Chapter 263
Macau transshipment point for drugs going into mainland China; consumer of opiates and amphetamines
Macedonia major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for Europe; although not a financial center and most criminal activity is thought to be domestic, money laundering is a problem due to a mostly cash-based economy and weak enforcement
Madagascar illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment point for heroin
Malaysia drug trafficking prosecuted vigorously and carries severe penalties; heroin still primary drug of abuse, but synthetic drug demand remains strong; continued ecstasy and methamphetamine producer for domestic users and, to a lesser extent, the regional drug market
Malta minor transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Western Europe
Mauritius consumer and transshipment point for heroin from South Asia; small amounts of cannabis produced and consumed locally; significant offshore financial industry creates potential for money laundering, but corruption levels are relatively low and the government appears generally to be committed to regulating its banking industry
Mexico major drug-producing nation; cultivation of opium poppy in 2007 rose to 6,900 hectares yielding a potential production of 18 metric tons of pure heroin, or 50 metric tons of "black tar" heroin, the dominant form of Mexican heroin in the western United States; marijuana cultivation increased to 8,900 hectares in 2007 and yielded a potential production of 15,800 metric tons; government conducts the largest independent illicit-crop eradication program in the world; continues as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South America, with an estimated 90% of annual cocaine movements toward the US stopping in Mexico; major drug syndicates control the majority of drug trafficking throughout the country; producer and distributor of ecstasy; significant money-laundering center; major supplier of heroin and largest foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamine to the US market (2007)
Micronesia, Federated States of major consumer of cannabis
Moldova limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and possibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity
Montserrat transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the US and Europe
Morocco one of the world's largest producers of illicit hashish; shipments of hashish mostly directed to Western Europe; transit point for cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe; significant consumer of cannabis
Mozambique southern African transit point for South Asian hashish and heroin, and South American cocaine probably destined for the European and South African markets; producer of cannabis (for local consumption) and methaqualone (for export to South Africa); corruption and poor regulatory capability makes the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center
Nepal illicit producer of cannabis and hashish for the domestic and international drug markets; transit point for opiates from Southeast Asia to the West
Netherlands major European producer of synthetic drugs, including ecstasy, and cannabis cultivator; important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe; major source of US-bound ecstasy; large financial sector vulnerable to money laundering; significant consumer of ecstasy
Netherlands Antilles transshipment point for South American drugs bound for the US and Europe; money-laundering center
New Zealand significant consumer of amphetamines
Nicaragua transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US and transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing
Nigeria a transit point for heroin and cocaine intended for European, East Asian, and North American markets; consumer of amphetamines; safe haven for Nigerian narcotraffickers operating worldwide; major money-laundering center; massive corruption and criminal activity; Nigeria has improved some anti-money-laundering controls, resulting in its removal from the Financial Action Task Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries and Territories List in June 2006; Nigeria's anti-money-laundering regime continues to be monitored by FATF
Pakistan significant transit area for Afghan drugs, including heroin, opium, morphine, and hashish, bound for Iran, Western markets, the Gulf States, Africa, and Asia; financial crimes related to drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling remain problems; opium poppy cultivation estimated to be 2,300 hectares in 2007 with 600 of those hectares eradicated; federal and provincial authorities continue to conduct anti-poppy campaigns that utilizes forced eradication, fines, and arrests
Panama major cocaine transshipment point and primary money-laundering center for narcotics revenue; money-laundering activity is especially heavy in the Colon Free Zone; offshore financial center; negligible signs of coca cultivation; monitoring of financial transactions is improving; official corruption remains a major problem
Papua New Guinea major consumer of cannabis
Paraguay major illicit producer of cannabis, most or all of which is consumed in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile; transshipment country for Andean cocaine headed for Brazil, other Southern Cone markets, and Europe; weak border controls, extensive corruption and money-laundering activity, especially in the Tri-Border Area; weak anti-money-laundering laws and enforcement
Peru until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia; cultivation of coca in Peru declined to 36,000 hectares in 2007; second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 210 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2007; finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa; increasing domestic drug consumption
Philippines domestic methamphetamine production has been a growing problem in recent years despite government crackdowns; major consumer of amphetamines; longstanding marijuana producer mainly in rural areas where Manila's control is limited
Poland despite diligent counternarcotics measures and international information sharing on cross-border crimes, a major illicit producer of synthetic drugs for the international market; minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and Latin American cocaine to Western Europe
Portugal seizing record amounts of Latin American cocaine destined for Europe; a European gateway for Southwest Asian heroin; transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Europe; consumer of Southwest Asian heroin
Romania major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos
Russia limited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and producer of methamphetamine, mostly for domestic consumption; government has active illicit crop eradication program; used as transshipment point for Asian opiates, cannabis, and Latin American cocaine bound for growing domestic markets, to a lesser extent Western and Central Europe, and occasionally to the US; major source of heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and organized crime are key concerns; major consumer of opiates
Saint Kitts and Nevis transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe; some money-laundering activity
Saint Lucia transit point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe; small-scale cannabis cultivation
Saudi Arabia death penalty for traffickers; improving anti-money-laundering legislation and enforcement
Senegal transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and South American cocaine moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of cannabis
Serbia transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering
Singapore drug abuse limited because of aggressive law enforcement efforts; as a transportation and financial services hub, Singapore is vulnerable, despite strict laws and enforcement, as a venue for money laundering
Slovakia transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe; producer of synthetic drugs for regional market; consumer of ecstasy
Slovenia minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals
