Chapter 330
Western Sahara legal status of territory and issue of sovereignty unresolved; territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a government-in-exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), led by President Mohamed ABDELAZIZ; territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government-in-exile was seated as an Organization of African Unity (OAU) member in 1984; guerrilla activities continued sporadically until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented on 6 September 1991 (Security Council Resolution 690) by the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara or MINURSO
Yemen republic
Zambia republic
Zimbabwe parliamentary democracy
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
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@2129 Unemployment rate (%)
Afghanistan 40% (2005 est.)
Albania 13.2% official rate, but may exceed 30% due to preponderance of near-subsistence farming (2007 est.)
Algeria 11.8% (2007 est.)
American Samoa 29.8% (2005)
Andorra 0% (1996 est.)
Angola extensive unemployment and underemployment affecting more than half the population (2001 est.)
Anguilla 8% (2002)
Antigua and Barbuda 11% (2001 est.)
Argentina 8.5% (2007 est.)
Armenia 7.1% (2007 est.)
Aruba 6.9% (2005 est.)
Australia 4.4% (2007 est.)
Austria 4.4% (2007 est.)
Azerbaijan 1% official rate (2007 est.)
Bahamas, The 7.6% (2006 est.)
Bahrain 15% (2005 est.)
Bangladesh 2.5% (includes underemployment) (2007 est.)
Barbados 10.7% (2003 est.)
Belarus 1.6% officially registered unemployed; large number of underemployed workers (2005)
Belgium 7.5% (2007 est.)
Belize 9.4% (2006)
Benin NA%
Bermuda 2.1% (2004 est.)
Bhutan 2.5% (2004)
Bolivia 7.5% in urban areas; widespread underemployment (2007 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina 45.5% official rate; grey economy may reduce actual unemployment to 25-30% (31 December 2004 est.)
Botswana 7.5% (2007 est.)
Brazil 9.3% (2007 est.)
British Virgin Islands 3.6% (1997)
Brunei 4% (2006)
Bulgaria 7.7% (2007 est.)
Burkina Faso 77% (2004)
Burma 5.2% (2007 est.)
Burundi NA%
Cambodia 2.5% (2000 est.)
Cameroon 30% (2001 est.)
Canada 6% (2007 est.)
Cape Verde 21% (2000 est.)
Cayman Islands 4.4% (2004)
Central African Republic 8% (23% for Bangui) (2001 est.)
Chad NA%
Chile 7% (2007 est.)
China 4% unemployment in urban areas; substantial unemployment and underemployment in rural areas (2007 est.)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands 60% (2000 est.)
Colombia 11.2% (2007 est.)
Comoros 20% (1996 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the NA%
Congo, Republic of the NA%
Cook Islands 13.1% (2005)
Costa Rica 4.6% (2007 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire unemployment may have climbed to 40-50% as a result of the civil war
Croatia 11.8% (2007 est.)
Cuba 1.8% (2007 est.)
Cyprus 3.9% (2007 est.)
Czech Republic 6.6% (2007 est.)
Denmark 2.8% (2007 est.)
Djibouti 59% in urban areas, 83% in rural areas (2007 est.)
Dominica 23% (2000 est.)
Dominican Republic 15.6% (2007 est.)
Ecuador 8.8% (2007 est.)
Egypt 9.1% (2007 est.)
El Salvador 6.2% official rate; but the economy has much underemployment (2007 est.)
Equatorial Guinea 30% (1998 est.)
Eritrea NA%
Estonia 4.7% (2007 est.)
Ethiopia NA%
European Union 8.5% (2006 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) full employment; labor shortage (2001)
Faroe Islands 2.1% (2006)
Fiji 7.6% (1999)
Finland 6.9% (2007 est.)
France 7.9% (2007 est.)
French Polynesia 11.7% (2005)
Gabon 21% (2006 est.)
Gambia, The NA%
Gaza Strip 34.8% (2006)
Georgia 13.6% (2006 est.)
Germany 9% note: this is the International Labor Organization's estimated rate for international comparisons; Germany's Federal Employment Office estimated a seasonally adjusted rate of 10.8% (2007 est.)
Ghana 11% (2000 est.)
Gibraltar 3% (2005 est.)
Greece 8.3% (2007 est.)
