Chapter XIV

The Technic of Globe Construction--Materials and Methods

General problems to be met.--Development from the simple armilla to the complex sphere.--The references of Ptolemy, Leontius Mechanicus, Alfonso.--Behaim's leadership in practical globe making.--Materials employed.--Experiments in map projection.--The beginning and rapid development of globe-gore construction.--Various examples of early gore maps.--Equatorial polar and ecliptic polar mountings.--Special features of celestial globe maps.--Globe mountings.--Varying sizes of globes.--The uses of globes.--Moon globes and planetariums.

In this concluding chapter it is not proposed to consider in detail the technical features of globe construction, as these features have presented themselves in the long period which has been under review; the rather to give, somewhat in the nature of a summary, a general word as to the development of the simple armilla of the ancients, "in continued succession, receiving ripeness and perfection" in such celestial spheres as were those of Mohammed ben Helal, of Tycho, of Hondius, or of Blaeu; into the terrestrial spheres of Schöner, of Mercator, of Greuter, or of Coronelli.

We have seen that during these years there were problems mechanical, mathematical, and artistic continually arising, in the solution of which talent of a high order was often exhibited; problems having to do with the kind of material to be employed, with the shaping and the graduation of the rings or circles, with the construction of the supporting bases which entered into the completed product, with the engraving of the map on the surface of the metal sphere, or with the designing and the engraving of the plates for the printing of the map to be used in covering the prepared ball, and the fitting of the same to its curved surface.

The principal astronomical instrument employed by such ancient astronomers as Eudoxus, Timocharis, and Hipparchus appears to have been at first but a single metal ring, perhaps of brass. At any rate their instruments must have been exceedingly simple, perhaps the simplest form of the astrolabe (Fig. 133), yet they sufficed as aids in the solution of such astronomical problems as suggested themselves in that early day. The addition of a second ring to the simple instrument gave further aid to the observer in his efforts to determine the declination and the right ascension of any of the heavenly bodies. These rings came to be considered, the first as a celestial meridian circle, the second as a celestial horizon circle, and in the passing years others were added to represent the ecliptic, the colures, the tropics, the polar circles, and the orbits of the several planets, until we have the fully developed armillary sphere of a Vopel or a Santucci.[181]

Relative to globes proper in antiquity, it will have been noted that in general there is an element of uncertainty as to their exact character, which speaks out in the numerous allusions to them. None has survived to our day save the Atlante Farnese. This globe of marble is not so mounted as to permit its revolution, resting as it does upon the shoulders of the mythical Atlas, yet in its representation of the figures of the several constellations, then recognized by astronomers, it differs practically but little from the celestial globes, that is, solid spheres, constructed a millennium and a half later.[182] We cannot, however, draw the conclusion from this one example that such globes were generally looked upon as practical instruments for use in astronomical studies, yet there clearly were those who did so regard them.

Doubtless the globe or globes to which Ptolemy alludes were intended to be of practical value. He tells us they should be constructed of brass, and as before noted, he describes the use and the construction of such instruments. Like the maps he probably made, though none survives, it is not difficult, from his description, to reconstruct them. Such celestial globes as Ptolemy may have prepared were doubtless adjustable, but were not made to revolve by mechanical device such as we frequently meet with in globes of the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries, nor were they like the mechanical contrivance of Archimedes, clearly intended to represent the movements of the celestial bodies, and perhaps their movements relative to the earth. No description of Archimedes' mechanism survives by means of which it could now be reproduced with anything like a satisfactory degree of certainty.

The allusions of Leontius Mechanicus, referred to in Chapter III, read like a globe maker's instructions of the eighteenth century. He knew his Ptolemy whom he followed in the main, but he wrote as one who clearly did not sense the approaching decline of interest in the physical sciences.

And what can be said of the methods and the materials for globe making during the period of the so-called middle ages? The survivals, and these are only of the later years of the period, are of Arabic origin, which, without exception, appear to have been intended primarily for use in astronomical studies. They are either armillary spheres, or metal balls, on the surface of which are the engraved representations of the starry heavens, with the figures of the several constellations. Without a known exception these are of small size, and if furnished at all with mounting, only that of a simple character. There is reason for thinking that such astronomical instruments were made in great numbers, and that they were to be found in practically all Arabic observatories.[183]

The interesting allusions in King Alfonso's 'Libros del Saber de Astronomia,' from which citations may be found in our Chapter IV, give us information concerning both methods and materials which might be employed in globe construction in his day. It is not there stated that the author had information concerning the actual use of the more than twenty named materials which might be chosen for their manufacture. He does, however, lead us to infer that there may have been experiments by his contemporaries in which trial was made of the fitness of the several materials named, his conclusion being that wood or brass was the most suitable.

It has previously been noted that globes appear to have been made now and then for use in the monastic schools, but we find no detailed description of their special character. Here and there, it is true, may be found reference to the adjustability of their parts, and to their rings which made them serviceable for furthering astronomical studies. The inference is fair that the globes of these Christian schools were armillary spheres, and were not solid or hollow balls on the surface of which the starry firmament or the earth had been depicted.

Behaim's globe of the year 1492 seems to represent a radical departure in globe construction. His idea appears to have been novel. He employed a mould in the making of his globe ball, and over the surface of this completed ball pasted irregular strips of parchment which furnished a suitable ground for the draughting of the map with its geographical outlines and its artistic adornments in color. Behaim's globe mounting was of the simplest character, consisting of a metal meridian circle within which the sphere could be revolved, a horizon circle of like material, the whole resting upon a tripod base. Although effort was made to establish in Nürnberg an institute wherein globe making might be taught especially, the plan seems not to have carried, and such as were later produced in this city were merely the output of the mathematical instrument maker's shop or of the geographical establishments.

Throughout all the early years of the modern period, metal globes continued to find favor, to the making of which skilled workmen in the thriving industrial centers of Southern Germany, Southeastern France, Northern Switzerland, and Northern Italy set themselves. Brass, copper, silver, and gold were employed very frequently in their construction, the last-named metals being used in the making of globes primarily for ornamental purposes.[184] Globes with manuscript maps, as before noted, seemed to find especial favor in Italy, in the making of which much artistic skill was displayed. The spheres for such globes were usually of wood either solid or hollow, of well-fashioned strips of wood, canvas covered, the whole carefully glued and braced that the spherical shape might not be affected with time. In the preparation of the sphere to receive the manuscript map, workmen proceeded much as did Behaim, pasting over its surface irregular strips of parchment or paper, adding occasionally a groundwork of paint suitable for taking the sketch of the draughtsman. As the years passed, and the engraved map found increasing favor, practically all globe balls, with exceptions as noted above, were made either of plaster shot through and through with a binding material, usually of fiber, and fashioned over a mould, or of a preparation of papier-mâché.

The increasing interest in globes and globe making manifesting itself in the early years of the sixteenth century led to the devising of methods for their more rapid construction. If the opening years of the sixteenth century witnessed a rapid expansion of geographical knowledge, none the less did they witness an improvement in the making of maps wherein this expanding knowledge could fittingly be recorded. It is interesting to note how rapidly change was made from one method of map draughting to another in the search for a projection which might prove itself to be altogether suitable. As a result of this striving we have for example the projection of Donnus Nicolas Germanus employed in his maps of the geographer Ptolemy, and often referred to as the Donis projection.[185] Then we find the stereographic meridional[186] and the stereographic polar,[187] the cordiform single and double[188] which seem to have been a development from the orthographic projection well represented in the map of Johannes Stabius (Fig. 45) who appears to have been the first to give the method prominence. In addition to the projections mentioned there were many modifications, to suit the notions of the draughtsmen, which were employed in the early sixteenth century.[189] With the fuller realization of the fact that the earth is a sphere, the desire accurately to represent in the maps its spherical surface continued to seek for expression, an expression that would do least violence to the fact that the degrees of latitude and longitude vary in length, particularly those of longitude as one passes from the equator toward the poles or from the poles toward the equator. If the earth is a sphere then why could a map so draughted as truly to represent the surface of a sphere not be counted the most acceptable? This must have been the argument of those who especially applied themselves to the designing of maps suitable for a spherical surface, that is, for application to a globe ball.

Who first conceived the idea of fashioning globe gore maps we do not know. Fiorini cites evidence[190] that Francesco Rosselli (1445-1510), a printer of large and small maps in Florence, included in his productions gore maps to be used in globe construction, and this probably before the year 1507, but none of his work of this character has come down to us. The so-called Waldseemüller gores are the oldest known, of which but one copy is extant.[191] By some they are thought to have been constructed for his globe to which he refers in his 'Cosmographiae Introductio,' but they are unsigned and undated. They are somewhat crude and much manipulation would be required to fit them to the surface of a sphere. Before the first quarter of the sixteenth century had passed other globe gore maps made their appearance, such as those undoubtedly the work of Schöner or of the Schönerian school, or such as the gores of Boulengier[192] exquisitely engraved and printed, though so far as we know never used in covering the surface of a sphere.

