Chapter 75

Leaders: Chief of State: President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986) Head of Government: Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985) Member of: AfDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Francisco Jose Laco Treichler KNOPFLI chancery: 2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008 telephone: (202) 328-8610 consulates general: Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), and San Francisco consulates: Los Angeles, New Bedford (Massachusetts), and Providence (Rhode Island) US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Everett Ellis BRIGGS embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 Lisbon mailing address: PSC 83, APO AE 09726 telephone: [351] (1) 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880 FAX: [351] (1) 726-9109 consulate: Ponta Delgada (Azores) Flag: two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line

*Portugal, Economy

Overview: Although Portugal has experienced strong growth since joining the EC in 1986 - at least 4% each year through 1990 - it remains one of the poorest members. To prepare for the European single market, the government is restructuring and modernizing the economy and in 1989 embarked on a major privatization program. As of 1 January 1993, Lisbon has fully liberalized its capital markets and most trade markets. The global slowdown and tight monetary policies to counter inflation caused growth to slow in 1991 and 1992. Growth probably will remain depressed in 1993, but should pick up again in 1994. National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $93.7 billion (1992) National product real growth rate: 1.1% (1992) National product per capita: $9,000 (1992) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9% (1992) Unemployment rate: 5% (1992) Budget: revenues $27.3 billion; expenditures $33.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $4.5 billion (1991) Exports: $16.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: cotton textiles, cork and paper products, canned fish, wine, timber and timber products, resin, machinery, appliances partners: EC 75.4%, other developed countries 12.4%, US 3.8% (1991) Imports: $26.0 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) commodities: machinery and transport equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, petroleum, textiles partners: EC 72%, other developed countries 10.9% less developed countries 12.9%, US 3.4% External debt: $16.9 billion (1992 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 9.1% (1990); accounts for 40% of GDP Electricity: 6,624,000 kW capacity; 26,400 million kWh produced, 2,520 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism Agriculture: accounts for 6.1% of GDP and 20% of labor force; small, inefficient farms; imports more than half of food needs; major crops - grain, potatoes, olives, grapes; livestock sector - sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat, dairy products Illicit drugs: increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the European market Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.2 billion

*Portugal, Economy

Currency: 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos Exchange rates: Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1 - 145.51 (January 1993), 135.00 (1992), 144.48 (1991), 142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988) Fiscal year: calendar year

*Portugal, Communications

Railroads: 3,625 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 755 km 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double track, privately owned Highways: 73,661 km total; 61,599 km surfaced (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone), including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth; 4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks) Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity Pipelines: crude oil 11 km; petroleum products 58 km Ports: Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores), Setubal, Sines Merchant marine: 51 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 634,072 GRT/1,130,515 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 21 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 5 bulk, 2 liquified gas; note - Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira (MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewing benefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is known to fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely that a majority of Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this subregister in a few years Airports: total: 64 usable: 62 with permanent-surface runways: 36 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 11 Telecommunications: generally adequate integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire and microwave radio relay; 2,690,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 57 AM, 66 (22 repeaters) FM, 66 (23 repeaters) TV; 6 submarine cables; 3 INTELSAT earth stations (2 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, domestic satellite systems (mainland and Azores); tropospheric link to Azores

*Portugal, Defense Forces

Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard, Fiscal Guard, Public Security Police Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,696,325; fit for military service 2,188,041; reach military age (20) annually 88,735 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, 2.9% of GDP (1992)

*Puerto Rico, Header

Affiliation: (commonwealth associated with the US)

*Puerto Rico, Geography

Location: in the North Atlantic Ocean, between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin Islands group Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total area: 9,104 km2 land area: 8,959 km2 comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 501 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200 m (depth) exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to sea on west coast; sandy beaches along most coastal areas Natural resources: some copper and nickel, potential for onshore and offshore crude oil Land use: arable land: 8% permanent crops: 9% meadows and pastures: 41% forest and woodland: 20% other: 22% Irrigated land: 390 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north Note: important location along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean

*Puerto Rico, People

Population: 3,797,082 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 0.13% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 16.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 7.88 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -7.75 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.84 years male: 70.25 years female: 77.61 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.08 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Puerto Rican(s) adjective: Puerto Rican Ethnic divisions: Hispanic Religions: Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15% Languages: Spanish (official), English widely understood Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 89% male: 90% female: 88% Labor force: 1.17 million (1992) by occupation: government 20%, manufacturing 14%, trade 17%, construction 5%, communications and transportation 5%, other 39% (1992)

*Puerto Rico, Government

Names: conventional long form: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico conventional short form: Puerto Rico Digraph: QR Type: commonwealth associated with the US Capital: San Juan Administrative divisions: none (commonwealth associated with the US), note: there are 78 municipalities Independence: none (commonwealth associated with the US) Constitution: ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952 Legal system: based on Spanish civil code National holiday: US Independence Day, 4 July (1776) Political parties and leaders: National Republican Party of Puerto Rico, Freddy VALENTIN; Popular Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP), Carlos ROMERO Barcelo; Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Bras and Carlos GALLISA; Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOS Martinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown Other political or pressure groups: all have engaged in terrorist activities - Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN); Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution; Boricua Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros); Armed Forces of Popular Resistance Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections Elections: Governor: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - Pedro ROSSELLO (PND) 50%, Victoria MUNOZ (PPD) 46%, Fernando MARTIN (PIP) 4% Senate: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) seats by party NA US House of Representatives: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) seats by party NA; note - Puerto Rico elects one representative to the US House of Representatives, Carlos Romero BARCELO House of Representatives: last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (53 total) seats by party NA Executive branch: US president, US vice president, governor Legislative branch: bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives Judicial branch: Supreme Court

*Puerto Rico, Government

Leaders: Chief of State: President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) Head of Government: Governor Pedro ROSSELLO (since NA January 1993) Member of: CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), FAO (associate), ICFTU, IOC, WCL, WFTU, WHO (associate), WTO (associate) Diplomatic representation in US: none (commonwealth associated with the US) Flag: five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag

*Puerto Rico, Economy

Overview: Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region. Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of economic activity and income. Encouraged by duty free access to the US and by tax incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. US minimum wage laws apply. Important industries include pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar production has lost out to dairy production and other livestock products as the main source of income in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of income for the island, with estimated arrivals of nearly 3 million tourists in 1989. National product: GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $22.8 billion (1991) National product real growth rate: 2.2% (FY90) National product per capita: $6,200 (1991) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.3% (October 1990-91) Unemployment rate: 17% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues $5.8 billion; expenditures $5.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $258 million (FY89) Exports: 20.4 billion (1990) commodities: pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage concentrates, medical equipment, instruments partners: US 87.8% (1990) Imports: 16.2 billion (1990) commodities: chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products partners: US 66.6% (1990) External debt: $NA Industrial production: growth rate 1.2% (FY92) Electricity: 5,040,000 kW capacity; 16,100 million kWh produced, 4,260 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: manufacturing accounts for 55.5 % of GDP: manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, instruments; tourism Agriculture: accounts for only 3% of labor force and less than 2% of GDP: crops - sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas; livestock - cattle, chickens; imports a large share of food needs (1992) Economic aid: none Currency: US currency is used Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

*Puerto Rico, Communications

Railroads: 96 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passenger railroads Highways: 13,762 km paved (1982) Ports: San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo Airports: total: 30 usable: 23 with permanent-surface runways: 19 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 5 Telecommunications: modern system, integrated with that of the US by high capacity submarine cable and INTELSAT with high-speed data capability; digital telephone system with about 1 million lines; cellular telephone service; broadcast stations - 50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV; cable television available with US programs (1990)

*Puerto Rico, Defense Forces

Branches: paramilitary National Guard, Police Force Manpower availability: males age 15-49 830,133; fit for military service NA (1993 est.) Note: defense is the responsibility of the US