South Africa transshipment center for heroin, hashish, and cocaine, as well as a major cultivator of marijuana in its own right; cocaine and heroin consumption on the rise; world's largest market for illicit methaqualone, usually imported illegally from India through various east African countries, but increasingly producing its own synthetic drugs for domestic consumption; attractive venue for money launderers given the increasing level of organized criminal and narcotics activity in the region and the size of the South African economy
Spain despite rigorous law enforcement efforts, North African, Latin American, Galician, and other European traffickers take advantage of Spain's long coastline to land large shipments of cocaine and hashish for distribution to the European market; consumer for Latin American cocaine and North African hashish; destination and minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin; money-laundering site for Colombian narcotics trafficking organizations and organized crime
Suriname growing transshipment point for South American drugs destined for Europe via the Netherlands and Brazil; transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing
Switzerland a major international financial center vulnerable to the layering and integration stages of money laundering; despite significant legislation and reporting requirements, secrecy rules persist and nonresidents are permitted to conduct business through offshore entities and various intermediaries; transit country for and consumer of South American cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and Western European synthetics; domestic cannabis cultivation and limited ecstasy production
Syria a transit point for opiates, hashish, and cocaine bound for regional and Western markets; weak anti-money-laundering controls and bank privatization may leave it vulnerable to money laundering
Taiwan regional transit point for heroin, methamphetamine, and precursor chemicals; transshipment point for drugs to Japan; major problem with domestic consumption of methamphetamine and heroin; rising problems with use of ketamine and club drugs
Tajikistan major transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption; Tajikistan seizes roughly 80% of all drugs captured in Central Asia and stands third worldwide in seizures of opiates (heroin and raw opium); significant consumer of opiates
Tanzania growing role in transshipment of Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for South African, European, and US markets and of South Asian methaqualone bound for southern Africa; money laundering remains a problem
Thailand a minor producer of opium, heroin, and marijuana; transit point for illicit heroin en route to the international drug market from Burma and Laos; eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradication efforts; also a drug money-laundering center; minor role in methamphetamine production for regional consumption; major consumer of methamphetamine since the 1990s despite a series of government crackdowns
Timor-Leste NA
Togo transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; money laundering not a significant problem
Trinidad and Tobago transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe; producer of cannabis
Turkey key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe and, to a lesser extent, the US - via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin exist in remote regions of Turkey and near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and over output of poppy straw concentrate; lax enforcement of money-laundering controls
Turkmenistan transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and Western European markets; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan
Turks and Caicos Islands transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the US and Europe
Ukraine limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; some synthetic drug production for export to the West; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin America, and Turkey to Europe and Russia; Ukraine has improved anti-money-laundering controls, resulting in its removal from the Financial Action Task Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries and Territories List in February 2004; Ukraine's anti-money-laundering regime continues to be monitored by FATF
United Arab Emirates the UAE is a drug transshipment point for traffickers given its proximity to Southwest Asian drug-producing countries; the UAE's position as a major financial center makes it vulnerable to money laundering; anti-money-laundering controls improving, but informal banking remains unregulated
United Kingdom producer of limited amounts of synthetic drugs and synthetic precursor chemicals; major consumer of Southwest Asian heroin, Latin American cocaine, and synthetic drugs; money-laundering center
United States world's largest consumer of cocaine (shipped from Colombia through Mexico and the Caribbean), Colombian heroin, and Mexican heroin and marijuana; major consumer of ecstasy and Mexican methamphetamine; minor consumer of high-quality Southeast Asian heroin; illicit producer of cannabis, marijuana, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and methamphetamine; money-laundering center
Uruguay small-scale transit country for drugs mainly bound for Europe, often through sea-borne containers; law enforcement corruption; money laundering because of strict banking secrecy laws; weak border control along Brazilian frontier; increasing consumption of cocaine base and synthetic drugs
Uzbekistan transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and small amounts of opium poppy for domestic consumption; poppy cultivation almost wiped out by government crop eradication program; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan
Venezuela small-scale illicit producer of opium and coca for the processing of opiates and coca derivatives; however, large quantities of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana transit the country from Colombia bound for US and Europe; significant narcotics-related money-laundering activity, especially along the border with Colombia and on Margarita Island; active eradication program primarily targeting opium; increasing signs of drug-related activities by Colombian insurgents on border
Vietnam minor producer of opium poppy; probable minor transit point for Southeast Asian heroin; government continues to face domestic opium/heroin/methamphetamine addiction problems despite longstanding crackdowns
World cocaine: worldwide coca leaf cultivation in 2007 amounted to 232,500 hectares; Colombia produced slightly more than two-thirds of the worldwide crop, followed by Peru and Bolivia; potential pure cocaine production decreased 7% to 865 metric tons in 2007; Colombia conducts aggressive coca eradication campaign, but both Peruvian and Bolivian Governments are hesitant to eradicate coca in key growing areas; 551 metric tons of export-quality cocaine (85% pure) is documented to have been seized or destroyed in 2005; US consumption of export quality cocaine is estimated to have been in excess of 380 metric tons opiates: worldwide illicit opium poppy cultivation continued to increase in 2007, with a potential opium production of 8,400 metric tons, reaching the highest levels recorded since estimates began in mid-1980s; Afghanistan is world's primary opium producer, accounting for 95% of the global supply; Southeast Asia - responsible for 9% of global opium - saw marginal increases in production; Latin America produced 1% of global opium, but most was refined into heroin destined for the US market; if all potential opium was processed into pure heroin, the potential global production would be 1,000 metric tons of heroin in 2007
Zambia transshipment point for moderate amounts of methaqualone, small amounts of heroin, and cocaine bound for southern Africa and possibly Europe; a poorly developed financial infrastructure coupled with a government commitment to combating money laundering make it an unattractive venue for money launderers; major consumer of cannabis
Zimbabwe transit point for cannabis and South Asian heroin, mandrax, and methamphetamines en route to South Africa
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
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@2087 Imports
Afghanistan $3.823 billion (2006)
Albania $3.999 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Algeria $26.25 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
American Samoa $308.8 million (FY04 est.)
