Part 11

Regarding the accuracy of the figures, specifically the three items for which literal numbers are given, it can be said again, as was pointed out with reference to J. B. R. Cooper, that a ranch owner should have known roughly how many Indians were living in his own back yard. If we refuse to accept these estimates, then we had better be prepared to reject most historical testimony. We may then base our calculation on 75 Indians for the Bale ranch, 400 for the Caymus ranch, and 600 for the Salvador ranch. The Juarez and the Higuera ranches contained a "large number." Since the largest number actually given is 600, we may with safety consider that 300 would represent a "large number." A "still larger number" could reasonably be 400. The total then becomes 2,075. Menefee, however, is careful to state that this included only the Indians who were "in some sense" permanently located, and puts the unattached number in the "thousands." The latter can of course be scaled down drastically. Hundreds would be a good substitute, with a possible total of one thousand. The outcome then is that the Indian population of Napa Valley as a whole in 1843 was about 3,000, or identical with Yount's minimum estimate.

What was, now, the population aboriginally? The mission baptisms are of no use to us since the Indians in 1843 included most of the ex-neophytes in the area. That there had already been a profound reduction at that time is unquestioned. The north shore of the Bay had been subject to military, clerical, and civilian incursion since the beginning of the century. Lethal epidemics had swept over the country repeatedly. Massacre and slaughter had been the rule rather than the exception. Indeed, the open valley through Sonoma and Napa up to Calistoga had suffered more seriously than any other area except perhaps the delta of the Sacramento River. A population reduction from the aboriginal level by one-third prior to 1843 would not be out of line with the apparent facts.

The estimates for the period 1840-1845 derived from Yount, Hittell, and Menefee included the Central Wappo with the more southern groups. For the Central Wappo the ethnographic sources and the mission records indicated an aboriginal population of 450 or 500. However, it is probably advisable to disregard this small division as a separate entity and include it with the remaining Wappo and the Suscol Wintun. If we then take Yount's minimum estimate of 3,000 for the Napa Valley south of Mt. St. Helena and if we assume a one-third decrease in numbers from aboriginal times to 1843, the final estimate for the area becomes 4,500.

The figure just derived is of course considerably greater than would be indicated by either the ethnographic village lists or the mission baptism records, but it must be conceded that the two last methods of approach are inadequate for the situation existing in the Napa Valley. On the other hand for a population of 4,500 and an area of 600 square miles, the density would be 7.5 persons per square mile, or very close to the value arrived at for the near-by Pomo.

We have found by ethnographic derivation 1,680 persons for the Western Wappo and 1,800 for the Northern Wappo and Lake Miwok together. Thus the total for the Lake Miwok, the Wappo, and the Suscol Wintun as a whole becomes approximately 8,000.

_WAPPO, LAKE MIWOK, AND NAPA VALLEY WINTUN ... 8,000_

SUMMARY OF ESTIMATES

For convenience of reference the population estimates presented in the foregoing text are tabulated as follows:

Yurok 3,100 Wiyot 3,300 Karok 2,700 Hupa 2,000 Tolowa 2,400 Athapascans Chilula 800 Mattole 1,200 Whilkut 1,300 Kato 1,100 Lassik 1,500 Nongatl 3,300 Sinkyone 2,900 Wailaki 3,350 ----- Total 15,450

Yuki Coast Yuki 750 Yuki proper 6,880 Huchnom 2,100 ----- Total 9,730

Pomo Clear Lake Pomo 3,150 Northern Pomo 5,040 Central and Southwestern Pomo 6,220 Southern Pomo 6,000 Northeastern Pomo 350 ----- Total 20,760

Coast Miwok 3,000 Wappo, Lake Miwok, Napa Valley Wintun 8,000 ------

GRAND TOTAL 70,440

BIBLIOGRAPHY

_Abbreviations_

AA American Anthropologist, Menasha, Wis. BAE-B Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Bulletin UC University of California Publications, Berkeley and Los Angeles -AR Anthropological Records -IA Ibero-Americana -PAAE American Archaeology and Ethnology

Barrett, S. A.

1908. The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring Indians. UC-PAAE, Vol. 6.

Bledsoe, A. J.

1885. Indian Wars of the Northwest. San Francisco.

California, State of

1860. Majority and Minority Reports of the Special Joint Committee on the Mendocino War. Appendix to Journals of the Assembly of the Eleventh Session of the California Legislature, 1860.

Camp, C. L.

