Part 4

But on the other hand, the Confederate government and General Kirby Smith were taking extreme measures to keep the field forces intact. In February, 1865, all non-fighting troop details were outlawed except where soldiers were needed to keep a few key manufacturies in operation, all white men from eighteen to forty-five were ordered to report for immediate military service, and all leaves were cancelled.[123] Kirby Smith implored Richmond to make available the $50,000,000 in back pay due his men.[124] All Confederate prisoners on parole in Texas were declared to be exchanged and were commanded to rejoin their units. Unauthorized absentees were promised pardons if they returned to their companies within twenty days.[125] Once more Federal invasion troops were moving up the Red River and down from Arkansas. Only by thus scraping the bottom of the barrel could Texas hope to keep the determined foe at bay.

In late April, 1865, just as a number of scandals involving illegal seizures of privately owned cotton were coming to light, the word arrived in Texas that General Lee had surrendered in Virginia. General Kirby Smith and Governor Murrah quickly penned proclamations asking the soldiers and citizens of the trans-Mississippi region to continue the struggle. Murrah declared that "These unforeseen calamities imposed additional responsibilities on the State of Texas" because Southerners now looked "with eager eyes and anxious hearts to the people and armies of this Department, for rescue and deliverance. They will not--they must not look in vain. With God's blessing, it may yet be the proud privilege of Texas, the youngest of the Confederate Sisters, to redeem the cause of the Confederacy from its present perils."[126]

But such inspiring words failed miserably to compensate for the common realization that the Confederacy had failed. It could now be seen that for many months past the Southwest had endured the war in a desperate hope that Lee would soon achieve complete victory. With this one great hope crushed, the entire department was too demoralized to continue the fight. Desertions in very large numbers followed. Oftentimes bands of ten and twenty men would leave their undersized regiments in a single night. In Galveston, only the timely calling out of faithful troops prevented the attempted desertion of four hundred soldiers.[127]

By May, surrender negotiations between Kirby Smith's representatives and the United States government were in progress. It was at this time that the last land action of the war took place in the isolated Brownsville sector. In mid-May some eight hundred Union soldiers were moving from their Brazos de Santiago base when they suddenly made contact with several hundred of Colonel John S. Ford's Confederates who were camped at White's Ranch. The Southerners had heard nothing of Lee's surrender, but had been warned of the presence of Union troops by French and Mexican observers on the south side of the Rio Grande. The Federals quickly formed a skirmish line, pushed against the Confederates, and then entrenched in the sandy soil of Palmetto Ranch. As this occurred, Ford managed to position six artillery pieces on Palmetto Hill and fired down into the United States soldiers' defensive works. This forced the superior Federal command to retire from the field. In all, the Union lost over one hundred prisoners. When these captives convinced Ford of Lee's surrender, the Texans were so stunned that no pursuit of the retreating enemy soldiers was attempted.[128]

Finally, on May 26, Lieutenant General S. B. Buckner, Kirby Smith's Chief of Staff, negotiated a "military convention of peace" with high Union officials in New Orleans.[129] This act was finalized on June 2 when General Kirby Smith formally signed the articles of surrender aboard the Union warship _Fort Jackson_ in Galveston harbor. In the same month Federal troops arrived to occupy Texas. To impress French observers in Mexico, the Rio Grande was made a point of concentration for occupation soldiers. A strange sight was seen in Galveston on June 16 when the occupation officially started. Three hundred silent Texans watched as a United States transport ship loaded with soldiers was tied to the landing while a blue clad band played "Yankee Doodle." Three days later, on "Juneteenth," Major General Gordon Granger, recently named commander of Union forces in Texas, landed at the same port and immediately issued a proclamation declaring free all Texas slaves.[130] Eventually there were over 50,000 Federal soldiers in Texas. Parts of Herron's Division occupied northeastern Texas. Mower's Division occupied Galveston. Custer and 4,000 cavalrymen occupied Austin. Merritt occupied San Antonio with an even larger force of mounted men. Elsewhere the state was occupied by the Fourth Corps, the Thirteenth Corps, and the Twenty-Fifth Corps.[131]

The war was at last over. Some Texans were able to express pleasure that the end had finally come while others were not talking. A few of the state's leaders during the war fled to Mexico. The solid citizenry of the state faced the task of creating a respected state government and an enduring nation. They faced this task with a firmness of purpose that has characterized our citizens since the establishment of the Republic of Texas.

