Chapter 11

although all the winter there was talk off and on of abandoning Fort Gibson entirely, sometimes also there was talk of abandoning Fort Smith. So weak had the two places been for a long time that Cooper insisted there was no good reason why the Confederates should not attempt to seize them. It is interesting that Thayer notified Wattles to be prepared to move just when there was the greatest prospect of a Confederate Indian raid into Kansas.]

ambition being still unsatisfied. In November, at a meeting of the general council for the confederated tribes, Maxey spoke[965] in his own defence and spoke eloquently; for his cause was righteous. General Smith was his friend[966] in the sense that he had been Steele's; but there soon came a time when even the department commander was powerless to defend him further. Early in 1865, Cooper journeyed to Richmond.[967] What he did there can be inferred from the fact that orders were soon issued for him to relieve Maxey.[968] He assumed command of the district he had so long coveted and had sacrificed honor to get, March first,[969] General Smith disapproving of the whole procedure. "The change," said he, "has not the concurrence of my judgment, and I believe will not result beneficially."[970]

But Smith was mistaken in his prognostications. The change was not just but it did work beneficially. Cooper knew how to manage the Indians, none better, and the time was fast approaching when they would need managing, if ever. As the absolute certainty of Confederate defeat gradually dawned upon them, they became almost desperate. They had to be handled very carefully lest they break out beyond all restraint.[971]

[Footnote 965: _Official Records_, vol. xli, part iv, 1035-1037; vol. liii, supplement, 1027.]

[Footnote 966: In July, 1864, orders issued from Richmond for the retirement of Maxey and the elevation of Cooper [Ibid., part ii, 1019]; but Smith held them in abeyance [Ibid., part iii, 971]; for he believed that Maxey's "removal, besides being an injustice to him, would be a misfortune to the department." The suppression of the orders failed to meet the approval of the authorities at Richmond and some time subsequent to the first of October Smith was informed that the orders were "imperative and must be carried into effect" [Ibid.,].]

[Footnote 967: _Official Records_, vol. xlviii, part i, 1382.]

[Footnote 968:--Ibid., 1403.]

[Footnote 969:--Ibid., 1408.]

[Footnote 970:--Ibid.]

[Footnote 971: The evidence for this is chiefly in Cooper's own letter book. One published letter is especially valuable in this connection. It is from Cooper (cont.)]

Phillips was again in charge of their northern compatriots[972] and, at Fort Gibson, he, too, was handling Indians carefully. It was in a final desperate sort of a way that a league with the Indians of the Plains was again considered advisable and held for debate at the coming meeting of the general council. To effect it, when decided upon, the services of Albert Pike were solicited.[973] No other could be trusted as he. Apparently he never served or agreed to serve[974] and no alliance was needed; for the war was at an end. On the twenty-sixth of May, General E. Kirby Smith entered into a convention with Major-general E.R.S. Canby, commanding the Military Division of West Mississippi, by which he agreed to surrender the Trans-Mississippi Department and everything appertaining to it.[975] The Indians had made an alliance with the Southern Confederacy in vain. The promises of Pike, of Cooper, and of many another government agent had all come to naught.

[Footnote 971: (cont.) confidentially to Anderson, May 15, 1865. _Official Records_, vol. xlviii, part ii, 1306.]

[Footnote 972: For Phillips's own account of his reinstallment, see his letter to Herron, January 16, 1865, Ibid., part i, 542-543.]

[Footnote 973: Smith to Pike, April 8, 1864, Ibid., part ii, 1266-1269. It was necessary to have someone else beside Throckmorton, who was a Texan, serve; because the Indians of the Plains had a deep distrust of Texas and of all Texans [Smith to Cooper, April 8, 1864, Ibid., 1270-1271; and Smith to Throckmorton, April 8, 1864, Ibid., 1271-1272].]

[Footnote 974: Smith issued him a commission however. See Ibid., 1266.]

[Footnote 975:--Ibid., 604-606.]

APPENDIX

LITTLE ROCK,[976] December 30, 1862.

SIR: My letters, in respectful terms, addressed to your Adjutant General, when I re-assumed command of the Indian Country, late in October, have not been fortunate enough to be honored with a reply. This will reach you through another medium, and so that others besides yourself shall know its contents. I am no longer an officer under you, but a private citizen, and _free_, so far as any citizen of Arkansas can call himself free while he lives in this State; and I will see whether you are as impervious to _all_ other considerations, as you are to all sense of courtesy and justice.

You were sent out to Arkansas with certain _positive_ orders, which you were _immediately_ to enforce. You _knew_ that "Gen Hindman never was the commanding General of the Trans. Mississippi Department," and was not sent there by the War Department; and that, _therefore_ and _of course_, all his orders were illegal, for want of power. You _knew_ that he never had any right to interfere with my command in the Department of Indian Territory, to take away my troops and ordnance, or to send me _any_ orders whatever; and that _therefore_ I was _wholly_ in the right, in all my controversy with him. You _knew_, also, that in stripping the Indian Country of troops, artillery, arms and ammunition, he had been guilty of multiplied outrages, contrary to the will and policy of the President, forbidden by the Secretary of War for the future, and hostile to the interests of the Confederacy.

I had been advised by the Secretary of War, on the 14th of July, before _you_ were unfortunately thought of [in] connection with the Trans. Mississippi Department, that Gen. Magruder was assigned to the command of it; and that although I would be under his command, it was not doubted that my relations with him would be pleasant and harmonious, and that I would have such latitude in command of the Indian country, as might be necessary for me to

[Footnote 976: Scottish Rite Temple, Pike _Papers_.]

act to the best advantage in its defence. And by the same letter I was advised, that it was regretted I had met with so many embarrassments in procuring supplies; and that an order had been issued from the Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, to prevent the pursuing of such courses as I had complained of, in the seizure of what I had procured; and the Secretary said it was to be hoped that neither I nor any other officer would hereafter have cause to complain of supplies being diverted from their legitimate destination. And that Gen. Magruder might fully understand my position, &c., a copy of my letter of 8th June, to General Hindman, stating in detail the plundering process to which the Indian Service had before then been subjected, was furnished to the former officer. Three several copies of this letter were sent me, that it might be certain to reach me.

I do not repeat the substance of that letter, for _your_ benefit. You have known it, no doubt, ever since you left Richmond. You told me in August, that the War Department was fully informed in regard to the matters between myself and Generals Van Dorn and Hindman. You spoke it in the way of a taunt, and as if the Department justified them and condemned me. You _meant_ me so to understand it. You are a _very_ ingenious person; inasmuch as you _knew_ the exact contrary to be true. When I afterwards received the Secretary's letter, I remembered your remark, and did not doubt, and do not now doubt, that when you were substituted for Gen. Magruder, you received the same instructions that had been given _him_ and were yourself furnished with a copy of the same letter, for the same purpose.

At all events, you were sent out to put an end to his outrages, and to avert, if you could, the mischiefs about to spring from them. But when you reached Little Rock, you found him there, and you found that the troops, artillery, ammunition and stores that had reached and were on their way there from the Indian Country, under his unrighteous orders, _and which it was your duty to restore to me_, were too valuable to be parted with, if that could be in any way avoided. Probably you foresaw that you might, by and by need to seize money and supplies procured by me. Twenty-six pieces of artillery, a supply of fixed ammunition and other trifles, on hand, with $1,350,000 in money, and over 6,000 suits of clothing in prospect, were the bait Hindman had to tempt you withal; and for it you

sold your soul, as Faust sold his to Mephistopheles. Your Lieutenant became your master; you found it convenient to believe his version of every thing, and to justify him in every thing, and you ended in making all his devilments your own, and adopting the whole infernal spawn and brood, with additions of your own to the family.

You told me in August, that you had been prepared to judge me favorably, until you read my address to the Indians on resigning my command, but after that, you could not judge me fairly. I did not in the least doubt the _fact_; but I did _not_ believe the _reason_. What, moreover, had _you_ to _judge_ in regard to _me_? You were not sent to _judge_ any body. Hindman was the criminal you _were_ to operate upon.

And, if you were sent, or had otherwise any right, to judge _me_, you administered the sort of justice that is in vogue in hell. Before you _saw me, you heard him_. You adopted all his views, and never asked me a question in regard to our controversy, or as to my own action, or the condition of things in the Indian Country. I had been infamously and assiduously slandered, from the moment when I began to resist his illegal, impolitic and outrageous attempts to deprive the Indian Department of every thing, to make it a mere appanage of, and appendix to, North-Western Arkansas, to take the Indians again out of their own country, and to compel me to unite in that insane and miserable "expedition into Missouri," which was projected and planned by Folly, mis-managed and misconducted by Imbecility and ended, as I knew it would, in disaster and disgrace. Lies of all varieties were ingeniously and laboriously invented at and about Head Quarters, and despatches, by special and _fit_ agents, to be industriously circulated throughout the Indian Country and Texas, as well as Arkansas. The Indians were told that I had carried away into Texas the gold and silver belonging to _them_; while the Texans were made to believe that I was paying _their_ moneys to the Indians. It was reported, in Bonham, Texas, by officers sent from Hindman's Head Quarters, that I was defaulter to the amount of $125,000 and at last there crawled out from the sewer under the throne, and sneaked about the Indian Country and Texas, the damnable lie, that an Indian had been taken, bearing letters from me to the Northern Indians, or, to the enemy in Kansas; or, as another version had it, from Gen. James H. Lane to me; and

three months ago it was whispered about that I was a member of the secret disloyal organization in Northern Texas. Such lies could have been counted by scores. Most of them are dead and rotten; but some still live, by means of assiduous nursing. And all these lies, and more either you or Hindman sent to the President at Richmond.

I say, sir, you never _inquired_ into _any_ thing. You never wished to _hear_ any thing, whatever from _me_. You disobeyed the orders with which you were sent as a public curse and calamity into Arkansas, as if the State were not already sufficiently infested by Hindman. Is it true that he has lately, upon his single order, and without the ceremony of even a _mock_ trial, caused three men "suspected of disloyalty" to be shot; and that, two of them being proven to him to be true Southern men, he sent a reprieve, which, either setting out too late, or lagging on the way, reached the scene of murder after their blood had bathed the desecrated soil of Arkansas? It has come to me so, from officers direct from Fort Smith. At any rate, he has put to death nine or ten persons, without any legal trial. Who is _he_, that he should do these things in this nineteenth century? And who are _you_, sir, that you should suffer, and by suffering, _approve_ and adopt them? How many _more_ murders will suffice to awaken public vengeance?

Was the Star Chamber any worse than Hindman's Military Commissions, that are ordered to preserve no records? Were the _Lettres de Cachet_ of Louis XV, any greater outrage on the personal liberty of _French subjects_, than Hindman's arrests and committal to the Penitentiary of _suspected_ persons? Was Tristan l'Hermite any more the minister of tyranny, than his Provost Marshals? or Caligula, Caesar Borgia or Colonel Kirke any more cruel and remorseless than he, that you have sustained all his acts, and made all his atrocities your own? Take care, sir! You are not so high, that you may not be reached by the arm of justice. The President is above you both, and God is above him, and _sometimes_ interferes in human affairs.

Unless the late Secretary of War, through the President, sent an official falsehood to the Congress of the Confederate States, you were sent to Arkansas with _positive_ and _unconditional_ instructions, that, if Gen. Hindman _had_ declared Martial Law in Arkansas, and adopted oppressive police regulations under it, _you should rescind the_

_declarations of Martial Law, and the Regulations adopted to carry it into effect_. You have not done so. You have not only _not_ rescinded _any_ thing; but you have, by a General Order, long ago, continued in force all orders of General Hindman, not specially revoked by you. That order could have no retroactive effect, to make _his_ orders _to have been valid_ in the _past_. It could only put them in force for the _future_; and you thereby made them _your_ orders, as fully as if you had re-issued them. In so doing, you became the enemy of your country, if not of the Human race, and outlawed yourself.

You have _yourself_ established a tariff of prices exclusively on articles produced by the farmers, including the sweet potatoes raised by old women and superannuated negroes. You leave the Jews and extortioners, some of the former of whom go about in uniforms, claiming to be _officers_ and your agents to charge these same venders of produce, whatever infamous prices they please for wares they need to purchase with the pittances received according to your scale of prices, for the vegetables that supply your and other tables.

You pretend, I learn, that the President gave you discretionary power, in regard to Martial Law, and the Regulations in question. I do not believe it; for, if he did, then he and the Secretary intentionally deceived Congress by the equivalent of a lie. Do you pretend that the President paltered with Congress in a double sense? I put you face to face. Is it _your_ act, in _defiance_ of orders, that continues Martial Law in force in Arkansas, stifles freedom of speech, muzzles the Press, tramples on all the rights at once of the People of that State, and makes the State itself only a congregation of Helots, incompetent to be represented in Congress? Is it merely a contest between you and Phelps, _which_ of the two shall be Military Governor? If it _is_ your act, then justice ought at once to be done upon you, lest the President, winking at the outrage, and not stripping from your back your uniform of Lieutenant General, should deserve to be impeached, as your accomplice.

Or, do you dare assert that it is _his_ act, because he gave you discretionary power on the subject, after informing Congress that Hindman never was Commanding General of the Department, and that you had been ordered to rescind his declaration of Martial Law,--nay, after publicly proclaiming that _no_ General had any power to declare Martial Law? All the Confederacy thanked and applauded

him for so striking at the root of an immense outrage and abuse and an unexpected public course; but if he has authorized or sanctions _your_ course, he is unworthy longer to be President. If he has not, you have defied his orders and justified men in judging yourself authorized and him guilty; and so you are unworthy longer to be General.

When I saw you in August, you were greatly exercised on the subject of my printed address to the Indians, publication of which in Little Rock you had suppressed, _as if it could do any harm in Arkansas_. You suppressed it, because it exposed those whose acts were losing the Indian Country. You wanted to keep what had been taken from _me_, and to escape damnation for the probable _consequences_ of the acts, the _profit_ of which you were reluctant to part with. I do not wonder the letter troubled you; for it told _the truth_, and condemned and denounced in advance _more_ unjustifiable courses of conduct that you were about to pursue.

You pretended that it had produced a great "ferment" among the Indians; and that even many of the Chickasaws had in consequence of it, left the service. It had produced _no_ ferment, and _none_ of the Chickasaws had left us. On the contrary, the Indians were quieted by it, the Creeks re-organized, in numbers, two regiments, and the Chickasaws five companies. That was its purpose, and such was its effect.

But to _you_, its enormity consisted in its exposure of the conduct of two Major Generals. I told the Indians _plainly_, that it was not _my_ fault or the fault of the Government, but of these two Generals, that moneys, clothing, arms and ammunition, procured for them, had not reached them; that troops raised for service among them had never entered their country; and that, finally, troops, artillery and ammunition were carried out of it. This censure of my _superiors_, in vindication of the President and Government, shocked your tender sensibilities. You were ready to follow in their footsteps, and already _had_ the plunder; and you told me that "the act of the officer was the act of the Government." Did you really _mean_, that the Indians should have been led or left to suppose that these acts were the acts of the Government? That would have been _almost_ as great an infamy, as it was to _take_ the supplies, and so give them cause and reason to believe the robbery the act of the Government, _and thus excite them to revolt_. Moreover, when I told you that the act of

the officer was _not_, in the case in question, the act of the Government; that, if I had permitted the Indians to suppose so, they would long have left us; and that, to quiet them, I had been compelled, for three months and more than a hundred times, to explain to them what had become of their supplies, and how and by whom they have been seized, you admitted that "that was right for local explanation." As there could be no objection to telling all, what I had often told part, that _they_ might tell the rest; and as it was no more a crime to _print_ than to _say_ it; I have the right to believe and I _do_ believe that your _real_ objection to its publication was that it exposed _to our own people the actual_ conduct of other Generals, and the _intended_ conduct of yourself. Have _you_ left the Indians to believe that the late seizure and appropriation, by _yourself_, of their clothing and moneys, is the act of the Government? If you have, you ought to be shot as a Traitor, for provoking them to revolt, and giving aid and comfort to the enemy.

But you told me, that when you first read my letter, you held up your hands, and exclaimed, "What! is the man a Traitor?" And you said that not one of my friends in Little Rock, and I had, you said, a great many, pretended to justify the letter. You have never found a friend of mine, or an indifferent person, silly enough to think, like you, that it savored of treason. It is only rarely one meets a man so scantily furnished with sense as to misunderstand and pervert what is written in plain English. I was vindicating myself, and still more the Government, and persuading the Indians to remain loyal, notwithstanding the wrongs they had endured. I, too, was an officer; and _my_ acts _had_ been the acts of the Government. _My_ promises to them were _its_ promises. The procuring of supplies by _me_, was _its_ act; and when, reaching or not reaching the frontier, the supplies were like the unlucky traveler, who journeyed from Jerusalem to Jericho, _then_ the Government _ceased_ to act, and unlicensed outrage took its place. And, further, _my_ act was the act of the Government, when I told the Indians _why_ they had not received their supplies and money, and vindicated that Government at the expense of those who were guilty of the act; and who having done it and reaped the profit, should not be heard to object that all the world should know what they did, nor be allowed to escape the responsibility of _all_ the consequences.

If to tell the Indians that other Generals had wrongfully stopped

their supplies, in any degree _resembled_ Treason, that could only be so, because it _was_ treason to _do_ the act. It cannot be wrong to make known what it was right and proper to do. The truth is, that the acts done were outrages, which it was desirable for the doers to conceal from the Indians. I refused to become a party to those outrages, by concealing them. I would not agree in advance to be _silent_, when _you_ should repeat and improve on those outrages, and consummate what had been so felicitously begun.

I do not doubt that there are assassins wearing uniforms, who are knaves enough to _pretend_ to read my letter as you do, and to see in it the desire of a disappointed man to be revenged, even by the ruin of his country. Power always has its pimps and catamites. These would no doubt gladly have made my letter the means of murdering me by that devilish engine of Military despotism, a Military commission, that is _ordered_ to preserve no records. You, I think really look upon it with alarm. It is, no doubt, _very_ desirable to _you_, that the blame of losing the Indian Country, which, if not already a fact accomplished, is a fact inevitable, should be made to fall upon me. You, as the pliant and useful implement of Gen. Hindman, are the cause of this loss; and you know I can prove it. You and he have left nothing _undone_, that _could_ be done, to lose it. And you may rest assured, that whether I live or die, you shall not escape one jot or tittle of the deep damnation to which you are richly entitled for causing a loss so irretrievable, so astounding, so unnecessary and so _fatal_, and one which it will be impossible to excuse as owing to ignorance and stupidity. No degree of _these_ misfortunes, can be pleaded in bar of judgment. _You_ will have _forced_ the Indians to go to the North for protection. _You_ will have _given away_ their country to the enemy. _You_ will have turned their arms against us. You will have done this by disobeying the orders of your Government, continuing the courses it condemned, and to put an end to which it sent you out here; by falsifying its pledges and promises, taking for others' uses the moneys which it sent out to pay the Indians, robbing them of the clothing sent by it to cover their nakedness, and thus thrusting aside all the considerations of common honesty, of justice, of humanity, and even of policy, expediency and common sense.

When Mr. C.B. Johnson agreed, in September to loan your Quartermaster at Little Rock, $350,000 of the money he was

conveying to Major Quesenbury, the Quartermaster of the Department of Indian Territory, _you promised_ him that it should be repaid to Major Quesenbury as soon as you should receive funds, and before he would have disposed of the remaining million. _You got the money by means of that promise; and you did not keep the promise_. On the contrary, by an order that reached Fort Smith three hours before Mr. Johnson did, you compelled Major Quesenbury, the moment he received the money, to turn every dollar of it, over to a _Commissary_ at Fort Smith; _and it was used to supply the needs of Gen. Hindman's troops_; when the Seminoles, fourteen months in the service have never been paid a dollar; and the Chickasaw and Choctaw Battalion, and Chilly McIntosh's Creeks, each corps a year and more in the service, have received only $45,000 each, and no clothing. Was this violation of your promise, the act of the Government?

To replace the clothing I had procured for the Indians in December, 1861, and which, with near 1,000 tents, fell into the hands of the troops of Generals Price and Van Dorn, I sent an agent, in June, to Richmond, who went to Georgia, and there procured some 6,500 suits, with about 3,000 shirts and 3,000 pairs of drawers, and some two or three hundred tents. These supplies were at Monroe early in September; and the Indians were informed that they and the moneys had been procured and were on the way. The good news went all over their country, as if on the wings of the wind; and universal content and rejoicing were the consequences.

The clothing reached Fort Smith; and its issue to Gen. Hindman's people commenced immediately. I sent a Quartermaster for it and he was retained there. If _any_ of it has ever reached the Indians, it has been only recently, and but a small portion of it.