The artist Albrect Dürer (1471-1528), as we are informed, was one of the earliest to set himself to the solution of the problem having to do with the development of a spherical surface into a flat surface, yet he never seems to have thought an exact mathematical solution possible. It was a problem, he realized, in which there could be but an approximate solution. In trying to illustrate what he thought to be the nearest approach to the same he found himself led to the idea of the globe gore.[193] Of his illustration, he said, "Die sphera oder ein Kugel wenn man sie durch jr mittag linien zerschneydet, und in Planum legt, so gewinnt sie ein Gestalt eines Kam, wie ich das hie hat auffgerissen." "Should one divide the sphere or ball on the line of the equator and lay this out as a plane, one has the figure of a comb, as is here shown." Dürer worked out a simple rule for the construction of the globe biangles,[194] which rule served measurably well for the purpose intended. While it would not be inappropriate to give here a résumé of his formula, as well as the formulae of others who set themselves to a like task, we should in so doing be carried into a field rather more technical than seems fitting for our purpose.[195]

Two years after Dürer had published his observations on this subject Henricus Loriti Glareanus (1488-1551) issued a small treatise on geography,[196] devoting his Chapter XIX bearing title 'De inducendo papyro in globo' to globe-gore construction. He proposed the employment of twelve gores or biangles (Fig. 134) so arranged for printing that the shorter diameter of each should represent 30 degrees of longitude, the sum therefore representing 360 degrees or the equatorial circumference of the globe they were intended to cover; the longer diameter of each gore representing the semicircumference of the globe and extending from pole to pole, that is, a meridian. We do not know that his formula for gore construction was closely followed by any globe maker of the period, nor does Glareanus himself appear to have attempted a practical application of his method, at least we have no evidence that he ever actually attempted to construct a globe. He, however, had made an important contribution toward the solution of the problem of how best to multiply these instruments which were increasingly recognized as of great value in geographical and astronomical studies. The general method of gore map making rapidly found favor despite such practical difficulties, for example, as arose from the peculiarity inseparable from the quality inherent in any and all paper, that is, its irregular expansion when moistened. This difficulty the globe makers, of course, were continually seeking to overcome or reduce to a minimum, as the years passed, through a careful selection of paper to be used, through a more skilful manipulation of the paper made moist by the application of the paste or glue employed in attaching the map to the surface of the sphere,[197] and through a more careful working out of the mathematical problem having to do with the proper proportions of each of the gores.

Dürer had proposed the employment of sixteen segments, Waldseemüller, Schöner, Boulengier, and Glareanus had thought twelve a more suitable number. As the years passed we find a preference manifesting itself now for twelve, now for sixteen, now for eighteen, twenty-four, or thirty-six with a more common preference for the smaller number. The several biangles for the maps alluded to above were fashioned to extend from pole to pole in what we may call the equatorial system; Mercator, as has been noted, introduced the novel idea of truncating his gores twenty degrees from each pole, preparing as a covering for the remaining polar space a circular disc, having the required diameter of forty degrees.[198] This plan he proposed for the practical reason that a paper covering for a sphere so constructed could be applied with greater ease and with greater accuracy than one consisting of complete biangular figures, remembering the tendency of the paper to expand and the difficulty in avoiding folds.

As there was much inclination among map makers to experiment in the matter of map projection so there was an inclination to experiment, as the years passed, in the matter of design for the globe gores. In the so-called Da Vinci gores we find them drawn in two groups of four each (Fig. 135), and instead of the globe biangle we have the globe equilateral triangle. Their application to a spherical surface could only have been made with difficulty, if at all; indeed we cannot be certain that in so outlining a map of the world the draughtsman's intention was to use it in globe construction. The plan seems never to have been followed by any of the other map makers, or by any globe maker. We find an interesting early instance in which the gore map construction was clearly employed merely as a method for plane map making, a method having certain very commendable features (Fig. 136). The author of this map is unknown.

In referring to unusual forms in gore construction attention may again be called to the map of Alonso de Santa Cruz and to that of Antonius Florianus, in which maps the plan was hemispherical,[199] the central point in the construction of each hemisphere, a northern and a southern, being the pole, the circumference of the circle in which the thirty-six gores were drawn, representing the equator. But again we do not know that such a gore map was ever employed in globe construction though the method, it seems, would lend itself to that end.

It can be readily understood that numerous modifications in the matter of globe-gore construction and their application to the surface of the sphere, more or less detailed in character, were introduced as the years passed, but the modifications were by no means at all times in the line of improvement.[200] The technical skill of the present day does not surpass that which one occasionally finds exhibited in the work of some three hundred years ago.

In the matter of geographical record terrestrial globe maps stand with the plane maps of the same period. While they are by no means as numerous as the plane maps, there attaches to them an importance no less historically significant. Not infrequently they give us records not to be found elsewhere. In their general features, differences can hardly be said to exist between plane maps and globe maps. In the matter of adornment there is similarity; each following the practice of the time when constructed. As pictures and legends hold a place of prominence, particularly on mediaeval maps,[201] so even to the close of the period we have had under consideration, that is, the end of the eighteenth century, these adornments have place on globe maps, sometimes few, sometimes many, the same, if in picture, exhibiting the inhabitants of land and sea, if merely a legend, giving information of geographical importance on the terrestrial globe and of astronomical importance on the celestial, these legends being often placed in an artistic cartouch.

To the printed or engraved globe map, color was generally added by hand with an effect often very artistic, in contrast with which the modern machine methods of color printing are deplorably crude.

On most terrestrial globe maps meridian circles are represented at intervals of ten, twenty, or thirty degrees, the prime meridian on which the degrees of latitude are marked being usually made very conspicuous, and to the close of the period under consideration usually made to pass through the Cape Verde Islands or the Canaries, a point always to be carefully noted in attempting to get a reading for the longitude of any particular place. Parallels are usually drawn at intervals similar to those of meridians, the equator on which the degrees of longitude are marked, the tropics, and the polar circles being always conspicuous. The ecliptic or zodiac is usually indicated encircling the globe from the solstitial point on the tropics, intersecting the equator at the two opposite equinoctial points, through which as through the solstitial points the colures are made to pass.

Hues states that "Those lines which a ship, following the direction of the Magnetic Needle, describeth on the surface of the Sea, Petrus Nonius calleth in the Latin Rumbos, borrowing the appellation of his Countrymen the Portugals; which word, since it is now generally received by learned writers to express them by, we also will use the same," that is, rhumbs or rhumb-lines.

These were represented on the globe, first by Mercator, by greater or lesser circles or "winding lines," and were intended to be of aid to seamen in navigating from port to port across the great oceans. In their representation on the globe map cognizance was taken of the fact that all meridians of all places pass through both poles, crossing the equator therefore at right angles and all other circles parallel to it, and that if the navigator's course is in any other direction than toward one of the poles he is continually changing his horizon and his meridian. The rhumbs as drawn were made to cut all meridians of all places at equal angles and to respect the same quarters of the world, that is, direction, whatever the horizon. Rhumbs can represent great circles only when they coincide with the equator or with any meridian.[202]

In the matter of draughting, printing, and mounting celestial globe gore maps the method employed may in general be said to be identical with that followed in terrestrial globe construction. It should, however, be noted that in pasting the gores on the surface of the sphere they were often so applied as to have their points or angles meet at the pole of the ecliptic, in what may be called the ecliptic system, instead of applying them to meet at the poles of the equator, the globe itself being generally so mounted as to revolve in the equatorial system, its poles of revolution being attached to the meridian circle.[203]

The figures of the several constellations were usually drawn with care, occasionally with high artistic taste, as those drawn by Hevelius (Fig. 137) and copied by Gerhard and Leonhard Valk for their celestial globes (Fig. 138). The several stars represented on the map, the majority of them being either lettered or named, were usually from the first to the sixth magnitude, each represented in its proportional size, while an explanatory table for the several magnitudes was usually given on some one of the gores. The stars and the figures of the several constellations, let it be noted, were not made to appear on the surface of the sphere, with rare exceptions, in their relative location as they appear to the observer who beholds them from his position on the surface of the earth, but are reversed. To the astronomer the earth is but a point in space, to the layman, so far as mere appearance is concerned, it is the center about which the starry heavens appear to revolve. With the pole (north for us in the northern hemisphere) as the center of the dial face the stars appear to move in a direction the reverse of that in which the hands of a clock are made to move. The astronomer, that is, the celestial globe maker, thinks of himself as placed beyond the vaulted heavens in which the stars appear to be located, and as looking down upon this vaulted dome as on the surface of his celestial globe. An illustration may here well serve us. As one observes serves Ursa Major on any starry night, which constellation we commonly call the Great Dipper, the bowl of the dipper, which is located in the body and flank of the bear, leads in its apparent motion around the pole star, being followed by the handle of the dipper or the tail of the bear (Fig. 139). On the surface of the celestial sphere, however, the position of bowl and handle was usually reversed, the constellation appearing as it would to the beholder who finds himself beyond the stars. Naturally the planets could not be represented on the surface of a solid celestial sphere; only in the armillary sphere or the orrery could they find place. In these instruments we generally find them represented, each with its circle or orbit properly given, and relatively properly placed.