*Qatar, Geography

Location: Middle East, peninsula jutting into the central Persian Gulf, between Iran and Saudi Arabia Map references: Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 11,000 km2 land area: 11,000 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut Land boundaries: total 60 km, Saudi Arabia 60 km Coastline: 563 km Maritime claims: continental shelf: not specified exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands; maritime boundary with Bahrain Climate: desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer Terrain: mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, fish Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 5% forest and woodland: 0% other: 95% Irrigated land: NA km2 Environment: haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater resources mean increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities Note: strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major petroleum deposits

*Qatar, People

Population: 499,115 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 2.84% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 19.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 3.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: 12.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 22.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.25 years male: 69.73 years female: 74.68 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.88 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Qatari(s) adjective: Qatari Ethnic divisions: Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14% Religions: Muslim 95% Languages: Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1986) total population: 76% male: 77% female: 72% Labor force: 104,000 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983)

*Qatar, Government

Names: conventional long form: State of Qatar conventional short form: Qatar local long form: Dawlat Qatar local short form: Qatar Digraph: QA Type: traditional monarchy Capital: Doha Administrative divisions: there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 9 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al Rayyan, Al Wakrah, Ash Shamal, Jarayan al Batnah, Umm Salal Independence: 3 September 1971 (from UK) Constitution: provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970 Legal system: discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters National holiday: Independence Day, 3 September (1971) Political parties and leaders: none Suffrage: none Elections: Advisory Council: constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but no elections have been held; seats - (30 total) Executive branch: amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet) Legislative branch: unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura) Judicial branch: Court of Appeal Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: Amir and Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Hamad Al Thani (since 22 February 1972); Crown Prince HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (appointed 31 May 1977; son of Amir) Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador 'Abd al-Rahman bin Sa'ud ALTHANI chancery: Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: (202) 338-0111

*Qatar, Government

US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Kenton W. KEITH embassy: 149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin Omran (opposite the television station), Doha mailing address: P. O. Box 2399, Doha telephone: (0974) 864701 through 864703 FAX: (0974) 861669 Flag: maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side

*Qatar, Economy

Overview: Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more than 85% of export earnings and roughly 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3 billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for about 25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about $17,000, comparable to the leading industrial countries. Production and export of natural gas is becoming increasingly important. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.1 billion (1991 est.) National product real growth rate: 3% (1991 est.) National product per capita: $17,000 (1991 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1990) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $3.0 billion, including capital expenditures of $440 million (FY92 est.) Exports: $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizers partners: Japan 61%, Brazil 6%, South Korea 5%, UAE 4% Imports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemicals partners: France 13%, Japan 12%, UK 11%, Germany 9% External debt: $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 0.6% (1987); accounts for 64% of GDP, including oil Electricity: 1,596,000 kW capacity; 4,818 million kWh produced, 9,655 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel (rolls reinforcing bars for concrete construction), cement Agriculture: farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; agricultural area is small and government-owned; commercial fishing increasing in importance; most food imported Economic aid: donor - pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88) Currency: 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams Exchange rates: Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1 - 3.6400 riyals (fixed rate) Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

*Qatar, Communications

Highways: 1,500 km total; 1,000 km paved, 500 km gravel or natural surface (est.) Pipelines: crude oil 235 km, natural gas 400 km Ports: Doha, Umm Sa'id, Halul Island Merchant marine: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 390,072 GRT/593,508 DWT; includes 13 cargo, 4 container, 2 oil tanker, 1 refrigerated cargo Airports: total: 4 usable: 4 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 2 Telecommunications: modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to Bahrain and UAE; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV

*Qatar, Defense Forces

Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Public Security Manpower availability: males age 15-49 214,977; fit for military service 113,514; reach military age (18) annually 3,578 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA%, of GDP

*Reunion, Header

Affiliation: (overseas department of France)

*Reunion, Geography

Location: Southern Africa, in the western Indian Ocean, 750 km east of Madagascar Map references: World Area: total area: 2,510 km2 land area: 2,500 km2 comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 201 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast Natural resources: fish, arable land Land use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 35% other: 39% Irrigated land: 60 km2 (1989 est.) Environment: periodic devastating cyclones

*Reunion, People