You pretend to believe that the Indians were in a "ferment" and discontented; and you took this very opportune occasion to stop all the moneys due their troops and for debts in their country and take and appropriate to the use of other troops the clothing promised to and procured for _them_. The clothing and the money were _theirs_; and you were in possession of an order from the War Department, forbidding you to divert any supplies from their legitimate destination; an order which was issued, _as you knew_, in consequence of _my_ complaints, and to prevent moneys and supplies for the _Indians_ being stopped: _and yet you stopped all_.

You borrow part of the money, and then seize the rest, like a _genteel_ highwayman, who first borrows all he can of a traveler, on promise of punctual re-payment; and then claps a pistol to his head, and orders him to "stand and deliver" the rest. And you did even more than this.

For you promised the Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs, when he was at Little Rock, about the 1st of October, on his way to the Indian Country, to give the Indians assurances of the good faith of the Government--_you promised him_, I say, _that the clothing in question should go to the Indians_. He told the Chickasaws and Seminoles, at least, of this promise. You broke it. You did _not_ send them the clothing. You placed the Commissioner and the Government in an admirable attitude before the Indians; and the consequence has been, I understand, the disbanding of the Chickasaws, and the failure of the Seminole troops to re-organize. The consequence will be far more serious yet. Indians cannot be deceived, and promises made them shamelessly broken, with impunity.

While _you_ were thus stopping their clothing, and robbing the half-naked Indians to clothe other troops, the Federals were sending home the Choctaws whom they had taken prisoners, after clothing them comfortably and putting money in their pockets. No one need be astonished, when _all_ the Indians shall have turned their arms against us.

Why did you and Gen. Hindman not procure by your own exertions what you need for your troops? He reached Little Rock on the 31st of May. You came here in August. I sent my agents to Richmond, for money and clothing, in June and July. I never asked either of _you_ for _any_ thing. I could procure for _my_ command all I wanted. You and he were Major Generals; I, only a Brigadier; and Brigadiers are plenty as blackberries in season. It is to be supposed that if I could procure money, clothing and supplies for _Indians_, you and he could do so for white troops. Both of you come blundering out to Arkansas with nothing, and supply yourselves with what _I_ procure. Some officers would be ashamed _so_ to supply deficiencies caused by their own want of foresight, energy or sense.

_You_ do not even know you need an Engineer, until one of mine comes by, with $20,000 in his hands for Engineer Service in the

Indian Territory, some of which belongs to _me_ for advances made, and with stationery and instruments procured by _me_, for _my_ Department, in Richmond, a year ago; and _then_ you find out that there are such things as Engineers, and that you need one; and you seize on Engineer, money, and stationery. You even take, notwithstanding Paragraph VI, of General Orders No. 50, the stationery procured by me for the Adjutant General's Office of my Department, by purchase in Richmond in December, 1861; for the want of which I had been compelled to permit my own private stock to be used for months.

I no longer wonder that you do these things. When you told me that you could not judge me fairly, because I told the Indians that others had done them injustice, you confessed much more than you intended. It was a pregnant sentence you uttered. By it you judged and convicted yourself, and pronounced _your own sentence_, when you uttered _it_.

The Federal authorities were proposing to the Indians _at the very time when you stopped their clothing and money_, that, if they would return to the old Union, they should not be asked to take up arms, their annuities should be paid them in money, the negroes taken from them be restored, all losses and damage sustained by them be paid for, and they be allowed to retain, as so much clear profit, what had been paid them by the Confederate States. It was a liberal offer and a great temptation, to come at the moment when you and Hindman were felicitously completing your operations, and when there were no breadstuffs in their country, and they and their women and children were starving and half-naked. You chose an admirable opportunity to rob, to disappoint, to outrage and exasperate them, and make your own Government fraudulent and contemptible in their eyes. If any human action _can_ deserve it, the hounds of hell ought to hunt your soul and Hindman's for it through all eternity.

Instead of co-operating with the Federal authorities, and doing all that he and you _could_ do to induce the Indians to listen to and accept their propositions, _he_ had better have expelled the enemy from Arkansas or "have perished in the attempt;" and you had better have marched on Helena, before its fortifications were finished, and purged the eastern part of the State of the enemy's presence. If you had succeeded as admirably in that, as you have in losing

the Indian Country, you would have merited the eternal gratitude of Arkansas, instead of its execrations; and the laurel, instead of a halter. I said that you and your Lieutenant had left _nothing_ undone. I repeat it. Take another _small_ example. Until I left the command, at the end of July, the Indian troops had regularly had their half rations of coffee. As soon as I was got rid of, an order from Gen. Hindman took all the remaining coffee, some 3,000 lbs., to Fort Smith. Even in this small matter, he could not forego an opportunity of injuring and disappointing them.

You asked me, in August, what was the need of any white troops at all, in the Indian Country; and you said that the few mounted troops, I had, if kept in the Northern part of the Cherokee Country, would have been enough to repel any Federal force that ever would have entered it. As you and Hindman never allowed any ammunition procured by me, to reach the Indian Country, if you could prevent it, whether I obtained it at Richmond or Corinth, or in Texas, and as you approve of his course in taking out of that country all that was to be found in it, I am entitled to suppose that you regarded ammunition for the Indians as little necessary, as troops to protect them in conformity to the pledge of honor of the Government. One thing, however, is to be said to the credit of your next in command. When he has ordered anything to be seized, he has never denied having done so, or tried to cast responsibility on an inferior. After you had written to me that you had ordered Col. Darnell to seize, at Dallas, Texas, ammunition furnished by me, you denied to him, I understand, that you had given the order. Is it so? and _did_ he refuse to trust the order in your hands, or even to let you see it, but would show it to Gen. McCulloch?

Probably you know by this time, if you are capable of learning _any_ thing, whether any white troops are needed in the Indian Country. The brilliant result of Gen. Hindman's profound calculations and masterly strategy, and of his long-contemplated invasion of Missouri, is before the country; and the disgraceful rout at Fort Wayne, with the manoeuvres and results on the Arkansas, are pregnant commentaries on the abuse lavished on me, for not taking "the line of the Arkansas," or making Head Quarters on Spring River, with a force too small to effect any thing any where.

I have not spoken of your Martial Law and Provost Marshals

in the Indian Country, and your seizure of salt-works there, or, in detail, of your seizure of ammunition procured by me in Texas, and on its way to the Indian troops, of the withdrawal of all white troops and artillery from their country, of the retention for other troops of the mountain howitzers procured by me for Col. Waitie, and the ammunition sent me, for them and for small arms, from Richmond. This letter is but a part of the indictment I will prefer bye and bye, when the laws are no longer silent, and the constitution and even public opinion no longer lie paralyzed under the brutal heel of Military Power; and when the results of your _im_policy and _mis_management shall have been fully developed.

But I have a word or two to say as to myself. From the time when I entered the Indian Country, in May, 1861, to make Treaties, until the beginning of June, 1862, when Gen. Hindman, in the plentitude of his self-conceit and folly, assumed absolute control of the Military and other affairs of the Department of Indian Territory, and commenced plundering it of troops, artillery and ammunition, dictating Military operations, and making the Indian country an appanage of Northwestern Arkansas, there was profound peace throughout its whole extent. Even with the wild Camanches and Kiowas, I had secured friendly relations. An unarmed man could travel in safety and alone, from Kansas to Red River, and from the Arkansas line to the Wichita Mountains. The Texan frontier had not been as perfectly undisturbed for years. We had fifty-five hundred Indians in service, under arms, and they were as loyal as our own people, little as had been done by any one save myself to keep them so, and much as had been done by others to alienate them. They referred all their difficulties to me for decision, and looked to me alone to see justice done them and the faith of Treaties preserved.

Most of the time without moneys (those sent out to that Department generally failing to reach it) I had managed to keep the white and Indian troops better fed than any other portion of the troops of the Confederacy any where. I had 26 pieces of artillery, two of the batteries as perfectly equipped and well manned as any, any where. I had on hand and on the way, an ample supply of ammunition, after being once plundered. While in command, _I had procured, first and last_, 36,000 pounds of rifle and cannon powder. If you would like to know, sir, how I effected this, in the face

of all manner of discouragements and difficulties, it is no secret. My disbursing officers can tell you who supplied them with funds for many weeks, and whose means purchased horses for the artillery. Ask the Chickasaws and Seminoles who purchased the only shoes they had received--four hundred pairs, at five dollars each, procured and paid for by _me_, in Bonham, and which I sent up to them after I was taken "in personal custody" in November.

_You_ dare pretend, sir, that _I_ might be disloyal, or even in thought couple the word Treason with _my_ name. What _peculiar_ merit is it in _you_ to serve on our side in this war? You were bred a soldier, and your only chance for distinction lay in obtaining promotion in the army, and in the army of the Confederacy. You _were_ Major, or something of the sort, in the old army, and you _are_ a Lieutenant General. Your reward I think, for what you have done or not done, is sufficient.

I was a private citizen, over fifty years of age, and neither needing nor desiring military rank or civil honors. I accepted the office of Commissioner, at the President's _solicitation_. I took that of Brigadier General, with all the odium that I knew would follow it, and fall on me as the Leader of a force of Indians, knowing there would be little glory to be reaped, and wanting no promotion, simply and solely to see _my_ pledges to the Indians carried out, to keep them loyal to us, to save their country to the Confederacy, and to preserve the Western frontier of Arkansas and the Northern frontier of Texas from devastation and desolation.

What has been my _reward_? All my efforts have been rendered nugatory, and my attempts even to _collect_ and _form_ an army frustrated, by the continual plundering of my supplies and means by other Generals, and your and their deliberate efforts to disgust and alienate the Indians. Once before this, an armed force was sent to arrest me. You all disobeyed the President's orders, and treated me as a criminal for endeavoring to have them carried out. The whole country swarms with slanders against me; and at last, because I felt constrained reluctantly to re-assume command, after learning that the President would not accept my resignation, I am taken from Tishomingo to Washington, a prisoner, under an armed guard, it having been deemed necessary, for the sake of effect, to send two hundred and fifty men into the Indian Country to arrest me. _The Senatorial election was at hand_.

I had, unaided and alone, _secured_ to the Confederacy a magnificent country, equal in extent, fertility, beauty and resources to any of our States--nay, superior to any. I had secured the means, in men and arms, of keeping it. I knew how only it could be defended. I asked no aid of any of you. I only asked to be let alone. Verily, I have my reward also, as Hastings had his, for winning India for the British Empire.

It is _your_ day _now_. You sit above the laws and domineer over the constitution. "Order reigns in Warsaw." But bye and bye, there will be a _just_ jury empannelled, who will hear _all_ the testimony and decide impartially--no less a jury than the People of the Confederate States; and for their verdict as to myself, I and my children will be content to wait; as also for the sure and stern sentence and universal malediction, that will fall like a great wave of God's just anger on you and the murderous miscreant by whose malign promptings you are making yourself accursed.

Whether I am respectfully yours, you will be able to determine from the contents of this letter.

ALBERT PIKE, _Citizen of Arkansas_. THEOPHILUS H. HOLMES, Major General &c.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SOURCES.

ABEL, ANNIE HELOISE, editor. The official correspondence of James S. Calhoun (Washington, D.C., 1915).

AMERICAN ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA, 1861-1865 (New York).

BISHOP, ALBERT WEBB. Loyalty on the frontier, or sketches of union men of the southwest (St. Louis, 1863).

CENTRAL SUPERINTENDENCY RECORDS. The Central Superintendency, embracing much of the territory included in the old St. Louis Superintendency, was established in 1851 under an act of congress, approved February 27 of that year.[977] Its headquarters were at St. Louis from the date of its founding to 1859,[978] at St. Joseph from that time to July, 1865,[979] at Atchison, from July, 1865 to 1869,[980] and at Lawrence, from 1869 to 1878.

In February of 1878, J.H. Hammond, who was then in charge of the superintendency, reported upon its records to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.[981] He spoke of the existence of "eight cases containing _Books, Records, Papers_," and he enclosed with his report schedules of the contents of certain boxes labelled A,B,C,D,E,F,H,L. Of Box A, the schedule appertaining gave this information: "Old Records, Files, Memoranda, etc., Miscellaneous Papers accumulated prior to 1869, when Enoch Hoag became Sup'tCent.Sup'tcy." More particularly, Box A contained "One Bundle Old Treaties of various years, three (bundles) of Agency Accounts," and, for the period of 1830-1833, it contained "One Bundle Ancient Maps," and one of "Old Bills and Papers."

The collection as a whole, undoubtedly sent into the United States Indian Office as Hammond reported upon it, has long since been irretrievably broken up and its parts distributed. Knowing this the

[Footnote 977: 9 _United States Statutes at Large_, p. 586, sec. 2; Indian Office _Letter Book_, no. 44, p. 259.]

[Footnote 978: Greenwood to Robinson, November 21, 1859, Ibid., no. 62, p. 272.]

[Footnote 979: Dole to Murphy, June 23, 1865, Ibid., no. 77, p. 341.]

[Footnote 980: Parker to Hoag, May 26, 1869, Ibid., no. 90, p. 202.]

[Footnote 981: Dr. William Nicholson, who succeeded Enoch Hoag as superintendent, was ordered to deliver the records to Hammond [Hoyt to Nicholson, telegram, January 15, 1878, Office of Indian Affairs, _Correspondence of the Civilization Division_]. Hammond forwarded the records to Washington, D.C., February 11, 1878.]

investigator is fain to deplore the advent of "efficiency" methods into the government service. Such efficiency, when interpreted by the ordinary clerk, has ever meant confusion where once was order and a dislocation that can never be made good. From the break-up, in the instance under consideration, the following books have been recovered:

Letter Book, July 25, 1853 to May 10, 1861. " November 1, 1859 to February 5, 1863. " February, 1863. " "Letters to Commissioner of Indian Affairs," May 23, 1855 to October 31, 1859. " "Letters to Commissioner," "Records," February 14, 1863 to June 6, 1868. " "District of Nebraska, Letters to Commissioner," June 6, 1868 to April 10, 1871. " April 12, 1871 to February 21, 1874. " "Letters to Commissioner," February 21, 1874 to October 22, 1875. " "Letters to Commissioner," October 25, 1875 to January 31, 1876. " "Letters to Agents," October 4, 1858 to December 12, 1867. " "Letters Sent to Agents, District of Nebraska," December 12, 1867 to August 22, 1871.

Account Book of Central Superintendency, being Abstract of Disbursements, 1853 to 1865.

CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. "Jefferson Davis Papers."

These papers, miscellaneous in character and now located in the Archives Division of the Adjutant General's Office of the United States War Department, seem to have belonged personally to President Davis or to have been retained by him. Among them is Albert Pike's Report of the Indian negotiations conducted by him in 1861.

---- Journal of the Congress, 1861-1865.

United States Senate _Executive Documents_, 58th congress, second session, no. 234.

Private Laws of the Confederate States of America, First Congress (Richmond, 1862).

Private Laws of the Confederate States of America, Second Congress (Richmond, 1864).

Provisional and Permanent Constitutions of the Confederate States and Acts and Resolutions of the First Session of the Provisional Congress (Richmond, 1861).

Public Laws of the Confederate States of America, 1863-1864 (Richmond, 1864).

Statutes at Large of the Confederate States of America, First Congress, edited by J.M. Matthews (Richmond, 1862).

Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America from February 8, 1861 to February 18, 1862, together with the Constitution for the Provisional Government and the Permanent Constitution of the Confederate States, and the

Treaties Concluded by the Confederate States with the Indian Tribes, edited by J.M. Matthews (Richmond, 1864).

Statutes at Large of the Confederate States, commencing First Session of the First Congress and including First Session of the Second Congress, edited by J.M. Matthews (Richmond, 1864).

Statutes at Large of the Confederate States of America, Second Congress (Richmond, 1864).

CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. Papers of the Adjutant and Inspector General's Office.

Special Orders (Richmond, 1862).

General Orders, January, 1862 to December, 1863 (Columbia, 1863).

General Orders for 1863 (Richmond, 1864).

Special Orders (Richmond, 1864).

General Orders, January 1, to June 30, 1864, compiled by R.C. Gilchrist (Columbia, 1864).

---- "Pickett Papers."

State papers of the Southern Confederacy now lodged in the Library of Congress. Had Pike continued to prosecute his mission under the auspices of the State Department, these papers would undoubtedly have contained much of value for the present work, but as it is they yield only an occasional document and that of very incidental importance. The papers used were found in packages 81, 86, 88, 93, 95, 106, 107, 109, 113, 118. The "Pickett Papers" were originally in the hands of Secretary Benjamin. After coming into the possession of the United States government, they were at first confided to the care of the Treasury Department and were handed over later, by direction of the president, to the Library of Congress. The fact of their being in the charge of the Treasury Department explains the circumstance of its possession of the original treaty made by Pike with the Comanches, and the fact that that manuscript turned up long after the main body of "Pickett Papers" had been transferred to the Congressional Library suggests the possibility that detached Confederate records may yet repose in the recesses of the Treasury archives. Between the dates of their consignment and their transfer, they must have become to some degree disintegrated. The War Department borrowed some of the Pickett Papers for inclusion in the _Official Records of the War of the Rebellion_.

---- Records, or Archives.

Among these, which are to-day in the War Department in charge of the Chief Clerk of the Adjutant-general's Office, are the following:

Chap. 2, no. 258, Letter Book, Brig. Gen. D.H. Cooper, C.S.A., Ex officio Indian Agent, etc., May 10-27, 1865 (File Mark, W. 236).

It is a mere fragment. Its wrapper bears the following endorsement: War Department, Archive Office, Chap. 2, No. 258.

Chap. 2, no. 270, Letter Book, Col. and Brig. Gen. Win. Steele's command.

The contents are,

a. A few letters dealing with Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, March to July, 1862, pp. 7-22. These letters emanated from the

authority of William Steele, Colonel of the Seventh Regiment of Texas Mounted Volunteers.

b. Letters dealing with matters in the Department of Indian Territory, January 8, 1863 to May 18, 1863, pp. 27-254. Pages 1-6, 23-26, and 47 and 48 are missing.

The list of the whole, as given, is,

Letters Sent--Col. and Brig. Gen. Wm. Steele's command--Mch. 7, 1862 to May 18, 1863, viz.,

1. 7th Regt Texas M. Vols. Mch. 7 to June 20/62

2. Dept. New Mexico, June 24/62

3. Forces of Arizona, July 12, 1862.

4. Dept of Indian Territory, Jan. 8-12, 1863

5. 1st Div. 1st. Corps Trans-Miss. Dept., Jan. 13-20, 1863.

6. Dept. of Indian Territory, Jan. 21 to May 18, 1863.

Chap. 2, no. 268, Letters Sent, Department of Indian Territory, from May 19, 1863 to September 27, 1863.

This is another William Steele letter book, but is not quite complete. In point of time covered, it succeeds no. 270 and is itself succeeded by no. 267.

Chap. 2, no. 267, Letters Sent, September 28, 1863 to June 17, 1864.

Pages 3 to 6, inclusive, are missing and there are no letters after page 119.

Chap. 2, no. 259, Inspector General's Letters and Reports, from April 23, 1864, to May 15, 1865.

The cover has this as title: Letter Book A: Insp't Gen'l's Office--Dis't of Indian Ter'y From April 23rd, 1864 to May 15, 1865. On the inside of the front cover, appears this in pencil: "Received from Gen'l M.J. Wright, Oct. 16/79." Some pages at the beginning of the book have been cut out. Between pages 145 and 196, are reports, variously signed, some by E.E. Portlock, some by N.W. Battle, and some by James Patteson.

Chap. 2, no. 260, District of the Indian Territory, Inspector General's Letter Book, April 23, 1864 to January 7, 1865.

"Received from Gen'l M.J. Wright, Oct. 16/79." From a comparison of nos. 259 and 260, it is seen that no. 259 is a rough letter and report book and that no. 260 is a finished product. The 1864 material in no. 259 is duplicated by that in no. 260.

Chap. 7, no. 36. Indian Treaties.

Chap. 7, no. 48. Regulations adopted by the War Department, on the 15th of April 1862, for carrying into effect the Acts of Congress of the Confederate States, Relating to Indian Affairs, etc. (Richmond, 1862).

On page 1, is to be found, "Regulations for Carrying into effect, the Act of Congress of the Confederate States, approved May 21, 1861, entitled An Act for the protection of certain Indian Tribes, and of other Acts relating to Indian Affairs."

FORT SMITH PAPERS. See Abel, _The American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist_, p. 361.

GREELEY, HORACE. The American conflict (Hartford, 1864-1867), 2 vols.

INDIAN BRIGADE, Inspection Reports of, for 1864 and 1865. These were loaned for perusal by Luke F. Parsons, who was brigade inspector under Colonel William A. Phillips.