Greenland 9.3% (2005 est.)
Grenada 12.5% (2000)
Guam 11.4% (2002 est.)
Guatemala 3.2% (2005 est.)
Guernsey 0.9% (March 2006 est.)
Guinea NA%
Guinea-Bissau NA%
Guyana 9.1% (understated) (2000)
Haiti widespread unemployment and underemployment; more than two-thirds of the labor force do not have formal jobs (2002 est.)
Honduras 27.8% (2007 est.)
Hong Kong 4% (2007 est.)
Hungary 7.3% (2007 est.)
Iceland 1% (2007 est.)
India 7.2% (2007 est.)
Indonesia 9.1% (2007 est.)
Iran 12% according to the Iranian government (2007 est.)
Iraq 18% to 30% (2006 est.)
Ireland 4.6% (2007 est.)
Isle of Man 1.5% (December 2006 est.)
Israel 7.3% (2007 est.)
Italy 6.2% (2007 est.)
Jamaica 9.9% (2007 est.)
Japan 3.8% (2007 est.)
Jersey 2.2% (2006 est.)
Jordan 13.5% official rate; unofficial rate is approximately 30% (2007 est.)
Kazakhstan 7.3% (2007 est.)
Kenya 40% (2001 est.)
Kiribati 2% official rate; underemployment 70% (1992 est.)
Korea, North NA%
Korea, South 3.3% (2007 est.)
Kosovo 43% (2007 est.)
Kuwait 2.2% (2004 est.)
Kyrgyzstan 18% (2004 est.)
Laos 2.4% (2005 est.)
Latvia 5.7% (2007 est.)
Lebanon 20% (2006 est.)
Lesotho 45% (2002)
Liberia 85% (2003 est.)
Libya 30% (2004 est.)
Liechtenstein 1.3% (September 2002)
Lithuania 3.5% note: based on survey data, official registered unemployment of 5.7% (2007 est.)
Luxembourg 4.4% (2007 est.)
Macau 3.1% (2006)
Macedonia 34.9% (2007 est.)
Malawi NA%
Malaysia 3.2% (2007 est.)
Maldives NEGL% (2003 est.)
Mali 30% (2004 est.)
Malta 6.4% (2007 est.)
Marshall Islands 30.9% (2000 est.)
Mauritania 20% (2004 est.)
Mauritius 8.8% (2007 est.)
Mayotte 25.4% (2005)
Mexico 3.7% plus underemployment of perhaps 25% (2007 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of 22% (2000 est.)
Moldova 2.1%; note - roughly 25% of working age Moldovans are employed abroad (2007 est.)
Monaco 0% (2005)
Mongolia 3% (2007)
Montenegro 14.7% (2007 est.)
Montserrat 6% (1998 est.)
Morocco 9.8% (2007 est.)
Mozambique 21% (1997 est.)
Namibia 5.2% (2007 est.)
Nauru 90% (2004 est.)
Nepal 42% (2004 est.)
Netherlands 4.6% (2007 est.)
Netherlands Antilles 17% (2002 est.)
New Caledonia 17.1% (2004)
New Zealand 3.6% (2007 est.)
Nicaragua 4.9% plus underemployment of 46.5% (2007 est.)
Niger NA%
Nigeria 4.9% (2007 est.)
Niue 12% (2001)
Northern Mariana Islands 3.9% (2001)
Norway 2.5% (2007 est.)
Oman 15% (2004 est.)
Pakistan 5.6% plus substantial underemployment (2007 est.)
Palau 4.2% (2005 est.)
Panama 6.4% (2007 est.)
Papua New Guinea 1.9% up to 80% in urban areas (2004)
Paraguay 5.6% (2007 est.)
Peru 6.9% in metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment (2007 est.)
Philippines 7.3% (2007 est.)
Poland 12.8% (2007 est.)
Portugal 8% (2007 est.)
Puerto Rico 12% (2002)
Qatar 0.7% (2007 est.)
Romania 4.1% (2007 est.)
Russia 6.2% (2007 est.)
Rwanda NA%
Saint Helena 14% (1998 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis 4.5% (1997)
Saint Lucia 20% (2003 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 10.3% (1999)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15% (2001 est.)