NOTES

1. To the north were Commanches and Kiowas, to the west were Apaches and hostile New Mexicans, and to the south were unfriendly Mexicans.

2. _Population of the United States in 1860_ (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1864), pp. 472-90.

3. _Ibid._, _Agriculture of the United States in 1860_ (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1864), pp. 140-51. A. B. Bender, "Principal Military Posts in the Southwest" in _The March of Empire_ (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1952), opposite p. 284.

4. Ernest W. Winkler, _Platform of Political Parties in Texas_ (Bulletin of the University of Texas, 1916: No. 53), pp. 11-80. Llerena Friend, _Sam Houston The Great Designer_ (Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1954) pp. 241 ff. Charles W. Ramsdell, "The Frontier and Secession" in _Studies in Southern History and Politics: Inscribed to William Archibald Dunning_ (New York: Columbia University Press, 1914), p. 74.

5. Hattie J. Roach, _A History of Cherokee County_ (Dallas: Southwest Press, 1934), pp. 61-62. Anna I. Sandbo, "Beginnings of the Secession Movement in Texas" in _The Southwestern Historical Quarterly_, XVIII, No. 2, Oct., 1914, pp. 169-72.

6. The convention call referred to Section I of the "Bill of Rights" of the Texas Constitution of 1845. This section provided that "All political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit; and they have at all times the unalienable right to alter, reform, or abolish their form of government, in such a manner as they think expedient." Constitution of The State of Texas (1845) in H.P.N. Gammel, _The Laws of Texas 1822-1897_ (Austin: The Gammel Book Co., 1898), II, p. 1277. Oran M. Roberts, "The Political, Legislative, and Judicial History of Texas for its Fifty Years of Statehood" in Dudley G. Wooten, A _Comprehensive History of Texas 1685 to 1897_ (Dallas: William G. Scarff, 1898), II, p. 88.

7. Edward R. Maher, Jr., "Sam Houston and Secession" in _The Southwestern Historical Quarterly_, LV, No. 4, Apr., 1952, pp. 453-54. Amelia W. Williams and Eugene C. Barker, _The Writings of Sam Houston 1813-1863_ (Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1943), VIII, pp. 220-21. Ernest W. Winkler [ed.], _Journal of the Secession Convention of Texas 1861_ (Austin: Austin Printing Co., 1912), pp. 9-13.

8. _Ibid._, pp. 20-22, 405-08.

9. Gammel, _The Laws of Texas_, IV, pp. 1519-20.

10. The seven delegates to Montgomery Convention were: Louis T. Wigfall, John Hemphill, John H. Reagan, John Gregg, W. S. Oldham, T. N. Waul, and William B. Ochiltree.

11. Winkler, _Journal of the Secession Convention_, pp. 15-85.

12. "Proclamation by the Governor" Executive Record Book Governor F. R. Lubbock 1861 to 1863, No. 279, MSS, p. 187. Texas State Archives.

13. Winkler, _Journal of the Secession Convention_, pp. 262-83.

14. Roberts, "Fifty Years of Statehood" in Wooten, _A Comprehensive History of Texas_, II, p. 114.

15. Winkler, _Journal of the Secession Convention_, pp. 86-90.

16. _Ibid._, pp. 92-251.

17. "Texas and Texans in the Civil War. 1861-1865" in Wooten, _A Comprehensive History of Texas_, II, pp. 522-26.

18. "Proclamation to the People of Texas," Apr. 17, 1861, Executive Record Book, No. 279, pp. 237-40. "Proclamation to the People of Texas", Apr. 24, 1861. _Ibid._, pp. 242-43.