Andorra $1.879 billion (2005)
Angola $12.29 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Anguilla $143 million (2006)
Antigua and Barbuda $522.8 million (2007 est.)
Argentina $42.53 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Armenia $2.807 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Aruba $1.054 billion f.o.b. (2006)
Australia $160 billion (2007 est.)
Austria $160.3 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Azerbaijan $6.045 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Bahamas, The $2.401 billion (2006)
Bahrain $10.93 billion (2007 est.)
Bangladesh $16.67 billion (2007 est.)
Barbados $1.586 billion (2006)
Belarus $28.32 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Belgium $323.2 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Belize $642 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Benin $1.085 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Bermuda $1.162 billion (2006)
Bhutan $320 million c.i.f. (2006)
Bolivia $3.249 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina $9.947 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Botswana $3.403 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Brazil $120.6 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
British Virgin Islands $187 million (2002 est.)
Brunei $2 billion c.i.f. (2006)
Bulgaria $28.67 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Burkina Faso $1.296 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Burma $2.942 billion f.o.b. note: import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of consumer goods, diesel fuel, and other products smuggled in from Thailand, China, Malaysia, and India (2007 est.)
Burundi $272 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Cambodia $5.424 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Cameroon $3.714 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Canada $386.4 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Cape Verde $743.6 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Cayman Islands $866.9 million (2004)
Central African Republic $237.3 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Chad $1.158 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Chile $43.99 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
China $904.6 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Christmas Island $NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands $NA
Colombia $31.17 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Comoros $143 million f.o.b. (2006)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the $2.263 billion f.o.b. (2006)
Congo, Republic of the $2.634 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Cook Islands $81.04 million (2005)
Costa Rica $12.26 billion (2007 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire $5.932 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Croatia $25.99 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Cuba $10.08 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Cyprus $7.84 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Czech Republic $116.6 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Denmark $102 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Djibouti $1.555 billion f.o.b. (2006)
Dominica $296 million f.o.b. (2006)
Dominican Republic $13.82 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Ecuador $12.76 billion (2007 est.)
Egypt $44.95 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
El Salvador $8.108 billion (2007 est.)
Equatorial Guinea $3.083 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Eritrea $573 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Estonia $14.75 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Ethiopia $5.165 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
European Union $1.466 trillion; note - external imports, excluding intra-EU trade (2005)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) $90 million (2004 est.)
Faroe Islands $751 million c.i.f. (2006)
Fiji $3.12 billion c.i.f. (2006)
Finland $78.05 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
France $600.9 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
French Polynesia $1.706 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Gabon $2.107 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Gambia, The $271 million f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Gaza Strip $2.44 billion c.i.f.; (includes West Bank) (2005)
Georgia $4.977 billion (2007 est.)
Germany $1.075 trillion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Ghana $8.053 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Gibraltar $2.967 billion c.i.f. (2004 est.)
Greece $80.79 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Greenland $712 million c.i.f. (2006)
Grenada $343 million (2006)
Guam $701 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Guatemala $12.62 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Guernsey $NA
Guinea $1.202 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Guinea-Bissau $200 million f.o.b. (2006)
Guyana $1.006 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Haiti $1.734 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Honduras $8.556 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Hong Kong $365.6 billion (2007 est.)
Hungary $86.88 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Iceland $6.181 billion (2007 est.)
India $230.5 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Indonesia $84.93 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Iran $53.88 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Iraq $25.67 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Ireland $84.76 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Isle of Man $NA
Israel $55.79 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Italy $498.1 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Jamaica $5.784 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Japan $573.3 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Jersey $NA
Jordan $12.02 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Kazakhstan $33.21 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Kenya $8.54 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Kiribati $62 million c.i.f. (2004 est.)
Korea, North $2.879 billion c.i.f. (2006)
Korea, South $349.6 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Kosovo $NA