Part 22
Creeks: from Georgia and Alabama, 19-20; assist in Seminole removal, 20, _footnote_; mixture with negroes, 20, _footnote_, 23, _footnote_; status of free negro among, 23, _footnote_; Presbyterians among, 40; desirable to have slaveholders settle among, 42; repent giving home to Seminoles, 51; location, 67; representatives at inter-tribal council, 71; visited by commissioners from Texas, 92; in council with Cherokees, Seminoles, Quapaws, and Sacs, 94
Crime: unjustly charged against missionaries, 47; charged against Reserve Indians, 52
Crutchfield, Major P. T: 111
Culbertson, Alexander: 210, _footnote_
Cumberland Presbyterians: 40, _footnote_
Curtis, Gen. S. R: 138, _footnote_
Cushing, Caleb: opinion as attorney-general, 22
Cutler, Abram: 229, _footnote_
Cutler, George A: 184, _footnote_, 249, _footnote_, 259, _footnote_, 266
Davis, Jefferson: influences Cushing, 22; writes to Worcester, 23, _footnote_; nominates Hubbard Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 128; appoints Pike special commissioner to Indians, 130; message, 202; Marshall writes to, 207
Davis, John B: 23, _footnote_
Davis, John D: 199, _footnote_
Davis, William P: 199, _footnote_
Dawson, J. L: 193, _footnote_
Dean, Charles W: 42; work cited, 35, _footnote_, 60, _footnote_
Debray, X. B: 102, _footnote_
Decotah: suggested territory of, 31, _footnote_
Deep Fork of Canadian: 254
Delawares: from Indiana, 19; tarry in Missouri, 19, _footnote_; free state men among, 35; anxious to avoid white man's interference, 36, _footnote_; Baptist school on reservation, 38; as refugees, 56, _footnote_; Leeper to communicate with, 181, _footnote_; Pike hopes to meet, 189, _footnote_; wealth, 208, _footnote_; treaty with, 231, _footnote_; employed as scouts, 232; appeal to, 268; response of, 268; and Shawnees attack Wichita Agency and kill Leeper, 329, _footnote_
Delegates: five great tribes should have, in Congress, 31, _footnote_; Pike sent as, 132-133; to be allowed in Confederate Congress, 159, 161, 177, 203, 204, 324; Creek on way to Washington, 245; Gamble to Confederate Congress, 312
Delegation: Choctaw and Chickasaw, gives assurance to Indian Office of neutrality, 74 and _footnote_, 75; from non-secession element in various tribes, 265-266 and _footnote_, 267 and _footnote_; from Leased District visits Kiowas, 353
Denton: exodus from, 95
Denver, J. W: 270
Derrysaw, Jacob: 69, _footnote_, 194, 218, _footnote_
Dickey, M. C: 209, _footnote_
Dickinson, J. C: 50, _footnote_, 296
Diplomacy: used to effect Indian alliance, 17; and intrigue to effect Seminole removal from Florida, 20, _footnote_
District of Columbia: status of slavery in, 22
Disunion: Pike's poem on, 133 and _footnote_
Doaksville: 39, _footnote_; Choctaw constitution, 51; Council at, 77
Dole, William P: 56, _footnote_, 74, _footnote_, 75, 80, 231 and _footnote_, 233, 241-242, 250, 266, 271, 273, 274
Dorn, Andrew J: 30, _footnote_; takes charge of Neosho Agency, 35, _footnote_, 51; absent from post, 82; citizen of Arkansas, 82, _footnote_; tells Neosho River Agency Indians to attend Tahlequah meeting, 241; letter of, 295; Rector complains of conduct of, 328
Dred Scott Decision: effect upon Indian interests, 29
Drew, John: 137, _footnote_, 214, _footnote_, 217, 226, 253, _footnote_, 255
Drew, Thomas: work cited, 30, _footnote_; issues permits to peddle in Indian country, 60
Drouth: 57, 146, 208
Du Val, Ben T: 104, _footnote_
Dwight: Cherokee school at, 39, _footnote_
Echo Harjo: 58, _footnote_, 80, _footnote_, 192, 193, 243
Edwards, John: 78
Elder, Peter P: 81, _footnote_
Elk Horn Tavern: battle of, 138, _footnote_
Ellis, Jo: 244
Emigration: of Indians voluntary, 19, _footnote_
