# The 1990 CIA World Factbook ## Part 52 Book page: https://www.cyberlibrary.org/en/books/the-1990-cia-world-factbook-14/index.md Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers (1982); radio link service with Sydney; 987 telephones (1983); stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV - Defense Forces Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia ---------------------------------------------------- Country: Northern Mariana Islands (commonwealth associated with the US) - Geography Total area: 477 km2; land area: 477 km2; includes Saipan, Rota, and Tinian Comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: none Coastline: 1,482 km Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 12 nm; Continental shelf: 200 m; Extended economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 3 nm Climate: tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to July, rainy season July to October Terrain: southern islands are limestone with level terraces and fringing coral reefs; northern islands are volcanic; highest elevation is 471 meters (Mt. Tagpochu on Saipan) Natural resources: arable land, fish Land use: 1% arable land; NA% permanent crops; 19% meadows and pastures; NA% forest and woodland; NA% other Environment: Mt. Pagan is an active volcano (last erupted in October 1988); subject to typhoons during the rainy season Note: strategic location 5,635 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines - People Population: 22,719 (July 1990), growth rate 3.4% (1990) Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1990) Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990) Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1990) Infant mortality rate: 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1990) Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 70 years female (1990) Total fertility rate: 5.8 children born/woman (1990) Nationality: undetermined Ethnic divisions: Chamorro majority; Carolinians and other Micronesians; Spanish, German, Japanese admixtures Religion: Christian with a Roman Catholic majority, although traditional beliefs and taboos may still be found Language: English, but Chamorro and Carolinian are also spoken in the home and taught in school Literacy: NA% Labor force: 17,533, including 10,000 foreign workers (1988 est.) Organized labor: NA - Government Long-form name: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Type: commonwealth associated with the US and administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior Capital: Saipan Administrative divisions: none Independence: none (commonwealth associated with the US) Constitution: Covenant Agreement effective 3 November 1986 Legal system: NA National holiday: Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978) Executive branch: governor, lieutenant governor Legislative branch: bicameral Legislature consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989); Head of Government--Governor Pedro P. TENORIO (since 1978); Lieutenant Governor Pedro A. TENORIO (since NA) Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party, Antonio S. Guerrero; Republican Party, Alonso Igisomar Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections Elections: Governor--last held on NA (next to be held NA); results--Pedro P. TENORIO (Democratic Party) was elected; Senate--last held on NA (next to be held NA); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(9 total) number of seats by party NA; House of Representatives--last held on NA (next to be held NA); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(14 total) number of seats by party NA; US House of Representatives--last held NA (next to be held NA); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(1 total) party of nonvoting delegate NA Diplomatic representation: none Flag: blue with a white five-pointed star superimposed on the gray silhouette of a latte stone (a traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center - Economy Overview: The economy benefits substantially from financial assistance from the US. An agreement for the years 1986 to 1992 entitles the islands to $228 million for capital development, government operations, and special programs. Another major source of income is the tourist industry, which employs about 10% of the work force. The agricultural sector is made up of cattle ranches and small farms producing coconuts, breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons. Industry is small scale in nature--mostly handicrafts and fish processing. GNP: $165 million, per capita $9,170; real growth rate NA% (1982) Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $70.6 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1987) Exports: $NA; commodities--vegetables, beef, pork; partners--NA Imports: $NA; commodities--NA; partners--NA External debt: $NA Industrial production: growth rate NA% Electricity: 25,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced, 1,640 kWh per capita (1989) Industries: tourism, construction, light industry, handicrafts Agriculture: coffee, coconuts, fruits, tobacco, cattle Aid: none Currency: US currency is used Exchange rates: US currency is used Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September - Communications Highways: 300 km total (53 km primary, 55 km secondary, 192 km local) Ports: Saipan, Rota, Tinian Airports: 6 total, 4 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: stations--2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - Defense Forces Note: defense is the responsibility of the US ---------------------------------------------------- Country: Norway - Geography Total area: 324,220 km2; land area: 307,860 km2 Comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico Land boundaries: 2,582 km total; Finland 729 km, Sweden 1,657, USSR 196 km Coastline: 21,925 km (3,419 km mainland; 2,413 km large islands; 16,093 km long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations) Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 10 nm; Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation; Extended economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 4 nm Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with USSR; territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land); Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims beween Greenland and Jan Mayen Climate: temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior; rainy year-round on west coast Terrain: glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north Natural resources: crude oil, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydropower Land use: 3% arable land; 0% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and pastures; 27% forest and woodland; 70% other; includes NEGL% irrigated Environment: air and water pollution; acid rain Note: strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest coastlines in world; Norway and Turkey only NATO members having a land boundary with the USSR - People Population: 4,252,806 (July 1990), growth rate 0.5% (1990) Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1990) Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990) Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1990) Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1990) Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 81 years female (1990) Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1990) Nationality: noun--Norwegian(s); adjective--Norwegian Ethnic divisions: Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic) and racial-cultural minority of 20,000 Lapps Religion: 94% Evangelical Lutheran (state church), 4% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% other Language: Norwegian (official); small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities Literacy: 100% Labor force: 2,164,000; 33.6% services, 17.4% commerce, 16.6% mining and manufacturing, 8.4% transportation, 7.8% construction, 6.8% banking and financial services, 6.5% agriculture, forestry, and fishing (1986) Organized labor: 66% of labor force (1985) - Government Long-form name: Kingdom of Norway Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Oslo Administrative divisions: 19 provinces (fylker, singular--fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag, Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold Independence: 26 October 1905 (from Sweden) Constitution: 17 May 1814, modified in 1884 Dependent areas: Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard Legal system: mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Constitution Day, 17 May (1814) Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, State Council (cabinet) Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Storting or Stortinget) with an Upper Chamber (Lagting) and a Lower Chamber (Odelsting) Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Hoiesterett) Leaders: Chief of State--King OLAV V (since 21 September 1957); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HARALD (born 21 February 1937); Head of Government--Prime Minister Jan P. SYSE (since 16 October 1989) Political parties and leaders: Labor, Gro Harlem Brundtland; Conservative, Jan P. Syse; Center, Johan J. Jakobsen; Christian People's, Kjell Magne Bondevik; Socialist Left, Eric Solheim; Norwegian Communist, Hans I. Kleven; Progress, Carl I. Hagen; Liberal, Arne Fjortoft; Finnmark List, leader NA Suffrage: universal at age 18 Elections: Parliament--last held on 11 September 1989 (next to be held 6 September 1993); results--Labor 34.3%, Conservative 22.2%, Progress 13.0%, Socialist Left 10.1%, Christian People's 8.5%, Center 6.6%, Finnmark List 0.3%, others 5%; seats--(165 total) Labor 63, Conservative 37, Progress 22, Socialist Left 17, Christian People's 14, Center 11, Finnmark List 1 Communists: 15,500 est.; 5,500 Norwegian Communist Party (NKP); 10,000 Workers Communist Party Marxist-Leninist (AKP-ML, pro-Chinese) Member of: ADB, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA (associate member), IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC--International Whaling Commission, IWC--International Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Kjeld VIBE; Chancery at 2720 34th Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-6000; there are Norwegian Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Miami and New Orleans; US--Ambassador Loret Miller RUPPE; Embassy at Drammensveien 18, Oslo 2 (mailing address is APO New York 09085); telephone [47] (2) 44-85-50 Flag: red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) - Economy Overview: Norway is a prosperous capitalist nation with the resources to finance extensive welfare measures. Since 1975 exploitation of large crude oil and natural gas reserves has helped achieve an average annual growth of roughly 4%, the third-highest among OECD countries. Growth slackened in 1987-88 because of the sharp drop in world oil prices and a slowdown in consumer spending, but picked up again in 1989. Future economic issues involve the aging of the population, the increased economic integration of Europe, and the balance between private and public influence in economic decisions. GDP: $75.8 billion, per capita $17,900; real growth rate 5.7% (1989 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (1989) Unemployment rate: 3.9% (1989 est., excluding people in job-training programs) Budget: revenues $40.6 billion; expenditures $41.