Part 303
Laos total: 36,831 km paved: 4,811 km unpaved: 32,020 km (2007)
Latvia total: 73,074 km paved: 14,459 km unpaved: 58,615 km (2010)
Lebanon total: 6,970 km (includes 170 km of expressways) (2005)
Lesotho total: 7,091 km paved: 1,404 km unpaved: 5,687 km (2003)
Liberia total: 10,600 km paved: 657 km unpaved: 9,943 km (2000)
Libya total: 100,024 km paved: 57,214 km unpaved: 42,810 km (2003)
Liechtenstein total: 380 km paved: 380 km (2010)
Lithuania total: 81,030 km paved: 71,563 km (includes 309 km of expressways) unpaved: 9,467 km (2008)
Luxembourg total: 5,227 km paved: 5,227 km (includes 147 km of expressways) (2008)
Macau total: 413 km paved: 413 km (2009)
Macedonia total: 13,736 km (includes 216 km of expressways) (2009)
Madagascar total: 65,663 km paved: 7,617 km unpaved: 58,046 km (2003)
Malawi total: 15,451 km paved: 6,956 km unpaved: 8,495 km (2003)
Malaysia total: 98,721 km paved: 80,280 km (includes 1,821 km of expressways) unpaved: 18,441 km (2004)
Maldives total: 88 km paved roads: 88 km - 60 km in Male; 14 km on Addu Atolis; 14 km on Laamu note: village roads are mainly compacted coral (2006)
Mali total: 18,709 km paved: 3,368 km unpaved: 15,341 km (2004)
Malta total: 2,227 km paved: 2,014 km unpaved: 213 km (2005)
Marshall Islands total: 2,028 km (includes 75 km of expressways) (2007)
Mauritania total: 11,066 km paved: 2,966 km unpaved: 8,100 km (2006)
Mauritius total: 2,066 km paved: 2,066 km (includes 75 km of expressways) (2009)
Mexico total: 366,095 km paved: 132,289 km (includes 6,279 km of expressways) unpaved: 233,806 km (2008)
Micronesia, Federated States of total: 240 km paved: 42 km unpaved: 198 km (2000)
Moldova total: 9,343 km paved: 8,810 km unpaved: 533 km (2008)
Monaco total: 50 km paved: 50 km (2007)
Mongolia total: 49,250 km paved: 2,824 km unpaved: 46,426 km (includes 1,994 km with gravel surface and 1,874 km with improved surface) (2009)
Montenegro total: 7,404 km paved: 4,927 km unpaved: 2,477 km (2008)
Montserrat note: volcanic eruptions that began in 1995 destroyed most of the 227 km road system; a new road infrastructure has been built in the north end of the island (2008)
Morocco total: 57,625 km paved: 35,664 km (includes 639 km of expressways) unpaved: 21,961 km (2006)
Mozambique total: 30,400 km paved: 5,685 km unpaved: 24,715 km (2000)
Namibia total: 64,189 km paved: 5,477 km unpaved: 58,712 km (2010)
Nauru total: 24 km paved: 24 km (2002)
Nepal total: 17,282 km paved: 10,142 km unpaved: 7,140 km (2007)
Netherlands total: 136,827 km (includes 2,582 km of expressways) (2008)
New Caledonia total: 5,622 km (2006)
New Zealand total: 93,911 km paved: 61,879 km (includes 172 km of expressways) unpaved: 32,032 km (2009)
Nicaragua total: 19,137 km paved: 2,033 km unpaved: 17,104 km (2009)
Niger total: 18,949 km paved: 3,912 km unpaved: 15,037 km (2008)
Nigeria total: 193,200 km paved: 28,980 km unpaved: 164,220 km (2004)
Niue total: 120 km paved: 120 km (2008)
Norfolk Island total: 80 km paved: 53 km unpaved: 27 km (2008)
Northern Mariana Islands total: 536 km (2008)
Norway total: 92,946 km paved: 72,033 km (includes 664 km of expressways) unpaved: 20,913 km (2007)
Oman total: 68,467 km paved: 23,223 km (includes 1,384 km of expressways) unpaved: 30,207 km (2008)
Pakistan total: 259,197 km paved: 172,827 km (includes 711 km of expressways) unpaved: 86,370 km (2007)
Panama total: 11,978 km paved: 4,300 km unpaved: 7,678 km (2002)
Papua New Guinea total: 9,349 km paved: 3,000 km unpaved: 6,349 km (2011)
Paraguay total: 29,500 km paved: 14,986 km unpaved: 14,514 km (2000)
Peru total: 102,887 km note: includes 23,838 km of national roads, 19,049 km of departmental roads, and 60,000 km of local roads (2007)
Philippines total: 201,910 km paved: 21,677 km unpaved: 180,233 km (2008)
Poland total: 423,997 km paved: 295,356 km (includes 765 km of expressways) unpaved: 128,641 km (2008)
Portugal total: 82,900 km paved: 71,294 km (includes 2,613 km of expressways) unpaved: 11,606 km (2008)
Puerto Rico total: 26,670 km paved: 25,337 km (includes 427 km of expressways) unpaved: 1,333 km (2008)
Qatar total: 7,790 km (2006)
Romania total: 198,817 km paved: 60,043 km (includes 281 km of expressways) unpaved: 138,774 km (2008)
Russia total: 982,000 km paved: 776,000 km (includes 30,000 km of expressways) unpaved: 206,000 km note: includes public, local, and departmental roads (2009)
Rwanda total: 14,008 km paved: 2,662 km unpaved: 11,346 km (2004)
Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha total: 198 km (Saint Helena 138 km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da Cunha 20 km) paved: 168 km (Saint Helena 118 km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da Cunha 10 km) unpaved: 30 km (Saint Helena 20 km, Ascension 0 km, Tristan da Cunha 10 km) (2002)
Saint Kitts and Nevis total: 383 km paved: 163 km unpaved: 220 km (2002)
Saint Lucia total: 1,210 km (2002)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon total: 117 km paved: 80 km unpaved: 37 km (2000)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines total: 829 km paved: 580 km unpaved: 249 km (2003)
Samoa total: 2,337 km paved: 332 km unpaved: 2,005 km (2001)
San Marino total: 292 km paved: 292 km (2006)
Sao Tome and Principe total: 320 km paved: 218 km unpaved: 102 km (2000)
Saudi Arabia total: 221,372 km paved: 47,529 km (includes 3,891 km of expressways) unpaved: 173,843 km (2006)