Emissaries: 83, 88, 89, _footnote_, 113 _et seq._, 114, _footnote_, 115, _footnote_, 132, 142, 148, _footnote_, 183, 208, 210, _footnote_, 218, _footnote_, 219, _footnote_, 242
Emory, William H: 96-102, 98, _footnotes_
Enlistment of Indians: Pike favors, 132; McCulloch instructed to secure, 144, 147; no intention of Confederacy to use as Home Guards exclusively, 148; Pike objects to use outside of Indian country, 149; Hyams urges, 155; Chief Hudson authorizes, among Choctaws, 156; Federal attitude towards, 227 _et seq._, compulsory, illegal, 228, _footnote_; Lane resolves upon, 229-230 and _footnotes_; Frémont favors, 231-232; Delaware chiefs oppose, 232; Lane persists in urging, 248; urged by Hunter, 250; to be resorted to by Federals in invading Indian Territory, 270-271 and _footnotes_, 272, _footnote_; U. S. War Department reverses action respecting, 275, 279 and _footnotes_; Coffin's views on, 277, _footnote_; muster roll showing, 344; among Comanches abandoned, 350
Euchees: 52
Factions: among Cherokees, 49-50, 151 _et seq._, 215, 223, 240; among Creeks, 192-194, 254; among Seminoles, 198-199; among Comanches, 306
Fairfield: Cherokee school at, 39, _footnote_
Fall Leaf: 231, _footnote_, 232 and _footnotes_, 233, _footnote_
Farnsworth, H. W: 229, _footnote_, 272
Fayetteville: 67, _footnote_, 184, 310, 326
Female seminaries: Indian girls attend, 67, _footnote_
Finch, John: 30, _footnote_
Finley, C. A: 270
Fishback, William Meade: 104, _footnote_
Fleming, Walter L: work cited, 108, _footnote_
Floyd, John B: 53, 296
Folsom, George: 23, _footnote_
Folsom, Israel: 74
Folsom, Joseph P: 77
Folsom, Peter: 74, 76, 196
Folsom, Sampson: 41, _footnote_, 76, 196
Food: Indian refugees need, 260; to destitute Delawares from Cherokee country, 268, _footnote_; Creek refugees destitute of, 273, _footnote_, 278, _footnote_; supposed fraudulent character of contract for supplying, 285-289; Confederate contract with Charles B. Johnson for supplying, 301-303; for Comanches, 313; to be furnished Indians in council considering amendments to treaties, 323; receipt for, furnished, 345
Fort Arbuckle: 54, 87, _footnote_, 97, 135, _footnote_, 201, _footnote_, 297, 303, 345, 357
Fort Belknap: 88, _footnote_
Fort Caleb: 295
Fort Cobb: 82, footnote, 84, _footnote_, 96, 97, 98 and _footnote_, 189, _footnote_, 296, 332, 356
Fort Coffee Academy: 40, _footnote_
Fort Davis: 349
Fort Gibson: abandoned as military post, 53; Major Emory and, 104; distance from Fort Smith, 108; Pike returns to, 137, _footnote_; Armstrong to meet emigrating Creeks at, 193, _footnote_; Cooper draws off in direction of, 256; money at, 325
Fort Leavenworth: 88, _footnote_, 103, 208, _footnote_, 251, 259, 266, 267, 270
Fort Lincoln: 229, _footnote_, 230, 243
Fort McCulloch: 139, _footnote_, 284
Fort Randall: 227, _footnote_
Fort Roe: 259 and _footnote_, 275, _footnote_, 277, _footnote_
Fort Scott: 249, _footnote_, 266
Fort Smith: headquarters of southern superintendency, 64; evacuated, 76; W. G. Coffin fails to reach, 81, _footnote_; Emory reaches, 97; Emory tarries at, 99; hot-bed of sectionalism, 103; distance from Fort Gibson, 108; J. J. Gaines reaches, 113; Pike proceeds to, 138, _footnote_; McCulloch at, 150; talk of confiscating Rector's property at, 182, _footnote_; distance from Scullyville, 211; fire at, 298
Fort Smith Council: 192, _footnote_, 226-227, 241
_Fort Smith Papers_: cited, 41, _footnote_, 43, _footnote_, 50, _footnote_, 104, _footnote_, 197, _footnote_, 198, _footnote_, 285-328
_Fort Smith Times_: cited, 47, _footnote_
Fort Sumter: 118
Fort Towson: 40, _footnote_
Fort Washita: 77, 91, 96, 189, _footnote_, 297, 303
Fort Wise: 210, _footnote_
Forty-niners: covet land in Indian country, 28