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989) Exports: $22.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--petroleum and petroleum products 25%, natural gas 11%, fish 7%, aluminum 6%, ships 3.5%, pulp and paper; partners--UK 26%, EFTA 16.3%, less developed countries 14%, Sweden 12%, FRG 12%, US 6%, Denmark 5% (1988) Imports: $18.7 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--machinery, fuels and lubricants, transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, clothing, ships; partners--Sweden 18%, less developed countries 18%, FRG 14%, Denmark 8%, UK 7%, US 7%, Japan 5% (1988) External debt: $18.3 billion (December 1989) Industrial production: growth rate 15.8% (1989) Electricity: 26,735,000 kW capacity; 121,685 million kWh produced, 28,950 kWh per capita (1989) Industries: petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing Agriculture: accounts for 3.1% of GNP and 6.5% of labor force; among world's top 10 fishing nations; livestock output exceeds value of crops; over half of food needs imported; fish catch of 1.9 million metric tons in 1987 Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $3.7 billion Currency: Norwegian krone (plural--kroner); 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 ore Exchange rates: Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1--6.5405 (January 1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987), 7.3947 (1986), 8.5972 (1985) Fiscal year: calendar year - Communications Railroads: 4,223 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operates 4,219 km (2,450 km electrified and 96 km double track); 4 km other Highways: 79,540 km total; 18,600 km concrete, bituminous, stone block; 19,980 km bituminous treated; 40,960 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth Inland waterways: 1,577 km along west coast; 1.5-2.4 m draft vessels maximum Pipelines: refined products, 53 km Ports: Oslo, Bergen, Fredrikstad, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Trondheim Merchant marine: 660 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,702,254 GRT/28,722,304 DWT; includes 11 passenger, 19 short-sea passenger, 104 cargo, 3 passenger-cargo, 19 refrigerated cargo, 6 container, 40 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 6 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar carrier, 128 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 86 chemical tanker, 62 liquefied gas, 26 combination ore/oil, 142 bulk, 7 combination bulk; note--the government has created a captive register, the Norwegian International Ship Register (NIS), as a subset of the Norwegian register; ships on the NIS enjoy many benefits of flags of convenience and do not have to be crewed by Norwegians; the majority of ships under the Norwegian flag are now registered with the NIS Civil air: 76 major transport aircraft Airports: 104 total, 104 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph, and telex services; 3,102,000 telephones; stations--8 AM, 46 (1,400 relays) FM, 55 (2,100 relays) TV; 4 coaxial submarine cables; communications satellite earth stations operating in the EUTELSAT, INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean), MARISAT, and domestic systems - Defense Forces Branches: Royal Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air Force Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,115,620; 937,555 fit for military service; 32,748 reach military age (20) annually Defense expenditures: 3.3% of GDP, or $2.5 billion (1989 est.) ---------------------------------------------------- Country: Oman - Geography Total area: 212,460 km2; land area: 212,460 km2 Comparative area: slightly smaller than Kansas Land boundaries: 1,374 km total; Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, PDRY 288 km Coastline: 2,092 km Maritime claims: Continental shelf: to be defined; Extended economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm Disputes: Administrative Line with PDRY; no defined boundary with most of UAE, Administrative Line in far north Climate: dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south Terrain: vast central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south Natural resources: crude oil, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 5% meadows and pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 95% other; includes NEGL% irrigated Environment: summer winds often raise large sandstorms and duststorms in interior; sparse natural freshwater resources Note: strategic location with small foothold on Musandam Peninsula controlling Strait of Hormuz (17% of world's oil production transits this point going from Persian Gulf to Arabian Sea) - People Population: 1,457,064 (July 1990), growth rate 3.1% (1990) Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1990) Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1990) Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990) Infant mortality rate: 105 deaths/1,000 live births (1990) Life expectancy at birth: 56 years male, 58 years female (1990) Total fertility rate: 6.8 children born/woman (1990) Nationality: noun--Omani(s); adjective--Omani Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Arab, with small Balochi, Zanzibari, and Indian groups Religion: 75% Ibadhi Muslim; remainder Sunni Muslim, Shia Muslim, some Hindu Language: Arabic (official); English, Balochi, Urdu, Indian dialects Literacy: 20% Labor force: 430,000; 60% agriculture (est.); 58% are non-Omani Organized labor: trade unions are illegal - Government Long-form name: Sultanate of Oman Type: absolute monarchy; independent, with residual UK influence Capital: Muscat Administrative