we submit in this issue the results so far as yet attained. We call attention to

THE ACCOMPANYING MAP

showing the location and accessibility of the proposed mission. The territory assigned is included in dotted lines, and is nearly in the centre of the map, which has been drawn in accordance with the latest discoveries. The sources of the Nile are indicated in the Victoria and Albert Nyanza lakes. The rivers Sobat and Jub are given as by the best authorities. The stations of Gondokoro and Fatiko are shown, and the general location of the various known tribes. The report says nothing of the Abyssinians in the northeast, being confined thus far to the most accessible portion of the region. The mission stations on the three lakes have been conspicuously lettered and underlined; that of the Church Missionary Society at Rubaga, the capital of King Mtesa, and Kagei on the south end of the lake, where they propose to have at least a depot; Ujiji on the Tanganika, where the London Missionary Society have located; and Livingstonia on the Nyassa, from which the missionaries of the Free Church of Scotland will move to a location probably on the west coast, where they will be free from the tsetse fly.

The proposed field will be seen to be accessible by the Nile. The cataracts have been ascended by vessels of considerable size, at very high Nile, but always with great danger and difficulty. It is more feasible to transport from Souakim, on the Red Sea, across the desert by camel-back to Berber, thence by steamer to Khartum and Gondokoro, which, or the military station only a few miles south on the opposite bank of the river, may be the best point of departure and depot of supplies. It may not be a matter of great difficulty to explore the Sobat and penetrate by it into the very heart of this region.

For the view of the field and the attitude toward it taken by the Association, we refer to the following report of the Foreign Committee, which was unanimously adopted and ordered to be printed at the last meeting of the Executive Committee:

REPORT OF THE FOREIGN COMMITTEE.

The Committee beg leave to report that they have consulted such books as have been accessible, respecting the part of Africa designated by Mr. Arthington, and have also obtained an interview with Col. C. Chaillé Long, the African explorer, who has penetrated both by the Sobat and the Jub further into that territory than any other white man now living.

From the information gathered, they conclude that though there are difficulties, there are no insurmountable obstacles in the way of the establishment of the mission proposed. The country has been visited by a number of explorers, merchants and officers of the Egyptian Government. Steamers ply up and down the Nile in close proximity to some of the tribes it is proposed to reach. Sir Samuel Baker has illustrated the feasibility of conveying steel steamers in sections across the desert, from Souakim on the Red Sea, to Berber on the Nile, at which point they can be reconstructed and used on the Nile and its tributaries. With a small screw steamer, a missionary expedition can explore the different portions of the country mentioned by Mr. Arthington, using the boat for storage of supplies, and as a mission house, until stations can be established.

The locality on the east bank of the Nile and along the river Sobat we believe to be more easy of access than either of the three central African missions established by the English and the Scotch on the Nyassa, Tanganika and Victoria Nyanza lakes, and that every argument for establishing these missions can be applied with greater force to a mission in the Nile basin.

Of the region and peoples accessible by the river Jub, your Committee have as yet been able to gain no clear information, further than that the high lands, extending back for perhaps twenty miles from the sea-coast, sink into low, marshy plains, through which the river runs as far as it has been navigated. The higher region in the interior, in which it must have its source, is as yet utterly unknown.

We not only deem the proposed mission practicable, but the call to it Providential. The attention of the civilized world has recently been directed in a striking manner to the Nile basin. The opening of the Suez Canal, and the explorations of Speke, Grant, Petherick, Schweinfurth, Long, Baker and Stanley, have familiarized us with the country and its people, awakening an interest in its behalf that is wide-spread; while the efforts of Sir Samuel Baker and Colonel Gordon for the suppression of the slave-trade open to this Association an opportunity for co-operation in a work consistent with its origin and history.

The number of slaves that come down the Blue and White Nile is probably 25,000 annually (Southworth, see page 355; Charles New’s “Wanderings in Africa,” page 492). Many of these are gathered from the Fatiko, Obbo, Latooka and Madi country (see “Ismailia,” page 355), and efforts for their relief by missionaries co-operating with the Government of Col. Gordon would be of much promise (Col. Long, before Executive Committee A. M. A.), especially as Col. Gordon has been appointed Governor General of the Nile basin for life, by the Khedive of Egypt, which position he has accepted, with the avowed purpose of suppressing the slave trade. (“Khedive’s Egypt,” page 294.) He appears to have entered upon this task with the spirit of an old Scotch Covenanter, taking his Bible with him in his tent, in the desert and in the wilderness. (“Khedive’s Egypt,” page 291.)