Frauds: William Walker, head chief of Wyandots, takes part in Kansas election, 22, _footnote_
Frazier, Jackson: 41, footnote
Free negroes: status among Creeks and Seminoles, 23, _footnote_; among Choctaws, 24, _footnote_; Leased District rendezvous for, 56-57
Free-soilers: 45, 46, 113
Free-state expansion: charge that Calhoun intended to prevent, 30
Free-state men: intrenched among Delawares north of Kansas River, 35
Frémont, John C: 214, _footnote_, 215, _footnote_, 231, 232, 233, _footnote_, 248, 312
Frontier: action along Missouri-Arkansas in Civil War, 17; character of men of, 114; Indians exploited for sake of men of, 170; trouble on, to be expected, 183, _footnote_
Frozen Rock: 53
Fugitive Slave Law: operative within Indian country, 22, 166, 178
Gaines, J. J: 113, 115, _footnote_, 116
Gamble, James: 41, _footnote_, 54, _footnote_, 197, 312
Garland, Samuel: 74, 76
Garrett, William H: 58, _footnote_, 82, and _footnote_, 183, 184 192, 194, 212, _footnote_, 324
Georgia: Creeks and Cherokees from, 20, 193, _footnote_; D. E. Twiggs from, 87
Grayton: exodus from, 95
Green, J. J: 105, _footnote_
Greenwood, A. B: 36, _footnote_, 45, _footnote_, 46, 48, 113, 192, 209, _footnote_, 291, 292, 294
"Grier letter": 29, _footnote_
Griffith, Samuel: 119, 182, _footnote_, 183-184
Grimes, Marshal: 56, _footnote_, 57, _footnote_, 98, _footnote_, 336, 337
Hagerstown (Md.): Quantrill, native of, 48
Half-breeds: status of, 23, _footnote_; generally slaveholders, 46; influence sought in holding Indian country for South, 67; planter class in Indian Territory, 67, 75; white men and Choctaw, hold secession meeting, 77; missionaries fear, 78; hated by "loyal" Cherokees, 139, _footnote_; attempt to force full-bloods into alliance with Confederacy, 216
Halleck, Henry W: 215, _footnote_, 275
Hamilton, Charles A: appointed commissioner, 88; report, 91
Harris, C. A: 193, _footnote_
Harris, Cyrus: 41, _footnote_, 69, _footnote_, 80, _footnote_; visited by commissioners from Texas, 91
Harris, Thomas A: 130
Harrison, James E: appointed commissioner, 88; report, 91; referred to by Governor Clark, 131, _footnote_
Helena (Ark.): 104
Hemphill, John: 100, _footnote_
Hester, G. B: 230, _footnote_
Hicks, Charles: 237, _footnote_
Hindman, Thomas C: 48, _footnote_, 105, _footnote_, 357
Hobbs, Reverend Doctor S. L: 79
Hotchkin, Ebenezer: 42, 76
Houston, Sam: 31, _footnote_, 90, 93
Howard, O. O: work cited, 220, _footnote_
Hubbard, David: 108; letter to Governor Moore, 109-110; nominated as Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 128; Pike hopes for coöperation, 141; receives instructions from Walker, 142-143; ill-health, 143, _footnote_; writes to John Ross, 144-145; reply of John Ross to, 146-147; instructed not to offer statehood, 161; advice to Crawford, 308; advises economy, 315
Hudson, George: 77, 80, _footnote_; declares Choctaw Nation "free and independent," 156; dealings with Pike, 196; proclamation, 196, 210
Humboldt: 243, _footnote_, 247
Humphreys, John J: 185, 218, _footnote_
Hunter, David: 248, 249, and _footnote_, 250, 251, 260, 266, 270, 275, 276, 312
Hyams, S. M: 155
Illinois: tribes from, 19
Indian adoption: 169
Indian camp: Lane plans establishment to prevent foraging into Kansas, 230; to be located in Cherokee Neutral Lands, 233; Cooper reaches, 254