divisions: none Independence: 1650, expulsion of the Portuguese Constitution: none Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the sultan; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Executive branch: sultan, Cabinet, State Consultative Assembly Legislative branch: none Judicial branch: none; traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil court system National holiday: National Day, 18 November Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said Al Said (since 23 July 1970) Political parties: none Suffrage: none Elections: none Other political or pressure groups: outlawed Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in South Yemen; small, clandestine Shia fundamentalist groups are active Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Awadh Bader AL-SHANFARI; Chancery at 2342 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-1980 through 1982; US--Ambassador Richard BOEHM; Embassy at address NA, Muscat (mailing address is P. O. Box 966, Muscat); telephone 738-231 or 738-006 Flag: three horizontal bands of white (top, double width), red, and green (double width) with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered at the top of the vertical band - Economy Overview: Economic performance is closely tied to the fortunes of the oil industry. Petroleum accounts for nearly all export earnings, about 70% of government revenues, and more than 50% of GDP. Oman has proved oil reserves of 4 billion barrels, equivalent to about 20 years' supply at the current rate of extraction. Although agriculture employs a majority of the population, urban centers depend on imported food. GDP: $7.8 billion, per capita $6,006; real growth rate - 3.0% (1987 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.0% (1988 est.) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $3.1 billion; expenditures $4.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.0 billion (1989 est.) Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--petroleum, reexports, processed copper, dates, nuts, fish; partners--Japan, South Korea, Thailand Imports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities --machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, lubricants; partners--Japan, UAE, UK, FRG, US External debt: $3.1 billion (December 1989 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 5.0% (1986) Electricity: 1,130,000 kW capacity; 3,600 million kWh produced, 2,760 kWh per capita (1989) Industries: crude oil production and refining, natural gas production, construction, cement, copper Agriculture: accounts for 3.4% of GDP and 60% of the labor force (including fishing); less than 2% of land cultivated; largely subsistence farming (dates, limes, bananas, alfalfa, vegetables, camels, cattle); not self-sufficient in food; annual fish catch averages 100,000 metric tons Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $122 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $92 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $797 million Currency: Omani rial (plural--rials); 1 Omani rial (RO) = 1,000 baiza Exchange rates: Omani rials (RO) per US$1--0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986) Fiscal year: calendar year - Communications Highways: 22,800 km total; 3,800 km bituminous surface, 19,000 km motorable track Pipelines: crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km Ports: Mina Qabus, Mina Raysut Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft Airports: 128 total, 119 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 63 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system of open-wire, radio relay, and radio communications stations; 50,000 telephones; stations--3 AM, 3 FM, 11 TV; satellite earth stations--2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT and 8 domestic - Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal Oman Police Military manpower: males 15-49, 350,173; 198,149 fit for military service Defense expenditures: 16.5% of GDP, or $1.3 billion (1990 est.) ---------------------------------------------------- Country: Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau) - Geography Total area: 458 km2; land area: 458 km2 Comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: none Coastline: 1,519 km Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 12 nm; Continental shelf: 200 m; Extended economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 3 nm Climate: wet season May to November; hot and humid Terrain: islands vary geologically from the high mountainous main island of Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large barrier reefs Natural resources: forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products; deep-seabed minerals Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest and woodland; NA% other Environment: subject to typhoons from June to December; archipelago of six island groups totaling over 200 islands in the Caroline chain Note: important location 850 km southeast of the Philippines; includes World War II battleground of Peleliu and world-famous rock islands - People Population: 14,310 (July 1990), growth rate 0.7% (1990) Birth rate: 25 births/1,000 population (1990) Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1990) Net migration rate: - 12 migrants/1,000 population (1990) Infant mortality rate: 26 deaths/1,000 live births (1990) Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 74 years female (1990) Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (1990) Nationality: noun--Palauan(s); adjective--Palauan Ethnic divisions: Palauans are a composite of Polynesian, Malayan, and Melanesian races Religion: predominantly Christian, mainly Roman Catholic