19. Ella Lonn, _Foreigners in the Confederacy_ (Chapel Hill: The University of the North Carolina Press, 1940), p. 59, 124. McCulloch to Davis, Mar. 25, 1861. _The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies_ (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1880-1901), I, 9, pp. 704-05. Hereafter referred to as _O.R._, and assumed to be Series I unless otherwise indicated. _Idem._ to _idem._ Mar. 31, 1861, _ibid._, p. 705.

20. "Statement of regiments, etc. mustered into the service of the Confederate States," Sept. 30, 1861, _ibid._, IV, 1, p. 630.

21. Clark to Legislature, Nov. 1, 1861, Executive Record Book, No. 279, pp. 355 ff. _Idem._ to Davis, July 28, 1861, Executive Record Book, Governor Edward Clark 1861, No. 80, MSS, p. 97. Texas State Archives.

22. W. W. Heartsill, _Fourteen Hundred and 91 Days in the Confederate Army_. Bell I. Wiley [ed.] (A Facsimile reproduction of the original.) (Jackson, Tennessee: McCowat-Mercer Press, 1954), p. xv, 2-4, 14 ff, 22-23.

23. _The Southern Confederacy_ (Seguin), Sept. 20, 1861. Clark to Rogers and Felder, May 17, 1861, Executive Record Book No. 80, pp. 70-71. Byrd to McCulloch, Sept. 22, 1861, _O.R._, 4, p. 109.

24. Clark to Baylor, May 13, 1861, Executive Record Book, No. 80, p. 63. _Idem._ to Nichols, May 17, 1861, _ibid._, p. 71. _Idem._ to Bee, Aug. 15, 1861, _ibid._, pp. 108-09.

25. _Idem._, to Carothers, Aug. 29, 1861, _ibid._, p. 123. _Idem._ to Walker, Sept. 7, 1861, _ibid._, pp. 127-28. Myers to Minter, Sept. 14, 1861. _O.R._, 4, p. 105. Clark to the "People of Texas", Aug. 31, 1861, Executive Record Book, No. 80, pp. 124-25.

26. Frank Anderson, "Missouri's Confederate State Capitol at Marshall, Texas" in _The Missouri Historical Review_, XXVII, No. 3, Apr., 1933, pp. 240-43. Clark to Davis, July 28, 1861, Executive Record Book, No. 80, pp. 97-98. Joseph C. McConnell, _The West Texas Frontier_ (Palo Pinto: Texas Legal Bank and Book Co., 1939), II, p. 46. Gammel, _The Laws of Texas_, V, pp. 452-54. Lubbock to Reagan, Dec. 27, 1861, _O.R._, 4, pp. 161-64. _Idem._ to McCulloch, Dec. 24, 1861. Executive Record Book, Governor F. R. Lubbock, 1861 to 1863, No. 81, MSS, p. 60. Texas State Archives.

27. Pratt to Hunter, July 1, 1861. _Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of Rebellion_ (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1912), 16, pp. 829-30. Hereafter referred to as _O.R.N._ Reports of Stevens, June 12, 1861, _ibid._, pp. 825-26. Lubbock to McCulloch, Dec. 23, 1861. Executive Record Book, No. 81, pp. 52-53.

28. _Idem._ to Hébert, Dec. 7, 1861. _ibid._, pp. 31-34.

29. Bee to Secretary of War, Oct. 12, 1861, _O.R._, 4, pp. 118-19. Claude Elliott, "Union Sentiment in Texas 1861-1865" in _The Southwestern Historical Quarterly_, L, No. 4, Apr., 1947, pp. 459-62.

30. William McGraw, _Professional Politicians_ (Washington: The Imperial Press, 1940), pp. 117-18.

31. _Galveston Weekly News_, Aug. 20, 1861. William C. Whitford, _Colorado Volunteers in the Civil War_ (Denver: The State Historical and National Historical Society, 1906), p. 29. Lynde to Canby, July 7, 1861, _O.R._, 4, p. 58. Report of Lynde, Aug. 7, 1861, _ibid._, pp. 5-6.

