Part 13

=-ine=, pertaining to, partaking of: adamantine, alkaline, aquiline, canine, clandestine, divine, feline, saline.

=-ive=, inclined to, tending to: abusive, cohesive, corrective, determinative, fugitive, plaintive, relative, seductive.

=-ite=, like =-ate=: definite, exquisite, favourite.

=-lent=, full of, having (to excess): corpulent, fraudulent, opulent, truculent, violent (vi-s = force).

=-ory=, inclined to, pertaining to: amatory, accessory, advisory, illusory, prohibitory, sensory, valedictory.

=-ose=, containing, abounding in (often to excess): bellicose, comatose, globose, grandiose, jocose, verbose.

=-ous=, like =-ose=: ambitious, arduous, assiduous, bulbous, furious, piteous, poisonous, omnivorous, riotous.

=-und=, inclined to, possessing: jocund, moribund, rotund, rubicund.

=Verb Suffixes.=--These are few:--

=-ate=, originally past participle suffix, as _am-āt-us_, loved: celebrate, donate, eradicate, perforate, vaccinate.

=-fy=, make: beautify, fructify, modify, notify, revivify.

=-ish=, make, do: admonish, cherish, establish, finish, relish.

GREEK SUFFIXES.

Although not numerous, Greek suffixes are important in English word-making. They are used principally in making nouns.

=Nouns=:--

=-asm=, quality, that which: enthusiasm, sarcasm (= flesh-tearing).

=-ast=, one who (does): elegiast, enthusiast, gymnast, symposiast.

=-ic= (=-ics=), an art, science: logic, music, phthisic (asthma), physic (science of medicine), ethics, physics, politics, statics, tactics.

=-isk=, diminutive: asterisk (= little star), obelisk (little spit or pillar).

=-ism=, act of, result, state, doctrine: atheism, baptism, criticism, euphemism, socialism, schism, syllogism, Anglicanism, stoicism.

=-ist=, denotes practice, occupation: apologist, chemist, copyist, elegist, eulogist, Hebraist, organist.

=-ma=, =-m=, result produced: asthma, diorama, dogma, drama, apothegm, theorem.

=-sis=, act of, result: analysis, emphasis, genesis, periphrasis, synthesis.

=-sy=, like =-sis=: apostasy, epilepsy, hypocrisy, idiosyncrasy, palsy (= paraly-sis), poesy.

=-t=, =-te=, one who (does or is): apostate, comet (= long-haired), planet (= wanderer), poet (= maker).

=-ter=, (=-tre=), place of, instrument: center, meter, philter (love-potion), theatre (_theā-_, see).

=-y=, denotes quality, state, science: autonomy, botany, geography, geometry, logomachy, melancholy, monarchy, philosophy, theology, theory.

=Adjectives=:--

=-ac=, pertaining to: cardiac, elegiac, hypochondriac, Syriac.

=-ic=, belonging to, like; aromatic, athletic, authentic, despotic, frantic, Hebraic, hypnotic, idiotic, monarchic, polytechnic, theoretic.

=Verbs=:--

=-ize= (=-ise=), do, make or cause to be: baptize, criticise, dogmatize, Hellenize, ostracize, proselytize, theorize. It is often attached to stems not derived from Greek: anglicize, authorize, Judaize, botanize, fertilize, naturalize, pulverize, scrutinize, terrorize.

ENGLISH ROOT-WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.

The native force of English was such that it came to be a highly developed language, possessing a copious vocabulary and a rich literature in prose and verse. Indeed, the English quite surpassed their Norman conquerors in learning and literary culture. It is this English that lies at the foundation of the English of to-day, and some attention may well be given to old English root-words.

=Āc=, an _oak_, gives us oak, acorn, Acton.

=Bac-an=, to _bake_: baker, baxter (female baker), batch.

=Ban-a=, a _slayer_: bane, baneful, henbane.

=Bēat-an=, to _stroke_: beat, bat, battle, beetle, batter.

