Chapter 270
Romania Supreme Court of Justice (comprised of 11 judges appointed for three-year terms by the president in consultation with the Superior Council of Magistrates, which is comprised of the minister of justice, the prosecutor general, two civil society representatives appointed by the Senate, and 14 judges and prosecutors elected by their peers); a separate body, the Constitutional Court, validates elections and makes decisions regarding the constitutionality of laws, treaties, ordinances, and internal rules of the Parliament; it is comprised of nine members serving nine-year terms, with three members each appointed by the president, the Senate, and the Chamber of Deputies
Russia Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Supreme Arbitration Court; judges for all courts are appointed for life by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president
Rwanda Supreme Court; High Courts of the Republic; Provincial Courts; District Courts; mediation committees
Saint Helena Magistrate's Court; Supreme Court; Court of Appeal
Saint Kitts and Nevis Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based on Saint Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court resides in Saint Kitts and Nevis)
Saint Lucia Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (jurisdiction extends to Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon Superior Tribunal of Appeals or Tribunal Superieur d'Appel
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based on Saint Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court resides in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
Samoa Court of Appeal; Supreme Court; District Court; Land and Titles Court
San Marino Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII
Sao Tome and Principe Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the National Assembly)
Saudi Arabia Supreme Council of Justice
Senegal Constitutional Court; Council of State; Court of Final Appeals or Cour de Cassation; Court of Appeals
Serbia Constitutional Court, Supreme Court (to become court of cassation under new constitution), appellate courts, district courts, municipal courts
Seychelles Court of Appeal; Supreme Court; judges for both courts are appointed by the president
Sierra Leone Supreme Court; Appeals Court; High Court
Singapore Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the president with the advice of the prime minister, other judges are appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice); Court of Appeals
Slovakia Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Council); Constitutional Court (judges appointed by president from group of nominees approved by the National Council); Special Court (judges elected by a council of judges and appointed by president)
Slovenia Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the Judicial Council); Constitutional Court (judges elected for nine-year terms by the National Assembly and nominated by the president)
Solomon Islands Court of Appeal
Somalia following the breakdown of the central government, most regions have reverted to local forms of conflict resolution, either secular, traditional Somali customary law, or Sharia (Islamic) law with a provision for appeal of all sentences
South Africa Constitutional Court; Supreme Court of Appeals; High Courts; Magistrate Courts
Spain Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo
Sri Lanka Supreme Court; Court of Appeals; judges for both courts are appointed by the president
Sudan Constitutional Court of nine justices; National Supreme Court; National Courts of Appeal; other national courts; National Judicial Service Commission will undertake overall management of the National Judiciary
Suriname Cantonal Courts and a Court of Justice as an appellate court (justices are nominated for life)
Swaziland High Court; Supreme Court; judges for both courts are appointed by the monarch
Sweden Supreme Court or Hogsta Domstolen (judges are appointed by the prime minister and the cabinet)
Switzerland Federal Supreme Court (judges elected for six-year terms by the Federal Assembly)
Syria Supreme Judicial Council (appoints and dismisses judges; headed by the president); national level - Supreme Constitutional Court (adjudicates electoral disputes and rules on constitutionality of laws and decrees; justices appointed for four-year terms by the President); Court of Cassation; Appeals Courts (Appeals Courts represent an intermediate level between the Court of Cassation and local level courts); local level - Magistrate Courts; Courts of First Instance; Juvenile Courts; Customs Courts; specialized courts - Economic Security Courts (hear cases related to economic crimes); Supreme State Security Court (hear cases related to national security); Personal Status Courts (religious; hear cases related to marriage and divorce)
Taiwan Judicial Yuan (justices appointed by the president with consent of the Legislative Yuan)
Tajikistan Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)
Tanzania Permanent Commission of Enquiry (official ombudsman); Court of Appeal (consists of a chief justice and four judges); High Court (consists of a Jaji Kiongozi and 29 judges appointed by the president; holds regular sessions in all regions); District Courts; Primary Courts (limited jurisdiction and appeals can be made to the higher courts)
Thailand Supreme Court or Sandika (judges appointed by the monarch)
