Part 397
Kenya $4.585 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $3.85 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Korea, South $274.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $270 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Kosovo $NA
Kuwait $22.42 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $20.38 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Kyrgyzstan $1.615 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $1.585 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Laos $756 million (31 December 2010 est.) $712.4 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Latvia $7.17 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $6.907 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Lebanon $41.57 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $39.16 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Lesotho $893 million (31 December 2010 est.) $988 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Libya $107.3 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $104.2 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Lithuania $6.418 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $6.66 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Luxembourg $NA (31 December 2010 est.) $810 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Macau $NA
Macedonia $2.127 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $2.292 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Madagascar $1.038 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $1.136 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Malawi $301 million (31 December 2010 est.) $163.4 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Malaysia $104.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $96.71 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Malta $522 million (31 December 2010 est.) $538.6 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Mauritius $2.36 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $2.304 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Mexico $116.4 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $99.86 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Moldova $1.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $1.48 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Montenegro $NA
Morocco $24.57 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $23.58 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Mozambique $1.982 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $1.829 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Namibia $1.961 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $2.051 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Netherlands $NA (31 December 2010 est.) $39.61 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
New Zealand $17.85 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $15.59 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Nicaragua $1.58 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $1.573 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Nigeria $43.36 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $44.76 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Norway $NA (31 December 2010 est.) $48.86 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Oman $14 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $12.2 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Pakistan $16.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $13.77 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Panama $3.525 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $3.028 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Papua New Guinea $3.017 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $2.607 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Paraguay $4.082 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $3.862 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Peru $37.27 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $33.23 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Philippines $49.74 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $44.24 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Poland $99.76 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $79.58 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Portugal $NA (31 December 2010 est.) $16.03 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Qatar $22.41 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $18.81 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Romania $50.51 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $44.11 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Russia $483.1 billion (30 November 2010) $439.4 billion (31 December 2009)
Rwanda $816 million (31 December 2010 est.) $742.7 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Samoa $70.15 million (FY03/04)
Sao Tome and Principe $46 million (31 December 2010 est.) $39 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Saudi Arabia $456.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $410.1 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Senegal $2.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $2.123 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Serbia $16.4 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $15.22 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Seychelles $193 million (31 December 2010 est.) $190.6 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Singapore $212.5 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $187.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Slovakia $NA (31 December 2010 est.) $1.16 billion (31 January 2010 est.)
Slovenia $NA (31 December 2010 est.) $1.08 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
South Africa $45.52 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $39.68 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Spain $NA (31 December 2010 est.) $28.2 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Sri Lanka $5.63 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $5.358 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Sudan $2.063 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $897 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Suriname $263.3 million (2006)
Swaziland $708 million (31 December 2010 est.) $959 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Sweden $NA (31 December 2010 est.) $47.29 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Switzerland $NA (31 December 2010 est.) $135.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Syria $17.96 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $17.44 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Taiwan $382.8 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $353 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Tajikistan $303 million (31 December 2010 est.) $227 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Tanzania $3.687 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $3.206 billion (31 December 2009 est.) note: excludes gold
Thailand $176.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $138.4 billion (31 December 2009)
Togo $686 million (31 December 2010 est.) $703.2 million (31 December 2009 est.)
Tonga $40.83 million (FY04/05)
Trinidad and Tobago $9.659 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $9.246 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Tunisia $11.23 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $11.06 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Turkey $78 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $75 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Turkmenistan $10.81 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $9.551 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Uganda $3.743 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $2.995 billion (31 December 2009 est.) note: excludes gold
Ukraine $32.91 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $26.51 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
United Arab Emirates $39.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $36.1 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
United Kingdom $NA (31 December 2010 est.) $66.72 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
United States $NA (31 December 2010 est.) $130.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Uruguay $7.407 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $8.038 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Uzbekistan $10.5 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $9 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Vanuatu $40.54 million (2003)
Venezuela $29.49 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $35 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Vietnam $16.3 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $16.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Yemen $5.744 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $6.993 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Zambia $2.287 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $1.892 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Zimbabwe $376 million (31 December 2010 est.) $351 million (31 December 2009 est.)