32. Charles S. Walker, "Causes of the Confederate Invasion of New Mexico" in the _New Mexico Historical Review_, VIII, No. 2, Apr., 1933, pp. 76-97. Mamie Yeary, _Reminiscences of the Boys in Gray 1861-1865_ (Dallas: Smith and Lamar, 1912), pp. 247-48. Whitford, _Colorado Volunteers_, pp. 20-21.

33. Martin H. Hall, "The Formation of Sibley's Brigade and the March to New Mexico" in _The Southwestern Historical Quarterly_, LXI, No. 3, Jan., 1958, pp. 385-405. Theodore Noel, _A Campaign from Santa Fe to the Mississippi; Being a History of the Old Sibley Brigade_ (Shreveport: Shreveport News Printing Establishment, 1865), pp. 5-6. Clark to Hogg, Aug. 16, 1861, Executive Record Book, No. 80, pp. 110-11. General Order No. 10, Dec. 14, 1861, _O.R._, 4, pp. 157-58. General Order No. 12, Dec. 20, 1861, _ibid._, p. 159. Wright to Carleton, Jan. 31, 1862, _ibid._, pp. 90-91. Sibley to Cooper, Feb. 22, 1862, _ibid._, 9, pp. 505-06. Donaldson to Paul, Mar. 10, 1862, _ibid._, p. 527. Canby to A. G., Apr. 11, 1862, _ibid._, pp. 549-50. W. W. Mills, _Forty Years at El Paso, 1858-1898_ (Chicago: W. B. Conkey, 1901), pp. 54-59. Yeary, _Reminiscences_, p. 613.

34. Roberts to Thomas, Apr. 23, 1862, _O.R._, 9, p. 666. William A. Keleher, _Turmoil in New Mexico 1846-1868_ (Santa Fe: The Rydal Press, 1952), pp. 188 ff.

35. Lubbock to Pike, June 18, 1862, Executive Record Book, No. 81, p. 275.

36. _Tri-Weekly Telegraph_ (Houston), May 24, 1862. Lubbock to Flournoy, Executive Record Book, No. 81, pp. 293-94.

37. Report of Kittredge, _O.R.N._, 19, pp. 151-52. David D. Porter, _The Naval History of the Civil War_ (New York: The Sherman Publishing Co., 1886), pp. 345-46.

38. DeBray to Moise, Oct. 5, 1862, _O.R._, 15, p. 148. Cook to Franklin, Oct. 9, 1862, _ibid._, pp. 151-53. Hébert to Lubbock, Nov. 8, 1862, _ibid._, p. 858. Lubbock to Washington, Dec. 9, 1862, Executive Record Book, No. 81, p. 436.

39. Banks to President, Dec. 18, 1863 (sic.) _O.R._, 15, pp. 1096-97.

40. Philip C. Tucker, 3d., "The United States Gunboat Harriet Lane" in the _Southwestern Historical Quarterly_, XXI, No. 4, Apr., 1918, pp. 363-69. Porter, _Naval History_, pp. 269-71. Mrs. E. M. Loughery, _War and Reconstruction Times in Texas, 1861-1865_ (Austin: Von Boeckmann-Jones Co., 1914), p. 28. Yeary, _Reminiscences_, p. 139.

41. Chris Emmett, _Texas Camel Tales_ (San Antonio: Naylor Printing Co., 1932), p. 197, 204, 212.

42. A. J. H. Duganne, _Camps and Prisons, Twenty Months in the Department of the Gulf_ (New York: J. P. Robens, 1865), p. 243. Charles C. Nott, _Sketches in Prison Camps: A Continuation of Sketches of the War_ (New York: Anson D. F. Randolph, 1865), pp. 92-93, 171.

43. _Ibid._, pp. 171-72. Dr. Albert Woldert, _A History of Tyler and Smith County, Texas_ (San Antonio: The Naylor Company, 1948), pp. 39-40. John W. Greene, _Camp Ford Prison; and How I Escaped_ (Toledo: n.p., 1893), p. 27, 29-30, 32.