=Beorg-an=, to _shelter_: bury, burrow, burgh, harbour, harbinger.

=Bēr-an=, to _bear_: bear, birth, bairn, breed, brood, bier, barrow, brother, bird.

=Bēt-an=, to _make good_: better, best, boot (to boot).

=Bind-an=, to _bind_: band, bond, bondage, bundle.

=Bit=, to _bite_: bit, beetle, bait, bitter.

=Blāw-an=, to _puff_: bladder, blain, blast, blister, blot, bloat.

=Blōw-an=, to _blossom_: blow, bloom, blossom, blade.

=Brec-an=, to _break_: break, breakers, brake, bracken, breach.

=Brēow-an=, brew, brewer, broth, bread.

=Būg-an=, to _bend_: bow, elbow, bough, bight.

=Byrn-an=, to _burn_: burn, brown, brimstone, brand, brandy, brindled.

=Catt=, a _cat_: catkin, kitten, caterpillar, caterwaul.

=Cēapi-an=, to _buy_: cheap, cheapen, chap, chaffer, Chapman.

=Cen-an=, to _produce_: kin, kindred, kind, kindle.

=Cēow-an=, to _chew_: chew, cheek, cud.

=Clēow-an=, to _split_: cleave, cleaver, cleft, clover (split grass).

=Clifi-an=, to _stick to_: clip, cleave (together).

=Cnāw-an=, to _know_: ken, know, knowledge.

=Cnot-ta=, a _knot_: knot, knit, net.

=Cunn-an=, to _know_, _be able_: can, con, cunning, uncouth.

=Cweth-an=, to _say_: quoth, bequeath, bequest.

=Cwic=, _alive_: quick, quicken, quickset, quicksilver.

=Dæ-an=, to _divide_: deal, dole, dale, dell.

=Dēm-an=, to _judge_: deem, doom, doomsday, king-dom.

=Dēor=, _dear_, dearth, darling, endear.

=Dōn=, to _act_: do, don, doff, deed.

=Drag-an=, to _draw_: drag, draw, dray, draft, drain, dredge, draggle, drawl.

=Drīf-an=, to _push_: drive, drove, drift, adrift.

=Drinc-an=, to _soak_: drink, drench.

=Drīp-an=, to _drip_: drip, drop, droop, dribble, driblet.

=Dryge=, _dry_: dry, drought, drugs (dried plants).

=Far-an=, to _go_: far, fare, welfare, ferry, ford.

=Fēower=, _four_: farthing, firkin, fourteen, fortnight, forty.

=Flēog-an=, to _flee_: fly, flight, flea, fledged.

=Flēot-an=, to _float_: float, fleet, afloat, flotsam.

=Fōd-a=, _food_, _feed_: food, fodder, foster, father, forage.

=Fōn=, [P.P. gefangen], to _catch_: fang, finger, new fangled.

=Frēon=, to _love_: friend, friendship.

=Gal-an=, to _sing_: gale, yell, nightingale.

=Gang-an=, to _go_: gang, gangway, ago.

=Gnag-an=, to _bite_: gnaw, gnat, nag (to tease).

=Graf-an=, to _dig_, _cut_: grave, engrave, graft, groove, carve.

=Grīp-an=, to _seize_: grip, gripe, grasp, grab, grope.

=Gyrd-an=, to _surround_: gird, girdle, garden, yard, vineyard.

=Hæl-an=, to _heal_: hale, holy, hallow, health, hail, whole, wholesome, wassail.

=Hebb-an=, to _raise_: heave, heaven, heavy, (heave-offering).

=Hlāf=, _bread_, _loaf_: loaf, lord (hlāford, loaf-keeper), lady (hlœfdīge = loaf-kneader).

=Licg-an=, to _lie_: lie, lay, layer, lair, outlay.

=Loda=, _guide_: lead, lodestar, lodestone.

=Māg-an=, to _be able_: may, main, might, mighty.

