Part 12

astute abstruse falchion alchemy tubercles algebraical anatomical aspirate archives authentic halcyon harlequin clairvoyant connivance bourn breviary brougham bellicose captious capillary seriatim centipede composite charlatan iniquitous ubiquitous incorrigible irrepressible

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corsair contour deify expiate embryo emissary deducible fallibility credibility debilitate defamatory equanimity hydraulic guttural critique technique hypotenuse hypothesis expatiate ingratiate illusory internecine iridescent putrescence

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kraal khedive jeopardize laconically lithograph litigious pharisaical memoirs maniacal medallion parricide fratricide ostracized percussion vertebræ minutiæ oligarchy miscellany adolescent omniscient necropolis indigenous ingenuous methylated immaculate Mussulmans querulous quintessence

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hybrid pillory placable precincts papyrus repertory spherical sedulous spermaceti prodigious promiscuous perspicacity Teutonic quixotic symphony sycophant superficies surveillance phrenologist phraseology polytechnic punctilious pseudonym surreptitious

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viscid zodiac satiety zoology vacuum vagaries camellia facade pedagogy vibratory vicarious usurious vouchsafe vociferate nefarious voluptuous vicissitude vernacular consummate ventriloquist deliquescent extricate defalcate exchequer perforated cognizant apparition incarcerate

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aviary callous guerdon piquant brusque flippancy aeronaut plausible aeroplane regrettable similarity contrariwise cuirass caitiff caisson cogitating tessellated pomegranate propagate immaterial acclamation subsidiary unparalleled cartilaginous

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onerous libellous rancorous derelict tamarack deciduous calamitous minx sphinx chloral murrain vignette casually casualty orifice bacillus tattooed tasselled proboscis patrician dissimilar gherkin stoicism bagatelle whirligig beleaguer stomachic decoction

SMALL DIFFICULT WORDS--_Use these words in sentences_.

abyss acacia acme aerial alias alpaca annals axiom azure benign broncho cache cairn calyx caulk chaise chaos chary chronic cinque clique corse cote crucial cymbal cynic dais débris disc doily ecstasy elite elixir ellipse epoch facade facile falcon fiasco flaccid foci futile ghoul gist gluey gneiss groat guano gyves heresy holm idyl igneous irate ivied jargon lichen liege lien lithe llama lode lymph lyre Maori melee mirage morgue myrrh naive newel nymph ogre onyx orchid oust pageant placid plaguy plaice poise pygmy python qualm radii realm regime rhythm schism scion scroll sedge seethe sere sheik shoal Sioux sloyd sluice soiree sphinx steppe suave swarthy sylph sylvan synod theme theory thews thrall tierce trawl treatise trite tryst tutor umbel venial vial vicar viceroy virile viscera viscid visual vital vitiate vizier vogue vying waive weevil weird whiz whorl wiliness wince winch winze withal wraith wreak wroth wry

THE BUILDING OF ENGLISH WORDS.

The _root_ of a word is the shortest form in which it appears. Thus _tal_, meaning number, speech, is the root of _tale_, a number counted; _tale_, a story; _tell_, narrate; _toll_, something counted out; _talk_, discourse.

The root of a word may undergo modification and become a _stem_. Thus _love_ is the stem of the root _lov-_, and to this stem are added such _inflections_ as _-est_, _-s_, _-d_, as loves, lovest, loved.

Again, to the root of a word may be added a _prefix_ or _suffix_, thereby forming a new word called a _derivative_.

If to the root _dar-_, dear, the prefix _en-_ be added, we get endear, and the same root with the suffix _-ling_ gives darling. As a rule, English prefixes and suffixes are added only to English roots. But there are many exceptions.

Word-making is often effected by _compounding_. A _compound_ word is one made by uniting two words together, as _sea-lion_.

=Compound Nouns= are formed in various ways:--(_a_) by uniting a noun with a noun: bridal = bride ale, daisy = day's eye, Gospel = God's spell or story; (_b_) noun with adjective: redbird, midnight, quicksilver, twilight = two lights; (_c_) noun with verb: bakehouse, godsend, grindstone, spendthrift; (_d_) noun with adverb: bystander, offshoot, uplift; (_e_) noun with preposition: afterthought, byword, onset; (_f_) verb with adverb: drawback, farewell, income, welcome.