44. Lubbock to Pickens, Apr. 18, 1962, Executive Record Book, No. 81, p. 225.

45. Charles W. Ramsdell, _Reconstruction in Texas_ (New York: Columbia University, 1910), p. 21.

46. Duff to Gray, June 23, 1862, _O.R._, II, 4, pp. 785-87. Lonn, _Foreigners in the Confederacy_, pp. 312-13. Gertrude Harris, _A Tale of Men Who Knew Not Fear_ (San Antonio: Alamo Printing House, 1935), pp. 13-15. H. A. Trexler, "Episode in Border History" in _Southwest Review_, XVI, No. 2, Jan., 1931, pp. 237-38.

47. _Tri-Weekly Telegraph_ (Houston), Dec. 5, 1862.

48. General Order No. 45, May 30, 1862, _O.R._, 9, pp. 715-16. Cooper to Hébert, Sept. 12, 1862, _ibid._, p. 735.

49. Heartsill, _1491 Days_, pp. 44-45. Matthew P. Andrews, _The Women of the South in War Times_ (Baltimore: The Norman-Remington Co., 1920), pp. 416-23. Loughery, _War in Texas_, pp. 14-15. W. Lotto, "Fayette County, Her History and Her People" in Leonie R. Weyand and Houston Wade, _An Early History of Fayette County_ (LaGrange: LaGrange Journal, 1936), p. 252.

50. Lubbock to Rippetoe, Jan. 27, 1862, Executive Record Book, No. 81, pp. 114-15. _Idem._ to Fluellen, Jan. 27, 1862, _ibid._, pp. 116-17. _Idem._ to Lane, Feb. 5, 1862, _ibid._, p. 138. _Idem._ to Bryan, July 1, 1862, _ibid._, pp. 286-88. _Idem._ to Feris, Nov. 16, 1862, _ibid._, pp. 388-89, 390.

51. J. B. Hood, _Advance and Retreat_ (New Orleans: Hood Orphan Memorial Fund, 1880), pp. 15-19.

52. In early 1862 Wigfall was elected to the Confederate Senate and Hood gained command of the brigade.

53. Douglas Southall Freeman, _Lee's Lieutenants_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1946), I, pp. 197-99. Hood, _Advance and Retreat_, p. 21.

54. _Ibid._, p. 28. Report of Whiting, _O.R._, 11 pt. 2, pp. 563-64. Report of Hood, _ibid._, pp. 568-69.

55. Report of Hood, _ibid._, 12, pt. 2, pt. 604-06. Report of Guild, _ibid._, p. 560. Report of Robertson, _ibid._, p. 618.

56. Report of Hood, _ibid._, 19, pt. 1, pp. 922-24. Report of Frobel, _ibid._, pp. 924-26.

57. Report of Wofford, _ibid._, pp. 927-29. Report of Work, _ibid._, pp. 931-34.

58. Report of Robertson, _ibid._, 27, pt. 2, pp. 404-07.

59. Harry McCorry Henderson, _Texas in the Confederacy_ (San Antonio: The Naylor Company, 1955), pp. 31-34. Freeman, _Lee's Lieutenants_, III, pp. 145 ff.

60. U. S. Grant, _Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant_ (London: Samson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, 1885), p. 185.

61. William P. Johnston, _The Life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston_ (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1879), pp. 557, 677. Mrs. Kate Scurry Terrell, "Terry's Texas Rangers" in Wooten, _A Comprehensive History of Texas_, II, p. 685.

62. _Ibid._, pp. 577-80.

63. Johnston, _Johnston_, pp. 558 ff.

64. Report of Whitfield, _O.R._, 17, pt. 1, pp. 128-29. Grant, _Memoirs_, pp. 210-14. "Texas and Texans in the Civil War. 1861-1865" in Wooten, _A Comprehensive History of Texas_, II, pp. 618-19. "The Service of Texas Troops in the Armies of the Southern Confederacy", _ibid._, pp. 608-09. Henderson, _Texas in the Confederacy_, pp. 114-15.