It is a matter of interest that the proposed mission is among the real heathen. Moslem Africa extends across the continent to about 9 deg. north latitude. (See Reade’s “African Sketch Book,” Vol. I., page 312.) Below that belt of country there are no obstacles in the way of religious efforts among the natives, except those common to all missions among an unclad and tropical people. Sir Bartle Frere, as quoted by Secretary Hutchinson of the Church Missionary Society, says that the “missionary, by the negro, free or slave, is everywhere regarded as a friend. He has not the slightest objection of any kind, moral or material, political or social, to the missionary, whom he is glad to welcome as doing him good in many ways, and greatly adding to the importance of the tribes, in the midst of which a mission station is established.”

The peculiarity of the climate and the characteristics of the people indicate that the proposed mission should be manned largely by Freedmen from America. The climate is sure to wear out a white man in the course of a few years, if he remains constantly on the ground. (Col. Long, before the Executive Committee of the A. M. A.) The degree of mortality among the white soldiers of the Egyptian army, and the fate of the missionaries of the Austrian Mission at Gondokoro, illustrate the same fact. Besides, the general testimony is, that black men are better able to convince people of their own color of the attainments that may be reached in religion and civilization by the African race. Thus it appears that not only the climate is for the Negro, but the work of missions as well. It is the office of this Association to make use of the Freedmen educated in its schools as missionaries to Africa, as speedily as Providence shall open the way. It is able to furnish a portion of the force required at an early day.

The animal and vegetable productions of the country are so abundant that the material interests essential to the success of the mission are assured. The resources of the country are immense. “It is estimated that in the nine provinces of the Soudan there are 140,000,000 acres of fine, black, soft, loamy soil, an acreage that would make two productive cotton empires, each larger than France. You need not plough this soil; you need not work it; you have only to scatter the seed, and the periodical rains, or _sikeahs_ (water-wheels for artificial irrigation) water the earth, and then at maturity you reap your harvest.” (“Four Thousand Miles in Africa,” page 357.)

The Madi country, for example, is thickly settled, and abounds with vast herds of the finest cattle. (“Ismailia,” page 286.) The Fatiko people are muscular and well built, and, generally, their faces are handsome (“Ismailia,” page 282); while the Obbo people, living as they do at an altitude of 3,600 feet above the level of the sea, wear clothing, and afford a market for cloth, for which they exchange ivory, giving promise of an active market at an early day. (See “Albert Nyanza,” page 224.)

The physical geography of a portion of the territory mentioned by Mr. Arthington is as attractive as any found in Central Africa. In latitude 3 deg. to 9 deg. north, on the White Nile, and eastwards, the elevations vary from 1,500 to 4,000 feet above the level of the sea (“Ismailia,” page 522), and possess all the variety of scenery of mountain, plain, forest and meadow, which give a park-like beauty to portions of the country. At Fatiko, in latitude 3 deg. north, during eight months the range of the thermometer was between 60 deg. at 6 A.M. and 90 deg. at noon, the average temperature being equal to about 75 deg. (“Ismailia,” pages 513, 514, 515, 516.)

From all that can be gathered, your Committee believe that, if the means shall be furnished for entering upon the proposed mission field, it will be wise to inaugurate the work among the highlands south of Gondokoro, among the Berri, Fatiko, Latooka or Obbo tribes, selecting a locality, if possible, accessible by steamer, not too far from some station of the Egyptian Government, and among tribes of mild and friendly disposition, and thus open to religious and civilizing agencies.

The Committee also urge that the relations of America to the slave trade have been such that we are in duty bound to do all we can for the redemption of the people of Africa, and that as a thank-offering to God for His overruling Providence in ridding our country of slavery, we, of America, should be ready to establish one new mission at least in addition to the three that have recently been undertaken with so much enthusiasm and at so great expense by our British friends.