In the geographical records as they appear on the several terrestrial globe maps, it is to be admitted that the authors, with rare exceptions, undertook to set down what they thought to be fact, shall we say the real tangible geographical fact or facts. The maker of the star map, on the contrary, clearly gave his imagination play, not in his attempt to mark in the proper location the several stars as they came to be known and catalogued, but in the draughting of the figures of the several constellations. The imaginative figures of the ancients, of Eudoxus, of Aratus, of Ptolemy and others survived throughout the period we have had under consideration, and to the forty-eight constellations of Ptolemy others from time to time were added until more than one hundred have been named and figured. In general the several constellations, as the various astronomers and makers of star maps have conceived them, may be said to be identical, while some of the names which have been proposed have been accepted but for a time only and then rejected. Some of the groups to which names have been given have later been divided, thus giving rise to a new group name and to the draughting of an appropriate figure for this new group.[204]

Attention has been called to certain suggested changes in the names of constellations as given by the ancients, as for example those suggested by the Venerable Bede, by Johannes Bayer, by Julius Schiller proposing that biblical or Christian names should be substituted for pagan names, and for these changes there was of course suggested an appropriate change in the figures for the several constellations. The proposal of Erhard Weigel has likewise been noted urging a substitution of the several coats of arms or heraldic devices of the European dynasties for the figures which had been so long and so generally accepted. There seems scarcely to be the need of stating that the names and figures of the ancients remain.[205]

A comparison of the work of the several artists who have set their hand to the draughting of figures for the numerous constellations is not without interest. Attention may here be directed in passing to the decidedly oriental cast of these figures as they appear on Arabic globes.[206]

It is to be regretted that in the present very practical or scientific day the star map, wanting the figures of the constellations or giving them in but the faintest outline, has come to supplant the artistic and not unscientific creations of earlier years.

The earliest references we have to globes, that is, to solid balls or spheres, make mention of their mountings, that is, to their encasing circles and their bases. The simplest mounting consisted of but a meridian and a horizon circle with probably a simple supporting base. The earliest spheres were doubtless made to revolve just as the globes of today, around their polar axes which turn within sockets firmly attached to the meridian circle. This meridian circle of brass or wood was usually graduated from one to ninety degrees, that is, from the equator to the poles, and being adjustable relative to the horizon circle, a globe could be set with a polar elevation for any desired latitude. Those who have had occasion to refer to the construction and the uses of the globe more or less in detail, make mention of what they call its threefold position. In the first of these positions either pole may be at the vertical point, the equator and the horizon being parallel or coinciding. This they termed a parallel sphere. In the second position the equator and the horizon circle are set at right angles. This they called a right sphere. In the third position, which was called an oblique sphere, the pole could be set at any elevation from zero to ninety degrees, counting from the horizon circle. In illustration of this third position it may be said that for the latitude of New York City, the north pole of the globe should be elevated 40 degrees 48 minutes above this circle.

More conspicuous by reason of its width and importance in the mounting of the globe than the meridian is the horizon circle. It is through notches in this circle at the north and south points that the meridian circle passes, the notches also serving as gauges to keep the meridian from inclining more to the one side of the horizon circle than to the other. On the upper surface of this circle there were usually represented several concentric circles, the same being either engraved thereon, if it were of metal, and printed or pasted thereon if of wood, just as the globe map proper which covered the surface of the sphere. The number of concentric circles, and the information carried in each, varied, nor was the order of the circles invariably the same. Those globes giving fullest information exhibit ten or more of these circles. That one which was innermost and next to the body of the globe was divided into twelve parts, each part carrying the name of one of the signs of the zodiac with its character, and each divided into thirty equal parts or degrees, these being numbered by tens, as 0, 10, 20, 30. Next to the circle of signs, always remembering that the order might vary, was that containing the calendar including the names of the months, as January, February, March, etc., the days of the week being either distinguished by numbers or names. The old calendar was likewise usually given and so represented as to show the beginning of each month ten days earlier than in the new calendar. Here also were given the names of the church festival days. In the next circle were the names of the winds or directions, and first the Greek, Latin or Italian names of the eight, twelve or sixteen winds, as Greco, Libeccio, Ponente, Maestro, and next the names or initials of the thirty-two compass directions, the same generally in English or Dutch abbreviations. It may further be noted that a compass was often fixed in the horizon circle's upper face.

A complete globe was further furnished with a quadrant of altitude, ninety degrees in length, this being attached at one end to the meridian circle, yet movable to any degree of the meridian, though commonly set at the zenith. This quadrant served for measuring altitudes or for finding amplitudes or azimuths.

The small hour circle,[207] fitted to the meridian, its center being the pole and for us the north, was marked with the twenty-four hours of the day, each hour being again divided into halves and quarters. An index attached to the axis of the globe pointed out successively the hours as the globe was revolved. The use of this hour circle was to indicate the time of the successive mutations, including the rising and the setting of the celestial bodies and the time of their passing successively the meridians.

As a compass was often set into the horizon circle so also we frequently find a large or small compass set into that plate which in certain globes was employed as a support, tying together, as it were, the lower extremities of the base columns.[208]

It will have been noted that the globes referred to in the preceding pages varied greatly as to size, from the small ball representing the earth, and but a few centimeters in diameter, to be found in the center of those armillary spheres representing the Ptolemaic geocentric system, to the great globe of Coronelli fifteen feet in diameter constructed for Louis XIV of France. With rare exceptions metal globes were made small in size. Those globe balls or spheres, in the construction of which a mould was employed, usually had a diameter under 50 cm., although we find some of them twice this size. Such spheres had the advantage of lightness though often were frail in structure and liable to lose their perfect sphericity.

In the matter of special ornamentation or decoration, to be observed in globe mountings, individual taste was given unlimited freedom to express itself, and in certain instances it will have been noted that these mountings were exceedingly elaborate.

Primarily we may say that globes were constructed for the useful purpose of promoting geographical and astronomical studies, generally recording the latest and best geographical or astronomical information and in form superior to that which could be set down on the plane map, but they also had a place of importance, secondary we may call it, on account of their decorative value. They came to be considered almost essential as adornments for the libraries of princes, of prosperous patricians, and of plodding students, and their mountings were often especially fashioned for the places they were to occupy. They seemed to lend an air of scholarly respectability; to suggest that their possessors wished to pay, certainly a modicum of homage to the sciences which globes were calculated to promote.

A brief concluding word may well be added touching those globes which may of course be classed as celestial, but which are known as moon globes and planetariums or orreries. There could be no practical value in an attempt to set forth a map of the surface of the stars, nor of the planets while our knowledge is so limited, although Schiaparelli has undertaken, with measurable success, to map the surface of Mars,[209] and it would be next in order to construct a Mars globe. Of the surface of our moon much is known and maps of it have been constructed, as indeed have been moon globes. We are informed that about the middle of the seventeenth century the Danish astronomer, Hevelius, who designed so successfully star maps, entertained the idea of constructing a moon globe,[210] but we do not know that he set his hand to the work. A century later it appears that the French astronomer La Hire actually completed a moon globe,[211] but it has been possible to obtain only the briefest reference to it.

Tobias Mayer of Nürnberg, a contemporary of La Hire, set himself to the draughting of gore maps[212] intended for use in the manufacture of moon globes. Mayer found employment in the Homann establishment of Nürnberg, being regarded as an exceedingly skilful draughtsman, able to sketch on his draughting sheet that which he saw through his telescope. His plan contemplated the making of twelve gores or segments, six for the northern half of the moon and six for the southern. His plan, of course, would enable him to represent but one side of the moon,--that turned toward the earth,--although it appeared that he contemplated the addition of two segments on which, in at least a fragmentary manner, he was to represent what we may call the border of the opposite side of the moon. Mayer seems not to have completed his work, since we find nowhere an example of his finished product.

It was not until near the close of the eighteenth that we again meet with an attempt to construct a moon globe and it seems that the task was accomplished by the Englishman, John Russel. It was in the year 1796 that he proposed to raise by subscription the necessary funds for making his undertaking a success. His globe has a diameter of 12 inches,[213] and was furnished with the necessary adjustable shield that the moon's waxing and waning could be represented. That this moon globe was actually constructed, although no copy has been located, we are informed by Wolf. Such attempts as were made in the nineteenth century with a good measure of success do not here call for consideration.

It has been previously noted that the so-called globe of Archimedes may have been a sort of planetarium, and that during the middle ages such instruments were constructed and employed in astronomical instruction. None, however, have come down to us out of those early years. Astronomers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as we know, made frequent use of planetariums, such for example as were constructed by the Dutch astronomer, Christiaan Haygens (1629-1695) for the illustration of planetary motion according to the Copernican system. Each of the planets was represented in his machine by a small ball, attached to an arm, which could be made to move through an orbit around the sun. In the more complicated machines the several planetary moons, such as the moons of Jupiter, were represented and were made to perform their proper motions.

In the eighteenth century the instrument maker, George Graham (1675-1751), constructed a complicated planetarium, in honor of Charles Boyle, Earl of Orrery (1676-1731), which he called an orrery. His machines, varying much in the character of construction, were especially popular in the eighteenth century. The nineteenth century saw them frequently in use for purposes of instruction and the regret may well be expressed that for serious purposes they seem to have lost favor.

NOTES

[181] See Fig. 56, I, 116.

[182] Compare for example Figs. 8 and 89.

[183] Consult the 'Fihrist' referred to in Chap. III, n. 4.

[184] Note such examples as the globe of Robertus de Bailly, I, 108, the Lenox globe, I, 72, the Nancy globe, I, 102, and the Morgan globe in the Metropolitan Museum, I, 200.

[185] See Fig. 3.

[186] See Fig. 43.

[187] See Apianus' Cosmographicus liber.