Indian country: west of Arkansas and Missouri, 19; tribes within, indigenous and emigrant, 19 and _footnote_; population, 20-21; cut in two by Missouri Compromise line, 20; reservation system established, 21; listed with District of Columbia as strictly federal soil, 22; Fugitive Slave Law declared operative within, 22; presence of free negroes sometimes source of grave danger, 23, _footnote_; constantly beset by difficulties, 24, 27; likely to be greatly reduced in area by Manypenny treaties, 35; intruders attracted by supposed mines of precious metals, 35, _footnote_; rivalry among churches, 37; intruders to be removed by Agent Cowart, 46; practically no U. S. troops within, 52-53; northern tribes of less importance politically than southern, 62, _footnote_; slaveholding politicians work through halfbreeds to hold for South, 67; strategic importance of, appreciated by Arkansas, 108; military necessity of securing, 131; Pike describes sojourn in, 134 _et seq._, _footnote_; McCulloch to give military protection to, 148; McCulloch lays plans for taking possession of, 149; establishment of Confederate States courts promised by treaty with great tribes, 177; postal system to be maintained throughout, 180; U. S. War Department resolves upon expedition to, 270
Indian Home Guards: Pike in favor of Indians as, 132; no evidence that Indians wanted exclusively as, 148; individual Cherokees as, 149-151; disposition to keep Indians as, 212; Ross's plan defeated by McCulloch, 226-227; authorized by Cherokee Executive National Council, 226; Drew's regiment tendered to McCulloch, 227; Drew's regiment escorts Pike to Park Hill, 240
Indian Intercourse Law: difficulty in enforcing, 24, _footnote_; Greenwood's exposition of, 290; Leeper asks for copy, 315; Leeper reports troops necessary to enforce law within Leased District, 346
Indian Property Rights: put in jeopardy by pioneer advance, 28; in trans-Missouri region, 29; rendered secure by treaty promises, chap. iii
Indian Removal: policy, 19, _footnote_; law for, 19, _footnote_; indemnification for, 164-166
Indian States in Union: suggested by southern politicians, 31; suggested by Texas newspapers, 31, _footnote_; Confederacy promises to Choctaws, 78; no assurance of, to be given by Hubbard, 143; promised in treaties made by Confederacy, 160 and _footnote_, 161; Davis calls attention to clauses in Indian treaties providing for, 203; Provisional Congress modifies treaty guarantee for, 204
Indian Territory: small tribes find their way to, 19, _footnote_; annexed for judicial purposes to Western District of Arkansas, 23, _footnote_; in danger of being abolitionized,41-42; only home for Indians from Kansas, 36; drouth in, 58; political status of tribes in, 62, _footnote_; position with respect to Texas and Arkansas, 63; topographical description of, 63; early interest of Texas and Arkansas in, 67; halfbreeds of, a planter class, 67, 75; Knights of Golden Circle active in, 68; Indians to be driven out of, 76; cut off from communication with U. S. Indian Office, 81, _footnote_; agents within, all southern men, 82; Commissioner Dole urges reoccupation of, 241; strategical importance of, 242; included within Trans-Mississippi District of Department No. 2, 280
Indian trade: licenses for, 59-60; regulations respecting, 169-171
Indiana: tribes from, 19; W. G. Coffin from, 80
Indians: lands granted in perpetuity, 18; participation in American Civil War inevitable, 18; as emigrants, 19; number of colonized, 20-21; proportion of southern to northern, 21; slaves enticed away by abolitionists, 23; seized as fugitives by southern men, 23; interests militated indirectly against by Dred Scott decision, 29; territorial form of government for, 30, _footnote_, 31, _footnote_; treaty rights likely to be seriously affected by repeal of Missouri Compromise, 34; plan for colonizing Texas, 52, 55; Knights of Golden Circle active among, 68; condition of, reported by Texas commissioners, 94; Choctaw and Chickasaw friendly to Confederate States, 100, _footnote_; enlistment, 132, 147-149, 155, 181, _footnote_, 207, 210, 211-212, 227, _footnote_, 248, 250, 252, _footnote_, 270, 275, 279; treaties with Confederate States, 157-158, 202-206; judicial rights under treaties with Confederate States, 172-174; military support secured early by Confederacy, 207; use of, by U. S. as soldiers uncertain, 227 _et seq._; not subject to conscription, 228, _footnote_; reported arming themselves on southern border of Kansas, 228, _footnote_; conference with Lane at Fort Lincoln, 230; totally abandoned by U. S. government, 262, _footnote_; see also under names of individual nations and tribes