Timor-Leste Supreme Court of Justice - constitution calls for one judge to be appointed by National Parliament and rest appointed by Superior Council for Judiciary; note - until Supreme Court is established, Court of Appeals is highest court
Togo Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
Tokelau Supreme Court in New Zealand exercises civil and criminal jurisdiction in Tokelau
Tonga Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal (Chief Justice and high court justices from overseas chosen and approved by Privy Council)
Trinidad and Tobago Supreme Court of Judicature (comprised of the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeals; the chief justice is appointed by the president after consultation with the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; other justices are appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission); High Court of Justice; Caribbean Court of Appeals member; Court of Appeals; the highest court of appeal is the Privy Council in London
Tunisia Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation
Turkey Constitutional Court; High Court of Appeals (Yargitay); Council of State (Danistay); Court of Accounts (Sayistay); Military High Court of Appeals; Military High Administrative Court
Turkmenistan Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)
Turks and Caicos Islands Supreme Court; Court of Appeal
Tuvalu High Court (a chief justice visits twice a year to preside over its sessions; its rulings can be appealed to the Court of Appeal in Fiji); eight Island Courts (with limited jurisdiction)
Uganda Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the president and approved by the legislature); High Court (judges are appointed by the president)
Ukraine Supreme Court; Constitutional Court
United Arab Emirates Union Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)
United Kingdom House of Lords (highest court of appeal; several Lords of Appeal in Ordinary are appointed by the monarch for life); Supreme Courts of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (comprising the Courts of Appeal, the High Courts of Justice, and the Crown Courts); Scotland's Court of Session and Court of the Justiciary
United States Supreme Court (nine justices; nominated by the president and confirmed with the advice and consent of the Senate; appointed to serve for life); United States Courts of Appeal; United States District Courts; State and County Courts
Uruguay Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and elected for 10-year terms by the General Assembly)
Uzbekistan Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Supreme Assembly)
Vanuatu Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the president after consultation with the prime minister and the leader of the opposition, three other justices are appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission)
Venezuela Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Tribuna Suprema de Justicia (magistrates are elected by the National Assembly for a single 12-year term)
Vietnam Supreme People's Court (chief justice is elected for a five-year term by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president)
Virgin Islands US District Court of the Virgin Islands (under Third Circuit jurisdiction); Superior Court of the Virgin Islands (judges appointed by the governor for 10-year terms)
Wallis and Futuna justice generally administered under French law by the high administrator, but the three traditional kings administer customary law and there is a magistrate in Mata-Utu; a court of appeal is located in Noumea, New Caledonia
Yemen Supreme Court
Zambia Supreme Court (the final court of appeal; justices are appointed by the president); High Court (has unlimited jurisdiction to hear civil and criminal cases)
Zimbabwe Supreme Court; High Court
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
======================================================================
@2095 Labor force
Afghanistan 15 million (2004 est.)
Albania 1.09 million (not including 352,000 emigrant workers) (September 2006 est.)
Algeria 9.38 million (2007 est.)
American Samoa 17,630 (2005)
Andorra 42,420 (2005)
Angola 7.148 million (2007 est.)
Anguilla 6,049 (2001)
Antigua and Barbuda 30,000 (1991)
Argentina 16.03 million note: urban areas only (2007 est.)
Armenia 1.2 million (2007 est.)
Aruba 41,500 (2004 est.)
Australia 10.95 million (2007 est.)
Austria 3.566 million (2007 est.)
Azerbaijan 5.243 million (2007 est.)
Bahamas, The 181,900 (2006)
Bahrain 437,000 note: 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (2007 est.)
Bangladesh 69.4 million note: extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia; workers' remittances estimated at $4.8 billion in 2005-06. (2007 est.)
Barbados 128,500 (2001 est.)
Belarus 4.3 million (31 December 2005)
Belgium 4.94 million (2007 est.)
Belize 113,000 note: shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel (2006 est.)
Benin 5.38 million (2007 est.)
Bermuda 38,360 (2004)
Bhutan NA note: major shortage of skilled labor
Bolivia 4.377 million (2007 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.026 million (2001)
Botswana 288,400 formal sector employees (2004)
Brazil 99.23 million (2007 est.)
British Virgin Islands 12,770 (2004)
Brunei 180,400 (2006 est.)
Bulgaria 2.593 million (2007 est.)
Burkina Faso 5 million note: a large part of the male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment (2003)
Burma 29.26 million (2007 est.)
Burundi 2.99 million (2002)
Cambodia 7 million (2003 est.)
Cameroon 6.674 million (2007 est.)
