Chapter 92

Highways: 198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vava'u); 94 km unsealed roads usable only in dry weather Ports: Nukualofa, Neiafu, Pangai Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,765 GRT/10,597 DWT; includes 1 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 liquefied gas Airports: total: 6 usable: 6 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1 Telecommunications: 3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station

*Tonga, Defense Forces

Branches: Tonga Defense Force, Tonga Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines, Royal Tongan Guard, Police Manpower availability: NA Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

*Trinidad and Tobago, Geography

Location: in the extreme southeastern Caribbean Sea, 11 km off the coast of Venezuela Map references: Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 5,130 km2 land area: 5,130 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Delaware Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 362 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or the outer edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; rainy season (June to December) Terrain: mostly plains with some hills and low mountains Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, asphalt Land use: arable land: 14% permanent crops: 17% meadows and pastures: 2% forest and woodland: 44% other: 23% Irrigated land: 220 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms

*Trinidad and Tobago, People

Population: 1,313,738 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 1.1% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 20.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 6.31 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -2.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 16.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.53 years male: 67.91 years female: 73.22 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.35 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s) adjective: Trinidadian, Tobagonian Ethnic divisions: black 43%, East Indian 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1% Religions: Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other Protestant 14%, Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1% Languages: English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 95% male: 97% female: 93% Labor force: 463,900 by occupation: construction and utilities 18.1%, manufacturing, mining, and quarrying 14.8%, agriculture 10.9%, other 56.2% (1985 est.)

*Trinidad and Tobago, Government

Names: conventional long form: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago conventional short form: Trinidad and Tobago Digraph: TD Type: parliamentary democracy Capital: Port-of-Spain Administrative divisions: 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva,, Port-of-Spain*,, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, San Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria, Independence: 31 August 1962 (from UK) Constitution: 31 August 1976 Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 31 August (1962) Political parties and leaders: People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING; United National Congress (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY; National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), Carson CHARLES; Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH; National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), Makandal DAAGA Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: House of Representatives: last held 16 December 1991 (next to be held by December 1996); results - PNM 32%, UNC 13%, NAR 2%; seats - (36 total) PNM 21, UNC 13, NAR 2 Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987) Head of Government: Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn MANNING (since 17 December 1991) Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Corinne BAPTISTE chancery: 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 467-6490

*Trinidad and Tobago, Government

consulate general: New York US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Sally G. COWAL embassy: 15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain mailing address: P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain telephone: (809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176 FAX: (809) 628-5462 Flag: red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side

*Trinidad and Tobago, Economy

Overview: Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy has begun to emerge from a lengthy depression in the last few years. The economy fell sharply through most of the 1980s, largely because of the decline in oil prices. This sector accounts for 80% of export earnings and almost 20% of GDP. The government, in response to the oil revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measures that pushed the unemployment rate as high as 22% in 1988. The economy showed signs of recovery in 1990 and 1991, however, helped along by rising oil prices. Agriculture employs only about 11% of the labor force and produces about 3% of GDP. Since this sector is small, it has been unable to absorb the large numbers of the unemployed. The government currently seeks to diversify its export base. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5 billion (1991) National product real growth rate: 2.6% (1991) National product per capita: $3,800 (1991) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.8% (1991) Unemployment rate: 18.5% (1991) Budget: revenues $1.6 billion; expenditures $1.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $158 million (1993 est.) Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: includes reexports - petroleum and petroleum products 82%, steel products 9%, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1988) partners: US 49%, CARICOM 12% Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: raw materials and intermediate goods 48%, capital goods 29%, consumer goods 23% (1991) partners: US 39%, Venezuela 14%, UK 7%, CARICOM 5% (1991) External debt: $2.4 billion (1991) Industrial production: growth rate 2.3%, excluding oil refining (1986); accounts for 40% of GDP, including petroleum Electricity: 1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,480 million kWh produced, 2,680 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage, cotton textiles Agriculture: accounts for 3% of GDP; highly subsidized sector; major crops - cocoa, sugarcane; sugarcane acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables; poultry sector most important source of animal protein; must import large share of food needs Illicit drugs: transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US

*Trinidad and Tobago, Economy

Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 million Currency: 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents Exchange rates: Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 - 4.2500 (fixed rate since 1989) Fiscal year: calendar year

*Trinidad and Tobago, Communications

Railroads: minimal agricultural railroad system near San Fernando Highways: 8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unimproved earth Pipelines: crude oil 1,032 km, petroleum products 19 km, natural gas 904 km Ports: Port-of-Spain, Pointe-a-Pierre, Scarborough Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,507 GRT/21,923 DWT Airports: total: 6 usable: 5 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1 Telecommunications: excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

*Trinidad and Tobago, Defense Forces

Branches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (including Ground Forces, Coast Guard, and Air Wing), Trinidad and Tobago Police Service Manpower availability: males age 15-49 351,183; fit for military service 253,084 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $59 million, 1-2% of GDP (1989 est.)

