Chapter 81

Overview: The agricultural sector accounts for about 12% of GDP and provides employment for about 80% of the labor force. About 40% of the total cultivated land is used to grow peanuts, an important export crop. Another principal economic resource is fishing, which brought in about 23% of total foreign exchange earnings in 1990. Mining is dominated by the extraction of phosphate, but production has faltered because of reduced worldwide demand for fertilizers in recent years. Over the past 10 years tourism has become increasingly important to the economy. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.4 billion (1991 est.) National product real growth rate: 1.2% (1991 est.) National product per capita: $780 (1991 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2% (1990) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $921 million; expenditures $1,024 million; including capital expenditures of $14 million (FY89 est.) Exports: $904 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: manufactures 30%, fish products 23%, peanuts 12%, petroleum products 16%, phosphates 9% partners: France, other EC members, Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, India Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: semimanufactures 30%, food 27%, durable consumer goods 17%, petroleum 12%, capital goods 14% partners: France, other EC, Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Algeria, China, Japan External debt: $2.9 billion (1990) Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1989); accounts for 15% of GDP Electricity: 215,000 kW capacity; 760 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, petroleum refining, building materials Agriculture: major products - peanuts (cash crop), millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated two-thirds self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 354,000 metric tons in 1990 Illicit drugs: increasingly active as a transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Europe and North America Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.23 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $295 million Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

*Senegal, Economy

Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988) Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June; in January 1993, Senegal will switch to a calendar year

*Senegal, Communications

Railroads: 1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km double track Dakar to Thies Highways: 14,007 km total; 3,777 km paved, 10,230 km laterite or improved earth Inland waterways: 897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 112 km on the Saloum Ports: Dakar, Kaolack, Foundiougne, Ziguinchor Merchant marine: 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,995 GRT/3,775 DWT Airports: total: 25 usable: 19 with permanent-surface runways: 10 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 15 Telecommunications: above-average urban system, using microwave and cable; broadcast stations - 8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

*Senegal, Defense Forces

Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National Police Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,882,551; fit for military service 983,137; reach military age (18) annually 91,747 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 2% of GDP (1989 est.)

*Serbia and Montenegro, Header

Note: Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation

*Serbia and Montenegro, Geography

Location: Southern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 102,350 km2 land area: 102,136 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Kentucky note: Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 km2 making it slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 km2 and a land area of 13,724 km2 making it slightly larger than Connecticut Land boundaries: total 2,234 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; 173 km with Motenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 239 km, Croatia (south) 15 km, Hungary 151 km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km note: the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km Coastline: 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km) Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia - Muslims seeking autonomy; Vojvodina taken from Hungary and awarded to the former Yugoslavia by Treaty of Trianon in 1920; disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian minority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian Republic Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast; home of largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake Scutari Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome Land use: arable land: 30% permanent crops: 5% meadows and pastures: 20% forest and woodland: 25% other: 20% Irrigated land: NA km2

*Serbia and Montenegro, Geography

Environment: coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution along Danube from industrial waste dumped into the Sava which drains into the Danube; subject to destructive earthquakes Note: controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast

*Serbia and Montenegro, People

Population: 10,699,539 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: NA% Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births Life expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA years Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman Nationality: noun: Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s) adjective: Serbian and Montenegrin Ethnic divisions: Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13% Religions: Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11% Languages: Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5% Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% Labor force: 2,640,909 by occupation: industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990)

*Serbia and Montenegro, Government

Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Serbia and Montenegro local long form: none local short form: Srbija-Crna Gora Digraph: SR Type: republic Capital: Belgrade Administrative divisions: 2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 autonomous provinces*;, Kosovo*, Montenegro,, Serbia, Vojvodina*, Independence: 11 April 1992 (from Yugoslavia) Constitution: 27 April 1992 Legal system: based on civil law system National holiday: NA Political parties and leaders: Serbian Socialist Party (SPS; former Communist Party), Slobodan MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Party (SPO), Vuk DRASKOVIC; Democratic Party (DS), Dragoljub MICUNOVIC; Democratic Party of Serbia, Vojislav KOSTUNICA; Democratic Party of Socialists (DSSCG), Momir BULATOVIC; People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Novak KILIBARDA; Liberal Alliance of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians (DZVM), Agoston ANDRAS; League of Communists-Movement for Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKI Other political or pressure groups: Serbian Democratic Movement (DEPOS; coalition of opposition parties) Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal Elections: President: Federal Assembly elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993 Chamber of Republics: last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin) Chamber of Citizens: last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of votes by party NA; seats (138 total; 108 Serbian, 30 Montenegrin) - SPS 73, SRS 33, DSSCG 23, SK-PJ 2, DZVM 2, independents 2, vacant 3 Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, cabinet Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly consists of an upper house or Chamber of Republics and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies Judicial branch: Savezni Sud (Federal Court), Constitutional Court

*Serbia and Montenegro, Government

Leaders: Chief of State: Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990); Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since NA December 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Asim TELACEVIC (since NA March 1993), Lovre KOVILJKO (since NA March 1993) Diplomatic representation in US: US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations; the Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to function in the US US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant) embassy: address NA, Belgrade mailing address: American Embassy Box 5070, Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5070 telephone: [38] (11) 645-655 FAX: [38] (11) 645-221 Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red

