Chapter 90

Leaders: Chief of State: Acting President and Assembly Chairman Emomili RAKHMANOV (since NA November 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdumalik ABULAJANOV (since NA November 1992); First Deputy Prime Minister Tukhtaboy GAFAROV (since NA November 1992) Member of: CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, WHO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: NA chancery: NA telephone: NA US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Stanley T. ESCUDERO embassy: (temporary) #39 Ainii Street, Dushanbe mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: [7] (3772) 24-82-33 Flag: NA

*Tajikistan, Economy

Overview: Tajikistan has had the lowest living standards of the CIS republics and now faces the bleakest economic prospects. Agriculture (particularly cotton and fruit growing) is the most important sector, accounting for 38% of employment (1990). Industrial production includes aluminum reduction, hydropower generation, machine tools, refrigerators, and freezers. Throughout 1992 bloody civil disturbances disrupted food imports and several regions became desperately short of basic needs. Hundreds of thousands of people were made homeless by the strife. In late 1992, one-third of industry was shut down and the cotton crop was only one-half of that of 1991. National product: GDP $NA National product real growth rate: -34% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $NA Inflation rate (consumer prices): 35% per month (first quarter 1993) Unemployment rate: 0.4% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workers Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: $100 million to outside successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: aluminum, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles partners: Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Imports: $100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs partners: NA External debt: $650 million (end of 1991 est.) Industrial production: growth rate -25% (1992 est.) Electricity: 4,585,000 kW capacity; 16,800 million kWh produced, 2,879 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers Agriculture: cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, yaks Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication programs; used as transshipment points for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to Western Europe Economic aid: $700 million offical and commitments by foreign donors (1992) Currency: retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993) Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations

*Tajikistan, Economy

Fiscal year: calendar year

*Tajikistan, Communications

Railroads: 480 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) Highways: 29,900 km total (1990); 21,400 km hard surfaced, 8,500 km earth Pipelines: natural gas 400 km (1992) Airports: total: 58 useable: 30 with permanent-surface runways: 12 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 13 Telecommunications: poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not reached by the national network; telephone density in urban locations is about 100 per 1000 persons; linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republics, and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - 1 orbita and 2 INTELSAT (TV receive-only; the second INTELSAT earth station provides TV receive-only service from Turkey)

*Tajikistan, Defense Forces

Branches: Army (being formed), National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops) Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,313,676; fit for military service 1,079,935; reach military age (18) annually 56,862 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP

*Tanzania, Geography

Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean between Kenya and Mozambique Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 945,090 km2 land area: 886,040 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than twice the size of California note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar Land boundaries: total 3,402 km, Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km Coastline: 1,424 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled Climate: varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands Terrain: plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south Natural resources: hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel Land use: arable land: 5% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 40% forest and woodland: 47% other: 7% Irrigated land: 1,530 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent droughts affected marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa

*Tanzania, People

Population: 27,286,363 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 2.56% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 19.02 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 110.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 44 years male: 42.19 years female: 45.87 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 6.25 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Tanzanian(s) adjective: Tanzanian Ethnic divisions: mainland: native African 99% (consisting of well over 100 tribes) Asian, European, and Arab 1% Zanzibar: NA Religions: mainland: Christian 40%, Muslim 33%, indigenous beliefs 25% Zanzibar: Muslim Languages: Swahili (official; widely understood and generally used for communication between ethnic groups and is used in primary education), English (official; primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education) note: first language of most people is one of the local languages Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1978) total population: 46% male: 62% female: 31% Labor force: 732,200 wage earners by occupation: agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 10% (1986 est.)