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@2189
Field Listing :: Union name
Country
Union name
European Union conventional long form: European Union abbreviation: EU
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@2190
Field Listing :: Political structure
Country
Political structure
European Union a hybrid intergovernmental and supranational organization
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@2191
Field Listing :: Member states
Country
Member states
European Union 27 countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK; note - candidate countries: Croatia, Iceland, Macedonia, Montenegro, Turkey
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@2192
Field Listing :: Preliminary statement
Country
Preliminary statement
European Union The evolution of the European Union (EU) from a regional economic agreement among six neighboring states in 1951 to today's supranational organization of 27 countries across the European continent stands as an unprecedented phenomenon in the annals of history. Dynastic unions for territorial consolidation were long the norm in Europe. On a few occasions even country-level unions were arranged - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Austro-Hungarian Empire were examples - but for such a large number of nation-states to cede some of their sovereignty to an overarching entity is truly unique. Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur, and it has many of the attributes associated with independent nations: its own flag, anthem, founding date, and currency, as well as an incipient common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations. In the future, many of these nation-like characteristics are likely to be expanded. Thus, inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has been deemed appropriate as a new, separate entity in The World Factbook. However, because of the EU's special status, this description is placed after the regular country entries.
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@2193
Field Listing :: Major infectious diseases
This entry lists major infectious diseases likely to be encountered in countries where the risk of such diseases is assessed to be very high as compared to the United States. These infectious diseases represent risks to US government personnel traveling to the specified country for a period of less than three years. The degree of risk is assessed by considering the foreign nature of these infectious diseases, their severity, and the probability of being affected by the diseases present. The diseases listed do not necessarily represent the total disease burden experienced by the local population. The risk to an individual traveler varies considerably by the specific location, visit duration, type of activities, type of accommodations, time of year, and other factors. Consultation with a travel medicine physician is needed to evaluate individual risk and recommend appropriate preventive measures such as vaccines. Diseases are organized into the following six exposure categories shown in italics and listed in typical descending order of risk. Note: The sequence of exposure categories listed in individual country entries may vary according to local conditions. food or waterborne diseases acquired through eating or drinking on the local economy: Hepatitis A - viral disease that interferes with the functioning of the liver; spread through consumption of food or water contaminated with fecal matter, principally in areas of poor sanitation; victims exhibit fever, jaundice, and diarrhea; 15% of victims will experience prolonged symptoms over 6-9 months; vaccine available. Hepatitis E - water-borne viral disease that interferes with the functioning of the liver; most commonly spread through fecal contamination of drinking water; victims exhibit jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and dark colored urine. Typhoid fever - bacterial disease spread through contact with food or water contaminated by fecal matter or sewage; victims exhibit sustained high fevers; left untreated, mortality rates can reach 20%. vectorborne diseases acquired through the bite of an infected arthropod: Malaria - caused by single-cell parasitic protozoa Plasmodium; transmitted to humans via the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito; parasites multiply in the liver attacking red blood cells resulting in cycles of fever, chills, and sweats accompanied by anemia; death due to damage to vital organs and interruption of blood supply to the brain; endemic in 100, mostly tropical, countries with 90% of cases and the majority of 1.5-2.5 million estimated annual deaths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Dengue fever - mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti) viral disease associated with urban environments; manifests as sudden onset of fever and severe headache; occasionally produces shock and hemorrhage leading to death in 5% of cases. Yellow fever - mosquito-borne viral disease; severity ranges from influenza-like symptoms to severe hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever; occurs only in tropical South America and sub-Saharan Africa, where most cases are reported; fatality rate is less than 20%. Japanese Encephalitis - mosquito-borne (Culex tritaeniorhynchus) viral disease associated with rural areas in Asia; acute encephalitis can progress to paralysis, coma, and death; fatality rates 30%. African Trypanosomiasis - caused by the parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma; transmitted to humans via the bite of bloodsucking Tsetse flies; infection leads to malaise and irregular fevers and, in advanced cases when the parasites invade the central nervous system, coma and death; endemic in 36 countries of sub-Saharan Africa; cattle and wild animals act as reservoir hosts for the parasites. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - caused by the parasitic protozoa leishmania; transmitted to humans via the bite of sandflies; results in skin lesions that may become chronic; endemic in 88 countries; 90% of cases occur in Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, and Peru; wild and domesticated animals as well as humans can act as reservoirs of infection. Plague - bacterial disease transmitted by fleas normally associated with rats; person-to-person airborne transmission also possible; recent plague epidemics occurred in areas of Asia, Africa, and South America associated with rural areas or small towns and villages; manifests as fever, headache, and painfully swollen lymph nodes; disease progresses rapidly and without antibiotic treatment leads to pneumonic form with a death rate in excess of 50%. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - tick-borne viral disease; infection may also result from exposure to infected animal blood or tissue; geographic distribution includes Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe; sudden onset of fever, headache, and muscle aches followed by hemorrhaging in the bowels, urine, nose, and gums; mortality rate is approximately 30%. Rift Valley fever - viral disease affecting domesticated animals and humans; transmission is by mosquito and other biting insects; infection may also occur through handling of infected meat or contact with blood; geographic distribution includes eastern and southern Africa where cattle and sheep are raised; symptoms are generally mild with fever and some liver abnormalities, but the disease may progress to hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or ocular disease; fatality rates are low at about 1% of cases. Chikungunya - mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti) viral disease associated with urban environments, similar to Dengue Fever; characterized by sudden onset of fever, rash, and severe joint pain usually lasting 3-7 days, some cases result in persistent arthritis. water contact diseases acquired through swimming or wading in freshwater lakes, streams, and rivers: Leptospirosis - bacterial disease that affects animals and humans; infection occurs through contact with water, food, or soil contaminated by animal urine; symptoms include high fever, severe headache, vomiting, jaundice, and diarrhea; untreated, the disease can result in kidney damage, liver failure, meningitis, or respiratory distress; fatality rates are low but left untreated recovery can take months. Schistosomiasis - caused by parasitic trematode flatworm Schistosoma; fresh water snails act as intermediate host and release larval form of parasite that penetrates the skin of people exposed to contaminated water; worms mature and reproduce in the blood vessels, liver, kidneys, and intestines releasing eggs, which become trapped in tissues triggering an immune response; may manifest as either urinary or intestinal disease resulting in decreased work or learning capacity; mortality, while generally low, may occur in advanced cases usually due to bladder cancer; endemic in 74 developing countries with 80% of infected people living in sub-Saharan Africa; humans act as the reservoir for this parasite. aerosolized dust or soil contact disease acquired through inhalation of aerosols contaminated with rodent urine: Lassa fever - viral disease carried by rats of the genus Mastomys; endemic in portions of West Africa; infection occurs through direct contact with or consumption of food contaminated by rodent urine or fecal matter containing virus particles; fatality rate can reach 50% in epidemic outbreaks. respiratory disease acquired through close contact with an infectious person: Meningococcal meningitis - bacterial disease causing an inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord; one of the most important bacterial pathogens is Neisseria meningitidis because of its potential to cause epidemics; symptoms include stiff neck, high fever, headaches, and vomiting; bacteria are transmitted from person to person by respiratory droplets and facilitated by close and prolonged contact resulting from crowded living conditions, often with a seasonal distribution; death occurs in 5-15% of cases, typically within 24-48 hours of onset of symptoms; highest burden of meningococcal disease occurs in the hyperendemic region of sub-Saharan Africa known as the "Meningitis Belt" which stretches from Senegal east to Ethiopia. animal contact disease acquired through direct contact with local animals: Rabies - viral disease of mammals usually transmitted through the bite of an infected animal, most commonly dogs; virus affects the central nervous system causing brain alteration and death; symptoms initially are non-specific fever and headache progressing to neurological symptoms; death occurs within days of the onset of symptoms. Country
Major infectious diseases
Afghanistan degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria animal contact disease: rabies note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Angola degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)
Argentina degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Bangladesh degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations water contact disease: leptospirosis animal contact disease: rabies note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Belize degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Benin degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis animal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Bhutan degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Bolivia degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Botswana degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria (2009)
Burkina Faso degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria and yellow fever water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis animal contact disease: rabies note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Burma degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria water contact disease: leptospirosis animal contact disease: rabies note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Burundi degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria water contact disease: schistosomiasis animal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Cambodia degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Cameroon degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis animal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Central African Republic degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis water contact disease: schistosomiasis animal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Chad degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis animal contact disease: rabies (2009)
China degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever soil contact disease: hantaviral hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) animal contact disease: rabies note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)