KAPPLER, CHARLES J., compiler and editor. Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. United States Senate Documents, 58th congress, second session, no. 319, 2 vols. Supplementary volume, United States Senate Documents, 62nd congress, second session, no. 719.

LEEPER PAPERS. See Abel, _The American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist_, pp. 360, 362.

LINCOLN, ABRAHAM. Complete Works, edited by John G. Nicolay and John Hay (New York, 1890), 10 vols.

MCPHERSON, EDWARD. Political History of the United States of America during the Great Rebellion (Washington, D.C., 1864).

MISSIONARY HERALD, containing the proceeding of the American Board for Foreign Missions (Boston), vols. 56, 57, 60.

MOORE, FRANK, editor. Rebellion Record: Diary of American Events (New York, 1868), 11 vols. and a supplementary volume for 1861-1864.

PHILLIPS, WILLIAM ADDISON. Conquest of Kansas by Missouri and her allies (Boston, 1856).

"PIKE PAPERS." On subjects other than Indian, extant manuscripts written and received by Albert Pike are exceedingly numerous. One collection of his personal papers is in the possession of Mr. Fred Allsopp of Little Rock; but the largest proportion of those of more general interest, as also of more special, is in the Scottish Rite Temple, Washington, D.C., under the care of Mr. W.L. Boyden. Three things only deserve particular mention; viz.,

a. Autobiography of General Albert Pike. A bound typewritten manuscript, "from stenographic notes, furnished by himself."

b. Confederate States, a/c's with. These papers are in a small file-box and are chiefly receipts from John Crawford, Matthew Leefer, Douglas H. Cooper, John Jumper, and

others for money advanced to them and vouchers for purchases made by Pike. There are three personal letters in the box: D.H. Cooper to Pike, July 28, 1873; William Quesenbury to Pike, August 10, 1873; William Quesenbury to Pike, August 11, 1873. All three letters have to do with a certain $5000 seemingly unaccounted for, a subject in controversy between Pike and Cooper, reflecting upon the latter's integrity. One of the papers is an itemized account of the money Pike expended for the Indians, money "placed in his hands to be disbursed among the Indian Tribes under Treaty stipulations in January, A.D. 1862." It contains an enclosure, the receipt signed by Edward Cross, depositary, showing that Pike restored to the Confederate Treasury the unexpended balance, $19,263 10/100 specie, $49,980 55/100, treasury notes. The receipt is dated Little Rock, March 13, 1863.

c. Choctaw Case. Two packages of papers come under this heading. One is of manuscript matter mainly, the other of printed matter solely. In the latter is the _Memorial of P.P. Pitchlynn_, House Miscellaneous Documents, no. 89, 43d congress, first session, and on it Pike has inscribed, "Written by me, Albert Pike."

RICHARDSON, JAMES D., editor. Compilation of the messages and papers of the Confederacy, including the diplomatic correspondence (Nashville, 1905), 2 vols.

---- Compilation of the messages and papers of the presidents, 1789-1897 (Washington, 1896-1899), 10 vols.

United States of America. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Reports_, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865.

---- Congressional Globe, 37th and 38th congresses, 1861-1865.

---- Department of the Interior, Files.

The files run in two distinct series. One series has its material arranged in boxes, the other, in bundles. The former comprises letters from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs only, and has been examined to the extent here given,

No. 9, January 1, 1861 to December 1, 1861. " 10, December 1, 1861 to November 1, 1862. " 11, November 1, 1862 to July 1, 1863. " 12, July 1, 1863 to June 15, 1864. " 13, June 15, 1864 to April 1, 1865.

The latter were difficult of discovery. After an exhausting search, however, they were located on a top-most shelf, under the roof, in the file-room off from the gallery in the Patent Office building. The bundles are small and each is bandaged as were the Indian Office files, originally. The bandage, or wrapper, is labelled according to the contents. For example, one bundle is labelled, "No. 1, 1849-1864, War;" another, "No. 24, 1852-1868, Exec." In the first are letters from the War Department, in the second, from the White House. Some of the letters are from a

given department by reference only. A great number of the bundles have nothing but a number to distinguish them,

No. 53, January to June, 1865. " 54, July to August, 1865. " 55, September to December, 1865. " 56, January to December, 1866.

United States of America. Department of the Interior, Letter Books, "Records of Letters Sent."

No. 3, July 22, 1857 to January 3, 1862. " 4, January 3, 1862 to June 30, 1864. " 5. July 1, 1864 to December 12, 1865. " 6, December 14, 1865 to September 22, 1865.

---- Department of the Interior, Letter Press Books, "Letters, Indian Affairs."

No. 3, August 20, 1858 to March 5, 1862. " 4, March 5, 1862 to July 1, 1863. " 5. July 1, 1863 to June 22, 1864. " 6, June 22, 1864 to April 11, 1865.

Department of the Interior, Register Books, "Register of Letters Received," Corresponding to the two series of files, are two series of registers. One series is a register of letters received from the Indian Office and each volume is labelled "Commissioner of Indian Affairs." The particular volume used for the present work covers the period from December 5, 1860 to January 6, 1866. It will be found cited as "D," that being a designation given to it by Mr. Rapp, the person at present in charge of the records. The second series is a register of letters received from persons other than the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Each volume is labelled, "Indians."

"Indians," No. 3, January 8, 1856 to October 27, 1861. '' 4, January 2, 1862 to December 27, 1865.

---- Office of Indian Affairs, Consolidated Files. During the last few years and since the time when most of this investigation was made, the various files of the Indian Office have been consolidated and, in many cases, hopelessly muddled. It has been thought best to refer in the text, wherever possible, to the old separate files, inasmuch as all letter books and registers were kept with the separate filing in view.

---- Office of Indian Affairs,

General Files.

Central Superintendency, boxes 1860-1862, 1863-1868; Southern Superintendency, boxes 1859-1862, 1863-1864, 1865, 1866; Cherokee, 1859-1865, 1865-1867, 1867-1869, 1869-1870; Chickasaw, 1854-1868; Choctaw, 1859-1866; Creek, 1860-1869; Delaware, 1855-1861, 1862-1866; Kansas, 1855-1862, 1863-1868; Kickapoo, 1855-1865; Kiowa, 1864-1868; Miscellaneous, 1858-1863, 1864-1867, 1868-1869; Osage River, 1855-1862, 1863-1867;

Otoe, 1856-1862, 1863-1869; Ottawa, 1863-1872; Pottawatomie, 1855-1861, 1862-1865; Sac and Fox, 1862-1866; Seminole, 1858-1869; Wichita, 1860-1861, 1862-1871.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Office of Indian Affairs, Irregularly-Shaped Papers.

This was a collection made for the convenience of the Indian Office.

The name itself is a sufficient explanation.

---- Office of Indian Affairs, John Ross Papers.

These were evidently part of the evidence furnished at the Fort Smith Council, 1865.

---- Office of Indian Affairs, Land Files.

Central Superintendency, box 10, 1852-1869; Southern Superintendency, 1855-1870; Cherokee, box 21, 1850-1869; Choctaw, box 38, 1846-1873; Creek, box 45, 1846-1873; Dead Letters, box 51; Freedmen in Indian Territory, 2 boxes; Indian Talks, Councils, &c., box 3, 1856-1864, box 4, 1865-1866; Kansas, box 80, 1863-1865; Kickapoo, box 86, 1857-1868; Miscellaneous, box 103, 1860-1870; Neosho, box 117, 1833-1865; New York, box 130, 1860-1874; Osage, box 143, 1831-1873; Osage River, box 146, 1860-1866; Shawnee, box 190, 1860-1865; Special Cases, box 111, "Invasion of Indian Territory by White Settlers;" Treaties, box 2, 1853-1863, box 3, 1864-1866.

---- Office of Indian Affairs, Special Files.

No. 87, "Claims of Loyal Seminoles." " 106, "Claims of Delawares for Depredations, 1863." " 134, "Claims of Choctaws and Chickasaws." " 142, " " " " " " 201, "Southern Refugees." " 284, "Claims of Creeks."

Kansas, box 78, 1860-1861, box 79, 1862; Otoe, box 153, 1856-1876; Ottawa, box 155, 1863-1873; Pawnee, box 156, 1859-1877; Pottawatomie, box 163, 1855-1865; Sac and Fox, box 177, 1860-1864, box 178, 1865-1868; Shawnee Deeds and Papers, box 195; Subsistence Indian Prisoners, one box; Wyandott, box 242, 1836-1863, and many other file boxes, with dates of the period under investigation, have been examined but have yielded practically nothing of interest for the subject.

Special Cases are quite distinct from Special Files. There are in all two hundred three of the former and three hundred three of the latter. There is in the Indian Office a small manuscript index to the Special Cases and a folio index to the Special Files.

---- Office of Indian Affairs. Letter Books (letters sent). See Abel, _The American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist_, pp. 363-364.

---- Office of Indian Affairs. Letters Registered (abstract of letters received), ibid., p. 364.

---- Office of Indian Affairs, Miscellaneous Records, vol. viii, April, 1852 to July, 1861; vol. ix, July, 1861 to January 22, 1887.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Office of Indian Affairs. Parker Letter Book. Letters to E.S. Parker, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and others, 1869 to 1870.

---- Office of Indian Affairs. _Report Books_, Reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior. See Abel, _The American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist_, p. 365.

UNITED STATES SENATE, Report of the Committee on the Conduct of the War, 37th congress, third session, no. 108 (1863), 3 vols.; 38th congress, second session, no. 142 (1865), 3 vols. and Supplemental Report (1866), 2 vols.

---- Committee Reports, no. 278, 36th congress, first session, being testimony before a Select Committee of the Senate, appointed to inquire into the Harper's Ferry affair.

---- WAR DEPARTMENT.

Aside from the _Confederate Records_, which are not regular War Department files, papers have been examined there for the Civil War period, although not by any means exhaustively. Enough were examined, however, to show reason for disparaging somewhat the work of the editors of the _Official Records_. Apparently, the editors, half of them northern sympathizers and half of them southern, proceeded upon a principle of selection that necessitated exchanging courtesies of omission.

WAR OF THE REBELLION. Compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies (Washington), 129 serial volumes and an index volume.

The volumes used extensively in the present work were, _first series_, volumes iii, viii, xiii, xxii, parts 1 and 2, xxvi, part 2, xxxiv, parts 1, 2, 3, and 4, xli, parts 1, 2, 3, and 4, xlviii, parts 1 and 2, liii, supplement; _fourth series_, volume iii.

II. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF AUTHORITIES

ABEL, ANNIE HELOISE. American Indian as slaveholder and secessionist (Cleveland, 1915).

---- History of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the Mississippi.

American Historical Association _Report_, 1906, 233-450.

---- Indian reservations in Kansas and the extinguishment of their titles.

Kansas Historical Society _Collections_, vol. viii, 72-109.

ANDERSON, MRS. MABEL WASHBOURNE. Life of General Stand Watie (Pryor, Oklahoma, 1915), pamphlet.

BADEAU, ADAM. Military history of U.S. Grant (New York, 1868), 3 vols.

BARTLES, WILLIAM LEWIS. Massacre of Confederates by Osage Indians in 1863.

Kansas Historical Society _Collections_, vol. iii, 62-66.

Biographical Congressional Directory, 1774-1903.

House Documents, 57th congress, second session, no. 458 (Washington, D.C., 1903).

BLACKMAR, FRANK W. Life of Charles Robinson (Topeka, 1902).

BLAINE, JAMES G. Twenty years of Congress, 1860-1880 (Norwich, Connecticut, 1884-1886), 2 vols.

BOGGS, GENERAL WILLIAM ROBERTSON, C.S.A. Military reminiscences (Durham, North Carolina, 1913).

BORLAND, WILLIAM P. General Jo. O. Shelby.

Missouri _Historical Review_, vol. vii, 10-19.

BOUTWELL, GEORGE SEWALL. Reminiscences of sixty years in public affairs (New York, 1902), 2 vols.

BOYDEN, WILLIAM L. The character of Albert Pike as gleaned from his correspondence.

_New Age Magazine_, March 1915, pp. 108-111.

BRADFORD, GAMALIEL. Confederate portraits.

"Judah P. Benjamin," _Atlantic Monthly_, June, 1913; "Alexander H. Stephens," Ibid., July, 1913; "Robert Toombs," Ibid., August, 1913.

BRITTON, WILEY. Memoirs of the rebellion on the border, 1863 (Chicago, 1882).

---- The Civil War on the border (New York, 1899), 2 vols.

BROTHERHEAD, WILLIAM. General Frémont and the injustice done him.

Yale University Library of American Pamphlets, vol. 22.

CAPERS, HENRY D. The life and times of C.G. Memminger (Richmond, 1893).

CARR, LUCIEN. Missouri: a bone of contention, American Commonwealth series (Boston, 1896).

CHADWICK, ADMIRAL FRENCH ENSOR. Causes of the Civil War, American Nation series (New York, 1907), vol. xix.

CLAYTON, POWELL. The aftermath of the Civil War in Arkansas (New York, 1915).

CONNELLEY, WILLIAM E. James Henry Lane: the grim chieftain of Kansas (Topeka, 1899).

---- Quantrill and the border wars (Cedar Rapids, 1910).

CORDLEY, RICHARD. Pioneer days in Kansas (Boston, 1903).

COX, JACOB DOLSON. Military reminiscences of the Civil War (New York, 1900), 2 vols.

CRAWFORD, SAMUEL J. Kansas in the sixties (Chicago, 1911).

CURRY, J.L.M. Civil history of the government of the Confederate States with some personal reminiscences (Richmond, 1901).

DANA, C.A. Recollections of the Civil War (New York, 1898).

DAVIS, JEFFERSON. Rise and fall of the Confederate government (New York, 1881), 2 vols.

DAVIS, JOHN P. Union Pacific Railway (Chicago, 1894).

DAWSON, CAPTAIN F.W. Reminiscences of Confederate service, 1861-1865 (Charleston, 1882).

DRAPER, J.W. History of the American Civil War (New York, 1867-1870), 3 vols.

DYER, FREDERICK H., compiler. Compendium of the war of the rebellion (Des Moines, 1908).

EATON, RACHEL CAROLINE. John Ross and the Cherokee Indians (Menasha, Wisconsin, 1914).

EDWARDS, JOHN NEWMAN. Shelby and his men (Cincinnati, 1867).

---- Noted guerrillas, or the warfare of the border (Chicago, 1877).

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INDEX

Abbott, James B: 204, _footnote_, 236, _footnote_

Abel, Annie Heloise: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 14, 57, 75, 85, 172, 183, 190, 226, 241, 260

Absentee Shawnees: 205, _footnote_

Acadians: removal of, 304, _footnote_

Adair, W. P: 268, _footnote_, 277, _footnote_, 326 and _footnote_

Adams, C. W: 333

Ah-pi-noh-to-me: 108, _footnote_

Aldrich, Cyrus: 225, _footnote_, 229, _footnote_

Alexander, A. M: 267, _footnote_

Allen's Battery: 146

Allen County (Kans.): 82, _footnote_

Aluktustenuke: 94, _footnote_, 108, _footnote_

Amnesty Proclamation: 322

Anderson, Mrs. Mabel Washbourne: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 127, 130, 138, 194, 197, 271, 272, 288

Anderson, S. S: 265, _footnote_

Arapahoes: 274, _footnote_

Arizona Territory: 61-62

Arkadelphia (Ark.): 261

Arkansans: circulate malicious stories about Pike, 160, _footnote_; lawless, 264; unable to decide arbitrarily about Indian movements, 326

Arkansas: regards McCulloch as defender, 15; Van Dora's requisition for troops, 25; Federals occupy northern, 34; Pike to call for aid, 36; attack from direction of, expected, 48; left in miserable plight by Van Dorn, 128; army men exploited Pike's command, 150; R.W. Johnson serves as delegate from, 175; R.W. Johnson becomes senator from in the First Congress, 176; Thomas B. Hanly, representative from, introduces bill for establishment of Indian superintendency, 176; disagreeable experiences of Indians in, 177; Pike recommends separation of Indian Territory from both Texas and, 179; unsafe to leave interests of Indian Territory subordinated to those of, 246; political squabbles in, 249, _footnote_; Indian Home Guards not intended for use in, 259; privilege of writ of _habeas corpus_ suspended, 269; Blunt and Curtis want possession of western counties, 325

Arkansas and Red River Superintendency: 181; territorial limits, 177; officials, 177-178; restrictions upon Indians and white men, 178; Pike recommends organization, 179; Cooper seeks appointment as superintendent, 179

Arkansas Military Board: 15, 16

Arkansas Post (Ark.): loss of, 270

Arkansas River: mentioned, 165, 192, 194, 216, 268, _footnote_, 272, _footnote_, 295; Pike's headquarters near junction with Verdigris, 22; Pike to call troops to prevent descent, 36; Indian refugees reach, 85; Indians flee across, 135; Campbell to examine alleged position of enemy south, 136; Federals in possession of country north of, 198; Stand Watie and Cooper pushed below, 220; Phillips to hold line of, 251; Schofield desires control of entire length of course, 260; Blunt patrolling, 293; Stand Watie to move down, to vicinity of Fort Smith,

271, _footnote_; Osages, Pottawatomies, Cheyennes, and others to gather on, 274-275, _footnote_; natural line of defence, 315; seizure of supply boat on, 327

Arkansas State Convention: 16

Arkansas Volunteers: 60, _footnote_

Armstrong Academy (Okla.): meeting of Indian General Council at, 317; unfortunate delay of Scott in reaching, 320; Southern Indians renew pledge of loyalty to Confederate States at, 323

Army of Frontier: under Blunt, 196; regiments of Indian Home Guards part of, 196; encamps on old battlefield of Pea Ridge, 197; gradual retrogression into Missouri, 219, _footnote_; District of Kansas to be separated from, 248

Atchison and Pike's Peak Railway Company: 230

Atrocities: Pike charged with giving countenance to, 30-31, 31, _footnote_; degree of Pike's responsibility for, 32; repudiated by Cherokee National Council, 32-33; become subject of correspondence between opposing generals, 33; charged against Indians at Battle of Wilson's Creek, 34, _footnote_; forbidden by Van Dorn, 36; guerrilla, 44; influenced Halleck regarding use of Indian soldiers, 102; at Battle of Newtonia, 195; Blunts army accused of, 248, _footnote_; Stand Watie's men commit, 332

Badeau, Adam: work cited, 96, _footnote_

Baldwin, A.H: 235, _footnote_

Bankhead, S.P: given command of Northern Sub-District of Texas, 286; Steele applies for assistance, 290; fails to appear, 291; dissatisfaction with, 306, _footnote_

Barren Fork (Okla.): skirmish on, 312

Bartles, W.L: 237, _footnote_

Bass's Texas Cavalry: 276, _footnote_, 303, _footnote_, 306, _footnote_

Bassett, Owen A: 123, _footnote_

Bates County (Mo.): 58, 304, _footnote_

Baxter Springs (Kans.): location, 121, 125, _footnote_; Weer leaves Salomon and Doubleday at, 121; Indian encampment at, 125, 129; negro regiment sent to, 259, 284; commissary train expected, 291; massacre at, 304

Bayou Bernard: 163-164

Beauregard, Pierre G.T: devises plans for bringing Van Dorn east, 14, _footnote_, 34; Hindman takes command under order of, 127, 186, _footnote_, 190

Belmont (Kansas.): 274, _footnote_

Benge, Pickens: 132

Benjamin, Judah P: 22, 23, _footnote_, 24, _footnote_, 175, _footnote_

Bennett, Joseph: 269, _footnote_

Bentonville (Ark.): 29, 216

Big Bend of Arkansas: 73, _footnote_, 274, _footnote_

Big Blue Reserve: 235, _footnote_

Big Hill Camp: 237, _footnote_

Big Mountain: 148, _footnote_

Billy Bowlegs: 68, _footnote_, 108, _footnote_, 228, _footnote_

Biographical Congressional Directory: work cited, 59, _footnote_, 70, _footnote_

Bishop, Albert Webb: work cited, 219, _footnote_

Black Beaver Road: 67, _footnote_

Black Bob: 235, _footnote_, 236, _footnote_

Black Bob's Band: 204; to be distinguished from Absentee Shawnees, 204-205, _footnote_; lands raided by guerrillas, 205