=Compound Adjectives= are numerous:--(_a_) Noun with adjective: barefoot, lily-white, purse-proud, sea-green, sky-blue; (_b_) noun with participle: heart-rending, sea-faring, sea-girt, way-laid, worm-eaten; (_c_) adverb with participle: bygone, everlasting, far-reaching, high-strung, ill-pleased, well-bred; (_d_) noun with noun: iron-side, lion-heart; (_e_) nouns with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, + _ed_: club-footed, gray-headed, tender-hearted, under-handed.

=Compound Verbs= are few:--(_a_) Verb with noun: backbite, browbeat, henpeck, hoodwink, kiln-dry; (_b_) verb with adjectives: dumbfound, fulfil, whitewash; (_c_) verb with adverb: don = do on, doff = do off, outdo.

=Compound Adverbs= are made by uniting (_a_) noun with noun: endways, sideways; (_b_) noun with adjective: always, breast-high, meanwhile, sometimes; (_c_) preposition with noun: outside, overboard; (_d_) adverb with preposition: hereafter, therein, whereupon.

PREFIXES.

A favourite way of building words is by the use of prefixes. Generally speaking, these are of English, French, Greek or Latin origin--it being understood in this connection that French is but a modified form of Latin.

ENGLISH PREFIXES.

=Inseparable prefixes= have no meaning in themselves and cannot stand alone. The most important are:--

=A-=, _on_: away, alive; _at_: ahead: _of_: akin.

=And-=, _against_ (Greek anti-): answer (sweri-an, to declare).

=Be-=, old form of _by_: betimes, bypath; in verbs: bedaub (daub all over), bewail (wail for), benumb (make numb).

=For-=, intensifies the meaning, (thoroughly): forbear, forlorn, forswear, forbid (command against), forego.

=Fore-=, _first_, _before_: foresight, forejudge.

=Mis-=, _wrong_, _wrongly_: misdeed, miscall, mislead.

=Un-=, _not_: unholy, unafraid. In verbs, it indicates the reverse of the simple verb: unbind, unfold, unmask.

=With-=, _against_, (_from_): withstand, withers (of a horse), withhold.

=Separable Prefixes.=

=After=, _after_: aftergrowth, aftermath (= after the mowing), afterthought.

=All= (old Eng. _al_), _all_: almost, alone.

=Forth=, _forth_: forthcoming.

=In= (French en), _in_: inborn, illusion, import, irruption; encase, enclose; entwine, embody, employ; enable = _to make_ able, embitter.

=Off= or =of=, _off_, _from_: offal = what falls off, offspring.

=On=, _against_, _towards_: onset, onslaught, onward.

=Out= has a sense of direction or surpassing, (_beyond_): outcast, outpost, outrun, outshine; utter, utmost (_i.e._, outer, outmost).

=Over=, _over_, _above_: overhead, overcoat, overturn, overspread, over-bold.

=Through= = thorough: throughout, thoroughfare, thoroughbred, through-ticket.

=Twi=, _two_, _double_: twice, twilight = double or doubtful light, twill, twin = double, twine, twist = two strands twisted.

=Under=, _below_, _lower_: underhand, underlie, underneath, undertone.

=Up=, _up_: upland, upshot, upbraid, uphold, uprise, upward.

LATIN (AND FRENCH) PREFIXES.

=A-=, =ab-=, (=ab-s-=), _away from_: avert, absent, ab-s-tract; Fr., avaunt.

=Ad-=, (Fr. =a-=) (-d is often changed because of the influence of the following consonant), _to_: adapt, abbreviate, accord, affect, aggression, allude, annul, arrogate, attain; Fr., achieve, acquaint, amount.

=Amb-= or =am-=, _around_, _round about_, (_both_): ambition (lit. _going about_, canvassing), ambiguous, ambidextrous, amputate (to cut around).

=Ante-=, _before_: antedate, ante-room, anticipate; Fr., _an-_ in ancestor = antecessor.

=Bis-= and =bi-=, _twice_, _two_: bias (= two-faced), biped, bisect, biscuit (= twice baked).

=Circum-=, _around_: circumference, circuit, circulate, circumvent.

=Cum-=, _with_, takes the forms com-, con-, col-, co-, cor-, under the influence of the letter following: compound, concord, collect, coöperate, correct, counsel.