*Tromelin Island, Header

Affiliation: (possession of France)

*Tromelin Island, Geography

Location: in the western Indian Ocean, 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of Reunion Map references: World Area: total area: 1 km2 land area: 1 km2 comparative area: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 3.7 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 12 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles Climate: tropical Terrain: sandy Natural resources: fish Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% (scattered bushes) Irrigated land: 0 km2 Environment: wildlife sanctuary Note: climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones

*Tromelin Island, People

Population: uninhabited

*Tromelin Island, Government

Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Tromelin Island local long form: none local short form: Ile Tromelin Digraph: TE Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in Reunion Capital: none; administered by France from Reunion Independence: none (possession of France)

*Tromelin Island, Economy

Overview: no economic activity

*Tromelin Island, Communications

Ports: none; offshore anchorage only Airports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 0 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0 Telecommunications: important meteorological station

*Tromelin Island, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of France

*Tunisia, Geography

Location: Northern Africa, 144 km from Italy across the Strait of Sicily, between Algeria and Libya Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 163,610 km2 land area: 155,360 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Georgia Land boundaries: total 1,424 km, Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km Coastline: 1,148 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land boundary disputes with Algeria under discussion Climate: temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south Terrain: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara Natural resources: petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt Land use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 10% meadows and pastures: 19% forest and woodland: 4% other: 47% Irrigated land: 2,750 km2 (1989) Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification Note: strategic location in central Mediterranean

*Tunisia, People

Population: 8,570,868 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 1.84% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 24.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 5.04 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -0.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 35.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.54 years male: 70.55 years female: 74.62 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.02 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Tunisian(s) adjective: Tunisian Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1% Religions: Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish 1% Languages: Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce) Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 65% male: 74% female: 56% Labor force: 2.25 million by occupation: agriculture 32% note: shortage of skilled labor

*Tunisia, Government

Names: conventional long form: Republic of Tunisia conventional short form: Tunisia local long form: Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah local short form: Tunis Digraph: TS Type: republic Capital: Tunis Administrative divisions: 23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous, Bizerte, Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba, Kairouan, Kasserine, Kebili, L'Ariana, Le Kef, Mahdia, Medenine, Monastir, Nabeul, Sfax, Sidi Bou Zid, Siliana, Sousse, Tataouine, Tozeur, Tunis, Zaghouan Independence: 20 March 1956 (from France) Constitution: 1 June 1959 Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session National holiday: National Day, 20 March (1956) Political parties and leaders: Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (official ruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS), Mohammed MOUAADA; five other political parties are legal, including the Communist Party Other political or pressure groups: the Islamic fundamentalist party, An Nahda (Rebirth), is outlawed Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal Elections: President: last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA March 1994); results - Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without opposition Chamber of Deputies: last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA April 1994); results - RCD 80.7%, independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other 2.4%; seats - (141 total) RCD 141 Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab) Judicial branch: Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation) Leaders: Chief of State: President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987) Head of Government: Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989)

*Tunisia, Government

Member of: ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAPEC (withdrew from active membership in 1986), OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ismail KHELIL chancery: 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005 telephone: (202) 862-1850 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador John T. McCARTHY embassy: 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [216] (1) 782-566 FAX: [216] (1) 789-719 Flag: red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam

*Tunisia, Economy

Overview: The economy depends primarily on petroleum, phosphates, tourism, and exports of light manufactures. Following two years of drought-induced economic decline, the economy came back strongly in 1990-92 as a result of good harvests, continued export growth, and higher domestic investment. High unemployment has eroded popular support for the government, however, and forced Tunis to slow the pace of economic reform. Nonetheless, the government appears committed to implementing its IMF-supported structural adjustment program and to servicing its foreign debt. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $13.6 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: 8% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $1,650 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1992 est.) Unemployment rate: 15.7% (1992) Budget: revenues $4.3 billion; expenditures $5.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993 est.) Exports: $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicals partners: EC countries 74%, Middle East 11%, US 2%, Turkey, former USSR republics Imports: $6.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumer goods partners: EC countries 67%, US 6%, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, Turkey, Algeria External debt: $7.7 billion (1992 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for about 25% of GDP, including petroleum Electricity: 1,545,000 kW capacity; 5,096 million kWh produced, 600 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, food, beverages Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output subject to severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export crops - olives, dates, oranges, almonds; other products - grain, sugar beets, wine grapes, poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 99,200 metric tons (1987) Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $410 million Currency: 1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes

*Tunisia, Economy

Exchange rates: Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 0.9931 (February 1993), 0.8844 (1992), 0.9246 (1991), 0.8783 (1990), 0.9493 (1989), 0.8578 (1988) Fiscal year: calendar year

*Tunisia, Communications

Railroads: 2,115 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge; 1,650 km 1.000-meter gauge Highways: 17,700 km total; 9,100 km bituminous; 8,600 km improved and unimproved earth Pipelines: crude oil 797 km, petroleum products 86 km, natural gas 742 km Ports: Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, Zarzis Merchant marine: 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 161,661 GRT/221,959 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 6 bulk Airports: total: 29 usable: 26 with permanent-surface runways: 13 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 7 note: a new airport opened 6 May 1993, length and type of surface NA Telecommunications: the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones (28 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 7 AM, 8 FM, 19 TV; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT with back-up control station; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya

*Tunisia, Defense Forces

Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,164,686; fit for military service 1,244,683; reach military age (20) annually 90,349 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $618 million, 3.7% of GDP (1993 est.)

*Turkey, Geography

Location: Southeastern Europe/Southwest Asia, bordering the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Iran Map references: Africa, Europe, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 780,580 km2 land area: 770,760 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Texas Land boundaries: total 2,627 km, Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km Coastline: 7,200 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, 12 nm in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea International disputes: complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior Terrain: mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia) Natural resources: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore Land use: arable land: 30% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 12% forest and woodland: 26% other: 28% Irrigated land: 22,200 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west; air pollution; desertification Note: strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas

*Turkey, People

Population: 60,897,841 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 2.07% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 26.62 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 5.97 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 52 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.41 years male: 68.11 years female: 72.82 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Turk(s) adjective: Turkish Ethnic divisions: Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (est.) Religions: Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and Jews) Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 81% male: 90% female: 71% Labor force: 20.7 million by occupation: agriculture 50%, services 35%, industry 15% note: about 1,800,000 Turks work abroad (1991)

*Turkey, Government