Black Dog: 263, _footnote_

Blair, Francis P: 49

Blair, W.B: 290, _footnote_

Bleecker, Anthony: 41, _footnote_

Blue River (Okla.): 110

Blunt, James G: learns of designs of Drew's Cherokees, 33; avenges burning of Humboldt, 53; succeeds Denver at Fort Scott, 98; in command of reëstablished Department of Kansas, 106; reverses policy of Halleck and Sturgis, 106-107 and _footnote_; promotion objected to, 107, _footnote_; ideas on necessary equipment of Indian soldiers, 109; Weer reports on subject of Cherokee relations, 136; forbids Weer to make incursion into adjoining states, 139; orders white troops to support Indian Brigade, 192-193; in charge of Army of Frontier, 196; plans Second Indian Expedition, 196 and _footnotes_; promises to return refugees to homes, 196, _footnote_, 203; opinion touching profiteering, 208, 210-211; issue between, and Coffin, 210-211 and _footnote_; promises return home to refugee Cherokees, 213; vigorous policy, 218; achievements discounted by Schofield, 248, 249; accusation of brutal murders and atrocities, 248, _footnote_; makes headquarters at Fort Leavenworth, 249; wishes Phillips to advance, 254, 257; advancement of Schofield obnoxious to, 260; undertakes to go to Fort Gibson, 261, 286; in command of District of Frontier, 286; victorious at Honey Springs, 288-289; decides to assume offensive, 293; no faith in Indian soldiery, 294; transfers effects from Fort Scott to Fort Smith, 304; relieved by McNeil, 305; summoned to Washington for conference, 322 and _footnote_; restored to command, 324; controversy with Thayer, 324

Bob Deer: 68, _footnote_

Boggs, W.R: 286, _footnote_

Boggy Depot (Okla.): 162, 284, 295, _footnote_, 296 and _footnote_

Bogy, Lewis V: 235, _footnote_

Bonham (Texas): 302-303

Border Warfare: 16-17, 44

Boston Mountains: McCulloch and Price retreating towards, 26, _footnote_; to push Confederate line northward of, 192

Boudinot, Elias C: Cherokee delegate in Confederate Congress, 180; submits proposals to Cherokees, 279; active in Congress, 299, _footnote_; coadjutor of Cooper and relative of Stand Watie, 300; Steele forwards letter from, 307, _footnote_; Steele believes, responsible for opposition, 311; urges plan of brigading upon Davis, 317; suggests attaching Indian Territory to Missouri, 317, _footnote_, 318, 321, _footnote_; reports to Davis, 321

Bourland, James: 312, _footnote_

Bowman, Charles S: 108

Branch, H.B: 48, _footnote_, 51, _footnote_, 74, _footnote_, 116; charges against, 234, _footnote_

Breck, S: 324, _footnote_

Britton, Wiley: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 20, 22, 30, 35, 50, 51, 52, 55, 113, 118, 126, 131, 132, 146, 194, 196, 197, 198, 216, 218, 237, 249, 250, 257, 260, 271, 273

Brooken Creek (Okla.): 295, _footnote_

Brooks, William: 46, _footnote_, 47, _footnote_

Brown, E.B: 119, _footnote_, 127

Brown, John: 42, _footnote_

Browne, William M: 172, _footnote_

Bryan, G.M: 292, _footnote_

Buchanan, James: 41, 70, _footnote_

Buffalo Hump: 65, _footnote_

Burbank, Robert: 77, _footnote_

Bureau of Indian Affairs: created in Confederate War Dept, 172 and _footnote_

Burlington (Kans.): 80

Burns, Robert: 26

Bushwhackers: 125, 236, _footnote_, 239, _footnote_, 260, 266, _footnote_

Buster, M.W: 194, _footnote_

Cabell, A.S: 270, _footnote_

Cabell, W.L: 277, _footnote_, 284 and _footnote_, 287, 289, 292, 297

Cabin Creek (Okla.): 131, 283-286 and _footnote_, 332

Caddoes: reported loyal to U.S., 66, _footnote_; in First Indian Expedition, 115, _footnote_; encamped at Big Bend, 274, _footnote_

Calhoun, James S: 260, _footnote_

Camden Campaign (Ark.): 326-327

Cameron, Simon: 56, 60, _footnote_, 72

Camp Bowen: 219, _footnote_

Camp Imochiah: 288, _footnote_

Camp McIntosh: 112, 153

Camp Quapaw: 146

Camp Radziwintski (Radziminski?): 153

Camp Ross, 255

Camp Stephens: 32, 35

Campbell, A.B: 81

Campbell, W.T: sent to reconnoitre, 136; halts at Fort Gibson, 136

Canadian River: 129, 162, 164, 293, 327

Canby, E.R.S: 335

Cane Hill (Ark.): 28, _footnote_, 218

Cantonment Davis (Okla.): established as Pike's headquarters, 22; Indians gather at, 27; Cooper at, 169; Cooper's force flee to, 198

Carey's Ferry (Okla.): 192

Carey's Ford (Okla.): 126

Carney, Thomas: 211, _footnote_; named as suitable commissioner, 233, _footnote_

Carr, Eugene A: 30, _footnote_

Carriage Point: 111, _footnote_

Carrington, W.T: 296, _footnote_

Carruth, E.H: teacher among Indians, 59, 64, _footnote_; furthers plan for inter-tribal council, 69; suspected of stirring up Indian refugees against Coffin, 87-88 and _footnote_; refugee Creeks want as agent, 89; satisfied with appointment to Wichita Agency, 89; sent on mission, 122 and _footnote_, 133; in Cherokee Nation, 195, _footnote_; disapproves of attempting return of refugees, 209; Martin and, arrange for inter-tribal council, 273-275, _footnote_

Carter, J.C: 208, _footnote_

Cass County (Mo.): 304, _footnote_

Cassville (Mo.): 293

Century Company's War Book: work cited, 13, _footnote_

Central Superintendent: 116-117

Chapman, J.B: 222 and _footnote_, 229, _footnote_

Chap-Pia-Ke: 69, _footnote_

Charles Johnnycake: 64, _footnote_

Chatterton, Charles W: 214, _footnote_

Cherokee Brigade: 309

Cherokee country: 193, 194

Cherokee Delegate: 111, _footnote_, 180

Cherokee Expedition: 73, _footnote_

Cherokee Nation: 47, _footnote_, 74, _footnote_, 111, _footnote_; Clarkson to take command of all forces within, 130; future attitude under consideration, 133; Weer suggests resumption of allegiance to U.S., 134; Weer proposes abolition of slavery by vote, 134, _footnote_; intention to remain true to Confederacy, 135; cattle plentiful, 145; Hindman designs to stop operations of wandering mercantile companies, 156; maintenance of order necessary, 192; archives and treasury seized, 193; Carruth and Martin in, 195, _footnote_; Delaware District of, 197; deplorable condition of country, 217; Boudinot, delegate in Congress from, 299, _footnote_; Quantrill and his band pass into, 304

Cherokee National Council: ratifies treaty with Confederacy, 28, _footnote_; opposed to atrocities, 32-33; resolutions against atrocities, 33; assemblies, 255-256, legislative work, 256-257; Federal victory at

Webber's Falls prevents convening, 271 and _footnote_; passage of bill relative to feeding destitute Indians, 277, _footnote_; adopts resolutions commendatory of Blunt's work, 305, _footnote_; Stand Watie proposes enactment of conscription law, 329

Cherokee Neutral Lands (Kans.): 47, _footnote_, 53, 121, 125, _footnote_; refugee Cherokees collect on, 213; refugees refuse to vacate, 214; Pomeroy advocates confiscation of, 224; John Ross and associates ready to consider retrocession of, 231-232 and _footnote_

Cherokee Strip (Kans.): 79

Cherokee Treaty with Confederacy: ratified by National Council, 28, _footnote_; Indians stipulated to fight in own fashion, 32

Cherokees: unwilling to have Indian Territory occupied by Confederate troops, 15; civil war impending, 29; disturbances stirred up by bad white men, 47, _footnote_, 48; effect of Federal defeat at Wilson's Creek, 49; attitude towards secession, 63, _footnote_; in First Indian Expedition, 115, _footnote_; driven from country, 116; flee across Arkansas River, 135; exasperated by Pike's retirement to confines of Indian Territory, 159; outlawed, participate in Wichita Agency tragedy, 183; demoralizing effect of Ross's departure, 193; secessionist, call convention, 193; should be protected against plundering, 195, _footnote_; refugee, on Drywood Creek, 209, _footnote_, 213; repudiate alliance with Confederacy, 232; approached by Steele through medium of necessities, 276; charge Confederacy with bad faith, 279-281; asked to give military land grants to white men in return for protection, 279-281; Blunt thinks superior to Kansas tribes, 294; intent upon recovery of Fort Gibson, 311; troops pass resolution of reënlistment for war, 328-329

Chicago Tribune: 75, _footnote_

Chickasaw Battalion: 152, 155; Tonkawas to furnish guides for, 184, _footnote_

Chickasaw Home Guards: 184, _footnote_

Chickasaw Legislature: 306, _footnote_, 329, _footnote_

Chickasaw Nation: Pike arrested at Tishomingo, 200; funds drawn upon for support of John Ross and others, 215, _footnote_; Phillips communicates with governor, 323, _footnote_

Chickasaws: discord within ranks, 29; attitude towards secession, 63, _footnote_; delegation of, and Creeks, and Kininola, 65, _footnote_; plundered by Osages and Comanches, 207, _footnote_; refugee, given temporary home, 213; dissatisfied with Cooper, 265, _footnote_; disperse, 323

Chiekies: 66, _footnote_

Chillicothe Band of Shawnees: 236, _footnote_

Chilton, W.P: 173, _footnote_

Chipman, N.P: 207, _footnote_

Chippewas: 212

Choctaw and Chickasaw Battalion: 25, 32

Choctaw Battalion: 152, 155

Choctaw Council: considers Blunt's proposals, 302; disposition towards neutrality, 306, _footnote_; Phillips sends communication to, 323, _footnote_

Choctaw Militia: 311-312, 312, _footnote_

Choctaw Nation: Pike withdraws into, 110; Robert M. Jones, delegate from, in Congress, 299, _footnote_; proposed conscription within, 328

Choctaws: discord bred by unscrupulous merchants, 29; attitude

towards secession, 63, _footnote_; refugee, given temporary home, 213; waver in allegiance to South, 220; sounded by Phillips, 254; little recruiting possible while Fort Smith is in Confederate hands, 258-259; Steele entrusts recruiting to Tandy Walker, 265; no tribe so completely secessionist as, 290; protest against failure to supply with arms and ammunition, 301; proposals from Blunt known to have reached, 302; cotton, 308-309, _footnote_; bestir themselves as in first days of war, 311; principal chief opposes projects of Armstrong Academy council, 321; want confederacy separate and distinct from Southern, 321, _footnote_; do excellent service in Camden campaign, 326

Choo-Loo-Foe-Lop-Hah Choe: talk, 68, _footnote_; signature, 69, _footnote_

Chouteau's Trading House: 329, _footnote_

Christie: 305, _footnote_

Chustenahlah (Okla.): 79

Cincinnati (Ark.): 28, 35

Cincinnati Gazette: 58, _footnote_, 88, _footnote_

Clarimore: 238, _footnote_

Clark, Charles T: 82, _footnote_

Clark, George W: 158 and _footnote_

Clark, Sidney: 104, _footnote_

Clarke, G.W: 22

Clarkson, J.J: assigned to supreme command in northern part of Indian Territory, 129-130; applies for permission to intercept trains on Santa Fé road, 129, _footnote_; at Locust Grove, 131; surprised in camp, 131, _footnote_; made prisoner, 132; Pike's reference to, 158; placed in Cherokee country, 159, _footnote_

Clarksville (Ark.): 287-288, _footnote_

Clay, Clement C: 176, _footnote_

Cloud, William F: 193, 297

Cochrane, John: 56-57

Coffee, J.T: 113 and _footnote_, 125

Coffin, O.S: letter, 82 and _footnote_

Coffin, S.D: 208

Coffin, William G: testifies to disturbances among Osages, 46, _footnote_; pays visit to ruins of Humboldt, 54, _footnote_; plans for inter-tribal council, 69; orders countermanded for enlistment of Indians, 77; learns of refugees in Kansas, 80; compelled by settlers to seek new abiding-place for refugees, 86; refugees lodge complaint against, 87 and _footnote_; military enrollment of Indians conducted under authority of Interior Department, 105 and _footnote_; applies for new instructions regarding First Indian Expedition, 105; dispute with Elder, 116-117, 207, _footnote_; anxious to have Osage offer accepted by refugee Creeks, 207-208, _footnote_; disapproves of Blunt's plan for early return of refugees, 209; issue between Blunt and, 210-211; contract with Stettaner Bros. approved by Dole, 211, _footnote_; urges removal of refugees to Sac and Fox Agency, 212; visits refugee Cherokees on Neutral Lands, 213; details Harlan and Proctor to care for refugee Cherokees at Neosho, 214; drafts Osage treaty of cession, 229; suggests location for Indian colonization, 233; would reward Osage massacrers, 238, _footnote_; prevails upon Jim Ned to stop jayhawking, 274, _footnote_

Colbert, Holmes: 207, _footnote_

Colbert, Winchester: 184, _footnote_

Coleman, Isaac: 209

Collamore, George W: career, 87, _footnote_; investigation into condition of refugees, 87, _footnote_

Colorado Territory: likely to be menaced by Southern Indians, 61; conditions in, 61, _footnote_; recruiting officers massacred by Osages,

238, _footnote_; political squabbles in, 249, _footnote_; harassed by Indians of Plains, 320; made part of restored Department of Kansas, 321

Comanches: Pike's negotiation with, 63, _footnote_, 65, _footnote_, 173, _footnote_; peaceable and quiet, 112; this side of Staked Plains friendly, 153; Osages and, plunder Chickasaws, 207, _footnote_; reported encamped at Big Bend, 274, _footnote_

Confederates: disposition to over-estimate size of enemy, 30, _footnote_; defeat at Pea Ridge decisive, 34; should concentrate on saving country east of Mississippi, 34; retreat from Pea Ridge, 35; possible to fraternize with Federals, 44; victorious at Drywood Creek, 51-52; in vicinity of Neosho, 127; no forces at hand to resist invasion of Indian Territory, 147; defeat at Locust Grove counted against Pike, 161; Cherokee country abandoned to, 193; in possession as far north as Moravian Mission, 194; victory at Newtonia, 194-195 and _footnotes_; ill-success on Cowskin River and at Shirley's Ford, 197; flee to Cantonment Davis, 198; officers massacred by Osages, 237-238, _footnote_; grants to Indian Territory, 250; foraging and scouting occupy, 253; distributing relief to indigents, 258

Congress, Confederate: authorizes Partisan Rangers, 112; Arkansas delegates testify to Van Dorn's aversion for Indians, 148, _footnote_; act of regulating intercourse with Indians, 169; act for establishing Arkansas and Red River Superintendency, 177-178; concedes rights and privileges to Indian delegates, 299, _footnote_

Congress, United States: 71, 76, _footnote_, 86 and _footnote_, 99; circumstances of refugees well-aired in, 209; gives president discretionary power for relief of refugees, 209; Osages memorialize for civil government, 229 and _footnote_; act authorizing negotiations with Indian tribes, 231; decides to relieve Kansas of Indian encumbrance, 294

Connelley, William E: work cited, 42 and _footnotes_ on pages 51, 101, 205, 239

Conway, Martin F: 72, _footnote_, 88, _footnote_, 107, _footnote_

Cooley, D.N: 205, _footnote_

Cooper, Douglas H: colonel of First Regiment Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles, 25; communicates with Pike, 29, _footnote_; objects to keeping Indians at home, 31, _footnote_; arrives at Camp Stephens, 32, 35; protects baggage train on way to Elm Springs, 35; recommends Indians as guerrillas, 112; ordered to repair to country north of Canadian River, 129, 154; orders Indian leaders to report at Fort Davis, 137; regiment goes out of service, 153; views on employment of Indians, 159 and _footnote_; Pike to hand over command to, 162; transmits Pike's circular, 167, 169; orders arrest of Pike, 169; calls for troops from all Indian nations, 174, _footnote_; seeks to become superintendent of Indian affairs, 179; appointment withheld because of inebriety, 181; to attempt to reënter southwest Missouri, 194; after Battle of Newtonia obliged to fall back into Arkansas, 197; under orders from Rains, plans invasion of Kansas, 197; defeated in Battle of Fort Wayne, 197-198; in disgrace, 198; Steele preferred to, 246; not ranking officer of Steele, 247, _footnote_, 300, _footnote_; force poorly equipped, 248, _footnote_;

apparently bent upon annoying Steele, 265; can get plenty of beef, 272; influences to advance, at expense of Steele, 278, 306 and _footnote_; orders Stand Watie to take position at Cabin Creek, 284-285; ammunition worthless at Honey Springs, 288; Boudinot and, intrigue together, 300; headquarters at Fort Washita, 303, _footnote_; manifests great activity in own interests, 303; Quantrill and band reach camp of, 304; plans recovery of Fort Smith, 309; opposed to idea of separating white auxiliary from Indian forces, 310; raises objection to two brigade idea, 316; Boudinot and, advise formation of three distinct Indian brigades, 317; placed in command of all Indian troops in Trans-Mississippi Department on borders of Arkansas, 319; declared subordinate to Maxey, 319; begins work of undermining Maxey, 333-334

Cooper, S: 29, _footnote_, 128, _footnote_

Corwin, David B: 144

Corwin, Robert S: 231, _footnote_

Cottonwood River (Kans.): 85, _footnote_

Cowskin Prairie (Mo. and Okla.): Stand Watie's engagement at, 113; encampment on, 119, 120, _footnote_; affair at, erroneously reported as Federal victory, 119, _footnote_; Round Grove on, 126; scouts called in at, 138

Cowskin River: 197

Crawford, John: 48, 214, _footnote_

Crawford, Samuel J: work cited, 101, _footnote_, 194, footnote, 197, _footnote_; at Battle of Fort Wayne, 197

Crawford Seminary: 46, 50

Creek and Seminole Battalion: 25

Creek Nation: 62, _footnote_, 111, _footnote_; Clarkson to take command of all forces within, 130; Pike negotiates treaty with, 173, _footnote_

Creeks: delegation of, and Chickasaws and Kininola seek help at Leroy, 65, _footnote_; desert Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, 76, _footnote_; constitute main body of refugees in Kansas, 81; compose First Regiment Indian Home Guards, 114 and _footnote_; company authorized by Pike, 173, _footnote_; refugee, offered home by Osages, 207 and _footnote_; refugee, given temporary home by Sacs and Foxes of Mississippi, 213; unionist element attempts tribal re-organization, 228; views regarding accommodation of other Indians upon lands, 233; Senate ratifies treaty with, 234; reject treaty, 235; Phillips sounds, 254; Phillips learns that defection has begun, 256; refuse to charge, 272; nature and extent of disaffection among, 272-273 and _footnote_; address Davis, 278; bad conduct complained of by Steele, 285, _footnote_; inevitable effect of Battle of Honey Springs upon, 290; Blunt's offensive and Steele's defensive, 301; proposals of Blunt known to have reached, 302; disperse among fastnesses of mountains, 323

Cross Timber Hollow (Ark.): 30, _footnote_

Currier, C.F: 67, _footnote_

Curtis, Samuel R: in charge of Southwestern District of Missouri, 26-27; estimate of number of troops contributed by Pike, 30, _footnote_; instructed to report on Confederate use of Indians, 33, _footnote_; victory at Pea Ridge complete, 34; surmise with respect to movements of Stand Watie and others, 120, _footnote_; resents insinuations against military capacity of Blunt and Herron, 249; Lane opposed to Gamble, Schofield, and, 249, _footnote_; regrets sacrifice of red men

in white man's quarrel, 250; calls for Phillips to return, 259; succeeded by Schofield, 260; in command of restored Department of Kansas, 321; arrives at Fort Gibson, 324

Cutler, George A: council held at Leroy by, 62, _footnote_; at Fort Leavenworth, 74, _footnote_; ordered by Lane to transfer council to Fort Scott, 74, _footnote_; reports Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la in distress, 76, _footnote_; refugees complain of treatment, 87; approves of early return of refugees, 209; calls Creek chiefs to consider draft of treaty, 233

Dana, Charles A: 126, _footnote_, 324, _footnote_

Danley, C.C: 15

Davis, Jefferson: work cited, 14, _footnote_; urged to send second general officer out, 15-16; McCulloch's sacrifice of Confederate interests in Missouri reported to, 18; unfavorable to Price and to his method of fighting, 18-19; report of Pike submitted to, 21; Cooper, in name of, orders Ross to issue proclamation calling for fighting men, 137; correspondence with Pike, 167-168; recommends creation of bureau of Indian affairs, 172; appoints Pike diplomatic agent to Indian tribes, 173, _footnote_; signs bill for establishment of southern superintendency, 176; Pike makes important suggestions to, 179; offers explanation for non-payment of Indian moneys, 179, _footnote_; inconsistentcy of, 187; refusal to accept Pike's resignation, 190; orders adjutant-general to accept Pike's resignation, 200; lack of candor in explaining matters to Holmes, 269; Creeks address, 278; replies to protest from Flanagin, 287, _footnote_; opposed to surrendering part to save whole, 297, _footnote_; considers resolutions of Armstrong Academy council, 317; addresses Indians through principal chiefs, 318 and _footnote_; objects making Indian Territory separate department, 318-319; knowledge of economic and strategic importance of Indian Territory, 331