*Tanzania, Government

Names: conventional long form: United Republic of Tanzania conventional short form: Tanzania former: United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar Digraph: TZ Type: republic Capital: Dar es Salaam note: some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital by the end of the 1990s Administrative divisions: 25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa Magharibi Independence: 26 April 1964 Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UN trusteeship under British administration); Zanzibar became independent 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964 Constitution: 15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own constitution but remains subject to provisions of the union constitution) Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Union Day, 26 April (1964) Political parties and leaders: Chama Chr Mapinduzi (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan MWINYI; Civic United Front (CUF), James MAPALALA; National Committee for Constitutional Reform (NCCK), Mabere MARANDO; Union for Multiparty Democracy (UMD), Abdullah FUNDIKIRA; Democratic Party (DP), Christopher Mtikila Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: President: last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - Ali Hassan MWINYI was elected without opposition National Assembly: last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - CCM was the only party; seats - (241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168 Executive branch: president, first vice president and prime minister of the union, second vice president and president of Zanzibar, Cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Bunge) Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court

*Tanzania, Government

Leaders: Chief of State: President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First Vice President John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR (since 9 November 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990) Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Charles Musama NYIRABU chancery: 2139 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 939-6125 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Peter Jon DE VOS embassy: 36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaam mailing address: P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam telephone: [255] (51) 66010/13 FAX: [255] (51) 66701 Flag: divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue

*Tanzania, Economy

Overview: Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 58% of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry accounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced in mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in 1991-92 featured a pickup in industrial production and a substantial increase in output of minerals led by gold. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: 4.5% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $260 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 22% (1992 est.) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $495 million; expenditures $631 million, including capital expenditures of $118 million (FY90) Exports: $422 million (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: coffee, cotton, tobacco, tea, cashew nuts, sisal partners: FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US Imports: $1.43 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil, foodstuffs partners: FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, Denmark External debt: $6.44 billion (1992) Industrial production: growth rate 9.3% (1990); accounts for 7% of GDP Electricity: 405,000 kW capacity; 600 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), diamond and gold mining, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood products, fertilizer Agriculture: accounts for over 58% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limit cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops - coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco, cloves (Zanzibar); food crops - corn, wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in food grain production

*Tanzania, Economy

Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $9.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $614 million Currency: 1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 cents Exchange rates: Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 325.00 (November 1992), 219.16 (1991), 195.06 (1990), 143.38 (1989), 99.29 (1988), 64.26 (1987) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

*Tanzania, Communications

Railroads: 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge (including the 962 km Tazara Railroad); 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, including 6.4 km double track; 115 km of 1.000-meter gauge planned by end of decade Highways: 81,900 km total, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; 72,700 km improved and unimproved earth Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa Pipelines: crude oil 982 km Ports: Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza on Lake Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports Merchant marine: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,185 GRT/22,916 DWT; includes 2 passenger-cargo, 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker Airports: total: 103 usable: 92 with permanent-surface runways: 12 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 40 Telecommunications: fair system operating below capacity; open wire, radio relay, and troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

*Tanzania, Defense Forces

Branches: Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and Air Force), paramilitary Police Field Force Unit, Militia Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,835,064; fit for military service 3,375,567 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

*Thailand, Geography

Location: Southeast Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Burma and Cambodia Map references: Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 514,000 km2 land area: 511,770 km2 comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming Land boundaries: total 4,863 km, Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 km Coastline: 3,219 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with Vietnam Climate: tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid Terrain: central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhere Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite Land use: arable land: 34% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 30% other: 31% Irrigated land: 42,300 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok area Note: controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore

*Thailand, People

Population: 58,722,437 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 1.36% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 19.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 6.33 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 38.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.28 years male: 65.05 years female: 71.66 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Thai (singular and plural) adjective: Thai Ethnic divisions: Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11% Religions: Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other 0.6% (1991) Languages: Thai, English the secondary language of the elite, ethnic and regional dialects Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) total population: 93% male: 96% female: 90% Labor force: 30.87 million by occupation: agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (including government) 14% (1989 est.)