=Contra-=, _against_: contradict; Fr., controvert, counterfeit.

=De-=, _down_, _from_: decline, deduct, decamp. It is negative in derange, deform, destroy; intensive in declare, deprave, despoil, desolate, desiccate.

=Dis-=, =di-=, _asunder_, _separation_: disarm, diffuse, disown, divorce; Fr., _des-_, _de-_ in defer, defy, delay, descant.

=Ex-=, =e-=, _out_, _out of_, _proceeding from_: exclude, exhale, ex-governor, extract, educe, elect, emanate, evade.

=Extra-=, _beyond_: extraneous, extraordinary, extravagant.

=In-=, _in_, _into_, _on_: infer, invade, invent. It also becomes il-, im-, ir-, before certain consonants, as illusion, improve, irrigate.

=In-=, _not_: incapable, illiberal, impious, irrelevant, ignoble.

=Inter-=, =intro-=, _among_, _between_, _within_: interfere, intervene, introspection.

=Male-=, _bad_, _ill_, _wrong_: malcontent, malpractice, maltreat.

=Mis-=, _ill_, _wrong_: misadventure, misalliance; Fr., mischief.

=Non-=, _not_: nonage, nonentity, nonsense.

=Ob-=, _toward_, _facing_, _against_: object, obstruct. It also becomes oc-, of-, op-: occur, offer, oppose.

=Pene-=, _almost_: peninsula, penult.

=Per-=, _through_, often intensive, _throughout_, _thoroughly_--and so _wrongly_: perspire, pervade; persist, perturb, pervert; pellucid, pilgrim (see _ager_). Fr. _par-_: pardon.

=Post-=, _after_: postdate, posthumous, post-mortem, postscript.

=Pre-=, _before_: precede, precursor, preëmpt, premature, premise, prevent.

=Preter-=, _beyond_, _more than_: preterite (of past time), preternatural.

=Pro-=, _before_, _for_, _forward_: proceed, proconsul, prologue, pronoun, provide; _por_-tend. Fr., _pur_: purchase, pursue.

=Re-=, =red-=, _back_, _again_: rebel, recede, recover, redeem.

=Retro-=, _backwards_: retroactive, retrograde, retrospect.

=Se-=, =sed-=, _apart_: seclude, secrete, sed-i-tion (a going apart), segregate.

=Sub-=, _under_, _from under_: subject, subtract. It also becomes suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, as in succor, suffer, suggest, supplant, suspend; subdivision (_i.e._, lower), summon (sub = slightly), surreptitious.

=Super-=, _above_, _beyond_: superfine, supernatural, superposed; Fr., _sur-_, surname, surpass, surtout (= over all).

=Trans-=, _across_: transcend, transient; tradition, traverse; Fr., _tres-_, trespass.

=Ultra-=, _beyond_: ultramarine, ultra-radical, ultra-tropical.

=Vice-=, _in place of_: vice-consul, vice-president, viceroy; vicar.

GREEK PREFIXES.

=A-=, =an-= (before vowels), _not_: a-nom-alous = ir-regular, an-archy, an-onym-ous, apathy, atheist; a-morph-ous = formless, an-aemia = bloodlessness, an-odyne = something that relieves pain.

=Amphi-=, _on both sides_, _double_: amphibious, amphitheatre.

=Ana-=, _up_, _back_, _anew_: anatomy, analysis, anagram, analogy, anathema.

=Anti-=, _against_: antarctic, antidote, antipathy, antipodes, Antichrist, anticlimax.

=Apo-=, _from_, _away from_, _off_: apology, apostle, apostrophe, aphelion, apogee (gē = earth), apostasy.

=Arch-=, _chief_: archangel, archbishop, archfiend, archi-tect.

=Auto-=, _self_: autocrat, autograph, automobile, autonomy, automatic, aut-opsy.

=Cata-=, _down_, (_thoroughly_): cataract, catastrophe, catechise, catalogue, (a complete numbering).

=Dia-=, _through_, (_between_): diagonal, diagram, dialogue, diapason, diaphragm.

=Dis-=, =di-=, _twice_, _doubly_: dissyllable, di-phthong, dilemma.

=Dys-=, _ill_, _bad_: dysentery, dyspepsia.

=Ec-=, =ex-=, _out_, _out of_: ec-centric, ec-lipse, ec-stasy, exegesis, exodus, exorcise.