Davis, John S: 80, _footnote_

Davis, William P: 80, _footnote_

Dawson, C.L: 150, _footnote_, 152, 153, 154, _footnote_

Deitzler, George W: 97, _footnote_

Delahay, M.W: 222, _footnote_

Delaware Reservation (Kans.): location, 206; store of Carney and Co. on, 211, _footnote_

Delawares: interview of Dole with, 77, _footnote_; in First Indian Expedition, 113, _footnote_, 115, _footnote_; from Cherokee country made refugees, 116, 206; wandering, implicated in tragedy at Wichita Agency, 183; eager to enlist, 207; request removal of Agent Johnson and Carney and Co. from reservation, 211, _footnote_; wild, involved in serious trouble with Osages, 274, _footnote_

Democratic Party: 47, _footnote_

De Morse, Charles: 266, _footnote_, 330, _footnote_

Denver, James W: career, 70; popular rejoicing over prospect of recall, 72, _footnote_; learns of presence of refugees in Kansas, 80; assigned by Halleck to command of District of Kansas, 97; Lane and Pomeroy protest against appointment, 97; later movements, 98 and _footnote_; coöperates with Steele and Coffin to advance preparations for First Indian Expedition, 102; removal from District of Kansas inaugurated "Sturgis' military despotism," 104

Department no. 2: 19

Department of Arkansas: 322

Department of Indian Territory: Pike in command, 20; relation to other military units, 21; Pike deplores absorption of, 151; Pike's appointment displeasing to Elias Rector, 181, _footnote_; created at suggestion from Pike, 189

Department of Kansas: Hunter in command, 27, 61, 70; consolidated with Department of Missouri, 96; reëstablished, 106 and _footnote_; Blunt assigned to command, 106, 118; restored, Curtis in command, 321

Department of Mississippi: 96, 105

Department of Missouri: Halleck in command, 27, 61; consolidated with Department of Kansas, 96

Department of Mountain: 96

Department of Potomac: 96

Department of West: 27, 61

De Smet, Father: 234

De Soto (Kans.): 236, _footnote_

Dickey, M.C: 226 and _footnote_

District of Arkansas: Hindman in command, 192; Price in command during illness of Holmes, 299, _footnote_; Price succeeds Holmes, 326

District of Frontier: Blunt in command, 286; McNeil relieves Blunt, 305; Schofield institutes investigation, 305, _footnote_

District of Kansas: Denver assigned to command of, 97; Sturgis assigned to, 98; checks progress of First Indian Expedition, 105; Schofield advises complete separation from Army of Frontier, 248; re-constituted with headquarters at Fort Leavenworth, 249

District of Texas: 306, _footnote_, 318, _footnote_

Dole, R.W: 74, _footnote_, 114, _footnote_

Dole, William P: 53, _footnote_, 54, _footnote_; absent on mission to West, 60; submits new evidence of serious state of affairs among Indians, 61; authority of U.S. over Indians to be maintained, 61; Lane's plans appeal to, 72-73; disappointed over Stanton's reversal of policy for use of Indian troops, 76; countermands orders for enlistment of Indians, 77; warned that army supplies to refugees to be discontinued, 83; Coffin and Ritchie apply for new instructions regarding First Indian Expedition, 105-106; reports adversely upon subject of Lane's motion, 223; motives considered, 225; submits views on Pomeroy's project for concentration of tribes, 230, _footnote_; undertakes mission to West, 234; treaties made by, 234 _et seq_.; detained by Delawares and by Quantrill's raid upon Lawrence, 238-239 and _footnote_; negotiates with Osages at Leroy, 239 and _footnote_; treaties impeachable, 241

Dorn, Andrew J: mentioned, 263, _footnote_, 264, _footnote_; avowed secessionist, 47, _footnote_

Doubleday, Charles: 114, _footnote_; colonel of Second Ohio Cavalry, 118; Weer to supersede, 119; proposes to attempt to reach Fort Gibson, 119; desirous of checking Stand Watie, 119; indecisive engagement on Cowskin Prairie, 119 and _footnote_; ordered not to go into Indian Territory, 120; left at Baxter Springs by Weer, 121

Downing, Lewis: 231, _footnote_, 255, 256

Drew, John: dispersion of regiment, 24, 132; movements of men at Pea Ridge, 32; finds refuge at Camp Stephens, 35; authorized to furlough men, 111, _footnote_; regiment stationed in vicinity of Park Hill, 111, _footnote_; desires

Clarkson placed in Cherokee country, 159, _footnote_

Drywood Creek (Kans.): Federal defeat at, 51 and _footnote_; Price breaks camp at, 52, _footnote_; fugitive Indians on, 195, _footnote_, 209, _footnote_; Cherokee camp raided by guerrillas, 213-214

Du Bose, J.J: 288, _footnote_

Duval, B.G: 266, _footnote_

Dwight's Mission: 217

East Boggy (Okla.): 296

Eaton, Rachel Caroline: work cited, 257, _footnote_

Echo Harjo: 278, _footnote_

Edgar County (Ill.): 84, _footnote_

Edwards, John Newman: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 14, 151, 194, 198

Elder, Peter P: 48, _footnote_, 204; makes Fort Scott headquarters of Neosho Agency, 50; disputes with Coffin, 116-117, 207, _footnote_; prevails upon Ottawas to extend hospitality to refugees, 213, _footnote_; suspicious of Coffin, 229

Elk Creek (Okla.): Kiowas select home on, 153; Cooper encamps on, 287, _footnote_

Elkhorn Tavern (Ark.): 30 and _footnote_

Ellithorpe, A.C: 105, _footnote_, 115, _footnote_, 131, _footnote_; with detachment at Vann's Ford, 144; disapproves of attempting to return refugees at early date, 209-211 and _footnote_; complains of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, 219, _footnote_; opinion about Indian Home Guards, 251

Elm Springs (Ark.): 35

El Paso (Tex.): 48

Emancipation Proclamation: Frémont's, 57; Lincoln's, 234

Evansville (Ark.): 28

Ewing, Thomas: 304, _footnote_, 321, _footnote_

"Extremists": 305, _footnote_

Fairhaven (Mass.): 31, _footnote_

Fall River (Kans.): 79, 81, 82, _footnote_, 84-85, 273, _footnote_

False Wichita (Washita) River (Okla.): 153

Farnsworth, H.W: 205, _footnote_, 236, _footnote_

Fayetteville (Ark.): 28, _footnote_, 256; battle of, 218, _footnote_

Federals: early encounter with, anticipated by Van Dorn, 20; expulsion from Missouri planned by Van Dorn, 26; drive back Confederates under McCulloch and Price, 26; disposition to over-estimate number of enemy, 30, _footnote_; attempt to recover battery seized by Indians at Leetown, 31; in occupation of northern Arkansas, 34; defeat at Wilson's Creek, 49; defeat at Drywood Creek, 51-52 and _footnote_; showing unwonted vigor on northeastern border of Cherokee country, 112, _footnote_; flight, 113, _footnote_; Stand Watie on watch for, 130; defeat in Battle of Newtonia, 194-195 and _footnotes_; direct efforts towards arresting Hindman's progress, 218; grants to Indian Territory, 250; foraging and scouting, 253; in possession of Fort Smith, 290; Steele places drive from Fort Smith to Red River, 311; fail to pursue Stand Watie, 312

First Choctaw Regiment: under Col. Sampson Folsom, 152; ordered to Fort Gibson, 155; men unanimously reënlist for duration of war, 328; demands, 328

First Creek Regiment: commanded by D.N. McIntosh, 25; men gather at Cantonment Davis, 27; two hundred men gather at Camp Stephens, 32; about to make extended scout westward, 112; under orders to advance up Verdigris toward Santa Fé road, 152

First Indian Brigade: 327

First Indian Expedition: had beginnings in Lane's project, 41; revival of interest in, 99; Denver, Steele, and Coffin coöperate to advance, 102; arms go forward to Leroy and Humboldt, 102; time propitious for, 103; policy of Sturgis not yet revealed, 103-104; Steele, Denver, and Wright in dark regarding, 103, _footnote_; Steele issues order against enlistment of Indians, 105; vigor restored by re-establishment of Department of Kansas, 106; orders for resuming enlistment of Indians, 106-107; organization proceeding apace, 113 and _footnote_; outfit of Indians decidedly inferior, 117; Weer appointed to command of, 117 and _footnote_; Doubleday proposed for command of, 118; existence ignored by Missourians, 119, _footnote_; destruction planned by Stand Watie and others, 120 and _footnote_; Weer attempts to expedite movement, 121; special agents accompany, 121-122 and _footnote_; component parts encamp at Baxter Springs, 125; First Brigade put under Salomon, 125; Second Brigade put under Judson, 125; advance enters Indian Territory unmolested, 126; forward march and route, 126; Hindman proposes to check progress, 129; march, 130; delicate position with respect to U.S. Indian policy, 134; troubles begin, 138; supplies insufficient, 138; in original form brought to abrupt end, 143; Pike's depreciatory opinion, 164 and _footnote_; Osages join conditionally, 207 and _footnote_; Gillpatrick serves ends of diplomacy between John Ross and, 271

First Kansas: 97, _footnote_

First Missouri Cavalry: 113

First Regiment Cherokee Mounted Rifles: commanded by John Drew, 25; joins Pike at Smith's Mill, 28; movements and conduct at Pea Ridge, 32; iniquitous designs, 33; stationed in vicinity of Park Hill, 111, _footnote_; defection after defeat at Locust Grove, 132

First Regiment Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles: commanded by Cooper, 25; gathers at Camp Stephens, 32; goes out of service, 153; two companies post themselves in upper part of Indian Territory, 155; eight companies encamp near Fort McCulloch, 155; fights valiantly at Battle of Newtonia, 194

Flanagin, Harris: 270, _footnote_, 287, _footnote_

Folsom, Sampson: 152, 155

Folsom, Simpson N: 152

Foreman, John A: 144, 284, 285

Formby, John: work cited, 19, _footnote_

Fort Arbuckle (Okla.): 15, 60, _footnote_, 184 and _footnote_

Fort Blunt (Okla.): 260

Fort Cobb (Okla.): 15, 60, _footnote_, 112, 153, 275, _footnote_; about to be abandoned by Texan volunteers, 173, _footnote_; McKuska appointed to take charge of remaining property, 174, _footnote_

Fort Davis (Okla.): Campbell discovers strong Confederate force at, 136; Cooper orders Indians to report at, 137; many of buildings destroyed by order of Phillips, 220 and _footnote_, 254

Fort Gibson (Okla.): Pike's headquarters not far from, 22; Choctaw troops guard road by Perryville towards, 112; Hindman orders Pike to establish headquarters at, 128, _footnote_; Campbell halts at, 136; Weer inclined to wander from straight road to, 139; newly-fortified, given name of Fort Blunt, 260; Blunt undertakes to go to,

261; Cooper learns of approach of train of supplies for, 272, _footnote_; Creeks obliged to stay at, 273, _footnote_; Phillips despatches Foreman to reënforce Williams, 284; Steele's equipment inadequate to taking of Fort Gibson, 286, 290-291; Phillips continues in charge at, 305; Cherokees intent upon recovery, 311; Phillips to complete fortifications at, 325; rapid changing of commands at, 333, 335

Fort Larned (Kans.): 112, 152

Fort Leavenworth (Kans.): 73, _footnote_, 123, _footnote_; protected, 45; Prince in charge at, 55; troops ordered to, 60, _footnote_; Hunter stationed at, 69, _footnote_; arms for Indian Expedition to be delivered at, 100

Fort Lincoln (Kans.): 52

Fort McCulloch (Okla.): constructed under Pike's direction, 110; Pike to advance from, 119, _footnote_; Pike's force at, not to be despised, 128; Cherokees exasperated by Pike's continued stay at, 159; Pike departs from, 162

Fort Roe (Kans.): 80, 85

Fort Scott (Kans.): 213, 214; Lane at, 45, 51; chief Federal stronghold in middle Southwest, 46; temporary headquarters for Neosho Agency, 50; abandoned by Lane in anticipation of attack by Price, 52; Indian council transferred to, 74, _footnote_; Blunt succeeds Denver at, 98; tri-weekly post between St. Joseph and, 116; supply train from, waited for, 126; Indians mustered in at, 132; Weer cautioned against allowing communication to be cut off, 138-139; Phillips's communication with, threatened, 272; Steele plans to take, 286

Fort Smith (Ark.): Drew's Cherokees marching from, to Fayetteville, 28, _footnote_; troops ordered withdrawn from, 60, _footnote_; Choctaw troops watch road to, 112; indignation in, against Pike, 158; martial law instituted in, 162, _footnote_; attempt to make permanent headquarters for Arkansas and Red River Superintendency, 176-177; plans to push Confederate line northward of, 192; conditions in and around, 247, 269, _footnote_; Phillips despairs of Choctaw recruiting while in Confederate hands, 258-259; Steele takes command at, 261; door of Choctaw country, 290; becomes Blunt's headquarters, 304; Steele expects Federals to attempt a drive from, to Red River, 311; included within restored Department of Kansas, 321; dispute over jurisdiction of, 324; included within re-organized Department of Arkansas, 325; Indian raids around, 331

Fort Smith _Papers_: work cited, 150, _footnote_

Fort Towson (Okla.): 330

Fort Washita (Okla.): 15, 60, _footnote_, 303, _footnote_

Fort Wayne (Okla.): in Delaware District of Cherokee Nation, 197; battle of, October 22, 1862, 197, 211, 216, 249

Fort Wise (Colo.): 152

Foster, R.D: 47, _footnote_

Foster, Robert: 47, _footnote_

Foulke, William Dudley: work cited, 43, _footnote_

Fourteenth Kansas Cavalry: 322

Fourteenth Missouri State Militia: 113

Fourth Kansas Volunteers: 117, _footnote_

Franklin County (Kans.): 50, _footnote_

Frémont, John C: removal of, 13; sends out emergency call for men, 48; failure to support Lyon, 49; no coördination of parts of army

of, 56; emancipation proclamation, 57; put in charge of Department of Mountain, 96

Frontier Guards: 45, _footnote_

Fuller, Perry: 88 and _footnote_, 211, _footnote_, 212, 233

Furnas, Robert W: 105, _footnote_; letter to Dole, 107-108; becomes ranking officer in field, 143; made commander of Indian Brigade, 144

Gamble, Hamilton R: 119, _footnote_, 249, _footnote_, 260

Gano, Richard M: 306, _footnote_, 332

Gano's Brigade: 306, _footnote_

Garland, A.H: 148, _footnote_, 270, _footnote_

Garland, Samuel: 312, _footnote_, 321

Gillpatrick, Doctor: sent under flag of truce to Ross, 135; bearer of verbal instructions, 193, 217, _footnote_; death, 271

Granby (Mo.): lead mines, 20; abandoned, 20, _footnote_; plan for recovery, 194

Grand Falls: 47, _footnote_

Grand River (Okla.): 284; Cowskin Prairie on, 119; Second Indian Home Guards to examine country, 126; Salomon places Indians as corps of observation on, 142, 144;

Grand Saline (Okla.): 112, 131, _footnote_, 139

Grayson County (Texas): 190

Great Father: 46, _footnote_, 240-241, _footnote_, 272-273, _footnote_

Greene, Francis Vinton: work cited, 14, _footnote_

Greenleaf Prairie (Okla.): 272

Greeno, H.S: 136, 137

Greenwood, A.B: 222, _footnote_

Guerrillas: Indian approved by Pike, 22 and _footnote_, 112; not present in Sherman's march, 44; Halleck interested in suppression of, 101; operations checked by Hindman in Indian Territory, 194; Quantrill and, raid Black Bob lands and Olathe, 205; policy of Confederate government towards, 205, _footnote_; attacks disturb Shawnees, 236, _footnote_; raid Cherokee refugee camp on Drywood Creek, 213-214; everywhere on Indian frontier, 260; perpetrate Baxter Springs Massacre, 304; are recruiting stations in certain counties of Missouri, 304, _footnote_

Hadley, Jeremiah: 236, _footnote_

Halleck, Henry W: in command of Department of Missouri, 27; plans for Denver, 71; disparaging remarks, 75, _footnote_; probable reason for objecting to use of Indians in war, 75, _footnote_; in charge of Department of Mississippi, 96; Lincoln's estimate of, 96; instructed regarding First Indian Expedition, 100; opposed to arming Indians, 101; interested in suppression of jayhawkers and guerrillas, 101; well rid of Kansas, 106, _footnote_; disregard of orders respecting Indian Expedition, 109; calls for men, 259

Hallum, John: work cited, 149, _footnote_

Halpine, Charles G: 96

Hanly, Thomas B: 176

Hardin, Captain: 276, _footnote_

Harlan, David M: 232, _footnote_

Harlan, James: 214 and _footnote_

Harper's Ferry Investigating Committee: 226-227

Harrell, J.M: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 23, 149, 188, 190, 194, 249, 251, 284, 289

Harris, Cyrus: 63, _footnote_

Harris, John: 207, _footnote_

Harris, J.D: 152

Harrison, J.E: 267, _footnote_

Harrison, LaRue: 259

Harrisonville (Mo.): 55

Hart's Company: 266, _footnote_

Hart's Spies: 153

Hay, John: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 41, 45, 96

Hébert, Louis: 34

Helena (Ark.): 283

Henning, B.S: 207, _footnote_

Herndon, W.H: 214, _footnote_

Herron, Francis J: 249, 260

Heth, Henry: 19

Hindman, Thomas C: 119, _footnote_; appointment, 127, _footnote_; assumes command of Trans-Mississippi District, 128, 186; disparagement of Pike's command, 128, _footnote_; orders Pike's white auxiliary to move to Little Rock, 147; begins controversy with Pike, 156; starts new attack upon Pike, 161; justification for treatment of Pike, 162; impossible to be reconciled to Pike, 163; withdraws approval of Pike's resignation, 169; placed in charge of District of Arkansas, 192; appears in Tahlequah, 193; summoned by Holmes, 194; instructed to let Pike go free, 200; resorts to save expense, 247; recall demanded by Arkansas delegation, 270; associates appraised by, 270, _footnote_; asks for assignment to Indian Territory, 270, _footnote_; feeds indigents at cost of army commissary, 307

Hitchcock, E.A: 98, _footnote_

Ho-go-bo-foh-yah: 82

Holmes, Theophilus H: 127, _footnote_, 166, _footnote_; appointed to command of Trans-Mississippi Department, 187; develops prejudice against Pike, 188; grants Pike leave of absence, 190; real reasons for unfriendliness to Pike, 198-199; orders arrest of Pike, 199; forced to concede Indian claim to some consideration, 200; command placed under supervision of Kirby Smith, 269; relations with Hindman, 269; displacement demanded by Arkansas delegation, 270; Price commands in District of Arkansas during illness, 299, _footnote_; not friend of Steele, 311

Honey Springs (Ark.): 288

Horse Creek (Mo.): 145

Horton, Albert W: 230, _footnote_

Hoseca X Maria: 65, _footnote_

Hubbard, David: 172, _footnote_

Hudson's Crossing (Okla.): 126, 143

Humboldt (Kans.): 69, 79; proposed headquarters of Neosho Agency, 52; sacked and burnt by marauders, 53; Coffin's account of burning of, 54, _footnote_; Kansas Seventh ordered to give relief to refugees, 82, _footnote_; Kansas Tenth at, 82, _footnote_; Jennison with First Kansas Cavalry at, 99, _footnote_

Hunter, David: falls back upon Sedalia and Rolla, 13, 26; in command of Department of Kansas, 27, 65-66; Lane places men at disposal, 41, _footnote_; guards White House, 45, _footnote_; appointment distasteful to Lane, 66-69; stationed at Fort Leavenworth, 69, _footnote_; orders relief of refugees, 73, _footnote_; issues passes to Indian delegation, 73, _footnote_; interviewed at Planter's House in St. Louis, 74, _footnote_; friction between Lane and, 74-76; suggests mustering in of Kansas Indians, 74-75, _footnote_; Halleck's strictures upon command, 75, _footnote_; sends relief to refugees, 81; warns that army supplies to refugees must cease, 83; relieved from command, 96; troubles mostly due to local politics, 97

