Chapter 93

Names: conventional long form: Republic of Turkey conventional short form: Turkey local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti local short form: Turkiye Digraph: TU Type: republican parliamentary democracy Capital: Ankara Administrative divisions: 73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak Independence: 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire) Constitution: 7 November 1982 Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923) Political parties and leaders: Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL; Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut YILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal INONU; Refah Party (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT; Nationalist Labor Party (MCP), Alpaslan TURKES; People's Labor Party (HEP), Ahmet TURK; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), Saden AREN; Democratic Center Party (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN; Republican People's Party (CHP), Deniz BAYKAL; Workers' Party (IP), Dogu PERINCEK; National Party (MP), Aykut EDIBALI Other political or pressure groups: Turkish Confederation of Labor (TURK-IS), Sevket YILMAZ Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal Elections: Grand National Assembly: last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%, independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP 19, DSP 7, other 5 Executive branch: president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi) Judicial branch: Court of Cassation

*Turkey, Government

Leaders: Chief of State: President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993) Head of Government: Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since NA June 1993) Member of: AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR chancery: 1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 659-8200 consulates general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara mailing address: PSC 88, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823 telephone: [90] (4) 426 54 70 FAX: [90] (4) 467-0057 and 0019 consulates general: Istanbul and Izmir consulate: Adana Flag: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening

*Turkey, Economy

Overview: After an impressive economic performance through most of the 1980s, Turkey has experienced erratic rates of economic growth since 1988 - ranging from a high of 9.2% in 1990 to a low of 0.9% in 1991. Strong consumer demand and increased public investment led the way to a strong 5.9% growth in 1992. Chronic high inflation is Turkey's most serious economic problem, leading to high interest rates and the rapid depreciation of the Turkish lira. The huge public sector deficit - about 12% of GDP - and the Treasury's heavy reliance on Central Bank financing of the deficit are the major causes of Turkish inflation. Meanwhile, wage increases in both the public and private sector have outpaced productivity gains, limited the government's ability to reduce current expenditures, and hindered the return to profitability of many private companies. Agriculture remains an important economic sector, employing about half of the work force, contributing 18% to GDP, and accounting for about 20% of exports. The government has launched a multibillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The Turkish economy will probably continue to grow faster than the West European average in 1993, but the shaky coalition government of Prime Minister DEMIREL - which has seen its parliamentary majority shrink from 36 to 11 seats during its first year in power - is unlikely to risk further erosion of its support by implementing the belt-tightening measures necessary to substantially reduce inflation. National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $219 billion (1992) National product real growth rate: 5.9% (1992) National product per capita: $3,670 (1992) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 70% (1992) Unemployment rate: 11.1% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues $40.5 billion; expenditures $46.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.5 billion (1993) Exports: $13.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: manufactured goods 69%, foodstuffs 22%, fuels 2% partners: EC countries 51%, US 7%, Iran 5%, former USSR 5% Imports: $21.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: manufactured goods 61%, foodstuffs 8%, fuels 21% partners: EC countries 44%, US 12%, former USSR 5% External debt: $48.7 billion (1991) Industrial production: growth rate 3.2% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP Electricity: 14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh produced, 750 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

*Turkey, Economy

Agriculture: accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of working force; products - tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years Illicit drugs: major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western Europe and the US via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin have sprung up in remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 billion; note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies (1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion Currency: 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 8,814.3 (January 1993), 6,872.4 (1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988) Fiscal year: calendar year

*Turkey, Communications

Railroads: 8,429 km 1.435-meter gauge (including 795 km electrified) Highways: 320,611 km total; 138 km limited access expressways, 31,062 km national (main) roads, 27,853 km regional (secondary) roads, 261,558 km local and municipal roads; 45,526 km of hard surfaced roads (of which about 27,000 km are paved and about 18,500 km are surfaced with gravel or crushed stone) (1988 est.) Inland waterways: about 1,200 km Pipelines: crude oil 1,738 km, petroleum products 2,321 km, natural gas 708 km Ports: Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir Merchant marine: 353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,825,274 GRT/6,628,207 DWT; includes 7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 189 cargo, 1 container, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 39 oil tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 9 combination ore/oil, 2 specialized tanker, 80 bulk, 3 combination bulk Airports: total: 110 usable: 102 with permanent-surface runways: 65 with runways over 3,659 m: 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 26 Telecommunications: fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay microwave network; limited open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 15 AM; 94 FM; 357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean antennas) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable

*Turkey, Defense Forces

Branches: Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie Manpower availability: males age 15-49 15,691,874; fit for military service 9,579,453; reach military age (20) annually 604,816 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $5.6 billion, 3.9% of GDP (1992)

*Turkmenistan, Geography

Location: South Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Uzbekistan Map references: Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 488,100 km2 land area: 488,100 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than California Land boundaries: total 3,736 km, Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km Coastline: 0 km note: Turkmenistan does border the Caspian Sea (1,768 km) Maritime claims: landlocked, but boundaries in the Caspian Sea with Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Iran will have to be negotiated International disputes: none Climate: subtropical desert Terrain: flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; borders Caspian Sea in west Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, salt Land use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 69% forest and woodland: 0% other: 28% Irrigated land: 12,450 km2 (1990) Environment: contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salinization, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods Note: landlocked

*Turkmenistan, People

Population: 3,914,997 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 2.04% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 30.91 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 7.6 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -2.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 71.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 64.93 years male: 61.4 years female: 68.62 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.82 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Turkmen(s) adjective: Turkmen Ethnic divisions: Turkmen 73.3%, Russian 9.8%, Uzbek 9%, Kazakhs 2%, other 5.9% Religions: Muslim 87%, Eastern Orthodox 11%, unknown 2% Languages: Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% Literacy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100% Labor force: 1.542 million by occupation: agriculture and forestry 42%, industry and construction 21%, other 37% (1990)

*Turkmenistan, Government

Names: conventional long form: Republic of Turkmenistan conventional short form: Turkmenistan local long form: Tiurkmenostan Respublikasy local short form: Turkmanistan former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic Digraph: TX Type: republic Capital: Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) Administrative divisions: 5 velayets: Balkan (Nebit Dag), Doshkhovuz (formerly Tashauz), Lebap (Charjev), Mary, Akhal (Ashgabat) note: all oblasts have the same name as their administrative center except Balkan Oblast, centered at Nebit-Dag Independence: 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union) Constitution: adopted 18 May 1992 Legal system: based on civil law system National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1991) Political parties and leaders: ruling party: Democratic Party (formerly Communist), chairman vacant opposition: Party for Democratic Development, Durdymurat HOJA-MUHAMMET, chairman

; Agzybirlik, Nurberdy NURMAMEDOV, cochairman, Hubayberdi HALLIYEV, cochairman Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

*Turkmenistan, Government

Elections: President: last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1997); results - Saparmurad NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed) Majlis: last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) elections not officially by party, but Communist Party members won nearly 90% of seats; note - seats to be reduced to 50 at next election Executive branch: president, prime minister, nine deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers Legislative branch: under 1992 constitution there are two parliamentary bodies, a unicameral People's Council (Halk Maslahaty - having more than 100 members and meeting infrequently) and a 50-member unicameral Assembly (Majlis) Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since NA October 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers Valery G. OCHERTSOV, Orazgeldi AYDOGDYEV, Yagmur OVEZOV, Jourakuli BABAKULIYEV, Matkarim RAJAPOV, Rejep SAPAROV, Boris SHIKHMURADOV (since NA); Chairman of the People's Council Sakhat MURADOV (since NA) Member of: CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: NA chancery: NA telephone: NA US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph S. HULINGS III embassy: Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: [7] 36320 24-49-08 Flag: green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side, with a claret veritcal stripe in between containing five white, black, and orange carpet guls (an assymetrical design used in producing rugs) associated with five different tribes; a white crescent and five white stars in the upper left corner to the right of the carpet guls