[188] As for example the World map of Mercator of the year 1538, an original copy of which may be found in the New York Public Library, also a copy in the Library of The American Geographical Society.

[189] D'Avezac, M. A. P. Coup d'oeil historique sur la projection des cartes de géographie. (In: Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris. Paris, 1863, pp. 274 ff.); Breusing, A. Das Verebnen der Kugeloberfläche. Leipzig, 1892; Zondervan, H. Allgemeine Kartenkunde. Leipzig, 1891; Fiorini, M. Le projezioni delle carte geografiche. Bologna, 1881. The literature relative to map projection is very extensive.

[190] Fiorini. Sfere terrestri e celesti. pp. 93-102.

[191] See Fig. 32.

[192] See Fig. 40.

[193] Dürer, A. Underweysung der Mesung mit dem Zirkel und Richtscheyd, in Linien ebnen und ganzen Corporen. Nürnberg, 1525.

[194] Buchlein, pp. 5 ff.

[195] Consult Günther. Erd- und Himmelsgloben. pp. 72-73; Kästner. Geschichte der Mathematik. Vol. I, p. 684. See Günther, op. cit., chaps, vii, x, xii, xiii, xiv, with numerous references.

[196] Henrici Glareani poetae laureati de geographia liber unus. Basileae, 1527.

[197] There is an interesting bit of information given by Coronelli in his 'Epitome Cosmografica' relative to the making of an adhesive material for use in the mounting of globe maps.

[198] See Fig. 61.

[199] See Figs. 59 and 66.

[200] Such, for example, as might consist of zonal strips, one for the torrid, one for each of the temperate, and one for each of the polar zones. Such strips perhaps could not properly be termed gores.

[201] Pictures are a particularly striking feature of the cloister maps of the middle ages. The idea of such adornments may have come down from Greek or Roman days. Plutarch tells us in his 'Theseus' that "Geographers crowd into the edge of their maps parts of the world about which they have no knowledge, adding notes in the margins to the effect that only deserts full of wild beasts and impassable marshes lie beyond." Jonathan Swift, humorously referring to maps of the early period, writes:

"So geographers in Afric maps With savage pictures fill their gaps And o'er unhabitable downs Place elephants for want of towns."

The early map makers as illustrators should be an interesting theme for a special monograph.

[202] Nonius, P. De arte atque ratione navigandi. Conimbriae, 1573, lib. II, c. xxi, xxiv; Hues. Tractatus de Globis (Hakluyt Soc. Pub.). pp. 127-147.

[203] For illustration of the method, see Fig. 89.

[204] Burritt, L. H. The geography of the heavens. New York, 1833; Allen, R. H. Star names and their meanings; Wolf. Geschichte der Astronomie. pp. 188-191, 420-427; Olcott, W. T. Starlore of all ages. New York, 1911.

[205] The literature relating to this particular branch of astronomy is extensive. Wolf, loc. cit., with references.

[206] See especially Fig. 13.

[207] See Fig. 121a.

[208] See Fig. 88.

[209] Wolf, R. Handbuch der Astronomie, ihre Geschichte und Litteratur. Zürich, 1893. pp. 451 ff.; Frobesius. Bibliographie Selenographorum. Helmstädt, 1718.

[210] Hevelius, J. Selenographiae sive Lunae descriptio. Danzig, 1647. pp. 492 ff.; Béziat, L. C. La vie et les travaux de Jean Hévélius.

[211] Lalande. Bibliographie astronomique, "La Hire."

[212] Mayer, T. Abhandlung über die Umwälzung des Mondes um seine Achse und die scheinbare Bewegung der Mondflecke. Nürnberg, 1750; same, Bericht von den Mondskugeln, welche bei der kosmographischen Gesellschaft in Nürnberg aus neuen Beobachtungen verfertigt werden. Nürnberg, 1750.

[213] Russel, J. A description of the selenographia, an apparatus for exhibiting the phaenomena of the moon; together with an account of some of the purposes to which it may be applied. London, 1797. In his effort to obtain funds for the construction of his globe he issued an announcement which he called a "Proposal for publishing by subscription a Globe of the Moon."

Bibliographical List

The following bibliographical list includes the works referred to in the body of the foregoing pages, with certain additions of those touching incidentally globe making and globe makers. It is a suggestive list, not one that can be called exhaustive. Practically all those works in which the subject of geography and of astronomy has been treated historically may be consulted with interest and profit.

AA, A. J. V. D. Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden. Haarlem, 1852-1878.

ABRAHAM BEN CHIJAH. Liber de Sphaera. 1105. MS.

ABULFEDA, I. E. I. Takwim al Boldan (Geography). Tr. by M. Reinaud into French. Paris, 1848-1883.

ADAMS, G. A treatise describing and explaining the construction and the use of new celestial and terrestrial globes, designed to illustrate in the most easy manner the phenomena of the earth and heavens. London, 1766.

Astronomical and geographical essays. London, 1795.

A treatise on the construction of globes. London, 1769.

Geometrical and geographical essays, containing a description of mathematical instruments. London, 1791.

AKERMAN, A. Globes céleste et terrestre de vingt-deux pouces. Upsala, 1766.

ALBERTUS MAGNUS (Albert of Bollstädt). Opera omnia. Ed. by P. Jammy. Leyden, 1651. 21 vols.

ALFONSO X. Libros del Saber de Astronomia del Rey D. Alfonso X de Castilla. Ed. by Don Manuel Rico y Sinobas. Madrid, 1863-1867. 5 vols.

ALLEN, R. H. Star names and their meanings. New York, 1899.

ALLGEMEINE DEUTSCHE BIOGRAPHIE. Leipzig.

ALLGEMEINE GEOGRAPHISCHE EPHEMERIDEN. See ZACH, F. V.

AMARI, M. Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia. Firenze, 1868.

AMERICAN SCENIC AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION SOCIETY. Fifteenth Annual Report. New York, 1910.

ANDREA, M. J. L. Zweifache Sternkugel oder Himmelskugel. n. p., 1724.

ANNALES DE GÉOGRAPHIE. Paris, 1891--.

ANNUARIO ASTRO-METEOROLOGICO con efemeridi nautichi. Venezia, 1882--.

ANONYMOUS. Treatise of the use of globes celestial and terrestrial. London, 1647.

ANONYMOUS. W. J. Blaeus Antheil an der Bestimmung der Erdlangen. Stuttgart, 1875.

Portraits des hommes et des femmes illustrés par renaissance, n. p., 1792.

ARATUS. The Phaenomena and Diosemia of Aratus. Tr. by J. Lamb. London, 1847.

ARCHAEOLOGIA. London, 1865.

ARCHER, G. M. Henry Hudson, the Navigator. (In: Hakluyt Society Publications. London, 1860.)

ARCO, C. DE. Delle arti e degli artifici di Mantova. Mantova, 1857.

ARISTOTLE. De Coelo. Tr. by T. Taylor, with title On the Heavens from the Greek with copious elucidations. London, 1807.

ARX, J. V. Geschichte des Kantons St. Gallen. St. Gallen, 1810.

ASCHBACH, J. Die Wiener Universität und ihre Humanisten im Zeitalters Kaiser Maximilians I. Wien, 1877.

ASSEMANI, G. Globus coelestis cufico-arabicus Veliterni Musei Borgiani. Patavii, 1790.

AUSLAND, DAS. Stuttgart, 1828--.

AVERDUNK, H. and MULLER-REINHARD, J. Gerhard Mercator und die Geographen unter seinen Nachkommen. (In: Petermanns Mitteilungen. Gotha, 1914. Ergänzungsheft, Nr. 182.)

AVEZAC, M. A. P. DE. Notice des découvertes faites au moyen âge dans l'Ocean Atlantique. Paris, 1845.

Coup d'oeil historique sur la projection des cartes. (In: Bulletin de la Société de Géographie. Paris, 1863.)

Martin Hylacomylus Waltzemüller, ses ouvrages et ses collaborateurs. Paris, 1867.

Sur un globe terrestre trouvé à Laon, antérieur à la découverte de l'Amérique. (In: Bulletin de la Société de Géographie. Paris, 1860.)

AZURARA, G. E. DE. The Chronicle of the discovery and conquest of Guinea done into English by C. R. Beazley and E. Prestage. (In: Hakluyt Society Publications. London, 1896-1899. 2 vols.)

BACON, R. Opus Maius. Oxford, 1897.

BADIA, J. DEL. Egnazio Danti cosmografo e matematico. Firenze, 1882.

La bottega di Alesandro di Francisco Rosselli merciaje e stampatore (1525). Firenze, 1894.

DEL BADIA, J. Egnazio Danti cosmografo e matematico. Firenze, 1882.

BAGLIONE, G. Le vite de pittori, scultori, architetti et intagliatori dal pontificato di Gregorio XIII del 1572 fino a tempo di Papa Urbano VIII nel 1642. Napoli, 1733.

BAILLY, F. The catalogues of Ptolemy, Ulug Beigh, Tycho Brahe, Halley, Hevelius deduced from the best authorities. London, 1843.

BARTHOLOMAEI, F. Erhard Weigel: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften auf den deutschen Universitäten im XVI Jahrhundert. (In: Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik. Leipzig, 1868.)