=Māw-an=, to _cut_: mow, math, aftermath, mead, meadow (mown spot).

=Mōn-a=, _moon_: month, moon, (moonshiner).

=Nasu=, _nose_: nose, nasal, nostril, nozzle.

=Penn-an=, to _shut up_: pen, pin, pound, impound.

=Pīc=, _point_: pike, peak, picket, pike (a fish), peck, pecker.

=Rēaf=, _clothing_, _spoil_: rob, robber, reave, bereave, reever, robe.

=Scēap-an=, to _form_: shape, ship, scape (landscape).

=Scēot-an=, to _throw_: shoot, shot, shut, sheet, shutter, shuttle, scud.

=Scer-an=, to _cut_: shear, share, shire, scar, scare, score, sharp, short, shirt, skirt, shred, scrip, scrap.

=Scuf-an=, to _push_: shove, shovel, shuffle, scruffle, sheaf, scoop.

=Sitt-an=, to _sit_: sit, set, seat, settle.

=Slē-an=, to _strike_: slay, slaughter, slog, sledge.

=Slīp-an=, to _slip_: slop, slipper, sleeve.

=Snīc-an=, to _crawl_: sneak, snake, snail.

=Stede=, _place_: stead, instead, homestead, steady, steadfast.

=Stici-an=, to _stick_: stick, stitch, stake, stock, stockade, stock-still.

=Stīg-an=, to _climb_: stair, stile, stirrup, sty.

=Styr-an=, to _direct_: steer, stern, steerage.

=Sweri-an=, to _declare_: swear, answer (and-, _against_), forswear.

=Tæc-an=, to _teach_: teach, teacher, token, taught.

=Tell-an=, to _account_: tell, tale, talk, toll, teller.

=Tēon=, to _draw_: tow, tug.

=Thæc=, _roof_: thatch, deck.

=Tred-an=, to _walk_: tread, treadle, trade, tradesman.

=Trūwa=, _good faith_: true, truth, troth, betroth.

=Twā=, _two_: twain, twelve, twenty, twig, twine, twist.

=Wana=, _lacking_: wan, wane, want, wanton.

=Wef-an=, to _weave_: weaver, web, woof.

=Warū=, _defense_: war, wary, aware, ward, guard, guardian.

=Wit-an=, to _know_: wit, wise, wisdom, wistful, witness.

=Wraest-an=, to _wrest_: wrest, wrestle, wrist.

LATIN WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.

English and the French of the Norman conquerors continued to live side by side for about two centuries, neither materially affecting the other. About 1300 an extensive borrowing of literary (Parisian) French words began, and during the next two hundred years the majority of the thousands of French words we now use were taken over into English.

Latin words began to be used in England while yet there was no English language; many came in with the introduction of Christianity. This borrowing has gone on steadily ever since. As has just been said, English borrowed extensively from literary French. Now, as French is only Latin in a corrupt form, it is often impossible to determine whether a particular word was taken directly from Latin or French. It is estimated that one-fourth of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin.

The Latin stem or stems have been indicated, as, acr-, _acrid_; audīt-, _auditor_. The letters (Fr.) occurring after a word indicate that the Latin stem has been modified in passing through the French into the English language.

=Ac-=, _sharp_--=āc-er= (acr-) _sharp_; =ăc-us=, _needle_, =ac-uo=, _I sharpen_: acid, acerbity, acrid, acrimony, acute, acu-men, eager (Fr. _aigre_, sharp, sour), vin-egar (Fr. _vin_, wine, + _aigre_), acetic.

=aed-es=, _a building_; =aedi-fic-āre= (see _facio_), _to build_ (_up_): edi-fice, edi-fy.

=aes=, _money_--=aes-tim-are= _to value_: estim-ate, in-estim-able, esteem, aim (Fr.).

=ăger= (agr-), _field_, _country_; =per-agr-are=, _to travel through_: agr-arian, per-egr-inate, pil-gr-im (Ital. pellegrino = peragr-), agri-culture (see _colo_).