Hutchinson, C.C: 55, _footnote_, 212, 213, _footnote_

Illinois Creek: battle of, 218, _footnote_

Illinois River: 28, 312

Indian Alliance with Confederacy: conditioned by stress of

circumstances, 134; Creeks and Choctaws disgusted with, 254; Cherokee National Council revokes, 256; Indians fear mistake, 273-274; effect of Battle of Honey Springs upon, 290; strengthened by formation of Indian league, 317; revitalized by Maxey's reforms, 326

Indian Confederacy: formed by Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, Seminoles and Caddoes, 317; Choctaws want separate from Southern, 321, _footnote_

Indian Brigade: formed, 144; scouting of component parts of, 145-146; white troops ordered to support of, 192-193; Phillips given command, 249; integral parts, 249, 250, _footnote_; assigned service, 250; regarded by Phillips as in sad state, 251

Indian Delegation: 62, _footnote_, 73, _footnote_, 74, _footnote_; Dole interviewed in Leavenworth, 94; Osage wants conference with Great Father, 240, _footnote_; Creek, confers with Steele, 262, _footnote_; Davis disregards, 318 and _footnote_

Indian Home Guards: _Fifth Regiment_, 219 and _footnote_; _First Regiment_, Furnas, colonel commanding, 107, 143; muster roll, 108-109, _footnote_; composed of Creeks and Seminoles, 114; ordered to take position in vicinity of Vann's Ford, 144; demoralization, 145; component part of Phillips's Indian Brigade, 249; composed mainly of Creeks, 251; fought dismounted at Honey Springs, 288; _Fourth Regiment_, 219 and _footnote_; _Second Regiment_, 125; _Third Regiment_, formation, 132; Phillips commissioned colonel of, 132; detachment at Fort Gibson, 144; engagement, 163-164, 194, 197; component part of Phillips's Indian Brigade, 249; largely Cherokee in composition, 252; innovations introduced into, 252; part placed at Scullyville, 325

Indian Protectorate: 175

Indian Indigents: 247, 262, 307-308 and _footnote_

Indian Refugees: Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la and his men, 79; numbers justified use of Indian soldiery, 79; numbers exaggerated, 81, 209 and _footnote_; destitution, 81; Dr. Campbell ministers to needs, 81-82; Seventh Kansas gives relief, 82, _footnote_; Coffin describes pitiable state, 82 and _footnote_; Snow furnishes details of destitution of Seminole, 83, _footnote_; army supplies to be discontinued, 83; Kile made special distributing agent, 84; much-diseased, 85; hominy, chief food, 85, _footnote_; Neosho Valley selected as suitable place for, 86; complain of treatment, 87; Collamore and Jones investigate condition, 87, _footnote_; unwilling to remove to Sac and Fox reservation, 88 and _footnote_; Creek request appointment of Carruth as agent, 89; manifest confidence in Lane's power, 94; unassuaged grief, 95; subsistence becomes matter of serious moment, 99; Congress applies Indian annuity money to support of, 99; want to assist in recovery of Indian Territory, 99; to furnish troops for First Indian Expedition, 100; Halleck opposed to arming of, 101; Blunt advises early return to own country, 136; numbers increase as result of Salomon's retrograde movement, 146, _footnote_, 203; Blunt promises to restore to homes, 196, 203; of Neosho Agency, 204-207 and _footnotes_; Creek offered home by Osages, 207 and _footnote_; conditions among, 208; Cherokee on Drywood Creek, 209; distributed over Sac and Fox Agency,

212-213; collect on Neutral Lands, 213 and _footnote_; camp of Cherokee raided by guerrillas, 213-214; Harland and Proctor to look out for, at Neosho, 214; claim of Sacs and Foxes against Creek, 235, _footnote_; Phillips's reasons for returning to homes, 258; at Neosho returned to homes, 273 and _footnote_; cattle stolen, 274, _footnote_; on return journey preyed upon by compatriots, 332

Indian Representation in Confederate Congress: 180, 279, 298-299, _footnote_

Indian Soldiers (Confederate): as Home Guard, 23-24; as possible guerrillas to prey upon Kansas, 23 and _footnote_; as corps of observation, 25; refuse to move until paid, 27; conduct at Battle of Pea Ridge, 30-33; not included in Van Dorn's scheme of things, 35; Van Dorn orders return to own country, 35; order to cut off supplies from Missouri and Kansas, 35-36; may be rewarded by Pike, 36; Pike's report on activity, 112; Hindman's appraisement, 128, _footnote_; stigma attaching to use, 148, _footnote_; organized in military way for own protection, 159; do scouting, 163; Smith to raise and command certain, 173, _footnote_; Pike to receive five companies from Seminoles, 173, _footnote_; Leeper to enlist from Reserve tribes, 173-174, _footnote_; Cooper calls from all Indian nations, 174, _footnote_; as Home Guard, 189; privations and desertions, 200; threw away guns at Battle of Honey Springs, 288; recruiting, 317, 319; results under best conditions, 326-327; consider reënlistment, 328; recognition of services, 330

Indian Soldiers (Federal): feasibility of, 50, 57; Frémont and Robinson not in favor of, 57; Hunter suggests making, out of Kansas tribes, 74-75, _footnote_; Stanton refuses to employ, 76 and _footnote_; use justified, 79; economy, 99; to form larger part of First Indian Expedition, 100; Halleck opposed to, 101, 102; Dole instructs officers to report at Fort Leavenworth, 102, _footnote_; necessary equipment, 109; final preparations, 121; appearance, 123 and _footnote_; excellent for scouting, 125; at Locust Grove, 131, _footnote_; accused of outrages committed by white men, 135, _footnote_; do scouting, 163; tribute of praise for, 195, _footnote_; made part of Army of Frontier, 196; diverted to service in Missouri, 196; desertions, 203 and _footnote_; do well at Cane Hill and Prairie Grove, 218-219; disposed to take leave of absence, 252; to help secure Indian Territory, 294; negro regiment compared with Indian, 295

Indian Springs (Ga.): treaty, 255, _footnote_

Indian Territory: McCulloch expected to secure, 15; included within Trans-Mississippi District, 20; troops of, 25; Pike to endeavour to maintain, 36; attack, from, expected, 48; Frémont calls for aid, 48; situation delicate, 59-60; left destitute of protection, 60; Hunter's suggestion, 75, _footnote_; first refugees from, 79; "home," 93; early return promised, 94; expeditions to recover, projected, 95 and _footnote_; refugees want to recover, 99; Stand Watie returns into, 113; Carruth and Martin to take note of conditions in, 122 and _footnote_; Pike's force for defence of, exclusively, 129; Indian Brigade holding its own there, 146; Pike's Indian force ordered to northern

border, 148; Pike attempts justification of retirement to southern part, 151; Pike declares Indian officers peers of white, 158-159; defence regarded by Pike as chief duty, 159; strategic importance not unappreciated by Confederate government, 171; attached for judicial purposes to western district of Arkansas, 177; Confederate government fails to carry out promise, 177, _footnote_; Pike advises complete separation of, 179; Scott to investigate conditions in, 181; Pike returns to, 190; included within District of Arkansas, 192; guerrilla warfare in, suppressed, 194; Federals in undisputed possession of, 198; Holmes exploiting, 199; Indian alliance valuable, 201; Absentee Shawnees expelled from, 205, _footnote_; Blunt advises speedy return of refugees, 209; Confederates plan recovery, 218; Lane introduces resolution for adding, to Kansas, 223; Dole objects to regular territorial form of government in, 223; Kansas tribes willing to exchange lands for homes in, 227; project for concentration of tribes in, 230, _footnote_; negotiations for removal of Kansas tribes to, 231; depletion of resources, 245, 247; organized as separate military command, 245 and _footnote_; troops to be all unmounted, 247; advertised as lost to Confederate cause, 250; conception of responsibility to, 253; Phillips's plans for recovery not at present practicable, 257; strategic importance unappreciated by Halleck and Curtis, 259; Curtis to take consequences of giving up 259; privilege of writ of _habeas corpus_ suspended in, 269; Hindman asks for assignment to, 270, _footnote_; is mere buffer, 276; Cooper poses as friend of, 278, 300; Creeks complaint to Davis, 279; Confederate operations confined to attacks upon supply trains, 283; removal of all Kansas Indians to, 294; roads and highways in, 295-296, _footnote_; necessary to Confederacy, 298, _footnote_; Scott enters, 300; command devolved upon Cooper, 303; made distinct from Arkansas, 303; Magruder wants attached to District of Texas, 306, _footnote_; war measures applied to, 308-309; Maxey in command of, 311; Indian Home Guards only Federal forces in, 312; granary of Trans-Mississippi Department, 315; Boudinot's suggestions regarding, 317, _footnote_; council requests be made separate department, 318; Davis objects, 318-319; included within restored Department of Kansas, 321; Phillips starts upon expedition through, 322; Price asks for loan of troops from, 326; strategic importance of, 331; scandalous performances in, 333

Indian Trust Funds: 173-174

Indians of Plains: regarding alliance with, 320, 335; harass Kansas and Colorado, 320 and _footnote_, 335

Interior Department: 73, _footnote_, 105 and _footnote_; profiteering among employees, 208; Lane and Wilder make request, 230, _footnote_

Inter-tribal Council: at Leroy, 62-69, _footnotes_; Lane's plans for at headquarters, 69; Leroy selected as the place for, 69; sessions of, 69-70; Hunter's plans for, at Fort Leavenworth, 70, 74, _footnote_; Lane orders transfer to Fort Scott, 74, _footnote_; at Belmont, 237, _footnote_; at Armstrong Academy, 317, 320, 323

Iola (Kans.): 88, _footnote_; Doubleday concentrates near, 120, _footnote_; Osages advance as far as, 207 _footnote_

Ionies: 274, _footnote_

Iowas: 77, _footnote_

Ironeyes: 115, _footnote_

Iroquois: 79

Jackson, Claiborne: 16, 17, 50, _footnote_

Jackson County (Mo.): 304, _footnote_

Jacksonport (Ark.): 25

Jan-neh: 109, _footnote_

Jayhawkers: 41, _footnote_, 97, 101, 251, 266, 268, _footnote_, 269, 273, _footnote_

Jayhawking Expedition: 73, _footnote_ 274, _footnote_

Jennison, C.R: 50, _footnote_, 52, _footnote_ 99, _footnote_, 104, _footnote_

Jewell, Lewis R: 131

Jim Ned: 274, _footnote_

Jim Pockmark: 65, _footnote_

John Jumper: in command of Creek and Seminole Battalion, 25; on side of Confederacy, 62, _footnote_; ordered to take Fort Larned, 112; Seminole Battalion in motion toward Salt Plains, 152; honour conferred upon, by Provisional Congress, 174, _footnote_; renegade members from Seminole Battalion of, involved in tragedy at Wichita Agency, 183; loyal to Pike, 200; member of delegation to Davis, 318, _footnote_; Phillips sends communication to, 323, _footnote_

John Ross _Papers_: work cited, 28, _footnote_

Johnson and Grimes: 308, _footnote_

Johnson, F: 207 and _footnote_, 211

Johnson, Robert W: 24, _footnote_, 25, _footnote_, 175, 176

Johnson County (Kans.): 204, 235, _footnote_

Johnston, Albert Sidney: 14, _footnote_, 19 and _footnote_, 26

Joint Committee on Conduct of War: 33, 33, _footnote_

Jones, Evan: 64, _footnote_, 73, _footnote_; investigates conditions among refugees, 87, _footnote_; accompanies Weer, 121; entrusted with confidential message to John Ross, 121-122; pleads for justice to Indians, 225 and _footnote_; offers to negotiate about Neutral Lands, 231

Jones, J.T: 213, _footnote_

Jones, Robert M: 180 and _footnote_

Jon-neh: 108, _footnote_

Jordan, A.M: 214, _footnote_

Jordan, Thomas: 128, _footnote_

Journal of the Confederate Congress: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 172, 173, 174, 175, 278

Judson, William R: 134; in charge of Second Brigade of First Indian Expedition, 125

Kansans: fighting methods, 17, 44; implacable and dreaded foes of Missouri, 18; fears attack from direction of Indian Territory, 48; profiteering among, 208; covet Indian lands, 221, 224

Kansas: Indians on predatory expeditions into, 23; Indians to form battalion, 23, _footnote_; Indians to cut off supplies from, 35-36; bill for admission signed by Buchanan, 41; exposed to danger, 45; troops called to Missouri, 48; Price has no immediate intention of invading, 52; Indian enlistment, 57; likely to be menaced by Southern Indians, 61; Territory, 70; refugees afflicted sorely, 93; desire to recover Indian Territory, 95; Halpine makes derogatory remarks about, 96; not desired in Halleck's command, 96, _footnote_; revolution to have been expected, 104, _footnote_; Pike's Indians to repel invasion of Indian Territory from, 148; Pike tries to prevent cattle-driving to, 173, _footnote_; failure of corn crop in southern part, 209; people want refugees removed from southern, 212; refugees

plundering in, 218; resolution for extending southern boundary, 223; proposition to confederate tribes of Nebraska and of, 227; negotiations begun to relieve, of Indian encumbrance, 228; project to concentrate tribes of, in Indian Territory, 230, _footnote_; negotiations with tribes of, 231; political squabbles, 249, _footnote_; Wells's command on western frontier, 267, _footnote_; stolen property brought into, 273, _footnote_; Steele plans to invade, 286; advisability of making raid considered, 320; Stand Watie contemplates an invasion, 332 Kansas Brigade: _See Lane's Kansas Brigade_ Kansas Legislature: 42, 71, _footnote_, 225 Kansas Militia: 50, _footnote_ Kansas River: 206 Kansas Seventh: 82, _footnote_ Kansas-Nebraska Bill: 17, 44 Kansas Tenth: 82, _footnote_ Kaws: 226, 236 and _footnote_ Kaw Agency (Kans.): 55, 205 Kechees (Keeches?): 115, _footnote_ Ke-Had-A-Wah: 65, _footnote_ Keith, O.B: 230 Ketchum, W. Scott: 119, _footnote_ Kickapoos: reported almost unanimously loyal to U.S, 66, _footnote_; in First Indian Expedition, 115, _footnote_; implicated in tragedy at Wichita Agency, 183; fraudulent negotiation with, 230 and _footnote_; confer with Carruth, 274, _footnote_ Kile, William: special agent to refugees, 84; refuses appointment as quartermaster, 115, _footnote_; misunderstanding with Ritchie, 115, _footnote_; estrangement between Coffin and, 208 and _footnote_; resignation, 208, _footnote_; advises speedy return of refugees, 209 Killebrew, James: 50, _footnote_ King, John: 269, _footnote_ Kininola: 65, _footnote_ Kiowas: 112; select home on Elk Creek, 153; friendly, 153, _footnote_; confer with Carruth, 274, _footnote_ Knights of Golden Circle: 111, _footnote_

Lane, H.S: 146, _footnote_ Lane, James Henry: character, 41, 56; enthusiasm, 41, 49; influence with Lincoln, 41-42; elected senator from Kansas, 42; accepts colonelcy and begins recruiting, 43; not to be taken as type, 45; redoubles efforts for organizing brigade, 49; empowered to recruit, 50; conceives idea of utilizing Indians, 50, 57; abandons Fort Scott, 52; throws up breastworks at Fort Lincoln, 52; proceeds to seek revenge in spite of Robinson's opposition, 55; burns Osceola, 55; attitude towards slavery, 56; suggests re-organization of military districts on frontier, 58; disconcerted by appointment of Hunter, 66-69; plans for inter-tribal council, 69; Denver had measured swords with, 70; control over Federal patronage in Kansas, 71; nominated brigadier-general, 71; friction between Hunter and, 74-76; instructed by anti-Coffin conspirators, 88, _footnote_; protests to Lincoln against appointment of Denver, 97; succeeds in preventing appointment of Denver, 98; responsible for Blunt's promotion, 107, _footnote_; Phillips appointed on staff, 126, _footnote_; endorses request of Agent Johnson, 207, _footnote_; introduces resolution for extending southern boundary of Kansas, 223; denounces Stevens as defaulter, 226, _footnote_; opposed to Gamble, Schofield, and Curtis, 249, _footnote_; belongs to party of

_Extremists_, 305, _footnote_; requests that Blunt be summoned to Washington for conference, 322, _footnote_

Lane, W.P: 266, _footnote_

Lane's Kansas Brigade: 41, 43, 49, 51, 58, 59, 71; relation to Hunter's command, 72 and _footnote_; marauding committed, 75, _footnote_; prospective Indian element dispensed with, 77

Lawler, J.J: 204, _footnote_

Lawrence (Kans.): 62, _footnote_, 73, _footnote_; Quantrill's raid upon, 238, _footnote_; Dole detained by raid upon, 239

Lawrenceburg (Ind.): 43, _footnote_

Lawrence _Republican_: 58, _footnote_

Leased District (Okla.): 181-182, 198

Leavenworth _Daily Conservative_: 58, _footnote_

Lee, Robert E: 186, _footnote_, 187

Lee, R.W: 307, _footnote_

Leeper, Matthew: authorized to enlist men, 173, _footnote_; departs for Texas, 183; murder, 183

Leetown (Ark.): 30, 31

Leroy (Kans.): 86, 229, 239 and _footnote_; arrangements for keeping cattle, 54, _footnote_; Lane builds stockades, 55; council held by Cutler at, 62, _footnote_; substituted for Humboldt as place for council, 69; sessions of council, 69-70; Indian Brigade left, for Humboldt, 115, _footnote_; Weer returns to, 121; some Quapaws at, 204, _footnote_; Osages at, 207; Blunt thinks refugees not properly cared for, 215; Dole negotiates with Osages at, 239 and _footnote_

Lexington (Mo.): 52, _footnote_, 55

Limestone Gap: 111, _footnote_

Limestone Prairie: 328

Lincoln, Abraham: 71, 72 and _footnote_, 211, _footnote_; suggests Hunter's falling back, 13; calls for volunteers, 41; approached by Phelps and Blair, 49; popularity asserted, 54, _footnote_; fears Frémont's supineness, 56; Lane urged to seek interview with, 58; appointment of Cameron mistake, 60; attention solicited by Dole, 61; sickness in family, 76, _footnote_; refugees appeal to, 87 and _footnote_; estimate of Halleck, 96; protests to, against appointment of Denver, 97; wires Halleck to defer assignment of Denver, 97-98; responsible for Blunt's promotion, 107, _footnote_; Ross to intercede with, 192, _footnote_; inquires into practicability of occupying Cherokee country, 216; selects Schofield to succeed Curtis, 260; Amnesty Proclamation distributed among Indians, 322

Lindsay's Prairie: 216

Linn County (Kans.): 101, _footnote_

Lipans: 274, _footnote_

Little Arkansas River: 275, _footnote_

Little Bear: 240, _footnote_

Little Bear Band of Osages: 238, _footnote_

Little Blue River (Okla.): 151, _footnote_

Little Boggy (Okla.): 112

Little Osage River: 45, 52

Little Rock (Ark.): 36, 63, _footnote_, 190; Van Dorn assumes command at, 25; Hindman assumes command at, 128; Hindman orders Pike to move part of forces to, 147; Scott endeavours to interview Holmes in, 299

Livermore, William Roscoe: work cited in _footnotes_ on 260, 269, 270

Locust Grove (Okla.): skirmish at, 33, 131-132; Clarkson's commissary captured at, 138; defeat of Confederates at, counted heavily against Pike, 161

Lo-ka-la-chi-ha-go: 109, _footnote_

Lo-ga-po-koh: 109, _footnote_

Long Tiger: 103, _footnote_

Longtown Creek (Okla.): 295, _footnote_

Louisiana: portion included within Trans-Mississippi District, 20; requisition upon, for troops, 25; portion included within Trans-Mississippi Department, 192 and _footnote_; western, detached from Trans-Mississippi Department, 246

Love, William DeLoss: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 118, 138

Lower Creeks: 62, _footnote_

Lyon, Nathaniel: work to be repeated, 14; insight into Indian character, 48; death, 49

McClellan, George B: 13, 75, _footnote_, 96

McClish, Fraser: 62, _footnote_

McCulloch, Ben: refuses to coöperate with Price, 14, 56; takes position in Arkansas, 15; relations with leading Confederates in Arkansas and Missouri, 16; little in common with Price, 17; indifference towards Missouri, 18; proceeds to Richmond to discuss matters in controversy, 19; driven back into northwestern Arkansas, 26; death, 31, 34; had approved of using Indians against Kansas, 31, _footnote_; commission from, found on John Matthews, 54, _footnote_; had diverted Pike's supplies, 147-148

McCulloch, Henry E: in command of Northern Sub-district of Texas, 302; opinion of conditions in Indian Territory, 306, _footnote_