Senegal total: 13,576 km paved: 3,972 km (includes 7 km of expressways) unpaved: 9,604 km (2003)
Serbia total: 36,884 km paved: 31,938 km unpaved: 4,946 km (2007)
Seychelles total: 458 km paved: 440 km unpaved: 18 km (2003)
Sierra Leone total: 11,300 km paved: 904 km unpaved: 10,396 km (2002)
Singapore total: 3,356 km paved: 3,356 km (includes 161 km of expressways) (2009)
Sint Maarten total: 53 km
Slovakia total: 43,761 km paved: 38,085 km (includes 384 km of expressways) unpaved: 5,676 km (2008)
Slovenia total: 38,873 km paved: 38,873 km (includes 696 km of expressways) (2008)
Solomon Islands total: 1,360 km paved: 33 km unpaved: 1,327 km note: includes 800 km of private plantation roads (2002)
Somalia total: 22,100 km paved: 2,608 km unpaved: 19,492 km (2000)
South Africa total: 362,099 km paved: 73,506 km (includes 239 km of expressways) unpaved: 288,593 km (2002)
Spain total: 681,298 km paved: 681,298 km (includes 15,152 km of expressways) (2008)
Sri Lanka total: 91,907 km (2008)
Sudan total: 11,900 km paved: 4,320 km unpaved: 7,580 km (2000)
Suriname total: 4,304 km paved: 1,130 km unpaved: 3,174 km (2003)
Swaziland total: 3,594 km paved: 1,078 km unpaved: 2,516 km (2002)
Sweden total: 572,900 km (includes 1,855 km of expressways) note: (includes 98,400 km of state roads, 433,500 km of private roads, and 41,000 km of muncipal roads; 215,700 km of these are open to public traffic) (2009)
Switzerland total: 71,384 km paved: 71,384 km (includes 1,793 of expressways) (2009)
Syria total: 97,401 km paved: 19,490 km (includes 1,103 km of expressways) unpaved: 77,911 km (2006)
Taiwan total: 41,279 km paved: 40,843 km (includes 976 km of expressways) unpaved: 436 km (2008)
Tajikistan total: 27,767 km (2000)
Tanzania total: 78,892 km paved: 4,741 km unpaved: 74,151 km (2007)
Thailand total: 180,053 km (includes 450 km of expressways) (2006)
Timor-Leste total: 6,040 km paved: 2,600 km unpaved: 3,440 km (2005)
Togo total: 7,520 km paved: 2,376 km unpaved: 5,144 km (2000)
Tonga total: 680 km paved: 184 km unpaved: 496 km (2000)
Trinidad and Tobago total: 8,320 km paved: 4,252 km unpaved: 4,068 km (2000)
Tunisia total: 19,232 km paved: 12,655 km (includes 262 km of expressways) unpaved: 6,577 km (2006)
Turkey total: 352,046 km paved: 313,151 km (includes 2,010 km of expressways) unpaved: 38,895 km (2008)
Turkmenistan total: 58,592 km paved: 47,577 km unpaved: 11,015 km (2002)
Turks and Caicos Islands total: 121 km paved: 24 km unpaved: 97 km (2003)
Tuvalu total: 8 km paved: 8 km (2002)
Uganda total: 70,746 km paved: 16,272 km unpaved: 54,474 km (2003)
Ukraine total: 169,495 km paved: 165,820 km (includes 15 km of expressways) unpaved: 3,675 km (2009)
United Arab Emirates total: 4,080 km paved: 4,080 km (includes 253 km of expressways) (2008)
United Kingdom total: 394,428 km paved: 394,428 km (includes 3,519 km of expressways) (2009)
United States total: 6,506,204 km paved: 4,374,784 km (includes 75,238 km of expressways) unpaved: 2,131,420 km (2008)
Uruguay total: 77,732 km paved: 7,743 km unpaved: 69,989 km (2010)
Uzbekistan total: 86,496 km paved: 75,511 km unpaved: 10,985 km (2000)
Vanuatu total: 1,070 km paved: 256 km unpaved: 814 km (1999)
Venezuela total: 96,155 km paved: 32,308 km unpaved: 63,847 km (2002)
Vietnam total: 171,392 km paved: 125,789 km unpaved: 45,603 km (2008)
Virgin Islands total: 1,260 km (2008)
West Bank total: 5,147 km paved: 5,147 km note: includes Gaza Strip (2006)
World total: 102,260,304 km (2008)
Yemen total: 71,300 km paved: 6,200 km unpaved: 65,100 km (2005)
Zambia total: 91,440 km paved: 20,117 km unpaved: 71,323 km (2001)
Zimbabwe total: 97,267 km paved: 18,481 km unpaved: 78,786 km (2002)
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Field Listing :: Illicit drugs
This entry gives information on the five categories of illicit drugs - narcotics, stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis. These categories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed by doctors as well as those illegally produced and sold outside of medical channels. Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provides hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana (pot, Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol), hashish (hash), and hashish oil (hash oil). Coca (mostly Erythroxylum coca) is a bush with leaves that contain the stimulant used to make cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa, which comes from cacao seeds and is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter. Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush. Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and include chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide (Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid). Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral change in an individual. Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that results in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an individual. Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and emotion. Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc, buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others (psilocybin, psilocyn). Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine. Mandrax is a trade name for methaqualone, a pharmaceutical depressant. Marijuana is the dried leaf of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Methaqualone is a pharmaceutical depressant, referred to as mandrax in Southwest Asia and Africa. Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include opium (paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol with codeine, Empirin with codeine, Robitussin AC), and thebaine. Semisynthetic narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), and others (Darvon, Lomotil). Opium is the brown, gummy exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium poppy. Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for the natural and semisynthetic narcotics. Poppy straw is the entire cut and dried opium poppy-plant material, other than the seeds. Opium is extracted from poppy straw in commercial operations that produce the drug for medical use. Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha edulis that is chewed or drunk as tea. Quaaludes is the North American slang term for methaqualone, a pharmaceutical depressant. Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and activity, and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn, Dexedrine), ephedrine, ecstasy (clarity, essence, doctor, Adam), phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and others (Cylert, Sanorex, Tenuate). Country
Illicit drugs
Afghanistan world's largest producer of opium; poppy cultivation decreased 22% to 157,000 hectares in 2008 but remains at a historically high level; less favorable growing conditions in 2008 reduced potential opium production to 5,500 metric tons, down 31 percent from 2007; if the entire opium crop were processed, 648 metric tons of pure heroin potentially could be produced; the Taliban and other antigovernment groups participate in and profit from the opiate trade, which is a key source of revenue for the Taliban inside Afghanistan; widespread corruption and instability impede counterdrug efforts; most of the heroin consumed in Europe and Eurasia is derived from Afghan opium; vulnerable to drug money laundering through informal financial networks; regional source of hashish (2008)
Albania increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to a lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe; limited opium and expanding cannabis production; ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expanding in Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regional trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens
Angola used as a transshipment point for cocaine destined for Western Europe and other African states, particularly South Africa
Anguilla transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the US and Europe
Antigua and Barbuda considered a minor transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and Europe; more significant as an offshore financial center
Argentina a transshipment country for cocaine headed for Europe, heroin headed for the US, and ephedrine and pseudoephedrine headed for Mexico; some money-laundering activity, especially in the Tri-Border Area; law enforcement corruption; a source for precursor chemicals; increasing domestic consumption of drugs in urban centers, especially cocaine base and synthetic drugs (2008)
Armenia illicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domestic consumption; minor transit point for illicit drugs - mostly opium and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to a lesser extent the rest of Europe
Aruba transit point for US- and Europe-bound narcotics with some accompanying money-laundering activity; relatively high percentage of population consumes cocaine
Australia Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate; major consumer of cocaine and amphetamines
Austria transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; increasing consumption of European-produced synthetic drugs
Azerbaijan limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; small government eradication program; transit point for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to a lesser extent the rest of Europe
Bahamas, The transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for US and Europe; offshore financial center
Bangladesh transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring countries
Barbados one of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcotics bound for Europe and the US; offshore financial center
Belarus limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to and via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; a small and lightly regulated financial center; anti-money-laundering legislation does not meet international standards and was weakened further when know-your-customer requirements were curtailed in 2008; few investigations or prosecutions of money-laundering activities (2008)
Belgium growing producer of synthetic drugs and cannabis; transit point for US-bound ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine, heroin, hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe; despite a strengthening of legislation, the country remains vulnerable to money laundering related to narcotics, automobiles, alcohol, and tobacco; significant domestic consumption of ecstasy
Belize transshipment point for cocaine; small-scale illicit producer of cannabis, primarily for local consumption; offshore sector money-laundering activity related to narcotics trafficking and other crimes (2008)
Benin transshipment point used by traffickers for cocaine destined for Western Europe; vulnerable to money laundering due to poorly enforced financial regulations (2008)