=ăg-o= (=ag-ito=), _I drive_, _perform_; =act-us=, _performed_: ag-ent, co-g-ent, agitate, act-ion, actor, act-ive, ag-ile, ex-act, transact, amb-ig-uous.

=ali-us=, _other_; =al-ter=, _the other_: ali-en, alienate, inalienable, ali-as, ali-bi (= else-where); alter, alternate, altercation, sub-alter-n.

=ăl-tus=, _high_: alt-ar, altitude, ex-alt, ali-ment, ali-mony, alto (Ital.).

=ăm-o= (amāt-), _I love_; =amī-cus=, _friend_: am-ity, amor-ous, amatory, amour, amic-able, ami-able, in-imic-al, en-emy and enamoured (Fr.).

=anim-a=, _air_, _breath of life_; =anim-us=, _mind_: anim-al, anim-ate, anim-osity, anim-advert (see _verto_), un-anim-ous, equ-anim-ity (_aequus_), animalcule.

=ann-us=, _year_: ann-als, ann-uity, anni-versary (_verto_), annual, per-enn-ial.

=antiqu-us= (=anticus=), _ancient_: antique, antiquary, antiquity, antic.

=apt-us=, _fitted_, _suitable_; =in-ept-us=, _senseless_: apt, aptitude, ad-apt, in-ept.

=aqua=, _water_: aqu-atic, aqueous, aquarium, aque-duct (_duco_).

=arbiter=, (arbitr-), _umpire_: arbiter, arbitrate, arbitra-ment, arbitrary.

=ar-=, _join_--=ar-ma=, _fittings_, _arms_; =ar-tus=, _joint_: arm, armour, army, armament, article, articulate; armada and armadillo (Span.), armi-stice (_sto_).

=ar-s= (same root as above), _skill_: art, artisan, artist, artifice (_fac-_), in-ert.

=audi-o= (audīt-), _hear_; =aur-is=, _ear_; =ob-oedi-o=, (_hearken to_), _obey_: audience, ob-edi-ence, audit, auditor, audit-orium, audible, aur-al, aur-icle, aurist.

=Bell-um=, old form duellum, _war_: bellicose, belli-ger-ent, re-bel, revel (Fr.).

=bĕnĕ=, _well_, =bŏnus=, _good_: bene-dic-tion, beni-son; bene-factor, bene-ficent, benefit (_facio_); bene-vol-ent (_vŏlo_); beni-gn, boon and bounty (Fr.).

=bis=, =bi=, _twice_; =bini=, _two by two_: bi-cycle, bi-ennial, bi-sect, bi-weekly, bis-cuit (_twice baked_), bin-ary, combine.

=brev-is=, _short_: brevity, brief (Fr.), breviary, ab-breviate.

=Caballus=, _a nag_: through Fr., caval-ier, cheval-ier, cavalry, chivalry.

=căd-o= (cĭd-), _I fall_; =căs-us=, _a fall_: cad-ence, c(h)a-nce, de-cad-ence, de-cay, de-cid-uous, in-cident, cas-e, casu-al, cas-cade.

=caed-o= (caes-), _I cut_; =in-cīd-o=, (in-cīs-) _I cut in_: de-cide, incisive, precise.

=camp-us=, _plain_, _field_: encamp, campaign, champion and champaign (Fr.).

=cand-=, _be white_, _glow_--=cand-idus=, _white_; =in-cend-o= (cens-), _kindle_: candor, candid, candidate, candle, in-candescent, incend-iary, incense.

=can-o= (cant-), =cant-o= (cantāt-), _I sing_: can-orous, cant-icle, canto, cant.

=căp-io=, (capt-), =ac-cip-io= (cept-), _take_, _receive_: capacity, capt-ive, caption, captious, re-cip-ient, de-ceive and re-ceipt (Fr.), re-cipe, ac-cept, precept, cap-able, sus-cept-ible, cape.