Interior Department: 53, 80, 218, _footnote_, 242, 265, 273
Interlopers: encourage slavery within Indian country, 22; see also _Intruders_
Inter-tribal Conference: documents relating to, called by the Chickasaws, 68, _footnote_; assembling of, at Creek Agency, 70; attendance, 71; action, 71-72; action not officially reported to U. S. government, 82; Motey Kennard and Echo Harjo in Washington at time, was planned, 192; Indians solicit, 209, _footnote_; Lane arranges for, to meet at Fort Lincoln, 243, 246; Coffin desires, at Humboldt, 247; plans for, at Leroy, 248; Hunter instructed to hold, 250; difference between, as planned by Lane and by Hunter, 250, _footnote_; John T. Cox gives account of, 262, _footnote_
Interview: of Pike and McCulloch with Cherokee Confederate sympathizers, 135, _footnote_, 152; of Lane with representatives of various tribes at Fort Lincoln proposed, 243, 246; of Coffin with Carruth, 243, _footnote_; of Carruth with Creek delegation, 245
Intrigue: and diplomacy to effect Seminole removal from Florida, 20, _footnote_; Pike expected to succeed in, with Southern Indians, 86, _footnote_
Intruders: to be removed by Agent Cowart, 46; interfere with slavery, 47; Confederate military authority to supplement tribal in expulsion of, 169; Agent Butler's reports, 285; Greenwood discusses matter with Rector, 290-291; Cowart reports progress in removal of, 295, 296, 297; Cowart gives notice to John B. Jones to leave Cherokee Nation, 296; see also _Interlopers_
Iowas: 189, _footnote_
Irish, O. H: 227, _footnote_
Iyanubbi: Choctaw school at, 39, _footnote_
Jackson, Andrew: 19; inducements offered to Indians, 58; procedure of, 72; opposed to political tenets of John C. Calhoun, 133
Jayhawking: of Lane's brigade, 233, 234, 277
Jennison, C. R: 275, _footnote_
Jesup, Thomas S: 164, _footnote_, 165
Jim Ned: 306, 330, 341
Jim Pockmark: 306, 338
John Chupco: 198, _footnote_, 199
John Jumper: and Seminole removal, 20, _footnote_; favors boarding schools for youth of tribe, 40, _footnote_; approached by Albert Pike, 85, _footnote_, 197, _footnote_, 198, _footnote_; signs complaint against General Jesup, 164, _footnote_; signs treaty with Confederate States, 198; signature attached to Comanche treaties, 200, _footnote_; doing duty faithfully, 319; letter to, 337
Johnson, Charles, B: 56, _footnote_, 98, _footnote_, 105, footnote, 190, _footnote_, 199, 287, 289, 301, 314, 323, 332, 352
Johnson, F: 231, footnote, 232, 248, and _footnote_, 329, _footnote_
Johnson, James B: 105, _footnote_
Johnson, Richard H: 47, _footnote_, 105, _footnote_
Johnson, Robert W: 31, _footnote_, 47, _footnote_, 105, _footnote_, 127; correspondence with Albert Pike, 131, 132; motion, 204; Crawford serves by request, 308; elected senator, 334
Johnson, Thomas: slavery-propagation work among Indians, 22, _footnote_, 39
Johnson, W. Warren: 303
Johnson: exodus from, 95
Jones, Evan: 47, 93, 135, _footnote_, 217, 218, _footnote_, 236, 240, _footnote_, 292, 293
Jones, H. P: 199, 348, 350
Jones, John: 309
Jones, John B: 47, 269, _footnote_, 296
Jones, R. M: 75, 77, 79, 197, 344-345
Journeycake, Charles: 231, _footnote_, 268, _footnote_
Jumper, John: see _John Jumper_