McCurtain, J: 312, _footnote_

McDaniel, James: 231, _footnote_

McDonald, Hugh: 173, _footnote_

McGee's Residence: 47, _footnote_

McIntosh, Chilly: 25, 62, _footnote_, 152

McIntosh, D.N: colonel in command of First Creek Regiment, 25; arrives at Camp Stephens, 32; under orders to advance up Verdigris toward Santa Fé road, 152; conduct as commander, 285, _footnote_; commanded First and Second Creek at Honey Springs, 288

McIntosh, James: 29, _footnote_; death, 31, 34; defeated Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la in Battle of Chustenahlah, 79

McIntosh, Unee: 62, _footnote_

McIntosh, William: 255, _footnote_

Mackey's Salt Works (Okla.): 325

McNeil, John: 297 and _footnote_, 305

Magazine Mountains: 266, _footnote_

Magruder, John Bankhead: to command Trans-Mississippi Department, 186; delay, 186, _footnote_; appointment, rescinded, 187; orders Bankhead to Steele's assistance, 291-292; proposes consolidation of commands for recovery of Forts Smith and Gibson, 302; tries to deprive Steele of white force, 306, 311, _footnote_; wants Indian Territory attached to Texas, 306, _footnote_

Manypenny, George W: 221

Marmaduke, John S: 251, 327

Marston, B.W: 329, _footnote_

Marque and Reprisal Law: 21

Martial Law: 162 and _footnote_

Martin, George W: work cited, 59, _footnote_

Martin, H.W: entrusted with mission by Coffin, 122 and _footnote_, 133; opinion regarding refugees, 209, 217-218; arrangements for inter-tribal council, 273, _footnote_

Martin's Regiment: 308, _footnote_

Marysville (Okla.): 112

Matthews, John: incensing Osages and Cherokees against U.S. government, 47, _footnote_; death, 53 and _footnote_; had commission from McCuIloch, 54, _footnote_

Maxey, Samuel B: assigned to command of Indian Territory, 311; project for sweeping reforms, 315 and _footnote_; delivers address at Armstrong Academy council, 320

and _footnote_; thinks Indians best adapted for irregular warfare, 326; coöperates with Price willingly, 326-327; rulings, 329-330, _footnote_; sets up printing-press for propaganda work, 330; speaks in own defense, 334; superseded by Cooper, 334

Maysville (Ark.): 131, 197

Maremec River (Mo.): 27

Methodist Episcopal Church South: 236, _footnote_

Mexican War: 70; Roane's conduct in, criticised by Pike, 149

Mexico: Lane in, 42, _footnote_; teams hauling cotton to, 266, _footnote_

Miamies: 77, _footnote_

Mico Hatki: 62, _footnote_, 64, _footnote_, 108, _footnote_, 234

Middle Boggy (Okla.): 152, 296

Miles, W. Porcher: 278, _footnote_

Mills, James K.: 113

Mississippi River: 14, _footnote_, 26, _footnote_, 34, 268, _footnote_

Missouri: 17, 173, _footnote_; decisive result of Battle of Pea Ridge, 13; expected Confederacy to force situation for her, 18; requisition upon, for troops, 25; relief planned by Van Dorn, 26, 34; Indians to cut off supplies from, 35; fight for, on border, 43-44; troops from Kansas called to, 48; Denver served in, 70; activity of secessionists, 110; Payton, senator from, 176, _footnote_; Hindman and others plan to reënter southwest, 194, 218; Delaware Reservation not far distant from, 206; Martin refuses to consider refugees living upon impoverished people of, 217-218; political squabbles in, 249, _footnote_; Watie succeeds in entering southwestern, 312; Boudinot suggests arrangements for, 317, _footnote_

Missouri Commandery: work cited, 148, _footnote_

Missouri River: 53

Missouri State Guard: 17, 158

Missouri State Guards: Eighth Division, 130, _footnote_

Missourians: customary fighting methods during period of border warfare, 17, 44; refugee, in Lane's Kansas Brigade, 51; inroads resented by various tribes, 77, _footnote_; intent upon ignoring First Indian Expedition, 119, _footnote_; battalion of, at Locust Grove, 131

Mitchell, Robert B: appointment by Robinson, 46, _footnote_; raises volunteers to go against Indians, 46, _footnote_; needed by Halleck, 101 and _footnote_

Mix, Charles E: 52, _footnote_, 60, 208, _footnote_

"Moderates": 304, _footnote_

Mograin, Charles: 207, _footnote_, 241, _footnote_

Moneka: 46, _footnote_

Montgomery, James: 15 and _footnote_, 45, 53, _footnote_

Moonlight, Thomas: 322

Moore, Charles: 206, _footnote_

Moore, Frank: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 83, 84, 135, 184, 257, 287

Moore, Thomas O: 192, _footnote_

Moravian Mission: 194

Morgan, A.S: 291, _footnote_, 293

Morton, Oliver P: 43 and _footnote_

Moty Kennard: _footnotes_ on pages 62, 65, 262, 278, 302, 320

Mundy Durant: 235, _footnote_

Munsees: 212

Muskogee (Okla.): 288

Murrow, J.S: 162, _footnote_

Napier's _Peninsular War_: Pike's study of, 163

Nebraska Territory: 227, 231

Neosho (Mo.): defeat of Federals at, 113; Ratliff despatched to, 127; Cherokee refugees removed from Drywood Creek to, 214, 217, 218; refugees at, 257, _footnote_, 273 and _footnote_

Neosho Agency: headquarters, 46, 50, 52; tribes included within, 48; in great confusion, 115-116; changes in location of, 116-117

Neosho Falls (Kans.): 213

Neosho Valley: suitable place for refugees, 86; refugees object to leaving, 88; Steele plans to replenish resources from, 286; Stand Watie makes daring cavalry raid into, 312

New Albany: 80, _footnote_

New England Relief Society: 87, _footnote_

New Mexico: 61, 113, 152, 238, _footnote_

Newton, Robert C: 266, _footnote_

Newton County (Mo.): 47, _footnote_

Newtonia (Mo.): battle of, 194-195 and _footnotes_

New York Indian Lands: 79; intruded upon by white squatters, 80, 85; refugees upon, 79, 85; controversy over, 85, _footnote_; Dole makes treaty concerning, 235-236

New York _Tribune_: 31, _footnote_, 126, _footnote_, 226

Nicolay, John G: 42, _footnote_

Nineteenth Regiment of Arkansas Volunteers: 150, _footnote_

Ninth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry: 119, _footnote_; Frederick Salomon, colonel, 118; part attached to First Brigade of First Indian Expedition, 126

North, The: 42, _footnote_, 171, 245; indifference towards West, 43; reconstruction measures in favor of, 228; Indian Territory came too late into reckonings of, 250

North Fork of the Canadian (Okla.): 173, _footnote_

North Fork Village (Okla.): 173, _footnote_

Northern Sub-District of Texas: 286, 302

Ock-tah-har-sas Harjo: 228, _footnote_; elected principal chief by refugee Creeks, 89; addresses "Our Father," 233

Office of Indian Affairs: prompt action needed, 47, _footnote_; approval sought, 52; appeal to War Department for restoration of military force in Indian Territory, 60; Carruth, special agent of, accompanies First Indian Expedition, 122 and _footnote_; agents ignored by military men of First Indian Expedition, 133 and _footnote_; profiteering among employees, 208; Wattles sent out by, 226; not yet prepared to treat with John Ross for retrocession of Neutral Lands, 231

Oh-Chen-Yah-Hoe-Lah: 69, _footnote_

Oke-Tah-hah-shah-haw Choe: talk, 66, _footnote_

Olathe (Kans.): 205

Old George: 203

Oldham, Williamson S: 157 and _footnote_, 176, _footnote_

Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la: 24, 63, _footnote_, 73, _footnote_, 76 and _footnote_, 79; defeated by McIntosh in Battle of Chustenahlah, 79; lodges complaint against Coffin, 87; friends oppose election of Ock-tah-har-sas Harjo as principal chief, 89; interviews Lane, 94; Coffin talks with, on subject of Indian Expedition, 102-103, _footnote_; wants "wagons that shoot," 117; Creeks under, offered home by Osages, 207 and _footnote_, 229; Ellithorpe complains of, 219, _footnote_; death, 234

Osage County (Kans.): 80

Osage Nation: 47, _footnote_

Osage Reservation (Kans.): exposed condition of, 55; refugees cross, 79; intruders upon, 222 and _footnote_; owners unwilling to cede part of, 229-230

Osage River: 27

Osages: 252; bad white men interfering with, 46; disturbances

among, 46, _footnote_, 47, _footnote_; Mitchell schemes to negotiate treaty with, 47, _footnote_; offer assistance to U.S., 49; John Matthews, trader among, 53, _footnote_; loyalty asserted, 54, _footnote_; Coffin to coöperate with Elder in negotiating with, 87-88, _footnote_; attempt to persuade enlistment for First Indian Expedition, 115, 207; approached for cession of lands, 116, 222; abandon Confederate cause, 121; Weer promotes enlistment of, 121; service rendered by, 207, _footnote_; offer home to Creeks, 207 and _footnote_, 229, 237-238; memorialize Congress, 229; disgusted with Coffin's draft of treaty of cession, 229; Dole makes treaty with, 235, 239 and _footnote_; massacre of Confederate officers, 237-238, _footnote_; council of Great and Little, 237, _footnote_; unfair advantage taken by representatives of U.S. government, 238; terms of Dole's treaty with, 239, _footnote_; makes propositions to Dole, 240-241, _footnote_; Dorn reported to have funds for, 264, _footnote_; Jim Ned's band involved in serious difficulties with, 274, _footnote_; invited to inter-tribal council, 274-275, _footnote_

Osceola (Mo.): Lane burns, 55

Ottawas: included within Sac and Fox Agency, 212; receive refugees upon certain conditions, 212-213; extend further hospitality to refugees, 213, _footnote_

Pagy, A.T: 65, _footnote_

Park Hill (Okla.): Pike tarries at, 28; Drew's regiment stationed near in, _footnote_; Greene sent with detachment to Tahlequah and, 136; Blunt's expeditionary force reaches, 193; Phillips has camp at, 258

Parke County (Ind.): 80, _footnote_

Parks, R.C: 113, _footnote_

Parks, Thomas J: 248, _footnote_

Parsons, Luke F: 285

Partisan Rangers: authorized by Confederate government, 112; W.P. Lane's company of Texas, 266, _footnote_

Paschal Fish: 205, _footnote_, 236, _footnote_

Pascofa: 62, _footnote_

Patton, James: 47, _footnote_

Pawnee Fork: 112

"Paw Paws": 304, _footnote_

Payton, R.L.Y: 176, _footnote_

Pea-o-pop-i-cult: 65, _footnote_

Pearce, N. Bart: 16, 22, 156, 158

Pea Ridge (Ark.): 13, 29, 34, 36, 197

Pegg, Thomas: 256

Pelzer, Louis: work cited, 260, _footnote_

Peorias: 77, _footnote_

Perryville (Okla.): 112, 295-296

Pheasant Bluff (Okla.): 271, 327

Phelps, John S: 49, 199-200

Phil David: 68, _footnote_

Phillips, James A: 126, _footnote_

Phillips, William A: 126, 321; _footnote_; biographical sketch, 126, _footnote_; commissioned colonel of Third Indian, 132; forces engage with those of Stand Watie, 163-164; Indians under, fought well in Battle of Newtonia, 194, 195, _footnote_; reconnoissances, 218; orders buildings at Fort Davis destroyed, 220, _footnote_; given command of Indian Brigade by Blunt, 249; reports Indian Brigade in sad state, 251; large view of responsibilities to Indian Territory, 253; makes overtures to Indians, 254; expostulates against delay in attempting recovery of Indian Territory, 257; reasons for returning refugees, 258; moves over border, 258; communication with Fort Scott threatened, 272; continues in charge at Fort Gibson, 305; Indian Home

Guards under, only Federal troops left in Indian Territory, 312; undertakes extended expedition through Indian Territory, 322; gives own interpretation to Lincoln's Amnesty Proclamation, 322-323; differences between Blunt and, 325; removed from command at Fort Gibson, 333; restored to command, 335

Phisterer, Frederick: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 30, 288

Piankeshaws: 77, _footnote_

Pickett Papers: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 171, 172, 175

Pike, Albert: 128; assigned to command of Department of Indian Territory, 20; report submitted to Davis, 21; report to be found in U.S. War Department, 21, _footnote_; makes headquarters at Cantonment Davis, 22; anxious to save Indian Territory for South, 22-23; ordered to join Van Dorn with Indians, 27; becomes ranking officer in field, 31; criticism in New York _Tribune_, 31, _footnote_; authorizes Indian fighting at Pea Ridge, 32; rejoins army at Cincinnati, 35; receives orders from Maury, 36; talk with Comanches, 65, _footnote_; negotiations with Upper Creeks, 66, _footnote_; negotiations with Seminoles, 68, _footnote_; intrenches himself at Fort McCulloch, 110; report on Indian military activity, 112; ordered to send more important of forces to Little Rock, 147; protests against orders of May 31 and June 17, 154-156; objects to appointment of Pearce, 156; reports grievances to Randolph, 156; Cherokees exasperated by stay at Fort McCulloch, 159; letter to Stand Watie, 159, _footnote_; John Ross complains of, 160; prepares resignation, 161; indites conciliatory letter to Hindman, 162-163; student of art of war, 163; publishes circular address to Southern Indians, 165; effect of circular, 166 and _footnote_; correspondence with Davis, 167-168; arrested by Cooper, 169; entered upon diplomatic career as agent of Confederate State Department, 171-172 and _footnote_; exceeded instructions in assuming financial obligations, 174, _footnote_; considers remuneration, 175, _footnote_; makes important recommendations to Davis, 179; applies to Holmes for leave of absence, 190; resignation, 191 and _footnote_; reënters Indian Territory, 198; rumors of conspiracy with unionists in Texas, 199; arrested, 200; sums up grievances in letter to Holmes, 201, Appendix; Kirby Smith attempts to reëmploy for service among Indians of Plains, 201, 335; Steele takes umbrage at published statement, 286, _footnote_

"Pins": 193, 268, _footnote_

Planter's House: 74, _footnote_, 94, _footnote_

Pocahontas (Ark.): 25

Poison Spring (Ark.): battle of, 326-327

Pomeroy, Samuel C: 41, _footnote_; elected senator from Kansas, 42; John Brown's opinion of, 42, _footnote_; endorses principle underlying Frémont's emancipation proclamation, 56-57 instructed by anti-Coffin conspirators, 88, _footnote_; protests against appointment of Denver, 97; succeeds in preventing appointment of Denver, 98; responsibility for Blunt's promotion, 107, _footnote_; advocates confiscation of Cherokee Neutral Lands, 224; recommends concentration of tribes of West in Indian Territory, 230, _footnote_; in company of Dole at Leroy, 239, _footnote_

Pontiac: 31, _footnote_

Portlock, E.E: 329, _footnote_

Poteau River (Okla.): 297, _footnote_

Pottawatomies: 234 and _footnote_, 274-275, _footnote_

Prairie Creek (Ark.): 216

Prairie d'Ane (Ark.): 326

Prairie Grove (Ark.): battle of, 218 and _footnote_, 249

Prairie Springs: 279

Price, Sterling: 16, 17, 26, 29, 52, 55, 56, 127, _footnote_, 185, 317, _footnote_; tries to induce Quantrill and his men to enter regular service, 205, _footnote_; Hindman's opinion of, 270, _footnote_; commands in District of Arkansas, 299, _footnote_, 326

Prince, William E: 55, 58

Proctor, A.G: 214, 234, _footnote_

Provisional Congress: refuses to confirm nomination of Heth, 19; calls for information on McCulloch-Price controversy, 19; established precedents of good faith in Indian relations, 172; resolution authorizing Davis to send a commissioner to Indian nations, 172, _footnote_, 173, _footnote_; work of, 173-175 and _footnotes_; confers honour upon John Jumper, 174, _footnote_; considerations of committees regarding Indian superintendency, 175, 176

Pryor, Nathaniel: 145, _footnote_

Pryor Creek (Okla.): 142, 145

Quantrill, W.C: 45; guerrillas raid Black Bob Lands and Olathe, 205; raid upon Lawrence, 238, _footnote_, 239; work scorned and repudiated by McCulloch, 303, _footnote_; perpetrates Baxter Springs massacre, 304; movements, 304 and _footnote_; Maxey feels no repugnance for services of, 326

Quapaw Agency: 53, _footnote_

Quapaw Nation: 46, 50, _footnote_

Quapaws: 48, in First Indian Expedition, 115, _footnote_; driven into exile, 116 and _footnote_; become refugees or are drawn into ranks of Federal army, 204; some, not _bona fide_ refugees, 204, _footnote_; no longer in Second Regiment of Indian Home Guards, 252

Quapaw Strip (Kans.): 126

Quesenbury, William: 158, 248, _footnote_

Rabb's Battery: 114, _footnote_

"Radicals": 305, _footnote_

Rains, James S: 125; makes Tahlequah headquarters of Eighth Division Missouri State Guard, 130, _footnote_; to attempt to reënter southwest Missouri, 194; Cooper acts under orders from, 197; in disgrace, 198

Randolph, J.L: 267, _footnote_, 309, _footnote_

Randolph, George W: Pike makes complaint against Hindman, 156-158; sympathy for Pike, 168; desires to terminate Magruder's delay, 186; suggests that Price serve as second in command under Magruder, 186, _footnote_; reassures Pike, 187, 189; instructions to Holmes, 189

Ratliff, Robert W: 121, _footnote_, 127

Rector, Elias: 175, 181, _footnote_

Rector, H.M: 185, _footnote_

"Red Legs": 305, _footnote_

Red River: 20, 36, 248, 311, 315

Reserve Indians: 112; Pike negotiates successfully with, 173, _footnote_; volunteers authorized, 173-174, _footnote_; disorders among, 182; uprising against and murder of Leeper undertaken by, 182-183; Tonkawas almost exterminated by, 184; companies organized among, 266, _footnote_; fed by contract, 308, _footnote_

Reynolds, Thomas C: 287, _footnote_

Richardson, James D; work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 21, 172, 278, 322

Richardson, John M: 113

Riddle's Station (Okla.): 276, _footnote_ 293, 295, _footnote_

Ritchie, John: applies to Dole for new instructions, 106; appraisement of, 106, _footnote_; dilatory in movements, 114, _footnote_; disagreement with Kile, 115, _footnote_; slow in putting in appearance at Humboldt, 115; commands Second Regiment Indian Home Guards, 115; conducts prisoners to Fort Leavenworth, 144; allows men to run amuck at Shirley's Ford, 197; dismissal from service recommended, 197; Phillip's ranking officer, 325

Roane, J.S: Arkansas left in care of, 128, 149; asks forces of Pike, 149; conduct in Mexican War criticised by Pike, 149, _footnote_; fights duel with Pike, 149, _footnote_; character, 199; arrests Pike, 200

Roberts, S.A: 308, _footnote_, 320, _footnote_

Robertson, W.S: 225 and _footnote_

Robinson, Charles: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 15, 70, 97, 98, 226; appointment of Mitchell, 46, _footnote_; opposed to Lane's plans for revenge, 55; approves of principle underlying Frémont's proclamation, 56-57; opposed to enlistment of Indians, 57; seeks aid of Prince, 58; responsible for Stanton's contesting of Lane's seat, 59, _footnote_; Lane has no intention of obliging, 71, _footnote_; commissions for First Indian Expedition pouring in, 123, _footnote_; calls for volunteers against guerrillas, 205, _footnote_; relations with Stevens, 226, _footnote_

Robinson, William: 62, _footnote_

Rocky Creek (Clear Creek): 184, _footnote_

Rolla (Mo.): 13, 26

Roman, Alfred: work cited, 14, _footnote_, 34, _footnote_

Roman Catholic Mission: 87, _footnote_, 121, 241, _footnote_

Rosengarten, Joseph George: work cited, 118, _footnote_

Ross, John: attitude of faction of, towards proposed Confederate military occupation of Indian Territory, 15; communicates with Pike on movements of Cherokee troops, 28, _footnote_; opposed to secession, 63, _footnote_; reported to have host ready to do service for U.S., 66, _footnote_; loyal to U.S., 74, _footnote_; communication from Weer, 134 and _footnote_, 135; reply to Weer, 135-136; submits documents justifying his own and tribal actions, 136; receives peremptory order from Cooper, 137; arrested by Greeno, 137; suspected of collusion with captor, 137-138, 192; addresses himself to Hindman against Pike, 160; on mission to Washington, 192 and _footnote_; formally deposed by convention called by secessionist Cherokees, 193; receives monetary assistance, 214 and _footnote_; makes personal appeal to Lincoln to enable refugees to be returned to homes, 215-216; and associates ready to negotiate for retrocession of Neutral Lands, 231; Gillpatrick medium of diplomatic intercourse between, and First Indian Expedition, 271