=căpŭt= (căpĭt-), _head_: cape (headland), capital, capitol, capit-ulate, captain, chapter (Fr. _chapitre_), catt-le and chattel (Fr.); pre-cipit-ate.

=căro= (carn-) _flesh_: carnal, in-carn-ate, carnat-ion; through Fr. and Ital.

=car-us=, _dear_; =cāritas=, _dearness_, _love_: charity, cherish (Fr. _cher_ = _cār-_).

=cast-us=, _pure_; =castīgo= (castigāt-), _punish_: castigate, chaste.

=caus-a=, _cause_; -cūs- in verbs: cause, causal, causation, ac-cuse, accusation.

=cav-us=, _hollow_: cave, cavern, cavity, con-cave, cage and cajolery (Fr.).

=ced-o= (cess-), _go_, _yield_, _leave off_: cede, accede, cease, cessation, proceed.

=cens-eo=, _I assess_, _judge_: census, censor, censure.

=cent-um= _hundred_: cent, century, centurion, centenary, centi-grade.

=cern-o= (crēt-), _I distinguish_, _decide_; =cert-us=, _fixed_: dis-cern, dis-cri-minate, discreet, con-cern, decree, se-crete, secret-ary, certain, certi-ficate.

=circ-um=, _around_; =circ-us=, _circle_: circle, circular, circuit (_ĭ-_), circum-spect.

=cīvi-s=, _citizen_; =cīvi-tas=, _state_, _city_: civic, civilize, civilian, city and citadel.

=clam-o=, (clamāt-), _I cry out_: claim, exclaim, declamation.

=claud-o=, (claus-), _I shut_; in compounds, -clūdo (clūs-): clause, close, ex-clude.

=clīv-us=, _slope_; =in-clīno= (clīnāt-), _bend_: de-clivity, in-clination, declension.

=colo=, (cult-), _I till_, _revere_; =colon-us=, _farmer_: colony, cult, culture.

=cōmmodus=, _convenient_: commodity, incommode, accommodate.

=cōpia=, _plenty_: copious, copy, cornucopia.

=cŏr= (cord-), _heart_: cord-ial, con-cord, dis-cord, record, core, cour-age (Fr.).

=cŏrōn-a=, _garland_, _crown_; =corolla= (lit. _little crown_) _chaplet_: crown, coronal, coronet, coronation, coroner, corolla, corollated, corollary.

=corpus= (corpŏr-), _body_: corps, corpse, corporal, corporate, corpus-cle.

=crēd-o= (crēdit-), _I trust_, _believe_: credential, credit, ac-credit, creed, credible, incredulous, recreant (Fr.).

=crĕ-o= (creāt-), _produce_, =crēsc-o= (crēt-), _grow_, creator, cresc-ent.

=crĕm-o= (crĕmāt-), _I burn_: cremate, cremationist, crematory.

=crux= (crŭc-), _cross_: crucial, crucify, excruciating, crusade (Span.), cross, cruise.

=cŭp-id-us=, _desiring_: cupidity, covet (Fr.), covetousness.

=cūra=, _care_; =cūr-o= (cūrāt-) _care for_: cur-ious, cure, curate, curacy, curé (Fr.), accurate, procure, se-cure = sure (Fr.), (sē = _without_).

=curr-o= (curs-), _I run_: cur-rent, cursive, in-cur, suc-cor; course.

=Damnum=, _loss_; =damn-o= (damnāt-), _condemn_: damn, condemnation, indemnity, dam-age (Fr.).

=dēbe-o= (dēbit-), _I owe_: debit, debt (Fr.), debenture.

=decem=, _ten_: December (orig. the _tenth_ month), decim-al, decennial.

=dĕc-et=, _it is becoming_; =dĕc-us= (dĕcŏr-), _ornament_: dec-ent, decor-um.

=dens= (dent-), _tooth_: dental, dentist, dentition, in-dent, tri-dent.