Bolivia world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and Peru) with an estimated 29,500 hectares under cultivation in 2007, increased slightly when compared to 2006; third largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 120 metric tons potential pure cocaine in 2007; transit country for Peruvian and Colombian cocaine destined for Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Europe; cultivation generally increasing since 2000, despite eradication and alternative crop programs; weak border controls; some money-laundering activity related to narcotics trade; major cocaine consumption (2008)
Bosnia and Herzegovina increasingly a transit point for heroin being trafficked to Western Europe; minor transit point for marijuana; remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering activity given a primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law enforcement, and instances of corruption
Brazil second-largest consumer of cocaine in the world; illicit producer of cannabis; trace amounts of coca cultivation in the Amazon region, used for domestic consumption; government has a large-scale eradication program to control cannabis; important transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, and Peruvian cocaine headed for Europe; also used by traffickers as a way station for narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia; upsurge in drug-related violence and weapons smuggling; important market for Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine; illicit narcotics proceeds are often laundered through the financial system; significant illicit financial activity in the Tri-Border Area (2008)
British Virgin Islands transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the US and Europe; large offshore financial center makes it vulnerable to money laundering
Brunei drug trafficking and illegally importing controlled substances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatory death penalty
Bulgaria major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the European market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; vulnerable to money laundering because of corruption, organized crime; some money laundering of drug-related proceeds through financial institutions (2008)
Burma remains world's second largest producer of illicit opium with an estimated production in 2008 of 340 metric tons, an increase of 26%, and poppy cultivation in 2008 totaled 22,500 hectares, a 4% increase from 2007; production in the United Wa State Army's areas of greatest control remains low; Shan state is the source of 94% of Burma's poppy cultivation; lack of government will to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional consumption (2008)
Cambodia narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the government, military, and police; limited methamphetamine production; vulnerable to money laundering due to its cash-based economy and porous borders
Canada illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market and export to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; increasing ecstasy production, some of which is destined for the US; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering because of its mature financial services sector
Cape Verde used as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine destined for Western Europe, particularly because of Lusophone links to Brazil, Portugal, and Guinea-Bissau; has taken steps to deter drug money laundering, including a 2002 anti-money laundering reform that criminalizes laundering the proceeds of narcotics trafficking and other crimes and the establishment in 2008 of a Financial Intelligence Unit (2008)
Cayman Islands major offshore financial center; vulnerable to drug transshipment to the US and Europe (2008)
Chile transshipment country for cocaine destined for Europe and the region; some money laundering activity, especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone; imported precursors passed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption is rising, making Chile a significant consumer of cocaine (2008)
China major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle region of Southeast Asia; growing domestic consumption of synthetic drugs, and heroin from Southeast and Southwest Asia; source country for methamphetamine and heroin chemical precursors, despite new regulations on its large chemical industry (2008)
Colombia illicit producer of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis; world's leading coca cultivator with 167,000 hectares in coca cultivation in 2007, a 6% increase over 2006, producing a potential of 535 mt of pure cocaine; the world's largest producer of coca derivatives; supplies cocaine to nearly all of the US market and the great majority of other international drug markets; in 2005, aerial eradication dispensed herbicide to treat over 130,000 hectares but aggressive replanting on the part of coca growers means Colombia remains a key producer; a significant portion of narcotics proceeds are either laundered or invested in Colombia through the black market peso exchange; important supplier of heroin to the US market; opium poppy cultivation is estimated to have fallen 25% between 2006 and 2007; most Colombian heroin is destined for the US market (2008)