=En-=, _in_: energy, emblem, emphasis, empiric, encomium, encyclic, endo-gen.

=Epi-=, _upon_, _to_: epidemic, epigram, epistle, epitaph, ep-hemeral, ep-och.

=Eu-=, _well_: eucharist, eulogy, euphemism, euphony, ev-angel = good news.

=Exo-=, _outside_, _without_: exo-gen, exoteric, exotic.

=Hemi-=, _half_: hemicycle, hemisphere, hemi-stich.

=Hyper-=, _over_, _beyond measure_: hyperbole, hypercritical, hypertrophy.

=Hypo-=, _under_: hypocrite, hypodermic, hypothesis, hyp-hen (= one).

=Meta-=, _after_, _between_, (_changed for_): metaphor, metathesis, metamorphosis, metonymy, met-hod = after a way (hodos).

=Para-=, _beside_, _near by_, _contrary to_: parable, paradox, parallel, parish, parody, par-helion.

=Peri-=, _around_, _near_: period, perimeter, perigee (gē = earth), perihelion.

=Pro-=, _before_, _for_: problem, prologue, prophet = interpreter.

=Syn-=, _with_, _together_: synagogue, syntax, syl-lable, sym-pathy, sy-stem.

WORD-BUILDING BY THE USE OF SUFFIXES.

Suffixes, sometimes called _affixes_ or _postfixes_, are even more numerously employed in English than are prefixes, and, indeed, have a greater modifying power over the words to which they are attached. They consist of a letter or letters, syllable or syllables appended to the end of words or roots, and, like prefixes, are borrowed mainly from old English, Latin (French) and Greek.

ENGLISH SUFFIXES.

=Nouns.=--The most important are:--

=-ard=, =-art=, denoting habit, or possession of a quality in an excessive degree: braggart, coward, drunkard, laggard, reynard, sluggard, wizard.

=-craft=, strength, skill, cunning: woodcraft, priestcraft, witchcraft.

=-d=, =-t=, =-th=, suffixed to roots: flood (from the root of flow), seed (sow); drift (drive), drought (dry), flight (fly); death (die), birth (bear), sloth (slow), health (heal).

=-dom=, authority, dominion, quality, condition: earldom, kingdom, christendom, Saxondom, wisdom, freedom, serfdom.

=-en=, gives a diminutive meaning: chicken (little cock), kitten, maiden.

=-er=, denotes agent: instrument; belonging to (of places): brazier, farmer, fuller, hater, leader, saw(y)er, writer; grater, heater; Londoner.

=-hood=, (=-head=), condition, order, collection: brotherhood, childhood, Godhood, knighthood, manhood, priesthood, wifehood; Godhead.

=-ing=, (participle) act of, result of act: farthing (fourth), dwelling, feeling, riding. It is collective in clothing, shipping.

=-kin=, diminutive: bodkin, firkin, lambkin, mannikin.

=-le= or =-l=, diminutive, means: bundle, handle, runnel, saddle (= little seat), satchel, sickle.

=-ling=, diminutive, sometimes contemptuous: darling, duckling, firstling, gosling, hireling, nestling, seedling.

=-lock=, state: wedlock.

=-ness=, forms abstract nouns from adjectives, quality, state: goodness, holiness, weakness.

=-ock=, diminutive: bullock, hillock, paddock (= a little park), Pollock (= little Paul).

=-m=, or =-om=, forms nouns from verbs: bloom (from blow), gloom (glow), seam (sew), team (tow).

=-red=, state, sometimes collective, quality: hatred, kindred; Mildred (mild in counsel), Ethelred (noble in counsel).

=-ric=, office, dominion: bishopric.

=-ship=, state, office: clerkship, fellowship, horsemanship, lordship, stewardship, worship (= worthship).

=-stead=, place: bedstead, homestead, instead.

=-ster= denotes an agent, (originally a woman), a person who does something with skill or as an occupation: spinster, chorister, huckster, maltster, songster, tapster, roadster; baxster (bake-ster), brewster, webster (the woman who weaves). It is depreciative in: gamester, punster, oldster, trickster, youngster.

=-th=, =-t=, state, quality, act, number in order: dearth, filth, mirth, wealth, worth, theft, tenth.

