Part 380
India $254 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $273.9 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Indonesia $51.64 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $56.92 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Iran $96.56 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $82.06 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Iraq $49.8 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $30.66 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Ireland $1.023 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $926.2 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Israel $42.51 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $28.52 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Italy $105.3 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $94.33 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Jamaica $1.767 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $1.879 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Japan $1.011 trillion (31 December 2008 est.) $954.1 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Jordan $8.918 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $7.929 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Kazakhstan $19.87 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $17.63 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Kenya $2.879 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $3.355 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Korea, South $201.2 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $262.2 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Kosovo $NA
Kuwait $17.23 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $16.78 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Kyrgyzstan $1.225 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $1.177 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Laos $803 million (31 December 2008 est.) $540 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Latvia $5.248 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $5.758 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Lebanon $28.28 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $20.55 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Lesotho $993 million (31 December 2008 est.) $874 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Libya $92.51 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $79.6 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Lithuania $6.441 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $7.721 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Luxembourg $397.8 million (31 December 2008 est.) $205.5 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Macedonia $2.109 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $2.265 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Madagascar $982.3 million (31 December 2008 est.) $846.7 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Malawi $185 million (31 December 2008 est.) $217.2 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Malaysia $91.21 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $101.1 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Malta $373.4 million (31 December 2008 est.) $3.798 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Mauritius $1.785 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $1.822 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Mexico $95.3 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $87.19 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Moldova $1.672 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $1.334 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Montenegro $NA
Morocco $22.72 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $24.72 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Mozambique $1.578 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $1.445 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Namibia $1.293 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $896 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Netherlands $28.51 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $26.98 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
New Zealand $11.15 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $17.25 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Nicaragua $1.141 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $1.103 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Nigeria $53 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $51.33 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Norway $50.95 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $60.84 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Oman $11.58 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $9.524 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Pakistan $8.903 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $15.69 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Panama $2.693 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $1.935 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Papua New Guinea $1.987 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $2.087 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Paraguay $2.863 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $2.462 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Peru $31.25 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $27.78 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Philippines $37.55 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $33.75 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Poland $62.18 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $65.75 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Portugal $11.95 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $11.55 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Qatar $9.998 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $9.752 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Romania $39.47 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $39.96 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Russia $427.1 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $476.4 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Rwanda $596 million (31 December 2008 est.) $552.8 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Samoa $70.15 million (FY03/04)
Sao Tome and Principe $43 million (31 December 2008 est.) $39 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Saudi Arabia $30.59 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $34.01 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Senegal $1.601 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $1.66 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Serbia $14.22 billion (2007 est.) $14.22 billion (2007 est.)
Seychelles $64 million (31 December 2008 est.) $40.8 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Singapore $174.2 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $163 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Slovakia $18.78 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $18.96 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Slovenia $7.57 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $5.682 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
South Africa $34.07 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $32.94 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Spain $20.25 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $19.05 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Sri Lanka $2.655 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $3.644 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Sudan $1.399 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $1.378 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Suriname $263.3 million (2006)
Swaziland $752 million (31 December 2008 est.) $774.2 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Sweden $29.72 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $31.04 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Switzerland $74.07 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $75.37 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Syria $6.765 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $6.507 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Taiwan $296.4 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $275 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Tajikistan $195 million (31 December 2008 est.) $328 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Tanzania $2.869 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $2.91 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Thailand $111 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $87.46 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Togo $580 million (31 December 2008 est.) $438 million (31 December 2007 est.)
Tonga $40.83 million (yearend, FY04/05)
Trinidad and Tobago $9.496 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $6.745 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Tunisia $8.853 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $7.854 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Turkey $73.66 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $76.51 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Turkmenistan $13.88 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $13.19 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Uganda $2.301 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $2.56 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Ukraine $31.54 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $32.48 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
United Arab Emirates $31.69 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $77.24 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
United Kingdom $52.98 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $57.3 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
United States $77.65 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $70.57 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Uruguay $6.36 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $4.121 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Uzbekistan $10.15 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $7.413 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Vanuatu $40.54 million (2003)
Venezuela $42.3 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $33.48 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Vietnam $24.18 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $23.75 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Yemen $8.157 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $7.759 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Zambia $1.096 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $1.09 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Zimbabwe $96 million (31 December 2008 est.) $117 million (31 December 2007 est.)
