Chapter 91

Industries: tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP and 60% of labor force; leading producer and exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops - rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food Illicit drugs: a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market; eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been affected by eradication efforts; also a major drug money laundering center Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million Currency: 1 baht (B) = 100 satang Exchange rates: baht (B) per US$1 - 25.280 (April 1993), 25.400 (1992), 25.517 (1991), 25.585 (1990), 25.702 (1989), 25.294 (1988) Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September

*Thailand, Communications

Railroads: 3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track Highways: 77,697 km total; 35,855 km paved (including 88 km expressways), 14,092 km gravel or other stabilization, 27,750 km mostly dirt and other (1988) Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craft Pipelines: natural gas 350 km, petroleum products 67 km Ports: Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha Merchant marine: 169 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 752,055 GRT/1,166,136 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 91 cargo, 12 container, 40 oil tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 2 chemical tanker, 5 bulk, 6 refrigerated cargo, 2 combination bulk, 1 passenger Airports: total: 106 usable: 95 with permanent-surface runways: 51 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 28 Telecommunications: service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to government activities provided by multichannel cable and microwave radio relay network; 739,500 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 TV in government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT; domestic satellite system being developed

*Thailand, Defense Forces

Branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces Manpower availability: males age 15-49 16,685,044; fit for military service 10,148,786; reach military age (18) annually 616,042 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.6 billion, about 2% of GNP (FY92/93 est.)

*Togo, Geography

Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean beween Benin and Ghana Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 56,790 km2 land area: 54,390 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia Land boundaries: total 1,647 km, Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km Coastline: 56 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 30 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes Natural resources: phosphates, limestone, marble Land use: arable land: 25% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 28% other: 42% Irrigated land: 70 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recent droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation

*Togo, People

Population: 4,104,657 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 3.61% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 47.87 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 11.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 91.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 56.46 years male: 54.45 years female: 58.53 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 6.96 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Togolese (singular and plural) adjective: Togolese Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye, European and Syrian-Lebanese under 1% Religions: indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10% Languages: French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe (one of the two major African languages in the south), Mina (one of the two major African languages in the south), Dagomba (one of the two major African languages in the north), Kabye (one of the two major African languages in the north) Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 43% male: 56% female: 31% Labor force: NA by occupation: agriculture 78%, industry 22% note: about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985)

*Togo, Government

Names: conventional long form: Republic of Togo conventional short form: Togo local long form: Republique Togolaise local short form: none former: French Togo Digraph: TO Type: republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule Capital: Lome Administrative divisions: 21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription); Amlame (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar (Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah), Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse (Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo, Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo) note: the 21 units may now be called prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units are included in parentheses Independence: 27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration) Constitution: 1980 constitution nullified during national reform conference; transition constitution adopted 24 August 1991; multiparty draft constitution sent to High Council of the Republic for approval in November 1991; adopted by public referendum September 1992 Legal system: French-based court system National holiday: Independence Day, 27 April (1960) Political parties and leaders: Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991; transition regime in place since August 1991 Suffrage: universal adult at age NA Elections: President: last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held 1993); results - Gen. EYADEMA was reelected without opposition National Assembly: last held 4 March 1990; dissolved during national reform conference (next to be held 1993); results - RPT was the only party; seats - (77 total) RPT 77; interim legislative High Council of the Republic (HCR) in place since August 1991 Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

*Togo, Government

Legislative branch: National Assembly dissolved during national reform conference; 79-member interim High Council for the Republic (HCR) formed to act as legislature during transition to multiparty democracy; legislative elections scheduled to be held in 1993 Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Leaders: Chief of State: President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967) Head of Government: interim Prime Minister Joseph Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28 August 1991) Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS chancery: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 234-4212 or 4213 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY embassy: Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome telephone: [228] 21-29-91 through 94 and 21-77-17 FAX: [228] 21-79-52 Flag: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

*Togo, Economy

Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accounts for about 33% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the labor force. Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government, over the past decade, with IMF and World Bank support, has been implementing a number of economic reform measures to encourage foreign investment and bring revenues in line with expenditures. Political unrest, including private and public sector strikes throughout 1991 and 1992, has jeopardized the reform program and has disrupted vital economic activity. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.5 billion (1991 est.) National product real growth rate: 0% (1991 est.) National product per capita: $400 (1991 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.5% (1991 est.) Unemployment rate: 2% (1987) Budget: revenues $284.8 million; expenditures $407 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.) Exports: $512 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: phosphates, cotton, cocoa, coffee partners: EC 40%, Africa 16%, US 1% (1990) Imports: $583 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemical products partners: EC 57%, Africa 17%, US 5%, Japan 4% (1990) External debt: $1.3 billion (1991) Industrial production: growth rate 9.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP Electricity: 179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1990) Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, beverages Agriculture: accounts for 33% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops - yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production not significant; annual fish catch, 10,000-14,000 tons Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $142 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $51 million Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

*Togo, Economy

Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988) Fiscal year: calendar year

*Togo, Communications

Railroads: 570 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track Highways: 6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads Inland waterways: 50 km Mono River Ports: Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port) Merchant marine: 2 roll-on/roll-off ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,118 GRT/20,529 DWT Airports: total: 9 usable: 9 with permanent-surface runways: 2 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0 Telecommunications: fair system based on network of radio relay routes supplemented by open wire lines; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE

*Togo, Defense Forces

Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie Manpower availability: males age 15-49 862,427; fit for military service 452,974 (1993 est.); no conscription Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $43 million, about 3% of GDP (1989)

*Tokelau, Header

Affiliation: (territory of New Zealand)

*Tokelau, Geography

Location: Oceania, 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand Map references: Oceania Area: total area: 10 km2 land area: 10 km2 comparative area: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 101 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) Terrain: coral atolls enclosing large lagoons Natural resources: negligible Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% Irrigated land: NA km2 Environment: lies in Pacific typhoon belt

*Tokelau, People

Population: 1,544 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: -1.35% (1993 est.) Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births Life expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA years Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman Nationality: noun: Tokelauan(s) adjective: Tokelauan Ethnic divisions: Polynesian Religions: Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2% note: on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational Christian Church predominant Languages: Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% Labor force: NA

*Tokelau, Government

Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Tokelau Digraph: TL Type: territory of New Zealand Capital: none; each atoll has its own administrative center Administrative divisions: none (territory of New Zealand) Independence: none (territory of New Zealand) Constitution: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970 Legal system: British and local statutes National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand) Political parties and leaders: NA Suffrage: NA Elections: NA Executive branch: British monarch, administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs in New Zealand), official secretary Legislative branch: unicameral Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll Judicial branch: High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand Leaders: Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Head of Government: Administrator Graham ANSELL (since NA 1990); Official Secretary Casimilo J. PEREZ (since NA), Office of Tokelau Affairs; Tokelau's governing Council will elect its first head of government in 1993 Member of: SPC, WHO (associate) Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of New Zealand) US diplomatic representation: none (territory of New Zealand) Flag: the flag of New Zealand is used

*Tokelau, Economy

Overview: Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million (1988 est.) National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $800 (1988 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including capital expenditures of $37,300 (FY87) Exports: $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983) commodities: stamps, copra, handicrafts partners: NZ Imports: $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983) commodities: foodstuffs, building materials, fuel partners: NZ External debt: $0 Industrial production: growth rate NA% Electricity: 200 kW capacity; 300,000 kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990) Industries: small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing Agriculture: coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops - breadfruit, papaya, bananas; pigs, poultry, goats Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $24 million Currency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), l.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

*Tokelau, Communications

Ports: none; offshore anchorage only Airports: none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa Telecommunications: radiotelephone service between islands and to Western Samoa

*Tokelau, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand

*Tonga, Geography

Location: Oceania, 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and New Zealand Map references: Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 748 km2 land area: 718 km2 comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 419 km Maritime claims: continental shelf: not specified exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) Terrain: most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base Natural resources: fish, fertile soil Land use: arable land: 25% permanent crops: 55% meadows and pastures: 6% forest and woodland: 12% other: 2% Irrigated land: NA km2 Environment: archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to cyclones (October to April); deforestation

*Tonga, People

Population: 103,949 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 0.8% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 25.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 6.75 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -10.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 21.38 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 67.79 years male: 65.5 years female: 70.24 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.68 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Tongan(s) adjective: Tongan Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, Europeans about 300 Religions: Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents) Languages: Tongan, English Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1976) total population: 57% male: 60% female: 60% Labor force: NA by occupation: agriculture 70%, mining (600 engaged in mining)

*Tonga, Government

Names: conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga conventional short form: Tonga former: Friendly Islands Digraph: TN Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy Capital: Nuku alofa Administrative divisions: three island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u Independence: 4 June 1970 (from UK) Constitution: 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967 Legal system: based on English law National holiday: Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970) Political parties and leaders: Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akilisi POHIVA; Christian Democratic Party, leader NA Suffrage: all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21 Elections: Legislative Assembly: last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held 3-4 February 1993); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3 traditionalist Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea) Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965) Head of Government: Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister S. Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991) Member of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO Diplomatic representation in US: Ambassador Sione KITE, resides in London US diplomatic representation: the US has no offices in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga and makes periodic visits Flag: red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner

*Tonga, Economy

Overview: The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of the labor force and contributes 40% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The manufacturing sector accounts for only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard currency earnings, but the island remains dependent on sizable external aid and remittances to offset its trade deficit. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $92 million (FY90) National product real growth rate: 0.4% (FY92 est.) National product per capita: $900 (FY90) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4% (FY92 est.) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $36.4 million; expenditures $68.1 million, including capital expenditures of $33.2 million (FY91 est.) Exports: $18.8 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.) commodities: coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro, vanilla beans, fruits, vegetables, fish partners: Japan 34%, US 17%, Australia 13%, NZ 13% (FY91) Imports: $68.3 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.) commodities: food products, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, fuels, chemicals partners: NZ 33%, Australia 22%, US 8%, Japan 8% (FY91) External debt: $47.5 million (FY91) Industrial production: growth rate 1.7% (FY90); accounts for 11% of GDP Electricity: 6,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1990) Industries: tourism, fishing Agriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production; vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $258 million Currency: 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti Exchange rates: pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.3996 (January 1993), 1.3471 (1992), 1.2961 (1991), 1.2809 (1990), 1.2637 (1989), 1.2799 (1988) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

*Tonga, Communications