BAUDET, P. J. H. Leven en werken van Willem Jansz. Blaeu. Uitgegeven door het provincial Utrechtsch genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen. Utrecht, 1871.

Notice sur la part prise par Willem Jansz. Blaeu dans le détermination des longitudes terrestres. Utrecht, 1875.

BAUER, L. A. Principal facts relating to the earth's magnetism. (In: United States Magnetic Declination Tables and Isogonic Charts. Washington, 1902.)

BAUMGÄRTNER, J. Zwei alte Globen von Blaeu: Erdkugel von 1599 und Himmel-Globen von 1603. (In: Das Ausland. Stuttgart, 1885.)

BAYER, J. Uranometria, sive omnium asterismorum schemata quinquaginta et unum in totidem tabulis nova methoda delineata. Augustae Vindel, 1603.

BEAZLEY, C. R. The Dawn of Modern Geography. London, 1897-1906. 3 vols.

Globe of 1593. (In: Royal Geographical Journal. London, 1904.)

Prince Henry the Navigator. New York, London, 1895.

See Gomez, E.

See Azurara, G. E.

BEDA. Opuscula scientifica. Ed. by J. A. Giles. London, 1843.

BEIGEL, W. Nachricht von einer Arabischen Himmelskugel mit Kufischer Schrift welche im Chürfurstlichen Mathematischen Salon zu Dresden aufbewahrt wirt. (In: Bodes Astronomisches Jahrbuch für das Jahr 1808. Berlin, 1808.)

BERGER, H. Die geographischen Fragmente des Eratosthenes. Leipzig, 1880.

Entwickelung der Geographie der Erdkugel bei den Hellenen. (In: Grenzboten. Leipzig, Jahrgang 39.)

Geschichte der wissenschaftlichen Erdkunde der Griechen. Leipzig, 1903.

Die geographischen Fragmente des Hipparchus. Leipzig, 1869.

BERNARDO, F. Biblioteca scriptorum Ordinis Minorum S. Francisci Capucinorum. Venetia, 1747.

BERTHOUD, F. Histoire de la mesure du temps par les horologes. Paris, 1802.

BERTOLOTTI, A. Artisti in relazione coi Gonzaga Signori di Mantova. Modena, 1885.

BESTE, G. A true discourse of the late voyages of discovery, for the finding of a passage to Cathaya, by the northweast undeer the conduct of Martin Frobischer Generall. London, 1578.

BEYER, J. Descriptio globi coelestis et terrestris nova ratione composuiti. Hamburgi, 1718.

BÉZIAT, L. C. La vie et les travaux de Jean Hevelius. Rome, 1876.

BION, N. L'usage des globes céleste et terrestre, et des sphères suivant les differens systémes du monde. Ed. by N. Bion (son). Paris, 1751.

The construction and principal uses of mathematical instruments. Tr. from the French by Edmond Stone. London, 1723.

BION, N. Traité de la construction et des principaux usages des instruments de mathématique. Paris, 1752.

BLAEU, G. (W. J.) Institution astronomique de l'usage des globes et sphères. Amstelodami, 1642.

Guilielmi Blaeu institutio astronomica de usu globorum & sphaerarum caelestium ac terrestrium. Amsterdam, 1655. Ed. by J. Blaeu.

Tafelen van de declinatie der sonne, ende der voornaemste vaste sterren. Amsterdam, 1625.

BLAEU, J. Le Grande Atlas ou Cosmographie Blaviane. Amsterdam, 1663-1671. 12 vols.

BLAGRAVE, J. The Mathematical Jewel. London, 1585.

BLAU, M. Mémoires de la Société Royal de Nancy. Nancy, 1836.

BLUNDEVILLE, T. Mr. Blundeville his Exercises. London, 1594.

BODE, J. E. Astronomisches Jahrbuch. Berlin, 1781-1826.

BOLLETTINO DELLA SOCIETÀ GEOGRAFICA ITALIANO. Roma, 1868.

BOURGEAT, J. B. Études sur Vincent de Beauvais. Paris, 1856.

BOURNE, E. G. Spain in America. New York, 1904.

BRAHE, T. Astronomiae instauratae mechanica. Noribergae, 1682.

Tychonis Brahe mathim: eminent: Dani opera omnia. Ed. by J. G. Schonvetteri. Francofurti, 1648.

Epistolarum astronomicarum libri. Uraniburgi, 1596.

BRANDSTÄTTER, F. A. Hevel's Leben und seine Bedeutsamkeit. Danzig, 1861.

BREHAUT, E. An Encyclopedist of the Dark Ages, Isidore of Seville. (In: Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Columbia University. New York, 1912.)

BREUSING, A. Gerhard Kremer, genannt Mercator, der deutsche Geograph. Duisbourg, 1869.

Leitfaden durch das Wiegenalter der Kartographie bis zum Jahre 1600. Frankfurt, 1883.

Das Verebnen der Kugelfläche. Bremen, 1893.

BRION, M. Tablettes astronomique ou abrégé élémentaire de la sphère et des différens systèmes, avec l'usage des globes. Paris, 1774.

BRITISH MUSEUM CATALOGUE OF PRINTED BOOKS. London, 1841--.

BRITTEN, F. J. Old clocks and watches and their makers. London, 1899.

BROWN, A. The genesis of the United States. Boston and New York, 1891.

BÜDINGER, M. Ueber Gerberts wissenschaftliche und politische Stellung. Kassel, 1851.

BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. New York, 1852--.

BULLETIN DE LA SOCIÉTÉ DE GÉOGRAPHIE D'ANVERS. Anvers, 1876--.

BULLETIN DE LA SOCIÉTÉ DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE PARIS. Paris, 1822--.

BULLETIN DE GÉOGRAPHIE HISTORIQUE ET DESCRIPTIVE. Paris, 1894--.

BUNBURY, E. H. History of Ancient Geography. London, 1883. 3 vols.

BURRITT, L. H. The geography of the heavens. New York, 1833.

CAMPANO DA NOVARA, G. Liber de Sphaera; de modo fabricandi Sphaeram solidam; de compositione quadrantis; de quadratura circuli. MSS. 13th Century. See Lalande. Bibliographie astronomique.

CANTOR, M. Vorlesungen über Geschichte der Mathematik. Leipzig, 1894.

CARDELLA, L. Memorie storiche di Cardinali della Sancta Romana Chiesa. Roma, 1792-1797. 9 vols.

CARTWRIGHT, J. Isabella d'Este. London, 1903.

CASSINI, G. M. Nuovo atlante geografico universale. Roma, 1792-1801. 3 vols.

CASSINI, J. D. Méthode pour trouver la différence des longitudes des lieux par les observations correspondantes des phases des éclipses de soleil, 1670. (In: Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. Paris, 1733.)

La méthode de déterminer les longitudes des lieux de la terre par les observations des satellites de Jupiter, 1676. (In: Mémoires de l'Académie. Paris, 1743.)

Les hypothèses et les tables des satellites de Jupiter reformées sur de nouvelles observations, 1693. (In: Mémoires de l'Académie. Paris, 1730.)

Méthode de déterminer les longitudes des lieux de la terre par des étoiles fixes et des planètes par la Lune, 1703. (In: Mémoires de l'Académie. Paris, 1703.)

CASTELLANI. Catalogo rageonato delle più rare o più importanti opera geografiche a stampa che si conservano nella Biblioteca del Collegio Romano. Roma, 1876.

CATALOGUE GÉNÉRAL DES MANUSCRITS DES BIBLIOTHÈQUES PUBLIQUES DE FRANCE. Paris, 1897.

CATALOGUS LIBRORUM, tam impressorum, qua, manuscriptorum, bibliothecae publicae universitatis Lugduno-Batavos. Lugduni apud Batavos, 1716.

CERADINI, G. A propositio dei due globi Mercatoriani, 1541-1551. Milano, 1894.

CÉSPEDES, G. DE. See Garcia de Céspedes.

CHABAS, F. Ouvres diverses publiées par G. Maspero. Paris, 1902.

CHAMBERS, R. (revised by T. Thompson). A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen. London, 1856.

CHATEL, M. Note sur une globe terrestre--de la succession de Titon du Tillet. (In: Mémoire lus à la Sorbonne. Paris, 1865.)

CHEYNEIUS, J. De sphaerae seu globi coelestis fabrica brevis praeceptio. Douay, 1575.

CHYTRAEUS, S. De nova stella. Rostock, 1577.

CICERO, M. T. De Republica. Tr. by G. G. Hardingham. London, 1884.

Epistolae ad Atticum. Lugduni, 1548.

CLEMENS, C. Musie, sive bibliothecae tam privatae quam publical extructis. Lugduni, 1635.

CLEMENT, D. Bibliothèque curieuse, historique et critique. Göttingen, 1750-1760.

COESTER, A. Ueber die grosse astronomische Künstler in den Kasseler Museum. (In: Zeitschrift des Vereins für Hessische Geschichte und Landeskunde. Kassel, 1874.)

COLUMBUS, F. See Ulloa, A.

COMPT-RENDU, CONGRÈS DES AMERICANISTES. Paris, 1877.

COOTE, C. H. (Ed.) Johann Schöner, a reproduction of the globe of 1523 long lost: his dedicatory letter and the "De Moluccis Maximilianus Transylvanus," with a new translation and notes on the globe. With an introduction and bibliography. London, 1888. See Stevens, H. Johann Schöner.