Canada 17.95 million (2007 est.)
Cape Verde 120,600 (1990)
Cayman Islands 23,450 (2004)
Central African Republic 1.857 million (2006)
Chad 3.747 million (2006)
Chile 7.167 million (2007 est.)
China 800.7 million (2007 est.)
Christmas Island NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands NA
Colombia 20.5 million (2007 est.)
Comoros 144,500 (1996 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 15 million (2006 est.)
Congo, Republic of the NA
Cook Islands 6,820 (2001)
Costa Rica 1.92 million note: this official estimate excludes Nicaraguans living in Costa Rica (2007 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire 6.907 million (68% agricultural) (2007 est.)
Croatia 1.749 million (2007 est.)
Cuba 4.956 million note: state sector 78%, non-state sector 22% (2007 est.)
Cyprus 393,000 (2007 est.)
Czech Republic 5.36 million (2007 est.)
Denmark 2.86 million (2007 est.)
Djibouti 282,000 (2000)
Dominica 25,000 (2000 est.)
Dominican Republic 4.027 million (2007 est.)
Ecuador 4.51 million (urban) (2007 est.)
Egypt 22.1 million (2007 est.)
El Salvador 2.913 million (2007 est.)
Equatorial Guinea NA
Eritrea NA
Estonia 687,000 (2007 est.)
Ethiopia 27.27 million (1999)
European Union 222.7 million (2006 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 1,724 (est.) (1996)
Faroe Islands 24,250 (October 2000)
Fiji 117,500 (2006 est.)
Finland 2.675 million (2007 est.)
France 27.91 million (2007 est.)
French Polynesia 65,930 (December 2005)
Gabon 582,000 (2007 est.)
Gambia, The 400,000 (1996)
Gaza Strip 267,000 (2006)
Georgia 2.02 million (2007 est.)
Germany 43.54 million (2007 est.)
Ghana 11.29 million (2007 est.)
Gibraltar 12,690 (including non-Gibraltar laborers) (2001)
Greece 4.92 million (2007 est.)
Greenland 32,120 (2004)
Grenada 42,300 (1996)
Guam 62,050 (2002 est.)
Guatemala 3.958 million (2007 est.)
Guernsey 31,470 (March 2006)
Guinea 3.7 million (2006 est.)
Guinea-Bissau 480,000 (1999)
Guyana 418,000 (2001 est.)
Haiti 3.6 million note: shortage of skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant (1995)
Holy See (Vatican City) NA
Honduras 2.779 million (2007 est.)
Hong Kong 3.64 million (2007 est.)
Hungary 4.19 million (2007 est.)
Iceland 181,000 (2007 est.)
India 516.4 million (2007 est.)
Indonesia 109.9 million (2007 est.)
Iran 28.7 million note: shortage of skilled labor (2006 est.)
Iraq 7.4 million (2004 est.)
Ireland 2.217 million (2007 est.)
Isle of Man 39,690 (2001)
Israel 2.894 million (2007 est.)
Italy 24.74 million (2007 est.)
Jamaica 1.255 million (2007 est.)
Japan 66.69 million (2007 est.)
Jersey 53,560 (June 2006)
Jordan 1.563 million (2007 est.)
Kazakhstan 8.229 million (2007 est.)
Kenya 11.85 million (2005 est.)
Kiribati 7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers (2001 est.)
Korea, North 20 million note: estimates vary widely (2004 est.)
Korea, South 24.22 million (2007 est.)
Kosovo 832,000 (June 2007 est.)
Kuwait 2.093 million note: non-Kuwaitis represent about 80% of the labor force (2007 est.)
Kyrgyzstan 2.7 million (2000)
Laos 2.1 million (2006 est.)
Latvia 1.167 million (2007 est.)
Lebanon 1.5 million note: in addition, there are as many as 1 million foreign workers (2005 est.)
Lesotho 838,000 (2000 est.)
Libya 1.83 million (2007 est.)
Liechtenstein 29,500 of whom 13,900 commute from Austria, Switzerland, and Germany to work each day (31 December 2001)
Lithuania 1.603 million (2007 est.)
Luxembourg 205,000 of whom 121,600 are foreign cross-border workers commuting primarily from France, Belgium, and Germany (2007 est.)
Macau 275,000 (2006)
Macedonia 890,000 (2007 est.)