65. Report of Ector, _O.R._, 20, pt. 1, p. 929. Report of Lock, _ibid._, pp. 930-32. Report of Bounds, _ibid._, pp. 932-33. Organization of the Army of Tennessee, _ibid._, pp. 658-61. Return of the casualties of the Confederate forces, _ibid._, pp. 676-81.

66. Smith to Pemberton, July --, 1864, _ibid._, 24, pt. 2, p. 385.

67. _Ibid._, p. 388.

68. _Ibid._, pp. 388-90.

69. _Ibid._, pp. 393-94.

70. Waul to Memminger, July 30, 1863, _ibid._, p. 358.

71. _Ibid._

72. _Ibid._ Summary of the casualties in the Confederate forces during the siege of Vicksburg, _ibid._, p. 328.

73. Welles to Chase, Apr. 21, 1863, _O.R.N._, 17, p. 417.

74. _Idem._ to Seward, May 22, 1863, _ibid._, p. 446.

75. Quintero to Lubbock, Dec. 2, 1861, _Gov. Lubbock Ltrs._, Oct. 14 and Dec. 2, 11, 15, 1861, MSS. Texas State Archives.

76. W. S. Oldham, _Memoirs, 1861-1865_, pp. 353-54. Typed copy in The University of Texas Archives, Frederic S. Hill, _Twenty Years at Sea_ (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1893), pp. 191-92. Frank L. Owsley, _King Cotton Diplomacy_ (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1931), pp. 278-79.

77. William Watson, _The Adventures of a Blockade Runner_ (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1892), pp. 64-65, 79.

78. Magruder to Gorgas, May 30, 1863, _O.R._, 26, pt. 2, pp. 24-25.

79. Frank Brown, _Annals of Travis County and the City of Austin_, Chap. XXIII, pp. 3-4. Typed copy in the Texas State Archives. Report of Military Board, Mar., 1865 in Edmund T. Miller, _A Financial History of Texas_ (Bulletin of the University of Texas, 1916: No. 37), p. 138. Don H. Biggers, _German Pioneers in Texas_ (Fredericksburg, Texas: Press of the Fredericksburg Publishing Co., 1925), pp. 98-99. Roach, _Cherokee County_, pp. 66-67. Dabney White [ed.], _East Texas, Its History and Its Makers_ (New York: Lewis Historical Pub. Co., 1940), II, p. 871; III, p. 1248. Richard D. Steuart, "The Story of the Confederate Colt" in _Army Ordinance_, XV, No. 86, Sept.-Oct., 1934, p. 90.

80. Richard Taylor, _Destruction and Reconstruction_, Richard B. Harwell [ed.] (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1955), pp. 143 ff. Joseph B. James, "Edmund Kirby Smith: Soldier of the South." Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Florida, 1935, pp. 258-59.

81. Lt. Col. A. J. Fremantle, _The Fremantle Diary_. Walter Lord [ed.] (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1954), pp. 64-65.

82. _Ibid._, p. 58.

83. Lubbock to Harris, June 17, 1863, Executive Record Book. Governor F. R. Lubbock, 1861-1863, No. 82, MSS, pp. 112-13. Texas State Archives.

84. Oldham, _Memoirs_, p. 371.

85. Report of Marshall Conference, Aug. 15, 1863, Executive Record Book No. 82, pp. 129-37. Governors to the People, Aug. 18, 1863, _ibid._, pp. 137-39.

86. Halleck to Banks, Aug. 6, 1863, _O.R._, 26, pt. 1, p. 672. _Idem._ to _idem._, Aug. 10, 1863, _ibid._, p. 673. Lincoln to Banks, Aug. 5, 1863 in John G. Nicolay and John Hay, _Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln_ (New York: The Lamb Publishing Company, 1894), IX, p. 56. _Idem._ to Grant, Aug. 9, 1863, ibid., pp. 64-65.