1923. The Chronicles of George C. Yount. In Calif. Hist. Soc. Quarterly, 2: 3-66.

Cook, S. F.

1943. The Conflict Between the California Indian and White Civilization: I. UC-IA No. 21.

Driver, H. E.

1936. Wappo Ethnography. UC-PAAE 36: 179-220.

Drucker, Philip.

1937. The Tolowa and Their Southwest Oregon Kin. UC-PAAE 36: 221-300.

Foster, G. M.

1944. A Summary of Yuki Culture. UC-AR 5: 155-244.

Gibbs, George.

1860. Journal of the Expedition of Colonel Redick M'Kee ... in 1851. In Henry R. Schoolcraft, Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge, 3: 99-177.

Gifford, E. W.

1923. Pomo Lands on Clear Lake. UC-PAAE 20: 77-92.

1926. Clear Lake Pomo Society. UC-PAAE 18: 287-390.

1939. The Coast Yuki. Anthropos, 34: 292-375.

Gifford, E. W., and A. L. Kroeber

1937. Culture Element Distributions: Pomo. UC-PAAE 37: 117-254.

Goddard, P. E.

1903. The Life and Culture of the Hupa. UC-PAAE 1: 1-88.

1914. Notes on the Chilula Indians of Northwestern California. UC-PAAE 10: 265-288.

1923. The Habitat of the Wailaki. UC-PAAE 20: 95-112.

1924. The Habitat of the Pitch Indians, a Wailaki Division. UC-PAAE 17: 217-225.

Heintzelman, H. P.

1855. Report dated San Francisco, Nov. 17, 1855. Original in U.S. National Archive, Office of Indian Affairs, Record Group no. 75, Letters Received, California, 1855. Enclosure to Doc. no. H 1100.

Hittell, J. S.

1860. Notes on Napa Valley. In the Hesperian Magazine. 4: 53-61.

Kniffen, F. B.

1939. Pomo Geography. UC-PAAE 36: 353-400.

Kroeber, Alfred L.

1925. Handbook of the Indians of California, BAE-B 78, Washington, D.C.

1932. The Patwin and Their Neighbors. UC-PAAE 29: 253-423.

1936. Karok Towns. UC-PAAE 35: 29-38.

Loud, L. L.

1918. Ethnogeography and Archaeology of the Wiyot Territory. UC-PAAE 14: 221-436.

Menefee, C. A.

1873. Historical and Descriptive Sketch Book of Napa, Sonoma, Lake and Mendocino ... Reporter Publishing House, Napa City, Calif.

Merriam, C. Hart.

Dates uncertain. Village Lists. Manuscripts in the possession of the Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.

After the decease of the late C. Hart Merriam his heirs generously made available to the Department of Anthropology of the University of California, Berkeley, a large and valuable collection of Dr. Merriam's notes on California Indians. Among these papers are to be found complete and very carefully recorded lists of villages for most of the California tribes, drawn not only from published sources but also from original information secured from informants on the scene. Much material, otherwise unavailable, has thus been secured. These documents are referred to in this text simply as the Village Lists of C. Hart Merriam or are cited by Merriam's own manuscript title. They are undated and a formal bibliographical reference in most cases cannot be given.

1905. The Indian Population of California. AA 7: 594-606.

M'Kee, John.

1853. Minutes Kept by John M'Kee, Secretary on the Expedition from Sonoma, through Northern California. 33rd Cong. spec. sess. Sen. Ex. Doc. no. 4, pp. 134-180.

Nomland, G. A.

1935. Sinkyone Notes. UC-PAAE 36: 149-178.

1938. Bear River Ethnography. UC-AR 2: 91-126.

Nomland, G. A., and A. L. Kroeber

1936. Wiyot Towns. UC-PAAE 35: 39-48.

Palmer, L. L.

1881. History of Napa and Lake Counties. Slocum, Bowen and Co., San Francisco.

Powers, S.

1877. Tribes of California. Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. 3.

Stewart, O. C.

1943. Notes on Pomo Ethnogeography. UC-PAAE 40: 29-62.

Taylor, A. S.

1860-1863. The Indianology of California.

Published as a series of articles by the California Farmer. The entire series has been clipped and pasted in a bound volume available at the Bancroft Library, Berkeley.

Waterman, T. T.

1920. Yurok Geography. UC-PAAE 16: 177-314.

1925. Village Sites in Tolowa and Neighboring Areas of Northwestern California. AA 27: 528-543.