*Thailand, Government

Names: conventional long form: Kingdom of Thailand conventional short form: Thailand Digraph: TH Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Bangkok Administrative divisions: 73 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Changwat Mukdahan, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon Independence: 1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized) Constitution: 22 December 1978; new constitution approved 7 December 1991; amended 10 June 1992 Legal system: based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23 February 1991 military coup National holiday: Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927) Political parties and leaders: Democrat Party (DP), Chuan LIKPHAI; Thai Nation Pary (TNP or Chat Thai Party), Praman ADIREKSAN; National Development Party (NDP or Chat Phattana), Chatchai CHUNHAWAN; New Aspiration Party, Gen. Chawalit YONGCHAIYUT; Phalang Tham (Palang Dharma), Bunchu ROTCHANASATIEN; Social Action Party (SAP), Montri PHONGPHANIT; Liberal Democratic Party (LDP or Seri Tham), Athit URAIRAT; Solidarity Party (SP), Uthai PHIMCHAICHON; Mass Party (Muanchon), Pol. Cpt. Choem YUBAMRUNG; Thai Citizen's Party (Prachakon Thai), Samak SUNTHONWET; People's Party (Ratsadon), Chaiphak SIRIWAT; People's Force Party (Phalang Prachachon), Col. Sophon HANCHAREON Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal Elections: House of Representatives: last held 13 September 1992 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (360 total) DP 79, TNP 77, NDP 60, NAP 51, Phalang Tham 47, SAP 22, LDP 8, SP 8, Mass Party 4, Thai Citizen's Party 3, People's Party 1, People's Force Party 0 Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, four deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council

*Thailand, Government

Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha) consists of an upper house or Senate (Vuthisatha) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn) Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Sarndika) Leaders: Chief of State: King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent Crown Prince WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952) Head of Government: Prime Minister CHUAN Likphai (since 23 September 1992) Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador-designate PHIRAPHONG Kasemsi chancery: 2300 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: (202) 483-7200 consulates general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSON embassy: 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok mailing address: APO AP 96546 telephone: [66] (2) 252-5040 FAX: [66] (2) 254-2990 consulate general: Chiang Mai consulates: Songkhla, Udorn Flag: five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red

*Thailand, Economy

Overview: Thailand's economy recovered rapidly from the political unrest in May 1992 to post an impressive 7% growth rate for the year. Thailand, one of the more advanced developing countries in Asia, depends on exports of manufactures and the development of the service sector to fuel the country's rapid growth. The trade and current account deficits fell in 1992; much of Thailand's recent imports have been for capital equipment suggesting that the export sector is poised for further growth. With foreign investment slowing, Bangkok is working to increase the generation of capital domestically. Prime Minister CHUAN's government - Thailand's fifth government in less than two years - is pledged to continue Bangkok's probusiness policies, and the return of a democratically elected government has improved business confidence. Nevertheless, CHUAN must overcome divisions within his ruling coalition to complete much needed infrastructure development programs if Thailand is to remain an attractive place for business investment. Over the longer-term, Bangkok must produce more college graduates with technical training and upgrade workers' skills to continue its rapid economic development. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $103 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: 7% (1992 est.) National product per capita: $1,800 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (1992 est.) Unemployment rate: 4.7% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues $21.36 billion; expenditures $22.40 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.24 billion (FY93 est.) Exports: $32.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: machinery and manufactures 76.9%, agricultural products 14.9%, fisheries products 5.9% (1992) partners: US 21.6%, Japan 18.0%, Singapore 8.7%, Hong Kong 4.8%, Germany 4.4%, Netherlands 4.2%, UK 3.4%, Malaysia, France, China (1992 est.) Imports: $41.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: capital goods 41.4%, intermediate goods and raw materials 32.8%, consumer goods 10.4%, oil 8.2% partners: Japan 29.3%, US 11.4%, Singapore 7.6%, Taiwan 5.5%, Germany 5.4%, South Korea 4.6%, Malaysia 4.2%, China 3.3%, Hong Kong 3.3%, UK (1992 est.) External debt: $33.4 billion (1991) Industrial production: growth rate 18% (1990); accounts for about 26% of GDP Electricity: 10,000,000 kW capacity; 43,750 million kWh produced, 760 kWh per capita (1992)

*Thailand, Economy