=-ther=, =-der=, or =-ter= denotes an agent: father, mother, brother, sister; bladder (blow), rudder (row), laughter, water (wet), winter (wind).

=-wright=, work or workman: millwright, playwright, shipwright, wheelwright.

=-ward=, keeper: hayward, steward (= sty-keeper), woodward.

=-y=, =-ie=, diminutive: baby, lassie, Tommy, Willie.

=Adjectives.=--Some of the more important are:--

=-ed=, =-d=, the past participle ending, possession: honored, landed (possessing lands), talented.

=-en=, participial ending, also denotes material: drunken, given, hewn (= hewen), molten, river; flaxen, golden, silken, silvern, oaken, wooden; heathen (= belonging to the country).

=-erly=, =-ern=, direction, section: southerly, eastern.

=-fast=, firm: rootfast, shamefaced (= shamefast), steadfast.

=-fold=, times: fourfold, manifold.

=-ful=, full: artful, hopeful, needful, sinful.

=-ish=, similarity, pertaining or belonging to, somewhat: boyish, brutish, foolish, slavish, English, French, Irish, Scottish, Scotch, Welsh; blackish, whitish.

=-le=, weakens the root: brittle, fickle, little.

=-less=, without: bloodless, childless, fadeless, toothless.

=-like=, =-ly=, like: childlike, Godlike, ghastly (= ghostly), womanly.

=-ow=, modern form of old Eng. _-u_: callow, fallow, narrow, yellow.

=-right=, straight (= direct): downright, forthright, upright.

=-some=, like, full: blithesome (showing gladness), burdensome, gamesome, gladsome, irksome, winsome (wyn = joy).

=-teen=, ten: thirteen, etc.

=-ty=, tens: thirty, etc.

=-ward=, course, direction: awkward (awk = Icelandic afug, back foremost), cityward(s), landward, westward.

=-wise=, way, manner: lengthwise, likewise, nowise. The word _ways_ is often substituted: endways, sideways.

=-y=, =-ey=, like, of the nature of, covered with: bloody, crafty, dusty, mighty, stormy, tricky.

VERB AND ADVERB SUFFIXES are much fewer and less important than those used to form nouns and adjectives. The following may be noted:--

=Verbs.=--

=-en=, is causative, make: cheapen, deepen, gladden, quicken.

=-er=, denotes frequency, (energy): chatter, linger, spatter (spot), splutter, sputter (spout), waver, whimper (whine).

=-le=, also denotes frequency, sometimes energy: handle, jingle (chink), joggle, shuffle (shove), sparkle, startle, tickle, tipple, whittle.

=Adverbs.=--Certain suffixes occur which have already been given, as:--

=-ly=, manner: awkwardly, falsely, nobly.

=-wise=, manner: crosswise, otherwise.

=-ward=, direction: hitherward.

LATIN (AND FRENCH) SUFFIXES.

LATIN SUFFIXES, alike numerous and important, have in perhaps the majority of cases taken on a French form. For although, prior to the Norman Conquest, English had been but slightly influenced from foreign sources, yet Norman French, the language of the Conquerors, survived long enough to produce an impression on the language of England.

=Noun Suffixes.=--The most important of these are:--

=-acy=, =-cy=, rank, office, state: abbacy, bankruptcy, captaincy, magistracy, papacy, tenancy.

=-ade=, state, place of or for: blockade, collonade, promenade, serenade.

=-age=, makes an abstract or collective noun, act, state: beverage, bondage, courage, homage, marriage, tonnage, vintage, cordage, hermitage, plumage, village.

=-al=, pertaining to, possessing, act of: animal (anima = breath of life), canal, cardinal, hospital, withdrawal.

=-an=, belonging to: American, artisan, Christian, librarian, pagan, publican, chaplain, captain.

=-ance=, =-ence=, } form abstract nouns, the act of: abundance, diligence, =-ancy=, =-ency=, } repentance, consistence, pliancy, clemency.

=-and=, =-end=, that which is to be: memorand-um, -a, agend-a, multiplicand; dividend, legend, minuend, subtrahend.

=-ant=, =-ent= (participle), one who (does): assistant, combatant, lieutenant, litigant, agent, client, patient, regent.

=-ar=, one who (is or does): scholar, vicar.

=-ary=, place for: apiary, granary, library, seminary. It also designates a trade, profession, business: actuary, commissary, lapidary, notary, secretary; incendiary, voluptuary.