*Serbia and Montenegro, Economy

Overview: The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been followed by bloody ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. The situation in Serbia and Montenegro remains fluid in view of the extensive political and military strife. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems. First, like the other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister republics for large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and manufactures. Wide varieties in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuate this interdependence, as did the Communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a Communist government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. A further complication is the imposition of economic sanctions by the UN. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $27-37 billion (1992 est.) National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $2,500-$3,500 (1992 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 81% (1991) Unemployment rate: 25%-40% (1991 est.) Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and live animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages and tobacco 1% partners: prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council trade partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy, Germany, other EC, the successor states of the former USSR, East European countries, US Imports: $6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%, manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%, miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking coal for the steel industry, 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils 1.5% partners: prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council the trade partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; the successor states of the former USSR, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, US External debt: $4.2 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia) Industrial production: growth rate -20% or greater (1991 est.)

*Serbia and Montenegro, Economy

Electricity: 8,850,000 kW capacity; 42,000 million kWh produced, 3,950 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals Agriculture: the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production; Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo produces fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry; Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes, and rice Illicit drugs: NA Economic aid: NA Currency: 1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras Exchange rates: Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 28.230 (December 1991), 15.162 (1990), 15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176 (1987) Fiscal year: calendar year

*Serbia and Montenegro, Communications

Railroads: NA Highways: 46,019 km total (1990); 26,949 km paved, 10,373 km gravel, 8,697 km earth Inland waterways: NA km Pipelines: crude oil 415 km, petroleum products 130 km, natural gas 2,110 km Ports: coastal - Bar; inland - Belgrade Merchant marine: Montenegro: 40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 620,455 GRT/1,024,227 DWT; includes 17 cargo, 5 container, 17 bulk, 1 passenger ship; note - most under Maltese flag except 2 bulk under Panamian flag Serbia: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 246,631 GRT/451,843 DWT; includes 2 bulk, 2 conbination tanker/ore carrier; note - all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Airports: total: 48 useable: 48 with permanent-surface runways: 16 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 9 Telecommunications: 700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000 radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT

*Serbia and Montenegro, Defense Forces

Branches: People's Army - Ground Forces (internal and border troops), Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil Defense Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,700,485; fit for military service 2,178,128; reach military age (19) annually 83,783 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: 245 billion dinars, 4-6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results

*Seychelles, Geography

Location: in the western Indian Ocean northeast of Madagascar Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 455 km2 land area: 455 km2 comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 491 km Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: claims Tromelin Island Climate: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May) Terrain: Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are coral, flat, elevated reefs Natural resources: fish, copra, cinnamon trees Land use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 18% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 18% other: 60% Irrigated land: NA km2 Environment: lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts possible; no fresh water - catchments collect rain; 40 granitic and about 50 coralline islands

*Seychelles, People

Population: 71,494 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 0.88% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 22.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 7.12 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -6.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 12.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.26 years male: 65.56 years female: 73.07 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Seychellois (singular and plural) adjective: Seychelles Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans) Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2% Languages: English (official), French (official), Creole Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1971) total population: 58% male: 56% female: 60% Labor force: 27,700 (1985) by occupation: industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985) note: 57% of population of working age (1983)

*Seychelles, Government

Names: conventional long form: Republic of Seychelles conventional short form: Seychelles Digraph: SE Type: republic Capital: Victoria Administrative divisions: 23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe Island), Grand' Anse (on Praslin Island), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe Larue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, Takamaka Independence: 29 June 1976 (from UK) Constitution: 5 June 1979 note: new constitution now being drafted by multiparty conference, to take effect in mid-1993 Legal system: based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law National holiday: Liberation Day, 5 June (1977) (anniversary of coup) Political parties and leaders: ruling party - Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), France Albert RENE; Democratic Party (DP), Sir James MANCHAM; Seychelles Party (PS), Wavel RAMKALAWAN; Seychelles Democratic Movement (MSPD), Jacques HONDOUL; Seychelles Liberal Party (SLP), Ogilvie BERLOUIS Other political or pressure groups: trade unions; Roman Catholic Church Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal Elections: note: presidential and legislative elections are scheduled to be held once the new, multiparty consititution is ratified later this year President: last held 9-11 June 1989 (next to be held NA 1993); results - President France Albert RENE reelected without opposition People's Assembly: last held 5 December 1987 (next to be held mid-1993); results - SPPF was the only legal party; seats - (25 total, 23 elected) SPPF 23 Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple) Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977)

*Seychelles, Government

Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Second Secretary, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Marc R. MARENGO chancery: (temporary) 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY 10017 telephone: (212) 687-9766 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Matthew F. MATTINGLY embassy: 4th Floor, Victoria House, Victoria mailing address: Victoria House, Box 251, Victoria, Mahe, or Box 148, Unit 62501, APO AE 09815-2501 telephone: (248) 25256 FAX: (248) 25189 Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green; the white band is the thinnest, the red band is the thickest

*Seychelles, Economy