The special claims of this field upon the American Missionary Association are obvious. Equatorial Africa is not a new and untried field to it. The Mendi Mission was organized by the Amistad Committee thirty-seven years ago, and was transferred to the care of the Association in 1846. We are not unfamiliar with the discouragements or the hopeful aspects of the work. We ought to have learned something by so long experience. It is by no means proposed to divert strength from the old mission, which has never, perhaps, been in more promising condition, to a new field. Rather it would be our hope, if the Lord should lay this work upon us, that these eastern and western fields, balancing each other across the dark continent, would more than double the interest of those who work through us in the evangelization of Africa. The negro race has always been our prominent and peculiar charge. That the people of this district have been degraded more by the slave trade than by their native heathenism, makes their claim on us the less possible to resist. And the fact that the missionary spirit among the students in our Southern colleges will soon demand room in which to expend itself in self-denying labor, forbids that we should refuse such an offer without careful and prayerful consideration.

We, therefore, advise that an appeal be made for $35,000, which, with the $15,000 offered by Mr. Arthington, will amount to $50,000, as a fund for the establishment of a mission in the Nile basin, to be called “The Arthington Mission,” in remembrance of the beneficent donor, who, under God, has by his liberality already made it possible for the great missionary societies to establish Central African missions.

The Committee hope that the Lord may incline some one or more of the friends of African missions, whom He has blessed with wealth, to put into our hands the larger part of the sum required for this undertaking, and that the Association may receive, say $30,000, from one, two or three contributors, which will still leave room for the many who may desire by smaller gifts to have a part in the enterprise.

We further suggest that a force of not less than ten missionaries would be required to enter upon this work; that of this number, eight should, if possible, be of African descent, and that correspondence should be entered into with a view to their wise selection at such time as sufficient funds shall be subscribed to warrant a beginning of the undertaking. Also, that estimates be obtained respecting the dimensions and cost of a suitable steamer to serve the purposes of the mission. We recommend further that this report be printed in the April number of the AMERICAN MISSIONARY, and thus submitted to the prayerful consideration of the friends of the African race, and that the Executive Committee await their decision as it shall be indicated in their response, trusting in it to read the full disclosure of the Master’s will, and purposing to be wholly guided thereby.

GEO. M. BOYNTON, M. E. STRIEBY, ADDISON P. FOSTER, G. D. PIKE, JOHN H. WASHBURN, H. W. HUBBARD. CLINTON B. FISK,

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FINANCIAL.

The American Missionary Association is practically out of debt, but not out of danger. If receipts for current expenses are not kept up, a new debt is inevitable. The receipts for February and up to March 14th (the date of going to press), are $7,233 less than for the corresponding months of last year. This falling off may be partly due to the effort made to pay _our_ debt and that of the Home Missionary Society, and partly to the unconscious feeling that with the debt paid little else is needed. But our work and workers are on our hands. Our office expenses are brought down to the most economical figures, and our expenditures in the field are most rigidly confined to the appropriations. If the receipts of this fiscal year are brought up to those of last--the basis of the appropriations--the work will be carried through successfully and without debt.

We earnestly entreat our friends to grant us that desired result. We cannot ourselves avert the calamity of debt, for if we should recall every laborer, and close every school and church, we should still owe the salaries and return traveling expenses, so that the saving would be very little. We ask, therefore, a generous and steady support for the rest of the year. Pastors can be our greatest helpers. They can see to it that our collections are not forgotten. If our cause is on the list, they can secure the collection at the regular time. If it is not, and we have received no contribution for a year or two past, the pastor is entreated to consider if our work is not worthy of support, and to present it to his people. Even if the offering should be small, it would be gladly received. Individual donors are also asked to aid us in this endeavor. Our experience in the last two years gives us hope that this, our appeal, will not be in vain.

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PROGRESS--ENCOURAGEMENT.

The work in the Southern States moves slowly; there are many hindrances, and we are sometimes discouraged. But then, again, a way-mark is reached showing such progress as to rebuke unbelief. We point to one such.

Will the reader picture to himself the early toils and trials of Rev. John G. Fee in Kentucky. The son of a slaveholder, he began to preach an anti-slavery gospel, and organized a church excluding slaveholders. In 1855 he was mobbed; again in 1858; and in 1859 a meeting was assembled in Richmond, the county seat of Madison County, which sent a committee to Berea to warn Mr. Fee’s associates (he was then in the North) to leave in ten days. The warning was given with such quiet emphasis that it had to be obeyed. Thirty-six persons were banished from the State.