*Turkmenistan, Economy

Overview: Like the other 15 former Soviet republics, Turkmenistan faces enormous problems of economic adjustment - to move away from Moscow-based central planning toward a system of decisionmaking by private entrepreneurs, local government authorities, and, hopefully, foreign investors. This process requires wholesale changes in supply sources, markets, property rights, and monetary arrangements. Industry - with 10% of the labor force - is heavily weighted toward the energy sector, which produced 11% of the ex-USSR's gas and 1% of its oil. Turkmenistan ranked second among the former Soviet republics in cotton production, mainly in the irrigated western region, where the huge Karakumskiy Canal taps the Amu Darya. The general decline in national product accelerated in 1992, principally because of inability to obtain spare parts and disputes with customers over the price of natural gas. National product: GDP $NA National product real growth rate: -10% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $NA Inflation rate (consumer prices): 53% per month (first quarter 1993) Unemployment rate: 15%-20% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: $100 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: natural gas, oil, chemicals, cotton, textiles, carpets partners: Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Imports: $100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: machinery and parts, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textiles partners: mostly other than former Soviet Union External debt: $650 million (end 1991 est.) Industrial production: growth rate -17% (1992 est.) Electricity: 2,920,000 kW capacity; 13,100 million kWh produced, 3,079 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: oil and gas, petrochemicals, fertilizers, food processing, textiles Agriculture: cotton, fruits, vegetables Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to Western Europe Economic aid: $280 million offical aid commitments by foreign donors (1992) Currency: retaining Russian ruble as currency; planning to establish own currency, the manat, but no date set (May 1993)

*Turkmenistan, Economy

Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations Fiscal year: calendar year

*Turkmenistan, Communications

Railroads: 2,120 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) Highways: 23,000 km total; 18,300 km hard surfaced, 4,700 km earth (1990) Pipelines: crude oil 250 km, natural gas 4,400 km Ports: inland - Krasnovodsk (Caspian Sea) Airports: total: 7 useable: 7 with permanent-surface runways: 4 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 4 Telecommunications: poorly developed; only 65 telephones per 1000 persons (1991); linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new direct telephone link from Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) to Iran has been established; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 INTELSAT for TV receive-only service; a newly installed satellite earth station provides TV receiver-only capability for Turkish broadcasts

*Turkmenistan, Defense Forces

Branches: National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), Joint Command Turkmenistan/Russia (Ground, Navy or Caspian Sea Flotilla, Air, and Air Defense) Manpower availability: males age 15-49 933,285; fit for military service 765,824; reach military age (18) annually 39,254 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Header

Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Geography

Location: in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 190 km north of the Dominican Republic and southeast of The Bahamas Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total area: 430 km2 land area: 430 km2 comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 389 km Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry Terrain: low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch Land use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 98% Irrigated land: NA km2 Environment: 30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes

*Turks and Caicos Islands, People

Population: 13,137 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 2.97% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 14.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 5.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 20.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.34 years male: 73.41 years female: 77.02 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.17 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: none adjective: none Ethnic divisions: African Religions: Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%, other 19.9% (1980) Languages: English (official) Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1970) total population: 98% male: 99% female: 98% Labor force: NA by occupation: majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence agriculture

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Government

Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Turks and Caicos Islands Digraph: TK Type: dependent territory of the UK Capital: Grand Turk Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK) Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) Constitution: introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a Constitutional Commission is currently reviewing its contents Legal system: based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas National holiday: Constitution Day, 30 August (1976) Political parties and leaders: Progressive National Party (PNP), Washington MISSIC; People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel MISSICK Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: Legislative Council: last held on 3 April 1991 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PNP 8, PDM 5 Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council, chief minister Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Michael J. BRADLEY (since NA 1987) Head of Government: Chief Minister Washington MISSIC (since NA 1991) Member of: CARICOM (associate), CDB Diplomatic representation in US: as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of the Turks and Caicos Islands are represented in the US by the UK US diplomatic representation: none Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Economy

Overview: The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Only subsistence farming - corn, cassava, citrus, and beans - exists on the Caicos Islands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be imported. National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $68.5 million (1989 est.) National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $5,000 (1989 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% Unemployment rate: 12% (1992) Budget: revenues $20.3 million; expenditures $44.0 million, including capital expenditures of $23.9 million (1989) Exports: $4.1 million (f.o.b., 1987) commodities: lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells partners: US, UK Imports: $33.2 million (c.i.f., FY84) commodities: foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials partners: US, UK External debt: $NA Industrial production: growth rate NA% Electricity: 9,050 kW capacity; 11.1 million kWh produced, 860 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: fishing, tourism, offshore financial services Agriculture: subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing more important than farming; not self-sufficient in food Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $110 million Currency: US currency is used Exchange rates: US currency is used Fiscal year: calendar year

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Communications