Madagascar 7.3 million (2000)
Malawi 4.5 million (2001 est.)
Malaysia 10.94 million (2007 est.)
Maldives 101,300 (2004)
Mali 5.4 million (2007 est.)
Malta 166,000 (2007 est.)
Marshall Islands 14,680 (2000)
Mauritania 786,000 (2001)
Mauritius 574,000 (2007 est.)
Mayotte 44,560 (2002)
Mexico 44.71 million (2007 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of 37,410 (2000)
Moldova 1.333 million (2007 est.)
Monaco 44,000 note: includes workers from all foreign countries (2005 est.)
Mongolia 1.042 million (2006)
Montenegro 259,100 (2004)
Montserrat 4,521 note: lowered by flight of people from volcanic activity (2000 est.)
Morocco 11.39 million (2007 est.)
Mozambique 9.6 million (2007 est.)
Namibia 660,000 (2007 est.)
Nepal 11.11 million note: severe lack of skilled labor (2006 est.)
Netherlands 7.604 million (2007 est.)
Netherlands Antilles 83,600 (2005)
New Caledonia 78,990 (2004)
New Zealand 2.236 million (2007 est.)
Nicaragua 2.262 million (2007 est.)
Niger 70,000 salaried workers, 60% of whom are employed in the public sector (1995)
Nigeria 50.13 million (2007 est.)
Niue 663 (2001)
Norfolk Island NA
Northern Mariana Islands 44,470 total indigenous labor force; 2,699 unemployed; 28,717 foreign workers (2000)
Norway 2.507 million (2007 est.)
Oman 920,000 (2002 est.)
Pakistan 48.23 million note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor (2007 est.)
Palau 9,777 (2005)
Panama 1.362 million note: shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor (2007 est.)
Papua New Guinea 3.557 million (2007 est.)
Paraguay 2.787 million (2007 est.)
Peru 9.839 million (2007 est.)
Philippines 36.22 million (2007 est.)
Pitcairn Islands 15 able-bodied men (2004)
Poland 16.86 million (2007 est.)
Portugal 5.618 million (2007 est.)
Puerto Rico 1.3 million (2000)
Qatar 881,000 (2007 est.)
Romania 9.3 million (2007 est.)
Russia 75.1 million (2007 est.)
Rwanda 4.6 million (2000)
Saint Helena 2,486 note: 1,200 work offshore (1998 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis 18,170 (June 1995)
Saint Lucia 43,800 (2001 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3,450 (2005)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 41,680 (1991 est.)
Samoa 90,000 (2000 est.)
San Marino 20,470 (2004)
Sao Tome and Principe 35,050 (1991)
Saudi Arabia 6.563 million note: about one-third of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (2007 est.)
Senegal 4.85 million (2007 est.)
Serbia 2.961 million (2002 est.)
Seychelles 39,560 (2006)
Sierra Leone 1.369 million (1981 est.)
Singapore 2.751 million (2007 est.)
Slovakia 2.654 million (2007 est.)
Slovenia 925,000 (2007 est.)
Solomon Islands 249,200 (1999)
Somalia 3.7 million (few skilled laborers) (1975)
South Africa 20.49 million economically active (2007 est.)
Spain 22.19 million (2007 est.)
Sri Lanka 7.489 million (2007 est.)
Sudan 7.415 million (1996 est.)
Suriname 156,700 (2004)
Svalbard NA
Swaziland 300,000 (2006)
Sweden 4.839 million (2007 est.)
Switzerland 3.954 million (2007 est.)
Syria 5.462 million (2007 est.)
Taiwan 10.71 million (2007 est.)
Tajikistan 2.1 million (2007)
Tanzania 20.04 million (2007 est.)
Thailand 36.9 million (2007 est.)
Timor-Leste NA
Togo 1.302 million (1998)
Tokelau 440 (2001)
Tonga 33,910 (2003)
Trinidad and Tobago 622,000 (2007 est.)
Tunisia 3.593 million (2007 est.)
Turkey 23.53 million note: about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2007 est.)
Turkmenistan 2.089 million (2004 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands 4,848 (1990 est.)
Tuvalu 3,615 (2004 est.)
Uganda 14.02 million (2007 est.)
Ukraine 21.58 million (2007 est.)
United Arab Emirates 3.065 million (2007 est.)