Samoa NA%
San Marino 3.8% (2004)
Sao Tome and Principe NA%
Saudi Arabia 13% among Saudi males only (local bank estimate; some estimates range as high as 25%) (2004 est.)
Senegal 48% (2007 est.)
Serbia 18.8% (2007 est.)
Seychelles 2% (2006 est.)
Sierra Leone NA%
Singapore 2.1% (2007 est.)
Slovakia 8.4% (2007 est.)
Slovenia 7.7% (2007 est.)
Solomon Islands NA%
Somalia NA%
South Africa 24.3% (2007 est.)
Spain 8.3% (2007 est.)
Sri Lanka 6% (2007 est.)
Sudan 18.7% (2002 est.)
Suriname 9.5% (2004)
Swaziland 40% (2006 est.)
Sweden 6.1% (2007 est.)
Switzerland 2.8% (2007 est.)
Syria 9% (2007 est.)
Taiwan 3.9% (2007 est.)
Tajikistan 2.4% official rate; actual unemployment is higher (2007 est.)
Tanzania NA%
Thailand 1.4% (2007 est.)
Timor-Leste 50% estimated; note - unemployment in urban areas reached 20%; data do not include underemployed (2001 est.)
Togo NA%
Tokelau NA%
Tonga 13% (FY03/04 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago 4.5% (2007 est.)
Tunisia 14.1% (2007 est.)
Turkey 9.9% plus underemployment of 4% (2007 est.)
Turkmenistan 60% (2004 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands 10% (1997 est.)
Tuvalu NA%
Uganda NA%
Ukraine 2.3% officially registered; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers; the International Labor Organization calculates that Ukraine's real unemployment level is nearly 7% (2007 est.)
United Arab Emirates 2.4% (2001)
United Kingdom 5.3% (2007 est.)
United States 4.6% (2007 est.)
Uruguay 9.2% (2007 est.)
Uzbekistan 0.8% officially by the Ministry of Labor, plus another 20% underemployed (2007 est.)
Vanuatu 1.7% (1999)
Venezuela 8.5% (2007 est.)
Vietnam 4.3% (2007 est.)
Virgin Islands 6.2% (2004)
Wallis and Futuna 15.2% (2003)
West Bank 18.6% (2006)
Western Sahara NA%
World 30% combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%-12% unemployment (2007 est.)
Yemen 35% (2003 est.)
Zambia 50% (2000 est.)
Zimbabwe 80% (2005 est.)
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
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@2137 Military - note
Akrotiri Akrotiri has a full RAF base, Headquarters for British Forces on Cyprus, and Episkopi Support Unit
American Samoa defense is the responsibility of the US
Andorra defense is the responsibility of France and Spain
Anguilla defense is the responsibility of the UK
Antarctica the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military nature, such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of military maneuvers, or the testing of any type of weapon; it permits the use of military personnel or equipment for scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes
Argentina the Argentine military is a well-organized force constrained by the country's prolonged economic hardship; the country has recently experienced a strong recovery, and the military is implementing a modernization plan aimed at making the ground forces lighter and more responsive (2008)
Aruba defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Ashmore and Cartier Islands defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force
Barbados the Royal Barbados Defense Force includes a land-based Troop Command and a small Coast Guard; the primary role of the land element is to defend the island against external aggression; the Command consists of a single, part-time battalion with a small regular cadre that is deployed throughout the island; it increasingly supports the police in patrolling the coastline to prevent smuggling and other illicit activities (2007)
Bermuda defense is the responsibility of the UK
Bouvet Island defense is the responsibility of Norway
British Indian Ocean Territory defense is the responsibility of the UK; the US lease on Diego Garcia expires in 2016
British Virgin Islands defense is the responsibility of the UK
Cayman Islands defense is the responsibility of the UK
Christmas Island defense is the responsibility of Australia
Clipperton Island defense is the responsibility of France
Cocos (Keeling) Islands defense is the responsibility of Australia; the territory has a five-person police force
Cook Islands defense is the responsibility of New Zealand, in consultation with the Cook Islands and at its request
Coral Sea Islands defense is the responsibility of Australia
Cuba the collapse of the Soviet Union deprived the Cuban Army of its major economic and logistic support, and had a significant impact on equipment numbers and serviceability; the army remains well trained and professional in nature; while the lack of replacement parts for its existing equipment and the current severe shortage of fuel have increasingly affected operational capabilities, Cuba remains able to offer considerable resistance to any regional power (2008)
Dhekelia includes Dhekelia Garrison and Ayios Nikolaos Station connected by a roadway