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@2189
Field Listing :: Union name
Country
Union name
European Union conventional long form: European Union abbreviation: EU
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@2190
Field Listing :: Political structure
Country
Political structure
European Union a hybrid intergovernmental and supranational organization
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@2191
Field Listing :: Member states
Country
Member states
European Union 27 countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK; note - Canary Islands (Spain), Azores and Madeira (Portugal), French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Reunion (France) are sometimes listed separately even though they are legally a part of Spain, Portugal, and France; candidate countries: Croatia, Macedonia, Turkey
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@2192
Field Listing :: Preliminary statement
Country
Preliminary statement
European Union The evolution of the European Union (EU) from a regional economic agreement among six neighboring states in 1951 to today's supranational organization of 27 countries across the European continent stands as an unprecedented phenomenon in the annals of history. Dynastic unions for territorial consolidation were long the norm in Europe. On a few occasions even country-level unions were arranged - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Austro-Hungarian Empire were examples - but for such a large number of nation-states to cede some of their sovereignty to an overarching entity is truly unique. Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur, and it has many of the attributes associated with independent nations: its own flag, anthem, founding date, and currency, as well as an incipient common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations. In the future, many of these nation-like characteristics are likely to be expanded. Thus, inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has been deemed appropriate as a new, separate entity in The World Factbook. However, because of the EU's special status, this description is placed after the regular country entries.
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@2193
Field Listing :: Major infectious diseases
This entry lists major infectious diseases likely to be encountered in countries where the risk of such diseases is assessed to be very high as compared to the United States. These infectious diseases represent risks to US government personnel traveling to the specified country for a period of less than three years. The degree of risk is assessed by considering the foreign nature of these infectious diseases, their severity, and the probability of being affected by the diseases present. The diseases listed do not necessarily represent the total disease burden experienced by the local population. The risk to an individual traveler varies considerably by the specific location, visit duration, type of activities, type of accommodations, time of year, and other factors. Consultation with a travel medicine physician is needed to evaluate individual risk and recommend appropriate preventive measures such as vaccines. Diseases are organized into the following six exposure categories shown in italics and listed in typical descending order of risk. Note: The sequence of exposure categories listed in individual country entries may vary according to local conditions. food or waterborne diseases acquired through eating or drinking on the local economy: Hepatitis A - viral disease that interferes with the functioning of the liver; spread through consumption of food or water contaminated with fecal matter, principally in areas of poor sanitation; victims exhibit fever, jaundice, and diarrhea; 15% of victims will experience prolonged symptoms over 6-9 months; vaccine available. Hepatitis E - water-borne viral disease that interferes with the functioning of the liver; most commonly spread through fecal contamination of drinking water; victims exhibit jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and dark colored urine. Typhoid fever - bacterial disease spread through contact with food or water contaminated by fecal matter or sewage; victims exhibit sustained high fevers; left untreated, mortality rates can reach 20%. vectorborne diseases acquired through the bite of an infected arthropod: Malaria - caused by single-cell parasitic protozoa Plasmodium; transmitted to humans via the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito; parasites multiply in the liver attacking red blood cells resulting in cycles of fever, chills, and sweats accompanied by anemia; death due to damage to vital organs and interruption of blood supply to the brain; endemic in 100, mostly tropical, countries with 90% of cases and the majority of 1.5-2.5 million estimated annual deaths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Dengue fever - mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti) viral disease associated with urban environments; manifests as sudden onset of fever and severe headache; occasionally produces shock and hemorrhage leading to death in 5% of cases. Yellow fever - mosquito-borne viral disease; severity ranges from influenza-like symptoms to severe hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever; occurs only in tropical South America and sub-Saharan Africa, where most cases are reported; fatality rate is less than 20%. Japanese Encephalitis - mosquito-borne (Culex tritaeniorhynchus) viral disease associated with rural areas in Asia; acute encephalitis can progress to paralysis, coma, and death; fatality rates 30%. African Trypanosomiasis - caused by the parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma; transmitted to humans via the bite of bloodsucking Tsetse flies; infection leads to malaise and irregular fevers and, in advanced cases when the parasites invade the central nervous system, coma and death; endemic in 36 countries of sub-Saharan Africa; cattle and wild animals act as reservoir hosts for the parasites. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - caused by the parasitic protozoa leishmania; transmitted to humans via the bite of sandflies; results in skin lesions that may become chronic; endemic in 88 countries; 90% of cases occur in Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, and Peru; wild and domesticated animals as well as humans can act as reservoirs of infection. Plague - bacterial disease transmitted by fleas normally associated with rats; person-to-person airborne transmission also possible; recent plague epidemics occurred in areas of Asia, Africa, and South America associated with rural areas or small towns and villages; manifests as fever, headache, and painfully swollen lymph nodes; disease progresses rapidly and without antibiotic treatment leads to pneumonic form with a death rate in excess of 50%. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - tick-borne viral disease; infection may also result from exposure to infected animal blood or tissue; geographic distribution includes Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe; sudden onset of fever, headache, and muscle aches followed by hemorrhaging in the bowels, urine, nose, and gums; mortality rate is approximately 30%. Rift Valley fever - viral disease affecting domesticated animals and humans; transmission is by mosquito and other biting insects; infection may also occur through handling of infected meat or contact with blood; geographic distribution includes eastern and southern Africa where cattle and sheep are raised; symptoms are generally mild with fever and some liver abnormalities, but the disease may progress to hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or ocular disease; fatality rates are low at about 1% of cases. Chikungunya - mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti) viral disease associated with urban environments, similar to Dengue Fever; characterized by sudden onset of fever, rash, and severe joint pain usually lasting 3-7 days, some cases result in persistent arthritis. water contact diseases acquired through swimming or wading in freshwater lakes, streams, and rivers: Leptospirosis - bacterial disease that affects animals and humans; infection occurs through contact with water, food, or soil contaminated by animal urine; symptoms include high fever, severe headache, vomiting, jaundice, and diarrhea; untreated, the disease can result in kidney damage, liver failure, meningitis, or respiratory distress; fatality rates are low but left untreated recovery can take months. Schistosomiasis - caused by parasitic trematode flatworm Schistosoma; fresh water snails act as intermediate host and release larval form of parasite that penetrates the skin of people exposed to contaminated water; worms mature and reproduce in the blood vessels, liver, kidneys, and intestines releasing eggs, which become trapped in tissues triggering an immune response; may manifest as either urinary or intestinal disease resulting in decreased work or learning capacity; mortality, while generally low, may occur in advanced cases usually due to bladder cancer; endemic in 74 developing countries with 80% of infected people living in sub-Saharan Africa; humans act as the reservoir for this parasite. aerosolized dust or soil contact disease acquired through inhalation of aerosols contaminated with rodent urine: Lassa fever - viral disease carried by rats of the genus Mastomys; endemic in portions of West Africa; infection occurs through direct contact with or consumption of food contaminated by rodent urine or fecal matter containing virus particles; fatality rate can reach 50% in epidemic outbreaks. respiratory disease acquired through close contact with an infectious person: Meningococcal meningitis - bacterial disease causing an inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord; one of the most important bacterial pathogens is Neisseria meningitidis because of its potential to cause epidemics; symptoms include stiff neck, high fever, headaches, and vomiting; bacteria are transmitted from person to person by respiratory droplets and facilitated by close and prolonged contact resulting from crowded living conditions, often with a seasonal distribution; death occurs in 5-15% of cases, typically within 24-48 hours of onset of symptoms; highest burden of meningococcal disease occurs in the hyperendemic region of sub-Saharan Africa known as the "Meningitis Belt" which stretches from Senegal east to Ethiopia. animal contact disease acquired through direct contact with local animals: Rabies - viral disease of mammals usually transmitted through the bite of an infected animal, most commonly dogs; virus affects the central nervous system causing brain alteration and death; symptoms initially are non-specific fever and headache progressing to neurological symptoms; death occurs within days of the onset of symptoms. Country
Major infectious diseases
Afghanistan degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria animal contact disease: rabies note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Angola degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)
Argentina degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Bangladesh degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations water contact disease: leptospirosis animal contact disease: rabies note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Belize degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Benin degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis animal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Bhutan degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Bolivia degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever water contact disease: leptospirosis (2009)
Botswana degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria (2009)
Burkina Faso degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria and yellow fever water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis animal contact disease: rabies note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Burma degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria water contact disease: leptospirosis animal contact disease: rabies note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)
Burundi degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria water contact disease: schistosomiasis animal contact disease: rabies (2009)
Cambodia degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)