87. Francis R. Sackett, _Dick Dowling_ (Houston: Gulf Publishing Co., 1937), pp. 16-47. Porter, _Naval History_, pp. 346-47. Report of Magruder, Sept. 10, 1863, _O.R.N._, 20, pp. 560-61. Andrew Forest Muir, "Dick Dowling and the Battle of Sabine Pass" in _Civil War History_, IV, No. 4, Dec., 1958, pp. 414 ff.

88. Kirby Smith to Davis, Nov. 13, 1863, _O.R._, 26, pt. 2, pp. 410-11.

89. Dana to Stone, Dec. 24, 1863, _ibid._, pt. 1, pp. 876-78.

90. Banks to Halleck, Dec. 12, 1863, _ibid._, p. 847.

91. Col. H. L. Landers, "Wet Sand and Cotton" in _The Louisiana Historical Quarterly_, XIX, No. 1, Jan., 1936, pp. 159-62.

92. James T. DeShields, _They Sat in High Place_ (San Antonio: The Naylor Co., 1940), pp. 241-49.

93. Lubbock to McCulloch, Sept. 2, 1863, Executive Record Book, No. 82. pp. 147-48. Certificate by Murrah, Aug. 6, 1864, Executive Record Book, Gov. Pendleton Murrah 1863-1865, No. 280 [_sic_], MSS, p. 140. Texas State Archives, James K. Greer, _Bois d'Arc to Barb'd Wire Ken Cary: Southwest Frontier Born_ (Dallas: Dealy and Lowe, 1936), pp. 249 ff.

94. Henry C. Williams, _The Indian Raid in Young County, Texas October 13, 1864_. Typed copy in The University of Texas Archives.

95. General Order No. 1, Dec. 13, 1864, Gov. P. Murrah, Ltrs., July-Dec., 1864 and undated, 1864, MSS, Texas State Archives.

96. James K. Greer [ed.], _A Texas Ranger and Frontiersman. The Days of Buck Barry in Texas 1845-1906_. (Dallas: The Southwest Press, 1932), pp. 180-181.

97. James, "Edmund Kirby Smith", pp. 284-85.

98. Kirby Smith to Murrah, Mar. 31, 1864, Gov. P. Murrah Ltrs., Mar., 1864, MSS. Texas State Archives.

99. General Order No. 57, July 23, 1864, _O.R._, 41, pt. 2, p. 1021. General Order No. 15, July 10, 1864, _ibid._, pp. 1002-04. Magruder to Murrah, Mar. 14, 1864, Gov. P. Murrah Ltrs., Mar., 1864.

100. Kirby Smith to Price, Aug. 11, 1864, _O.R._, 34, pt. 3. p. 759. Taylor to Boggs, _ibid._, pt. 1, p. 528. Drake to Irwin, Apr. 11, 1864, _ibid._, pt. 3, pp. 127-28.

101. Yeary, _Reminiscences_, p. 448.

102. _Ibid._, p. 627.

103. James G. Wilson, "The Red River Dam" in _Galaxy_, I, June 1, 1866, pp. 241-45.

104. Kirby Smith to Cooper, Apr. 14, 1864, _O.R._, 34, pt. 3, pp. 764-65. _Idem._ to Bragg, Aug. 3, 1864 in collection of the papers of Edmund Kirby Smith, folder No. 45, The University of Texas Library. Taylor to Buckner, Aug. 18, 1864, _ibid._

105. E. T. Miller, "The State Finances of Texas During the Civil War" in _The Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association_, XIV, No. 1, July, 1910, pp. 12-13.

106. Commission by Murrah, Jan. 13, 1864, Executive Record Book, No. 280 [_sic_], p. 58.

107. Charles W. Ramsdell, "The Texas State Military Board" in _The Southwestern Historical Quarterly_, XXVII, No. 4, Apr., 1924, pp. 269-71.

108. Boggs to Magruder, Mar. 22, 1864, _O.R._, 34, pt. 2, p. 1074. Magruder to Bates, Apr. 22, 1864, _ibid._, pt. 3, pp. 784-85. Impressment schedule, Jan. 1, 1864, _ibid._, pt. 2, pp. 811-14.