European Union the five-nation Eurocorps - created in 1992 by France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, and Luxembourg - has deployed troops and police on peacekeeping missions to Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and assumed command of the ISAF in Afghanistan in August 2004; Eurocorps directly commands the 5,000-man Franco-German Brigade, the Multinational Command Support Brigade, and EUFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina; in November 2004, the EU Council of Ministers formally committed to creating 13 1,500-man battle groups by the end of 2007, to respond to international crises on a rotating basis; 22 of the EU's 25 nations have agreed to supply troops; France, Italy, and the UK formed the first of three battle groups in 2005; Norway, Sweden, Estonia, and Finland established the Nordic Battle Group effective 1 January 2008; nine other groups are to be formed; a rapid-reaction naval EU Maritime Task Group was stood up in March 2007 (2007)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) defense is the responsibility of the UK
Faroe Islands defense is the responsibility of Denmark
French Polynesia defense is the responsibility of France
French Southern and Antarctic Lands defense is the responsibility of France
Georgia a CIS peacekeeping force of Russian troops is deployed in the Abkhazia region of Georgia together with a UN military observer group; a Russian peacekeeping battalion is deployed in South Ossetia
Gibraltar defense is the responsibility of the UK; the Royal Gibraltar Regiment replaced the last British regular infantry forces in 1992
Greenland defense is the responsibility of Denmark
Guam defense is the responsibility of the US
Guernsey defense is the responsibility of the UK
Heard Island and McDonald Islands defense is the responsibility of Australia; Australia conducts fisheries patrols
Holy See (Vatican City) defense is the responsibility of Italy; ceremonial and limited security duties performed by Pontifical Swiss Guard
Hong Kong defense is the responsibility of China
Iceland Iceland has no standing military force; under a 1951 bilateral agreement - still valid - its defense was provided by the US-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik; however, all US military forces in Iceland were withdrawn as of October 2006; although wartime defense of Iceland remains a NATO commitment, in April 2007, Iceland and Norway signed a bilateral agreement providing for Norwegian aerial surveillance and defense of Icelandic airspace (2008)
Isle of Man defense is the responsibility of the UK
Jan Mayen defense is the responsibility of Norway
Jersey defense is the responsibility of the UK
Kiribati Kiribati does not have military forces; defense assistance is provided by Australia and NZ
Laos serving one of the world's least developed countries, the Lao People's Armed Forces (LPAF) is small, poorly funded, and ineffectively resourced; its mission focus is border and internal security, primarily in countering ethnic Hmong insurgent groups; together with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party and the government, the Lao People's Army (LPA) is the third pillar of state machinery, and as such is expected to suppress political and civil unrest and similar national emergencies, but the LPA also has upgraded skills to respond to avian influenza outbreaks; there is no perceived external threat to the state and the LPA maintains strong ties with the neighboring Vietnamese military (2008)
Lesotho Lesotho's declared policy is maintenance of its independent sovereignty and preservation of internal security; in practice, external security is guaranteed by South Africa; restructuring of the Lesotho Defense Force (LDF) and Ministry of Defense and Public Service over the past five years has focused on subordinating the defense apparatus to civilian control and restoring the LDF's cohesion; the restructuring has considerably improved capabilities and professionalism, but the LDF is disproportionately large for a small, poor country; the government has outlined a reduction to a planned 1,500-man strength, but these plans have met with vociferous resistance from the political opposition and from inside the LDF (2008)
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein has no military forces, but is interested in European security policy and is an active member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
Macau defense is the responsibility of China
Maldives the Maldives National Defense Force (MNDF), with its small size and with little serviceable equipment, is inadequate to prevent external aggression and is primarily tasked to reinforce the Maldives Police Service (MPS) and ensure security in the exclusive economic zone (2008)
Marshall Islands defense is the responsibility of the US
Mayotte defense is the responsibility of France; a small contingent of French forces is stationed on the island
Micronesia, Federated States of defense is the responsibility of the US
Monaco defense is the responsibility of France
Montenegro Montenegrin plans call for the establishment of a fully professional armed forces
Montserrat defense is the responsibility of the UK
Nauru Nauru maintains no defense forces; under an informal agreement, defense is the responsibility of Australia
Navassa Island defense is the responsibility of the US
Netherlands Antilles defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
New Caledonia defense is the responsibility of France
Niue defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