COPERNICUS, N. De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. Noribergae, 1543.

CORONELLI, V. Epitome Cosmografica. Cologne, 1693.

Atlante Veneto. Venetia, 1691-1696. 3 vols.

Biblioteca universale sacro-profano, antico-moderna. Venezia, 1701-1706.

Viaggi del P. C. Venetia, 1697.

The Royal Almanack containing a succinct account of the remarkable actions of K. William III; with the year and the day of the month when each happened. Tr. from Italian into English. London, 1696.

COSMAS INDICOPLEUSTES. Topographia Christiana. Tr. by J. M. McCrindle as Christian Topography. (In: Hakluyt Society Publications. London, 1897.)

COSTARD, G. A History of Astronomy with application to Geography, History and Chronology, occasionally exemplified by the Globe. London, 1767.

COVENS, C. Handleiding tot de kennis en het gebruik der hemelen aard-globen. Amsterdam, 1802.

CUNEIFORM TEXTS from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in the British Museum. London, 1906. Pt. xxii, plate 48.

DAHLGREN, E. W. Map of the World by Alonzo de Santa Cruz. Text and facsimile of map. Stockholm, 1892.

D'ARCO, C. Delle arti e degli artefici di Mantova. Mantova, 1857.

DASYPODIUS, K. Horologii astronomici argentorati in summo templo erecti descriptio. Strassburg, 1580.

Warhafftige Auslegung des astronomischen Uhrwerkes zu Strassburg. Strassburg, 1578.

D'AVEZAC, M. A. P. See Avezac, M. A. P. de.

DAVIS, J. The Worldes Hydrographical Discription. London, 1595.

DAVIS, J. Manual to accompany the star globe, containing a complete course of problems and illustrations of the fundamental principles of geography. Allegheny City, 1884.

DE COSTA, B. F. The globe of Ulpius, with a view of the globe, Portrait of Pope Marcellus II, and text Illustrations. (In: Magazine of American History. New York, 1879.)

Verrazano the explorer. (In: Magazine of American History. New York, 1881.)

The Nancy Globe. (In: Magazine of American History. New York, 1881.)

The Lenox Globe. (In: Magazine of American History. New York, 1879.)

DE LA HIRE, P. See La Hire, P. de.

DELAMARCHE, C. F. Les usages de la sphère, et des globes célestes et terrestres, selon le hypothèses de Ptolémée & de Copernic. Paris, 1791.

DELAMBRE, J. B. J. Histoire de l'astronomie ancien. Paris, 1817.

DEL BADIA, J. See Badia, J. del.

DELPHINUS, J. A. Tractatus de globis coelestibus et motibus. Bologna, 1559.

DE MORGAN, A. The globes celestial and terrestrial. London, 1845.

DENZA, P. F. Globi celesti della Specola Vaticana. Torino, 1894.

DESIMONI, C. Intorno al Fiorentino Giovanni Verrazzano. Genova, 1881.

DESJARDINS, E. La Table de Peutinger d'après l'original conservé à Vienne. Paris, 1896.

DEUTSCHE GEOGRAPHISCHE BLÄTTER. Bremen, 1877--.

DEUTSCHE RUNDSCHAU FÜR GEOGRAPHIE UND STATISTIK. Leipzig, 1882.

DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY. London, 1885--.

DIDIER, R. DE V. Usages des globes célestes et terrestres faits par ordre du Roi par le S. Robert de Vaugondy, fils. Paris, 1751.

DILWORTH, T. A new and complete description of the terrestrial and celestial globes, with their several uses. London, 1794.

DIODORUS. The historical library of Diodorus the Sicilian, in fifteen books. Tr. by G. Booth. London, 1814.

DOPPELMAYR, J. G. Historische Nachrichten von den Nürnbergischen Mathematicis und Künstlern. Nürnberg, 1730.

Tractatus de fabrica et usu instrumentorum astronomicorum, Nic. Bion, en Allemand. Nürnberg, 1721.

DORN, B. Description of an Arabic celestial globe. (In: Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society. London, 1829.)

Drei in der kaiserlichen öffentlichen Bibliothek zu St. Petersburg befindliche astronomische Instrumente mit arabischen Inschriften. (In: Mémoires de l'Académie-Imperiale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg. St. Pétersbourg, 1865.)

DOZY, C. M. Willem Janszoon Blaeu. (In: Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, gevestigt to Amsterdam, 1887. 2de Serie.)

DRACH, K. A. V. Die zu Marburg im mathematisch-physikalischen Institute befindliche Globusuhr Wilhelm IV von Hessen. Marburg, 1894.

DRAKE, SIR F. The world encompassed; with introduction by W. S. W. Vaux. (In: Hakluyt Society Publications. London, 1854.)

DRECHSLER, A. Katalog der Sammlung des Königl.-Mathematisch-Physikalischen Salon zu Dresden. Dresden, 1874.

Der arabische Himmelsglobus angefertigt zu Maragha. Dresden, 1873.

DREYER, J. L. E. Tycho Brahe, a picture of scientific life and work in the sixteenth century. Edinburgh, 1890.

DRÖBER, W. Kartographie bei den Naturvölkern Erlangen, 1903.

DRYANDER (ENZINAS), J. Sphaerae materialis sive globi coelestis descriptio. Neuss, 1581.

DUBOIS, P. Histoire de l'horologerie depuis son origine jusqu'à nos jours. Paris, 1849.

DUMMLER, E. Ekkehart IV von St. Gallen. Berlin, 1869.

DÜRER, A. Underweysung der Mesung mit dem Zirkel und Richtscheyd in Linien, Ebnen und ganzen Corporen. Nürnberg, 1525. See Thausing, M.

EAMES, W. A list of the editions of Ptolemy's Geography, 1475-1730. New York, 1886.

ECKERT, J. Tycho Brahe und seine Planetensystem. Basel, 1846.

ELTER, A. De Henrico Glareano geographo et antiquissima forma "Americae" commentatio; Festschrift der Bonner Universität. Bonn, 1896.

ENCICLOPEDIA UNIVERSAL ILLUSTRADA. Madrid.

ERATOSTHENES. See Berger, H.

ERHARD, H. A. Geschichte der Wiederaufblühens wissenschaftliche Bildung, vornehmlich in Teutschland bis zum Anfange der Reformation. Magdeburg, 1827.

ESPADA, J. DE LA. Relaciones geograficas de Indias. Madrid, 1885.

ESTREICHER, T. Ein Erdglobus aus dem Anfange des XVI Jahrhundert, in der Jagellonischen Bibliothek. (In: Bulletin International de l'Academie des Sciences de Cracovie. Cracovie, 1900.)

FANNING, M. A treatise upon the uses of globes both celestial and terrestrial. London, 1760.

FELIZIANI. Vite dei Monaci Illustri di S. Benedetto in Fabriano. (MS. in Biblioteca Municipale, Fabriano, ca. 1680.)

FELLNER, R. Kompendium der Naturwissenschaften an der Schule zu Fulda. Berlin, 1879.

FENNING, D. A new and easy guide to the use of the globes. Dublin, 1787.

FERGUSON, J. Lectures on select subjects in mechanics, hydrostatics, pneumatics, optics, and astronomy. New edition, by C. F. Partington. London, 1843.

Select mechanical exercises with a short account of the life of the author by himself. London, 1773.

FINK, K. Pomponius Mela und seine Geographie. Rosenheim, 1881.

FIORINI, M. Le projezioni cordiformi nella cartografia. (In: Bolletino della Societa Geografica Italiano. Roma, 1889.)

Le sfere cosmografichi e specialmente le sfere terrestri. (In: Bolletino della Societa Geografica Italiano. Roma, 1893-1894.)

Sfere terrestri e celesti di autore italiano oppere fatte o conservate in Italia. Roma, 1898.

Gerardo Mercatore e le sue carte geografiche. (In: Bolletino della Societa Geografica Italiana. Roma, 1890.)

Le projezioni delle carte geografiche. Bologna, 1881.

Vincenzo Coronelli ed i suoi globi cosmografici. (In: Annuario Astro-Meteorologico. Roma, 1893.)

Erd- und Himmelsgloben, ihre Geschichte und Konstruction. Nach dem italienischen Matteo Fiorinis frei bearbeitet von Siegmund Günther. Leipzig, 1895.

FISCHER, J. The Discovery of the Northmen in America with special relation to their early cartographical Representation. Translated from the German by B.H. Soulsby. London, 1903.

The globe-goblet of Wolfegg. (In: United States Catholic Historical Society Historical Records and Studies. New York, 1913.)

FLAMSTEED, J. Atlas céleste de Flamsteed approuvé par l'Académie Royal des Sciences. Ed. by M.J. Fortin. Paris, 1776.

FONTENELLI, B. LE B. DE. Éloge des académiciens. À la Haye, 1731.

FOPPENS, J. F. Bibliotheca Belgica. Brussels, 1739.

FORBIGER, A. Handbuch der alten Geographie, nach den Quellen bearbeitet. Leipzig, 1842-1848.

FORTIN, J. Usage du planitaire ou sphère mouvante de Copernic, qui se trouvé chez Fortin, ingéniéur-mécanicién du Roi. Paris, 1773.

FOX. See Voyages of.