The change in twenty years is indicated in the following extract from the _Kentucky Register_ of February 21, 1879, published in that same town of Richmond, Ky. It can be seen, too, in the prosperity of Berea College, with its 273 pupils, one-half of them white:

“REV. JOHN G. FEE AT THE COURT-HOUSE.--Probably no man in Madison County in past years has been talked about as much as Rev. John G. Fee, the founder of the town and college of Berea. He has been a resident of the county for more than twenty-five years, has been a preacher of the gospel, and, yet strange to say, never until last Sunday preached a sermon in this place. On the day named, he occupied by invitation the pulpit of Dr. T. H. Clelland at the Court-House. Owing to the fact that no general notice of Mr. Fee’s intention to speak had been given, his audience was very small; otherwise the Court-House would have been filled to its utmost capacity. Mr. Fee is a forcible and pleasant speaker, agreeable in his manner, and impresses his bearers that he is in earnest, honest in his convictions, and conscientiously seeks the advancement and well-being of his fellow-men.

“As he stood before his audience, a messenger for Christ, and preached the words of the Master, one could but recall the trying years of the past, when the speaker fearlessly combated a race prejudice and battled for the freedom of a people who seemed hopelessly enslaved; when he stood alone in his advocacy of negro liberty, and in his mild and gentle way, sought to convince his neighbors that human slavery was wrong and condemned by God; when his enemies persecuted him, and the people among whom he lived sought to pull him down, and even threatened to take his life--one could but recall these stormy days of hate and sectional prejudice, and at the same time remember that when the war came and Mr. Fee’s party was in the ascendant, he had no man punished; he sought to avenge no personal grievance, but went on with his life-work in his quiet, unobtrusive way, forgetting his enemies or only remembering them to forgive them.”

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We print in this number the first of a series of five articles, from the pen of Dist. Sec. Woodworth, on the general topic, “Congregationalism in the South.” They will give an outline of its history, and hints as to its responsibility and opportunity. While it will not be, as it has not been, the sole object of the Association to extend the form of church polity, to which most of the churches which contribute to it are attached, but rather to labor for the intelligent Christianization of the people who most need it, we are disposed to think that there will be found a greater affinity between the Southern people and the Congregational way than many have supposed. We do not endorse all the utterances on the incompatibility between the two which were made at the last Annual Meeting, and are glad to have so careful a survey of the whole subject as these articles will furnish.

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CONGREGATIONALISM IN THE SOUTH.

1. Before the War.

DIST. SEC. C. L. WOODWORTH, BOSTON.

Few are aware, perhaps, that up to 1861 Congregationalism had but two churches south of Mason and Dixon’s line; and these were not indigenous to the soil, but the transplanted growths of other lands. The first was the old Circular Church of Charleston, S.C., organized in 1690, of Irish and Scotch Presbyterians, of Congregationalists from the North, and of Huguenots from the persecutions in France.

The second was the Midway Church, in Liberty County, Georgia, which was formed in 1695, as a colony from the First Congregational Church of Dorchester, Mass. It first planted itself on the Ashley River in South Carolina, at a place which is called Dorchester; but in 1752, the colony having grown to more than five hundred souls, emigrated bodily into Georgia, transplanting the church into that new country. Among the eminent men on its roll of preachers was the father of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes.

Both these churches have a very distinct and striking history. Both sent out hundreds of most intelligent and worthy members, who adorned all the walks of life--teachers, preachers, professors, lawyers, judges, governors, senators--but neither of them ever propagated itself. Both were ministered to for years by men of other denominations, though none ventured to tamper with their polity. It is a singular illustration of the toughness and vigor of the Congregational life, and of the uncongenial soil in which it was planted.

The two churches held on their way with no signs of age or weakness until the outbreak of the war. The old Circular Church unfortunately lost its meeting-house in the great fire during the siege of Charleston. It was also weakened by deaths and emigrations, as well as by the withdrawal of most of the colored membership to form the new Plymouth Church of Charleston. Notwithstanding all this the white membership have bravely held together, have built themselves a small chapel, and until recently have been ministered to by Rev. William Adams, son of the late Dr. Nehemiah Adams, of Boston.