=dĕ-us=, _God_: deity, de-ist, deify, deiform.

=dīc-o= (dĭct-), _say_; =dĭc-o= (dĭcāt-), _proclaim_: dictum, diction, diction-ary, dictate, indict, verdict (_vērus_), ab-dicate, predicate.

=dĭ-es=, _day_: dial, diary, diurnal = journal (Fr.), ad-journ (Fr.), meri-dian.

=dign-us=, _worthy_; =dign-itas=, _worth_: dignity, dainty (Fr.), dignify, in-dign-ant, condign, deign and dis-dain (Fr.).

=disc-o=, _I learn_; =dŏce-o= (doct-) _I teach_: disciple, docile, doctor, doct-rine.

=do= (dăt-), =dōn-o= (dōnāt-), _I give_, _present_: data, date, dative, donor, donate, add (= _ad_ + _do_), render (Fr.; _re-_, back), dotal, dowry (Fr.), dowager.

=dŏl-eo=, _I grieve_; =dŏl-or=, _grief_, _pain_: dole (= grief), doleful, dolor, dolorous, condole, in-dolent.

=dŏm-o= (dŏmĭt-) _I subdue_; =dŏmin-us=, _lord_, _master_: in-domitable, dominant.

=dŏm-us=, _house_: domestic, domicile.

=dormi-o= (dormīt-), _I sleep_: dormitory, dormant and dormer (Fr.).

=duc-= _lead_--=duc-o= (dŭct-); =ēdŭc-o= (educāt-), _I rear_; =dux= (dŭc-), _leader_: re-duce, ductile, conduct, conduit (Fr.), deduction, traduce, education.

=duo=, _two_: dual, duel (see _bellum_), double (Fr.; _duplus_), doublet, duplex.

=Ĕm-o= (empt-), _I buy_; =ex-emp-lum=, _example_: pre-empt, ex-emption, exemplify, per-emptory, sample (Fr.), redeem, ransom (Fr.; _red-imo_).

=ĕs-se=, _to be_; =ab-s-ens= (absent-), _being away_; =fŭtūrus= _about to be_: ess-ence (lit., _being_, _existence_), present, ent-ity, futurity, inter-est.

=Făber= (făbr-), _workman_; =fabric-a=, _workshop_: fabric, fabricate, forge (Fr.).

=făci-es=, _form_, _face_: facial, efface, super-ficies = sur-face (Fr.), façade (Fr.).

=făci-o=, (fact-), _I make_; =ef-fĭci-o= (effect-); =făcil-is=, easy: fact, fact-ion, fashion (Fr.), factor, pro-fici-ent, affect, defection, suffice, feat (Fr.), feature, facile, feasible (Fr.), faculty, artificer.

=fall-o=, (fals-), _I deceive_: fallacy, infallible, false, fail and fault (Fr.).

=fānum=, _temple_; =fēstus=, _festal_: fane, fanatic, pro-fane, festive.

=fā-=, _speak_--=fāri= (fāt-, fān-), _to speak_; =fā-bula=, _tale_; =fā-ma=, _a report_: in-fant, infantry, pre-face, fate, fatality, fable, affable, fabulous, infamous.

=fē-=, _produce_--=fēmina=, _a woman_; =fēlix=, _happy_: feminine, female, felicity.

=fend-=, _strike_, _fend_--occurs in compound verbs, _e.g._, =de-fend-o=, (-fens-), _ward off_: defend, offend, offence, fence, in-fes-t.

=fĕr-o=, (lāt-), _I bear_; =fertilis=, _productive_: fertile, in-fer, differ, elated.

=fĭd-es=, _faith_; =fĭdēlis=, =fid-us=, _trusty_; =foed-us= (foeder-), _treaty_: fidelity, infidel, diffident, feder-al, defy, af-fi-ance, fi-ancé, faith, fealty.