FRIEDRICH, R. Materialien zur Begriffsbestimmung des orbis terrarum. Leipzig, 1887.

FRISIUS, G. De principiis astronomiae et cosmographiae. Antwerp, 1530.

FRITZSCHE, O. F. Glarean, sein Leben und seine Schriften. Frauenfeld, 1890.

FUMANO, A. Hieronymi Fracastorii Veronensis opera omnia. n. p., n. d.

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WHITE, A. D. A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. New York, 1895-1897. 2 vols.

WIEDER, F. C. De Globe van Langren A^o 1612. Amsterdam, 1915.

De Wereldkaart van Petrus Plancius in het Colegio del Corpus Cristi te Valencia. Leiden, 1915.

WIESER, F. R. v. Der verschollen Globus des Johannes Schöner von 1523. (In: Sitzungsbericht der kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Wien, 1888.)

Die Karte des Bartolomeo Columbo über die vierte Reise des Admirals. Innsbruck, 1893.

Die Karten von Amerika in den Islario General des Alonso de Santa Cruz, Cosmografo Mayor des Kaisers Karl V mit der spanischen Original Texte und einer kritischen Einleitung. Innsbruck, 1908.

Magalhâes-Strasse und Australkontinent auf den Globen des Johannes Schöner. Innsbruck, 1881.

WILLIAMSON, H. A manual of problems on the globe. New York, 1886.

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WINSHIP, G. P. Cabot Bibliography. London, 1900.

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Christopher Columbus and how he received and imparted the spirit of discovery. Boston and New York, 1892.

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The description and use of the sphere. London, 1613.

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Index of Globes and Globe Makers

Table including alphabetical list of globe makers, the location of individual examples, the kind of globe indicated by asterisk (*) whether terrestrial (_Ter._), celestial (_Cel._), armillary sphere (_Arm._), the date of the globe (_Date_), the diameter expressed in centimeters (_Diam._), and where mention has been made in the text, a reference to volume and page (_e.g._, II, 185).

======================================================================== _Ter.|Cel.|Arm.|Date|Diam._ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ADAMS, DUDLEY (fl. 1797), II, 185. American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, II, 186 * * 1797 46 American Geographical Society, New York, II, 186 * * 1797 46

ADAMS, GEORGE, SR. (fl. 1760), II, 184. British Museum, II, 185 * * 1769 46 British Museum, II, 185 * * 1772 46

ADAMS, GEORGE, JR. (1750-1795), II, 185. University Library, Bologna, II, 186 * 1782 46 Royal Library, Madrid, II, 186 * 1782 46 Capodimonte Observatory, Naples, II, 186 * * 1782 46 Episcopal Seminary, Padua, II, 186 * 1782 46 Classense Library, Ravenna, II, 186 * * 1782 46 Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 185 * * 1782 46

AKERMAN, ANDREA (1718-1778), II, 179. Geographical Institute, Göttingen, II, 180 * 1759 30 Geographical Institute, Göttingen, II, 180 * 1779 30 Astronomical Observatory, Milan, II, 180 * 1766 59

ALBERTI, GIAN BATTISTA (fl. 1675), II, 96. Atheneum, Brescia, II, 96 * 1688 ?

ALSUFI ABUL HASSAN (ca. 1000). See reference in text, I, 28 * ? ?

ANDREAE, JOHANN (fl. 1720). City Historical Museum, Frankfurt, II, 140 * * 1717 45 Royal Museum, Cassel * 1725 25 Hiersemann, Karl, Leipzig (Cat. 483) * * 1726 14