Ross, Mrs. W.P: work cited, 111, _footnote_

Ross, W.W: 234, _footnote_

Round Grove (Okla.): 126

Russell, O.F: 152-153

Sac and Fox Agency (Kans.): 54, _footnote_, 114, _footnote_; suggested removal of refugees to, 212; tribes included within, 212; Osages repair to, to confer with Dole, 238 and _footnote_

Sacs and Foxes of Mississippi: encounter refugees from Indian

Territory, 80; offer home to refugees, 86; reservation, 87; receive Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, 213; scheme of building houses for, 226 and _footnote_; Dole makes treaty with, 235; claim against Creek refugees, 235, _footnote_; some Sacs confer with Carruth, 274, _footnote_; invited to inter-tribal council, 274-275. _footnote_

St. Francis River: 20

St. Joe (St. Joseph): 74, _footnote_, 116, 230

St Louis _Republican_: 75, _footnote_

Salomon, Frederick: colonel of Ninth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, 118; in command at Fort Scott, 118; left in command at Baxter Springs by Weer, 121; in charge of First Brigade, First Indian Expedition, 125; instructions to, with respect to Indian policy of U.S. government, 134; deplorable equipment of troops, 138; arrests Weer, 139; gives reasons arrest, 140-142; retrograde movement of, 142, 143, 147, 203; establishes himself at Camp Quapaw, 146; ordered by Blunt to send troops to support of Indian Brigade, 192-193

Salt Plains: 152, 153

Sam Checote: 62, _footnote_

Santa Fé Trail: to intercept trains on, 129, _footnote_, 267, _footnote_; Creek regiment to advance toward, 152

Scales, J.A: 268, _footnote_, 277, _footnote_

Schaumburg, W.C: 305, _footnote_

Schoenmaker, John: 241, _footnote_

Schofield, John M: 106, _footnote_, 119, _footnote_, 196, 248, 249 and _footnote_, 260, 261, 293, 304 and _footnote_

Schurz, Carl: 41 and _footnote_, 42, _footnote_

Scott, S.S: acting commissioner of Indian affairs, 172, _footnote_; remarks of, 177, _footnote_; to investigate conditions in Indian Territory, 181; hurries to Leased District, 184; asks Governor Colbert to harbor fugitive Tonkawas, 184, _footnote_; sets out upon tour of inspection, 299; made full commissioner, 299, _footnote_; reports to Holmes concerning neglect of Indian Territory, 300; reports to Seddon prospects for three Indian brigades, 329

Scott, T.M: 316, _footnote_

Scott, W.H: 287, _footnote_

Scott, Winfield S: 48, 56, 69, _footnote_

Scott County (Ark.): 20

Scullyville (Okla.): 155, 325, and _footnote_

Second Brigade, First Indian Expedition: put under Judson, 125

Second Choctaw Regiment: 312, _footnote_

Second Indian Brigade: 327

Second Indian Expedition: Carruth and Martin act in anticipation of, 133, _footnote_; Blunt making plans for, 196 and _footnote_, 208, _footnote_; Blunt discovers that Indians stipulate care of families during absence, 215

Second Indiana Battery: 118, 125

Second Ohio Cavalry: 118, 119, _footnote_, 125-126

Second Regiment Cherokee Mounted Rifles: commanded by Stand Watie, 25; joins Pike at Cincinnati, 28; takes position to observe enemy, 32; guiltless of atrocities committed at Pea Ridge, 32; makes way to Camp Stephens, 35; detail sent with ammunition to main army, 35; scouting along northern line of Cherokee country, 112; desertions from, 145

Second Regiment Indian Home Guards: miscellaneous in composition, 114 and _footnote_; men not yet mustered in, 121; fills up after defeat of Confederates at Locust Grove, 132; Corwin takes

command of, 144; engagement at Shirley's Ford, 197; component part of Phillips's Indian Brigade, 249; Cherokee in composition, 252; fought dismounted at Honey Springs, 288; stationed at Mackey's Salt Works, 325

Sedalia (Mo.): 13

Seddon, James A: 270, _footnote_, 299, _footnote_, 317, _footnote_; instructs Scott to attend meeting of council at Armstrong Academy, 320; Scott reports prospects of forming three Indian brigades, 329

Seminole Battalion: 152, 312, _footnote_

Seminole Nation: 130

Seminoles (Confederate): Murrow, agent, 162, _footnote_; Pike negotiates treaty with, 173, _footnote_; agree to furnish five companies of mounted volunteers, 173, _footnote_; Creeks and, want separate military department made of Indian Territory, 278-279; disperse, 323

Seminoles (Federal or Unionist): Carruth teacher among, 59; destitution of refugee, 83, _footnote_; in First Regiment Indian Home Guards, 114 and _footnote_; attempt tribal reörganization, 228

Senate Committee on Indian Affairs (Confederate): Johnson's bill, 176; members, 176, _footnote_

Senecas: 48, 204 and _footnote_

Seneca-Shawnees: refugees, 116, 204; object to Wyandot treaty, 237, _footnote_

Shawnee Agency (Kans.): 236, _footnote_

Shawnee Reserve (Kans.): 205 and _footnote_

Shawnees: 48; loyal to U.S., 66, _footnote_; in First Indian Expedition, 113, _footnote_; from Cherokee country made refugees, 116; implicated in tragedy at Wichita Agency, 183; Neosho Agency Indians seek refuge among, 204; are depredated upon, 204, 205, _footnote_; Dole makes treaty with, 235

Shelby, Jo: 45, 194, 200

Sheridan, Philip H: work cited, 296, _footnote_

Sherman (Tex.): 190

Sherman, William T: 44

Shians (Cheyennes): 274, _footnote_

Shirley's Ford (Mo.): 197

Shoal Creek (Mo.): 118, 120, _footnote_

Shoe-Nock-Me-Koe: 68, _footnote_

Shreveport (La.): 303, _footnote_

Sigel, Franz: 29

Simms, W.E: 176, _footnote_

Sixth Kansas Cavalry: 249

Slavery: 298, _footnote_

Smith, James M.C: 173, _footnote_

Smith, Caleb P: 60, _footnote_, 61, 99; authorizes expenditure of funds for relief of refugees, 83

Smith, John: 62, _footnote_

Smith, E. Kirby: 317; seeks to reëmploy Pike for service among Indians, 201, 335 and _footnote_; assigned to command, 269; approves Steele's adoption of Fabian policy, 297; reply to Stand Watie, 297-298, _footnote_; detaches command of Indian Territory from that of Arkansas, 303; subscribes to idea of forming two Indian brigades, 310; is stanchest of Steele's friends, 311; opposed to three brigade plan and to promotion of Cooper implicit in it, 318; commends work of Steele, 318; address emended by Maxey, 330; friend of Maxey, 334; holds in abeyance orders for retirement of Maxey, 334, _footnote_; enters into convention with Canby, 335

Smith's Mill: 28

Snead, Thomas L: work cited, 15, _footnote_, 296, _footnote_

Snow, George C: 80, _footnote_, 83, _footnote_

Soda Springs (Okla.): 291, _footnote_

South, The: indifference towards West, 43; love of home state, great bulwark of, 187-188; Choctaws reported as wavering in allegiance to, 220; Indian Territory as separate military entity comes too late into reckonings, 250

Southern Confederacy: decisive results of battle of Pea Ridge, 13; expected by Missouri to force situation for her, 18; relation of Indian Territory determined by treaties of alliance, 21; Pike's great purpose to save Indian Territory for, 22-23; Weer suggests that Cherokee Nation dissolve its alliance with, 134; management of Indian affairs of, 149-150, 171; view of obligations towards Indians, 174, _footnote_; policy with respect to guerrillas, 205, _footnote_; Wyandots refuse to throw in lot with, 206; Kansas politicians want to punish Indians for going over to, 224; Cherokees repudiate alliance with, 232; Indians losing faith in, 273-274; charged with bad faith by Cherokees, 279-281; Indian devotion to, re-asserted, 317; Indians pledge anew loyalty to, 323

Southern Expedition: 73 and _footnote_

Southern Indian Regiments: 24-25

Southern Superintendency (Confederate): establishment delayed by prolongation of Pike's mission, 175; bill for establishment of, 176

Southern Superintendency (Federal): 117, _footnote_

Southwest, The: 46, 70

Southwestern District of Missouri: 26-27

Southwestern Division of District of Missouri: 127

Spavinaw Creek (Okla.): 130, 138

Spavinaw Hills (Okla.): 127

Spears, John: 279

Speer, John: 43, _footnote_

Speight, J.W: brigade of, 246, _footnote_, 267, _footnote_

Springfield (Mo.): 26, 51

Spring, Leverett: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 15, 52, 97

Spring River: 119, 126; Shirley's Ford on, 197

Staked Plains: 153

Stand Watie: 159, _footnote_; colonel of Second Regiment Cherokee Mounted Rifles, 25; men in poor trim and undisciplined, 28; men take position as corps of observation, 32; makes way to Camp Stephens, 35; scouting, 112, 127; engagements, 112, 113, 119 and _footnote_; encampment on Cowskin Prairie, 119; home of, 127; successful skirmishing commented upon, 152; elected Principal Chief, 193; Phillips compels, to re-cross Arkansas, 218; in command of First Cherokee Regiment, 262, _footnote_; Steele's great reliance upon, 270; cavalry raids, 272, 312; forced to retire from Cabin Creek, 285; commanded First and Second Cherokee at Honey Springs, 288; complaints to Kirby Smith, 297, _footnote_; related to Boudinot, 300; makes reports and appeals, 301; proposed advancement, 309; authorizes formation of Cherokee Brigade, 309; Steele's appraisement of, 310; skirmish at Barren Fork, 312; has command of First Indian Brigade, 327; all Cherokee military units summoned to camp on Limestone Prairie, 328; name becomes source of terror, 331; last great raid of, 332

Stanton, Edwin M: 75, _footnote_, 76; refuses to countenance use of Indians as soldiers, 76 and _footnote_; efficient administration of, 96; deprecates interference in military affairs in Kansas, 98 and _footnote_

Stanton, Frederick P: 59, 72, _footnote_

State Department (Confederate): 171, 172, _footnote_

State Rights: 18

Statutes at Large of Provisional Government: work cited, 174, _footnote_

Stearns, Frank Preston: work cited, in _footnotes_ on pages 42, 87

Steele, Frederick: in command of Department of Arkansas, 322; argues over military status of Fort Smith, 321-322

Steele, James: special agent, 100; infers Halleck unfavorable to Indian expedition, 101; presents credentials at arsenal at Fort Leavenworth, 101; Sac and Fox chiefs willing to abide by decision, 235, _footnote_

Steele, William: 247; to report to Holmes for duty, 245, _footnote_; preferred to Cooper, 246; sends most of troops in direction of Red River, 248; takes large view of responsibilities to Indian Territory, 253; difficulties and embarrassments, 261-269; appeal for loyalty to Confederate cause, 267-268, _footnote; ex officio_ superintendent of Indian affairs, 275-276; regards Indian Territory as buffer, 276; influences to undermine, 278; makes stand in Creek country, 291; opposition to, 310; command in bad condition, 292; crosses from Creek into Choctaw country, 295; journeys to Bonham to consult with McCulloch, 302-303; command detached from that of Arkansas, 303; size of force, 305, _footnote_; work discredited and disparaged by Cooper, 306; policy and practice in matter of feeding indigents and refugees, 307 and _footnote_; relieved of command of Indian Territory, 311; Kirby Smith commends work, 318

Stettaner Bros: 211, _footnote_

Stevens, Robert S: 211, _footnote_, 212, 226 and _footnote_

Stevens, Thaddeus: 57, 60, _footnote_

Stidham, George W: 62, _footnote_, 173, _footnote_

Stockton's Hall: 58 and _footnote_

Sturgis, S.D: Lane ordered to coöperate with, 56; placed in command of District of Kansas, 98; policy with respect to First Indian Expedition, 103-104; opposed to idea of Indian expedition, 104; military despotism, 104; forbids enlistment of Indians, 105; refusal to reinstate Weer, 117, _footnote_

Sugar Creek (Ark.): 30, _footnote_

Sumner, E.V: 260, _footnote_

Susquehanna River: 232

Tahlequah (Okla.): 132, 136; Rains makes headquarters, 130, _footnote_; Hindman places white cavalry at, 192; Blunt's expeditionary force seizes archives and treasury of Cherokee Nation, 193; Hindman appears in, 193; steamer, 263, _footnote_

Talliaferro (Taliaferro?), T.D: 267, _footnote_

Tandy Walker: supporter of Cooper, 265; recruits among Choctaws, 265; appointment, 265, _footnote_; asks for establishment of Indian Territory as separate military department, 279; commanded Regiment of Choctaws and Chickasaws at Honey Springs, 288; indulging in petty graft, 306, _footnote_; service of Choctaws under, in Camden campaign, 326; has command of Second Indian Brigade, 327

Tawa Kuwus: 274, _footnote_

Taylor, N.G: 207, _footnote_

Taylor, R: 297, _footnote_

Taylor, Samuel M: 279

Tecumseh: 73, _footnote_

Te-Nah: 65, _footnote_

Tenth Kansas Infantry: 117, 118

Texans: assist Indians at Leetown

engagement, 31; away fighting "the cold weather people," 65, _footnote_; circulate malicious stories about Pike, 160, _footnote_; disposition towards self-sacrifice, 268; not possible to deal with Indians arbitrarily, 326

Texas: 179; requisition upon, for troops, 25; Pike to call for troops from, 36; way to, likely to be blocked by Southern Indians, 61; Pike wants to be near, 151; anti-Pike reports spreading through, 169; road from Missouri to, 173, _footnote_; Oldham, senator from, 176, _footnote_; rumors current that Pike is conspiring with unionists, in, 199; detached from Trans-Mississippi Department, 245-246; cotton speculation alluring men with ready money, 248, _footnote_; public feeling towards deserters, 266, _footnote_; great commissary depot west of Mississippi, 268, _footnote_; Bankhead becomes alarmed for safety of, 287, 292; virtual chaos in, 303; Steele contracts for clothing in northern, 308

Thayer, John M: 324 and _footnote_

Thayer, William Roscoe: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 41, 45, 96

Third Choctaw Regiment: 321

Thomas, L: 74-75, _footnote_, 100, 109, _footnote_

Throckmorton, James W: 335, _footnote_

Thurston's House: 54, _footnote_

Timiny Barnet: 62, _footnote_

Tishomingo (Okla.): 200

Toe-Lad-Ke: talk, 67, _footnote_; signature, 69, _footnote_

Tonkawas: negotiations with Pike, 182; about one-half of, butchered, 184; surviving, flee to Fort Arbuckle, 184 and _footnote_

Toombs, Robert: 171, _footnote_, 173, _footnote_

Totten, James: 197

Trans-Mississippi Department: 128, _footnote_, 149, 168, 186, 187, 192, 245-246, 269, 270 and _footnote_, 315, 318-319

Trans-Mississippi District of Department no. 2: 14, 19, 20, 25, 127, _footnote_, 128, _footnote_, 190, 191

Treaties of Alliance: 21, 23 and _footnote_, 173 and _footnote_

Trench, E.B: 215, _footnote_

Turner, E.P: 292, _footnote_

Turner, John W: 83 and _footnote_

Tus-te-nu-ke-ema-ela: 108, _footnote_

Tus-te-nuk-ke: 108, _footnote_

Upper Creeks: 62, _footnote_

Usher, John P: 231, 239, _footnote_

Van Buren (Ark.): 162, _footnote_, 177

Van Dorn, Earl: 14, _footnote_, 20, 25, 26, 34, 35, 36; appointment, 19; failure to credit Indians in report, 31 and _footnote_, 148; orders Indians to harass enemy on border of own country, 35-36, 110; telegraphic request to Davis, 127, _footnote_, 186; diverts and appropriates Pike's supplies, 147-148 and _footnote_; hopes Price will be successor, 185

Vann's Ford: 144

Vaughan, Champion: 305, _footnote_

Vaughn, Richard C: 218, _footnote_

Verdigris River: 76, 79, 80, 85, 142, 144, 145, 210-211, _footnote_, 273, _footnote_; tributary of Arkansas, 22

Verdigris Valley: 79, 85

Vernon County (Mo.): 304, _footnote_

Vicksburg (Miss.): 188, _footnote_, 259, 260, 283, 301, _footnote_

Villard, Henry: work cited, 45, _footnote_

Villard, Oswald Garrison: work cited, 226, _footnote_

Vore, Israel G: 302 and _footnote_

Wakoes (Wacoes): 66, _footnote_; sent out as runners, 274, _footnote_

Walker, L.P: 172, _footnote_

Walnut Creek (Kans.): 79, 85, 152, 205, _footnote_

Walnut Grove: 35

Walworth, E: 329, _footnote_

War Department (Confederate): 127, 172 and _footnote_, 186, 318

War Department (Federal): 60 and _footnote_, 73, _footnote_, 76, 99, 100

Warren (Tex.): 190

Warrensburg (Mo.): 58

Washington (George): 65, _footnote_

Washington Territory: 232

Wattles, Augustus: 46, _footnote_, 54, _footnote_, 57, 225-228

Wattles, Stephen H: 131, _footnote_, 333 and _footnote_

Weas: 77, _footnote_

Webber's Falls (Okla.): 216, 255, 260, 271, 276, 287, _footnote_

Weed, Thurlow: work cited, 60, _footnote_

Weer, William: 117 and _footnote_, 119, 120, 121, 130, 133; ideas on Indian relations with U.S. government, 133, _footnote_; communication with Ross, 134; proposes Cherokee Nation abolish slavery by vote, 134, _footnote_; sends out two detachments to reconnoitre, 136; joins Campbell at Fort Gibson, 136-137; faults and failures, 139, 140-142; arrested by Salomon, 139; Ritchie's men run amuck and attack their comrades in brigade of, 197

Welch, O.G: 29

Wells, J.W: 267, _footnote_

West, The: indifference towards, 43; character of war in, 44; character of leaders, 45; criticism of Confederate management of Indian affairs in, 149-150; establishment of Indian superintendency left unsettled by Provisional Government, 174-175; Price submits plan of operations for, 186, _footnote_; circumstances and conditions concerning migrations of eastern tribes, 227; project for concentrating tribes in Indian Territory, 230, _footnote_; keep too many men needlessly in, 259; desertions, 292 and _footnote_

Western Military District: 43, 47, _footnote_

West's Battery: 267, _footnote_

Whistler, W: 69, _footnote_

White, George E: 157, _footnote_

White Auxiliary (Confederate): urged by Pike, 24 and _footnote_; ordered to Little Rock, 129, 147; Kirby Smith thinks possible to separate from Indian troops, 310

White Auxiliary (Federal): Dole's recommendation regarding, 99; Stanton's instructions regarding, 100; not heard from, 102; orders for, 109 and _footnote_; Indians ask for evidence of existence, 118; composition, 118; comparison with Indians, 123 and _footnote_; brigaded with Indian Home Guards, 125; retrograde movement, 143, 203; Blunt orders Salomon to send to support of Indian Brigade, 192-193, 203

White Chief: 68, _footnote_

White Cloud: 77, _footnote_

White Hair: 207, _footnote_, 238, _footnote_; principal chief of Osages, 240, _footnote_

Whitney, H.C: 50, _footnote_, 52, _footnote_, 54, _footnote_

Wichita Agency: 64, _footnote_; tragedy, 183-184; Belmont, temporary, 274, _footnote_

Wichita Mountains: 153

Wigfall, Louis T: 264, _footnote_, 277, _footnote_

Wilder, A. Carter: 230, _footnote_, 322, _footnote_

Wilder, D.W: 58, _footnote_, 305, _footnote_

Willamette River: 232

Williams, James M: 284, 285

Williams, the: 327

Williamson, George: 327

Wilson, Hill P: work cited, 226, _footnote_

Wilson's Creek (Mo.): battle of, 34, _footnote_, 49

Wolcott, Edward: 83, _footnote_

Wolf Creek (Ark.): 135, 136, 145, 164

Wood, W.D: 218, _footnote_

Woodburn, James Albert: work cited, 57, _footnote_, 60, _footnote_

Woodruff's Battery: 147, 150, 154

Wright, Marcus J: work cited, 19, _footnote_, 187, _footnote_

Wyandot City (Kans.): 204, _footnote_

Wyandots: robbed by secessionist Indians, 206 and _footnote_; escape into Kansas, 206; want to render military service, 206, _footnote_; Dole's abortive treaty with, 236-237, _footnote_