Norfolk Island defense is the responsibility of Australia
Northern Mariana Islands defense is the responsibility of the US
Palau defense is the responsibility of the US; under a Compact of Free Association between Palau and the US, the US military is granted access to the islands for 50 years, but it has not stationed any military forces there (2008)
Panama on 10 February 1990, the government of then President ENDARA abolished Panama's military and reformed the security apparatus by creating the Panamanian Public Forces; in October 1994, Panama's Legislative Assembly approved a constitutional amendment prohibiting the creation of a standing military force but allowing the temporary establishment of special police units to counter acts of "external aggression"
Paracel Islands occupied by China
Pitcairn Islands defense is the responsibility of the UK
Puerto Rico defense is the responsibility of the US
Saint Barthelemy defense is the responsibility of France
Saint Helena defense is the responsibility of the UK
Saint Martin defense is the responsibility of France
Saint Pierre and Miquelon defense is the responsibility of France
Samoa Samoa has no formal defense structure or regular armed forces; informal defense ties exist with NZ, which is required to consider any Samoan request for assistance under the 1962 Treaty of Friendship
San Marino defense is the responsibility of Italy
Sao Tome and Principe Sao Tome and Principe's army is a tiny force with almost no resources at its disposal and would be wholly ineffective operating unilaterally; infantry equipment is considered simple to operate and maintain but may require refurbishment or replacement after 25 years in tropical climates; poor pay, working conditions, and alleged nepotism in the promotion of officers have been problems in the past, as reflected in the 1995 and 2003 coups; these issues are being addressed with foreign assistance aimed at improving the army and its focus on realistic security concerns; command is exercised from the president, through the Minister of Defense, to the Chief of the Armed Forces staff (2005)
South Africa with the end of apartheid and the establishment of majority rule, former military, black homelands forces, and ex-opposition forces were integrated into the South African National Defense Force (SANDF); as of 2003 the integration process was considered complete
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands defense is the responsibility of the UK
Spratly Islands Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs of which about 45 are claimed and occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam
Svalbard Svalbard is a territory of Norway, demilitarized by treaty on 9 February 1920
Tokelau defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
Turkey a "National Security Policy Document" adopted in October 2005 increases the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) role in internal security, augmenting the General Directorate of Security and Gendarmerie General Command (Jandarma); the TSK leadership continues to play a key role in politics and considers itself guardian of Turkey's secular state; in April 2007, it warned the ruling party about any pro-Islamic appointments; despite on-going negotiations on EU accession since October 2005, progress has been limited in establishing required civilian supremacy over the military; primary domestic threats are listed as fundamentalism (with the definition in some dispute with the civilian government), separatism (the Kurdish problem), and the extreme left wing; Ankara strongly opposed establishment of an autonomous Kurdish region; an overhaul of the Turkish Land Forces Command (TLFC) taking place under the "Force 2014" program is to produce 20-30% smaller, more highly trained forces characterized by greater mobility and firepower and capable of joint and combined operations; the TLFC has taken on increasing international peacekeeping responsibilities, and took charge of a NATO International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) command in Afghanistan in April 2007; the Turkish Navy is a regional naval power that wants to develop the capability to project power beyond Turkey's coastal waters; the Navy is heavily involved in NATO, multinational, and UN operations; its roles include control of territorial waters and security for sea lines of communications; the Turkish Air Force adopted an "Aerospace and Missile Defense Concept" in 2002 and has initiated project work on an integrated missile defense system; Air Force priorities include attaining a modern deployable, survivable, and sustainable force structure, and establishing a sustainable command and control system (2008)
Turks and Caicos Islands defense is the responsibility of the UK
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges defense is the responsibility of the US
Virgin Islands defense is the responsibility of the US
Wake Island defense is the responsibility of the US; the US Air Force is responsible for overall administration and operation of the island; the launch support facility is administered by the US Missile Defense Agency (MDA)
Wallis and Futuna defense is the responsibility of France