=fīlius=, _son_, (=fīlia= _daughter_): filial, affiliate, Fitz- (Fitzedward) (Fr.).

=fing-o=, (fĭct-, fĭg-), _I fashion_, _make up_: figment, figure, fictile, fiction, effigy; through Fr., feign, feint, faint.

=fīnis=, _end_; =fīni-o= (fīnīt-), _I end_: fine, con-fine, final, finable, finical, affinity, infinitude; through Fr., finance, finish, finesse.

=firm-us=, _steadfast_; =firm-o= (firmat-), _I strengthen_, _strength_: firm, confirmation, affirmative, firmament (lit. _support_), farm (through Ang. Sax.).

=flagr-o= (flagrāt), _I burn_; =flam-ma=, _flame_: flagrant, inflame, flambeau (Fr.).

=flect-o= (flex-), _I bend_: in-flect, flex, flex-ible, flexor, flexion, flexure.

=flōs= (flōr-), _flower_; =floresc-ĕre=, _to blossom_: flora, florid, florist, florescent.

=flu-o= (flux-), _flow_; =fluct-us= _a wave_: flu-ent, fluid, influence, flux, fluctuate.

=fŏli-um=, _leaf_; =fŏliāt-us= _leaved_: foliage, folio, foil (Fr.), trefoil, portfolio.

=fōns= (font-), _a spring_: font, fount, fountain (Fr.), fontal.

=fōrm-a=, _shape_; =form-o (formāt-)=, _I shape_: form, formal, formula, perform.

=forti-s=, _steadfast_, _brave_: forti-tude, fortify; through Fr., comfort, effort, force, forte, fort, fortress.

=frag-=, =frang-o= (fract-), _I break_: fragile, fragment, fracture, in-fringe.

=frāter=, _brother_: fraternal, fraternity, fratricide (_caedo_), friar (Fr.).

=frīgidus=, _be cold_; =frīger-are=, _make cold_: frigidity, refrigerate, refrigerant.

=frons= (front-), _forehead_: front, frontal, affront, effrontery and frontier.

=frūg-=, =fru-i= (fruct-), _to enjoy_; =frūg-es=, =fructus=, _fruit_; =frugi=, _useful_: fructify, frugi-ferous, frugi-vorous, fruit, fruition, frugal.

=fŭgi-o= (fŭgit-), _I flee_: fugitive, refuge, subterfuge, febrifuge (_febris_, fever).

=fulge-o= (fuls-), _shine_; =fulmen=, _lightning_: refulgent, fulminate.

=fŭnd-o= (fūs-), _I pour_; =fū-tilis=, _vain_: re-fund (= pay back), fusible, refuse, confuse, effusion, confound and foundry (Fr.), fount (of type), futile.

=fund-us=, _bottom_; =fund-āre= (fundāt-), _to found_: fundament = foundation (Fr.), pro-fundity; Fr., profound, (to) found, (to) founder, fund, refund.

=fung-i= (funct-), _perform_: de-funct, function (Fr.) perfunctory.

=Gĕl-=, =gelid-us=, _icy cold_; =gĕl-āre= (gelāt-), _to congeal_, =glacies=, _ice_: gelid, gelatine, glacier, glacial, jelly (Fr.).

=gĕn-= (_birth_)--=gĕn-us= (gĕnĕr-), (_birth_), _race_; =gen-s= (gent-), _nation_; =gigno= (genit-), _give birth_: general, generate, congener, gentle, gentile, congenital, ingenious, genius, gender (Fr.), ingenuous.

=gĕr-o= (gĕst-), _bear_: belli-gerent, gesture, di-gest, register and jest (Fr.).

=grăd-i= (gressus), _to walk_, _go_; =grăd-us=, _a step_: gradi-ent, gradation, e-gress, gradual, degrade, aggressive, degree (Fr.).

=grandis=, _great_: grand, grandee (Span.), grandeur (Fr.), grandiose.

=gran-um=, _a grain_: granule, granary, granite, ingrain, garner and grange.