Ka-hi-ke-tung-ka: 238, _footnote_
Kannady, J. R: 125
Kansa: indigenous to Kansas, 19; suffering of, 209, _footnote_
Kansas: Indian tribes in, 19; agitation for the opening up of, 28; compared with Choctaw country, 31, _footnote_; suggested organization causes excitement among Indians, 33-34; citizens encroach upon Cherokee Neutral Lands, 46; drouth in, 58; political status of tribes in, 62, _footnote_; and Cherokee Outlet, 64; Elder, citizen of, 186; Pike desires to raise Indian battalion, 207; Indians wish to fight, 227, _footnote_
Kansas Historical Society: _Collections_, 19, _footnote_, 34, _footnote_
Kansas-Nebraska Bill: effect upon Indian interests, 29, 35; settlers demand Indians to vacate territory covered by, 36; Seward's speech on, 58-59
Kansas Territory: first districting illegally included Indian lands, 35; free-state settlers charge Buchanan government with bad faith, 37
Kappler, C. J: work cited, 20, _footnote_, 34, _footnote_, 49, _footnote_, 50, _footnote_, 52, _footnote_
Kaskaskias: from Illinois, 19
Keitt, Lawrence M: 127, 129
Kennedy, John C: 211, _footnote_
Kickapoos: from Indiana, 19; tarry in Missouri, 19, _footnote_; denominationalism among, 37, _footnote_; refugees, 56, _footnote_; Leeper to communicate with, in name of Albert Pike, 181, _footnote_; Pike hopes to meet, 189, _footnote_
Kile, William: 261, _footnote_, 274
Kingsbury, Rev. Cyrus: 40, and _footnote_, 43, _footnote_, 76
Kingsbury Jr., Cyrus: 79
Kiowas: 52; Texans reported tampering with, 210, _footnote_; messengers from, 309; talk for, 320; treaty with, to be effected, 323, 331; delegation of, 324; Big-head, chief of, 342; Lone Wolf, chief of, 350; E-sa-sem-mus, chief of, 350; annual festival of, 351; treaty with, 354
Knights of Golden Circle: probable influence with Arkansas Legislature, 68, _footnote_; evidence of activity among Indians, 68; halfbreeds belong to, 86, _footnote_
Koonsha Female Seminary: 40, _footnote_
Lands: plot to dispossess Indian of, 18; pledged by U. S. government as Indian possession in perpetuity, 18, 28; of Cherokees extended north of thirty-seventh parallel, 21; of Indians coveted by Forty-niners, 28; of Indians in Kansas excluded from local governmental control, 35; allotment in severalty proposed to Creeks, Choctaws and Chickasaws, 58; violation of treaties to cost Indians their, 86, _footnote_; property rights of Indians guaranteed by Confederacy, 161 _et seq._; Indians to have right to dispose of by will, 172; Cherokee halfbreeds fear designs upon Indian, 216
Lane, James H: 125, 229, 231, _footnote_, 233, 242, 251 and _footnote_, 265, 270, 276, 278
Lane, W. P: 357
Laughinghouse, G. W: 120
Leased District: 52 and _footnote_, 54, 56, 57, _footnote_, 63, 67, 96, 179, 199, 297, 340, 349
Lee, Robert E: 88, _footnote_, 98, _footnote_, 99
Lee, S. Orlando: letter, 75-79, 197, _footnote_
Leeper, Matthew: 57 and _footnote_, 82 and _footnote_, 96, 98 and _footnote_, 99, 180, _footnote_, 199, _footnote_, 303, 304-307, 311, 315-319; removal of, asked for by Rector, 323; death of, 329, _footnote_; charges against, 333
_Leeper Papers_: cited, 57, _footnote_, 99, _footnote_, 102, _footnote_, 181, _footnote_, 186, _footnote_, 199, _footnote_, 200, _footnote_, 201, _footnote_, 329-357
Lee's Creek: Cherokee school at, 39, _footnote_
Lefontaine, Louis: 208, _footnote_
Leroy: 248, 266
Lincoln, Abraham: 68, 76, 80, 86, _footnote_, 93, 95, 118, 122, _footnote_, 182, 185, 234 and _footnote_, 250, 265, _footnote_, 266, 274, 276, 278
Little Captain: 277, _footnote_
Little Rock: 103, 108, 190, _footnote_
London, John T: 104, _footnote_
Long John: 198, _footnote_
Love, Overton: 23, _footnote_
Lower Creeks: 50, 80, _footnote_, 192, 244
Lowrie, Walter: 75