=-ate=, agent, state, office: advocate, consulate, curate, legate, postulate, protectorate, pontificate.

=-ce=, =-ice=, form abstract nouns: benefice, device, justice, palace, service.

=-cle=, =-cel=, diminutive: corpuscle, parcel.

=-ee=, (Fr. form of =-ate=), person to whom: assignee, employee, grantee, legatee, trustee, vendee.

=-el=, =-le=, form diminutives: chapel, libel, buckle, castle.

=-er=, =-eer=, =-ier=, one who (does): mariner, auctioneer, pioneer, brigadier.

=-er=, place: larder, saucer.

=-ern=, place: cavern, cistern, tavern.

=-ery=, =-ry=, place: cemetery, foundry, laundry, nunnery, surgery.

=-ery=, =-ry=, condition, quality, collection, production: slavery, bravery, treachery, finery, peasantry, carpentry, poetry.

=-ess=, feminine agent: empress, governess, sorceress.

=-et=, =-let=, diminutive: coronet, floweret, lancet, puppet, ticket, bracelet, chaplet, eaglet; etiquette (= a little ticket).

=-icle=, diminutive: article, icicle, particle.

=-ion=, =-sion=, =-tion=, action, process, state, result: action, legislation, mansion, opinion, position, rebellion.

=-ive=, who or that which (does or is): fugitive, native, representative.

=-men=, =-me=, =-ment=, denoting result accomplished, instrument, state; regimen, regime, amendment, document, ornament, banishment.

=-mony=, quality, state, act: acrimony, matrimony, sanctimony, testimony, ceremony.

=-on=, =-one=, denotes greatness: clarion, flagon, million, trombone. It appears as _-oon_ in balloon, dragoon, saloon.

=-or=, agent, quality, act: emperor, governor, ardour, behaviour, savor, clamour.

=-sel=, diminutive: damsel (= little dame), morsel.

=-t=, =-ot=, agent, having passion for: prophet, patriot, zealot.

=-ter=, person who: master, minister.

=-tor=, =-trix=, agent: actor, competitor, pastor, executrix, testatrix.

=-tude=, condition, quality: altitude, fortitude, servitude, multitude.

=-ty=, quality, state of: charity, docility, frailty, poverty, vanity.

=-ule=, =-cule=, diminutive: globule, spherule, animalcule, molecule.

=-ure=, =-ture=, act of, thing done: capture, departure, architecture, manufacture, creature.

=-y=, condition, collection: victory, company, family, society.

=Adjective Suffixes.=--The Latin (and French) suffixes are used extensively to form adjectives. The following may be noted:--

=-able=, able, capable of: amiable, arable, capable, considerable, friable (= easily crumbled), lovable, portable.

=-aceous=, containing, like: argillaceous (clayey), crustaceous (with crust-like shell), farinaceous (_far_, corn), herbaceous.

=-al=, pertaining to: ancestral, bestial, communal, final, legal, tidal, vernal.

=-an=, pertaining to, belonging to: Arabian, civilian, human, partisan, sylvan.

=-ant=, =-ent=, (be)-ing, (do)-ing: abundant, cognizant, defiant, errant, observant, mordant, verdant, adjacent, consistent, convalescent, crescent, diffident, effervescent.

=-ar=, like, belonging to: angular, circular, lunar, secular.

=-ary=, pertaining to: binary (double), capillary, honorary, military, sanitary, tributary, visionary.

=-ate=, having the quality expressed by the root: delicate, deliberate, fortunate, intricate, obdurate.

=-atic=, pertaining to: aquatic, fanatic (_fānum_, temple), lunatic.

=-esque=, like, partaking of: arabesque, burlesque, grotesque, picturesque.

=-ible=, able: credible, divisible, edible, flexible, frangible, tangible, visible.

=-ic=, pertaining to, like: domestic, gigantic, hectic, lyric, metallic, poetic.

=-ical= (-ic + al), pertaining to: angelical, chemical, nautical, theatrical.

=-id=, quality: acid, candid, limpid, morbid, sordid.

=-il=, pertaining to: civil.

=-ile=, like =-able=, =-ible=: docile, ductile, fragile, mobile, prehensile, versatile.

=-ile=, like =-il=: hostile, infantile, juvenile, mercantile, senile.