=grātus=, _acceptable_; =grātia=, _favour_; =grātiae=, _thanks_; =gratul-āri=, _to congratulate_: gratitude, grateful, gratify, ingratiate, grace ("say grace" = _ăgĕre grātiās_), gracious, gratis, gratuitous, gratulation, agree (Fr.).

=grăvis=, _heavy_: gravity, grave (= serious; Fr.), aggravate, grief.

=grĕx= (grĕg-), _a flock_: gregarious, e-greg-ious, aggregation.

=Hăbe-o= (hăbit-), _I have_; in compounds -hibeo, =prohibeo=, _prevent_; =habilis=, _suitable_: habit, habitude, exhibit, prohibitive, able (Fr.).

=haere-o= (haes-), _I stick_: ad-here, in-her-ent, hesit-ate.

=hēres= (hērēd-), _heir_: hered-ity, heir (Fr.), co-heir, in-her-it (Fr.), heir-loom.

=hŏmo= (hŏmĭn-), _man_; =humān-us=, _human_; =humus=, _ground_; =humil-is=, _lowly_: homi-cide, inhumanity, ex-hume, humility, humble and homage (Fr.).

=hŏspes= (hŏspĭt-), _host_, also _guest_; =hŏspĭti-um=, _inn_; =hŏstis=, _enemy_: hospital (= hostel, hotel, Fr.; hence) hostelry, hostler; host (army), hostile.

=Idem=, _same_; =item=, _likewise_; =ĭ-terum=, _a second time_; =iterāre=, _to repeat_: identity, identify, item, itemize, iterate, reiteration.

=impero= (imperāt-), _I command_; =imperium=, _rule_: imperative, empire (Fr.).

=insŭla=, _island_: insular, pen-insula, insulate = isolate (Fr.), isle (Fr.).

=in-teg-er=, _whole_ (= in-tac-t; from _tag-_, see _tango_): integer, entire (Fr.).

=intellego= (intellect-), _I understand_: intelligent, intellect, intellectualism.

=īra=, _anger_, =irāsc-i=, _to be angry_: irate, iracund, irascible, ire (Fr.)

=ĭ-=, _go_--This root is found in =ĕo= (ĭt-), _I go_; =ī-tio=, =ĭ-tus=, _a going_; =iter= (ĭtĭner-), _a going_, _march_; =ĭn-ĭ-tium=, _a beginning_: amb-ĭ-ent, amb-ĭ-tion, se(d)-ĭ-tion (sē = _apart_), adit, exit, circuit, itinerant, initial.

=Jac-=, _throw_--=jăcĭo= (ject- in compounds), _I throw_; =jăct-ūra=, =jăculātio=, _casting_; =jac-ēre=, _to lie (down)_: jactitation, abject, project, adjective, rejection, conjecture, ejaculation; adjacent, circumjacent; through Fr., jet (= jut), jetty, jetsam, gist and joist (from _jacēre_).

=jŏcus=, _jest_; =jŭcundus=, _pleasant_: jocose, jocular, joke, jocundity, juggler and jeopardy (_jeu parti_ = even chance) (Fr.).

=jūdex= (jūdic-), _a judge_; =jūs= (jūr-), _right_; =jūrāre=, _to swear_; =justus=, _just_; judicial, prejudice, justice; Fr., judge, jury, jurist, injury, adjust.

=jŭg-um=, _yoke_; =jung-o= (junct-), _I join_; =juxta=, _near to_: jugular, conjugal, conjugate, juncture, adjunct, conjunction, juxtaposition; through, Fr. join, joiner, joint.

=jŭvĕnis=, _young_: juvenile, juvenescent, junior, rejuvenate.

=jūv-o= (jūt-), _I aid_: adjutant, co-adjutor, aid and aide (Fr.).

=Lāb-=, _glide down_--=lapsus=, _a gliding_, _fall_: lapse, collapse, elapse, relapse.