United Kingdom 30.89 million (2007 est.)
United States 153.1 million (includes unemployed) (2007 est.)
Uruguay 1.631 million (2007 est.)
Uzbekistan 14.6 million (2007 est.)
Vanuatu 76,410 (1999)
Venezuela 12.37 million (2007 est.)
Vietnam 46.42 million (2007 est.)
Virgin Islands 43,980 (2004 est.)
Wallis and Futuna 3,104 (2003)
West Bank 605,000 (2006)
Western Sahara 12,000 (2005 est.)
World 3.131 billion (2007 est.)
Yemen 6.305 million (2007 est.)
Zambia 4.989 million (2007 est.)
Zimbabwe 4.032 million (2007 est.)
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
======================================================================
@2096 Land boundaries (km)
Afghanistan total: 5,529 km border countries: China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km
Akrotiri total: 47.4 km border countries: Cyprus 47.4 km
Albania total: 717 km border countries: Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Montenegro 172 km, Kosovo 112 km
Algeria total: 6,343 km border countries: Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km, Morocco 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km
American Samoa 0 km
Andorra total: 120.3 km border countries: France 56.6 km, Spain 63.7 km
Angola total: 5,198 km border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,511 km (of which 225 km is the boundary of discontiguous Cabinda Province), Republic of the Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zambia 1,110 km
Anguilla 0 km
Antarctica 0 km note: see entry on Disputes - international
Antigua and Barbuda 0 km
Argentina total: 9,861 km border countries: Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,261 km, Chile 5,308 km, Paraguay 1,880 km, Uruguay 580 km
Armenia total: 1,254 km border countries: Azerbaijan-proper 566 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 221 km, Georgia 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km
Aruba 0 km
Ashmore and Cartier Islands 0 km
Australia 0 km
Austria total: 2,562 km border countries: Czech Republic 362 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366 km, Italy 430 km, Liechtenstein 35 km, Slovakia 91 km, Slovenia 330 km, Switzerland 164 km
Azerbaijan total: 2,013 km border countries: Armenia (with Azerbaijan-proper) 566 km, Armenia (with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave) 221 km, Georgia 322 km, Iran (with Azerbaijan-proper) 432 km, Iran (with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave) 179 km, Russia 284 km, Turkey 9 km
Bahamas, The 0 km
Bahrain 0 km
Bangladesh total: 4,246 km border countries: Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km
Barbados 0 km
Belarus total: 3,306 km border countries: Latvia 171 km, Lithuania 680 km, Poland 605 km, Russia 959 km, Ukraine 891 km
Belgium total: 1,385 km border countries: France 620 km, Germany 167 km, Luxembourg 148 km, Netherlands 450 km
Belize total: 516 km border countries: Guatemala 266 km, Mexico 250 km
Benin total: 1,989 km border countries: Burkina Faso 306 km, Niger 266 km, Nigeria 773 km, Togo 644 km
Bermuda 0 km
Bhutan total: 1,075 km border countries: China 470 km, India 605 km
Bolivia total: 6,940 km border countries: Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,423 km, Chile 860 km, Paraguay 750 km, Peru 1,075 km
Bosnia and Herzegovina total: 1,538 km border countries: Croatia 932 km, Montenegro 249 km, Serbia 357 km
Botswana total: 4,013 km border countries: Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 km
Bouvet Island 0 km
Brazil total: 16,885 km border countries: Argentina 1,261 km, Bolivia 3,423 km, Colombia 1,644 km, French Guiana 730 km, Guyana 1,606 km, Paraguay 1,365 km, Peru 2,995 km, Suriname 593 km, Uruguay 1,068 km, Venezuela 2,200 km
British Indian Ocean Territory 0 km
British Virgin Islands 0 km
Brunei total: 381 km border countries: Malaysia 381 km
Bulgaria total: 1,808 km border countries: Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia 318 km, Turkey 240 km
Burkina Faso total: 3,193 km border countries: Benin 306 km, Cote d'Ivoire 584 km, Ghana 549 km, Mali 1,000 km, Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km
Burma total: 5,876 km border countries: Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km
Burundi total: 974 km border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 233 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km
Cambodia total: 2,572 km border countries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km
Cameroon total: 4,591 km border countries: Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km, Republic of the Congo 523 km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km, Nigeria 1,690 km
Canada total: 8,893 km border countries: US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)