ANONYMOUS (not otherwise listed--arranged alphabetically according to locality). Royal Museum, Cassel * * 1725 7 Royal Museum, Cassel * 1725 5 Cusani Palace, Chignolo, II, 163 * 1725 120 References in the 'Fihrist,' I, 28 * * ? ? Laurentian Library, Florence, I, 166 * 1575 32 Laurentian Library, Florence, I, 166 * 1575 23 Laurentian Library, Florence, I, 166 * ? ? Laurentian Library, Florence, I, 166 * ? ? National Library, Florence, I, 166 * 1575 10 National Library, Florence, I, 166 * * 1575 5 Musée Ariana, Geneva * * 1600? ? Communal Library, Imola, II, 164 * 1744 50 Episcopal Seminary, Ivrea, II, 164 * 1744 50 British Museum, London * 1590 25 Record Sixth International Geographical Congress, London * * * 1580 ? Library Sir A. W. Franks, London * 1569 ? Ambrosiana Library, Milan, II, 66 * 1650 ? Royal Estense Library, Modena, II, 97 * 1689 ? Royal Estense Library, Modena, II, 97 * ? ? Royal Bavarian Court and State Library, Munich, I, 177 (numerous examples) * * * ? ? Library W. R. Hearst, New York, II, 92 * 1700 ? 90 The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 192 * 1800 21 Metropolitan Museum, New York, I, 201 * 1575 8 Library Professor David E. Smith, New York (Italian) * 17c 16 Library Professor David E. Smith, New York (French) * 17c 8 Library Professor David E. Smith, New York (Italian) * 17c 11 Library Professor David E. Smith, New York (Arabic) * 17c 21 Library Professor David E. Smith, New York (Arabic) * 17c 15 Library Professor David E. Smith, New York (German) * 18c 9 Library Professor David E. Smith, New York (French) * 18c 6 Library Professor David E. Smith, New York (Hindu) * 18c 10 Library Professor David E. Smith, New York (Italian) * 18c 9 Library Professor David E. Smith, New York (Japanese) * 18c 22 German National Museum, Nürnberg * 16c 14 German National Museum, Nürnberg * 1686 11 German National Museum, Nürnberg * 17c 42 National Library, Paris, I, 106 * 1575 12 National Library, Paris, I, 107 * 1575 21 Astronomical Observatory, Peking, II, 129 * 1074 ? Victor Emanuel Library, Rome, II, 165 * * 1575 70 Communal Library, Siena, II, 164 * * 1744 45 Collection John Wanamaker, New York * 17c 150 Collection John Wanamaker, New York * 17c 30 Communal Library, Savignano, II, 164 * 1744 50 Communal Library, Siena, II, 163 * 1730 120 Communal Library, Siena, II, 120 * 1690 66 Library Professor Tono, Venice, II, 179 * 1756 ? Library Admiral Acton, I, 79 * ? ? APIANUS (BENEWITZ), PETER (1495-1552), I, 176. See reference in text, I, 176 * * ? ? APIANUS (BENEWITZ), PHILIP (fl. 1575), II, 178. Royal Bavarian Library, Munich, II, 178. * * 1576 118 ARCHIMEDES (287-212 B. C.). See reference in text, I, 15 * ? ? ATLANTE FARNESE (250 B. C. ca.). National Museum, Naples, I, 15 * ? ? BAILLY, ROBERTUS (fl. 1525), I, 105. Library J. P. Morgan, New York, I, 106 * 1530 14 National Library, Paris, I, 105 * 1530 14 B. F. Math. Phys. Salon, Dresden, I, 215 * 1600 12 BARROCCI, GIOVANNI MARIA (fl. 1560), I, 165. Lancisiana Library, Rome, I, 165 * 1570 36 BASSO (PILIZZONI OR PELLICCIONI), FRANCESCO (fl. 1560). National Library, Turin, I, 163 * 1570 17 BATTISTA, GIOVANNI, DA CASSINE (fl. 1560). See reference in text, II, 121 * * 1700? ? BEHAIM, MARTIN (1459-1506), I, 47. German National Museum, Nürnberg, I, 48 * 1492 50 BELGA, GUILIELMUS NICOLO (fl. 1600). Bodel Nyenhuis, Leyden (gores) * 1603 ? BENCI, CARLO (fl. 1660), II, 79. Palace Prince Massimo, Rome, II, 80 * * 1671 120 BEMBO, PIETRO (1470-1547). See reference in text, I, 120 * 1547 ? BEYER, JOHANN (fl. 1720). Royal Museum, Cassel * * 1718 30 BION, NICOLAS (1650-1733), II. 152. Malvezzi Library, Bologna, II, I53 * 1710 ? Technical Institute, Florence, II, I53 * 1712 ? Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 154 * 1712 ? BLAEU, WILLEM JANSZ. (1571-1638), II, 18-44. Muller, Frederick, Amsterdam, II, 27 * 1599 34 Muller, Frederick, Amsterdam, II, 27 * 1603 34 Communal Library, Fano, II, 27 * 1599 34 Communal Library, Fano, II, 27 * 1603 34 Library Dr. Baumgärtner, Göttingen, II, 26 * 1599 34 Library Dr. Baumgärtner, Göttingen, II, 26 * 1603 34 University Library, Göttingen, II, 26 * 1599 34 Library Adam Kästner, Göttingen, II, 27 * 1599 34 Library Adam Kästner, Göttingen, II, 27 * 1603 34 University Library, Leiden, II, 27 * 1599 34 University Library, Leiden, II, 27 * 1603 34 German National Museum, Nürnberg, II, 27 * 1599 34 German National Museum, Nürnberg, II, 27 * 1599 34 German National Museum, Nürnberg, II, 27 * 1603 34 German National Museum, Nürnberg, II, 27 * 1603 34 Angelica Library, Rome, II, 27 * 1599 34 Angelica Library, Rome, II, 27 * 1599 34 Angelica Library, Rome, II, 27 * 1603 34 Angelica Library, Rome, II, 27 * 1603 34 Royal Museum, Cassel, II, 30 * 1602 24 City Library, Nürnberg, II, 30 * * 1602 24 German National Museum, Nürnberg, II, 30 * * 1602 24 German National Museum, Nürnberg, II, 30 * 1602 24 Concordia Academy, Rovigo, II, 30 * * 1602 24 City Library, Rüdlingen, II, 30 * 1602 24 British Museum, London, II, 31 * * 1606 13 The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 30 * 1606 13 The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 30 * * 1616 10 Muller, Frederick, Amsterdam * * 1616 10 Public Library, Aquila, II, 44 * 1622 67 Astronomical Observatory, Bologna, II, 43 * * 1622 67 Royal Museum, Cassel, II, 44 * 1622 67 Episcopal Library, Chioggia, II, 44 * * 1622 67 Communal Library, Como, II, 44 * 1622 67 Astronomical Observatory, Florence, II, 41 * * 1622 67 Technical Institute, Florence, II, 44 * 1622 67 Museum of Ancient Instruments, Florence, II, 44 * * 1622 67 Mission Brothers, Genoa, II, 44 * 1622 67 Governmental Library, Lucca, II, 44 * * 1622 67 Royal Estense Library, Modena, II, 43 * * 1622 67 National Library, Naples, II, 44 * * 1622 67 The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 44 * 1622 67 City Library, Nürnberg, II, 43 * 1622 67 German National Museum, Nürnberg, II, 44 * 1622 67 Library Reichsgraf Hans v. Oppersdorf, Oberglogau, II, 43 * 1622 67 Communal Library, Palermo, II, 42 * * 1622 67 Gambalunga Library, Rimini, II, 42 * * 1622 67 Barbarini Library, Rome, II, 42 * * 1622 67 Chigi Library, Rome, II, 44 * * 1622 67 Scuole Pie, Savona, II, 44 * * 1622 67 Marco Foscarini Liceum, Venice, II, 44 * * 1622 67 City Museum, Venice, II, 44 * 1622 67 Quirini Pinacoteca, Venice, II, 44 (2 copies) * * 1622 67 Library Count Francesco Franco, Vicenza, II, 44 * * 1622 67 Math. Phys. Salon, Dresden, II, 44 * * 1640 76 British Museum, London, II, 44 * 1640 24 British Museum, London, II, 44 (gores) * 1640 60 Geographical Institute, Utrecht * 1640 67 Royal Library, Madrid * * 1640 67 BODE, JOHANN ELERT (1747-1826). German National Museum, Nürnberg * 1790 32 BONNE, RIGOBERT (1727-1795), II, 181. See reference in text, II, 181 * 1771 31 Astronomical Observatory, Palermo, II, 181 * * 1779 31 Library Mrs. C. L. F. Robinson, Hartford * 1779 31 Geographical Institute, Göttingen, II, 182 * * 1779 31 BONIFACIUS, NATOLI (1550-1620). See Günther (E. u. H. Gl., p. 68) * 1552? ? BORSARI, BONIFACIUS (fl. 1760). City Museum, Modena * 1764 18 BOULENGIER, LOUIS (fl. 1515). Public Library, New York, I, 79 * 1518? 11 BONCOMPAGNI, HIERONYMO DE. See reference in text, I, 165 * 1570 29 BRAHE, TYCHO (1546-1601), I, 183. See references in text, I, 185 * * 1584 150 BÜCHLIN GLOBE (Waldseemüller?). See reference in text, I, 71 * 1509 ? BÜHLER, JAMES A. (fl. 1790). Hiersemann, Karl, Leipzig (Cat. 483) * 1795 10 BÜNAU, HENRY. See reference in text, I, 67 * 1507? ? BÜRGI, JOST (1552-1633). Royal Museum, Cassel, I, 196 (numerous examples) * * 1585 ? Royal Museum, Cassel, I, 196 * 1582 72 Royal Museum, Cassel, I, 196 * 1592 72 Royal Museum, Cassel, I, 196 * 1592 72 Busch, Andreas (fl. 1650). See also OLEARIUS, ADAM, and GOTTORP, II, 73. National Museum, Copenhagen, II, 74 * 1657 120 Tsarskoe Selo Castle, II, 74 * * * 1664 441 CABOT, JOHN (fl. 1495). See reference in text, I, 53 * 1497? ? CAISSAR BEN ABUL ALCASEM (fl. 1225). National Museum, Naples, I, 29 * 1225 22 CAMPANO, GIOVANNI DA NOVARA (fl. 1300). See reference in text, I, 42 * 1303? ? CARAFFA, GIOVANNI (fl. 1561). See reference in text, I, 152 * 1575 68 CARTARO, MARIO (fl. 1575), I, 167. Museum of Ancient Instruments, Florence, I, 168 * 1577 16 Library Mr. Reed, New York, I, 168 * 1577 16 Astronomical Museum, Rome, I, 168 * * 1577 16 Astronomical Museum, Rome, I, 168 * 1577 16 CARTILIA, CARMELO (fl. 1720). Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 154 * 1720 26 CARY, WILLIAM (1759-1825), II, 194. Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland * 1799 54 Library Lorenzo Novella, Loano * * 1799 54 British Museum, London * 1799 54 Library Vittorio Bianchini, Macerata, II, 194 * * 1799 54 Library Vittorio Bianchini, Macerata, II, 194 (2 copies) * 1799 54 Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 194 * * 1799 54 Library Count Vespignani, Rome * * 1799 54 CASSINI, GIOVANNI MARIA (fl. 1790), II, 192. Communal School, Ancona * 1790 34 Communal School, Ancona * 1792 34 Liceum, Arpino * 1790 34 Liceum, Arpino * 1792 34 Maletesta Library, Cesena * 1790 34 Maletesta Library, Cesena * 1792 34 Communal Library, Crevalcuore * 1790 34 Communal Library, Crevalcuore * 1792 34 Collection John Wanamaker, New York * * * 1792 34 Cathedral Library, Perugia * 1790 34 Cathedral Library, Perugia * 1792 34 Nautical Institute, Palermo * 1790 34 Nautical Institute, Palermo * 1792 34 Episcopal Seminary, Rimini * 1790 34 Episcopal Seminary, Rimini * 1792 34 Astronomical Museum, Rome * 1790 34 Astronomical Museum, Rome * 1792 34 Episcopal Seminary, Vigevano * 1790 34 Episcopal Seminary, Vigevano * 1792 34 CASTLEMAINE, EARL OF (ROGER PALMER) (1634-1705), II, 94. University Library, Cambridge, II, 94 * * 1679 29 CAUCIGH, R. P. MICHAEL (fl. 1725). German National Museum, Nürnberg * 1726 17 CELTES, CONRAD (1459-1508). See reference in text, I, 54 * * 1495? ? CHIGNOLO GLOBE. Library Marquis Cusani, Chignolo * 1731 120 COCCO, JACOMO (fl. 1575). See reference in text, I, 152 * 1575 68 COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER (1451-1506). See reference in text, I, 52 * 1480? ? See reference in text, I, 52 * 1501? ? COLUMBUS, BARTHOLOMEW (1460-1514). See reference in text, I, 53 * 1480? ? CORONELLI, P. VINCENZO (1650-1718), II, 98. National Library, Paris, II, 100 * * 1683 475 Episcopal Seminary, Aversa, II, 114 * * 1688 110 City Library, Bergamo, II, 111 * * 1688 110 Communal Library, Bologna, II, 114 * * 1688 110 State Archives, Bologna, II, 114 * * 1688 110 Convent Osservanza, Bologna, II, 114 * * 1688 110 Library Professor Liuzzi, Bologna, II, 114 * 1688 110 Royal Library, Brussels, II, 114 * * 1688 110 Math. Phys. Salon, Dresden, II, 111 * * 1688 110 Communal Library, Faenza, II, 111 * * 1688 110 Communal Library, Fano, II, 111 * * 1688 110 Museum of Ancient Instruments, Florence, II, 114 * * 1688 110 City Mission, Genoa, II, 114 * * 1688 110 British Museum, London, II, 114 (gores) * 1688 110 Gonzaga Library, Mantua, II, 111 * * 1688 110 Astronomical Observatory, Milan, II, 114 * * 1688 110 Brancascia Library, Naples, II, 114 * * 1688 110 National Library, Naples, II, 114 * * 1688 110 University Library, Naples, II, 111 * * 1688 110 National Library, Palermo, II, 114 * * 1688 110 Antonian Library, Padua, II, 114 * * 1688 110 Library Count Manin, Passeriano, II, 111 * * 1688 110 Classense Library, Ravenna, II, 114 * * 1688 110 Cathedral Library, Reggio, II, 114 * 1688 110 Victor Emanuel Library, Rome, II, 118 * 1688 110 Lancisiana Library, Rome, II, 114 * * 1688 110 Academy of Sciences, Turin, II, 114 * * 1688 110 Marciana Library, Venice, II, 111 * * 1688 110 Patriarchal Seminary, Venice, II, 114 * 1688 110 Civic Museum, Venice, II, 114 (3 copies) * 1688 110 Communal Library, Vicenza, II, 114 * 1688 110 Episcopal Seminary, Aversa, II, 114 * 1693 110 City Museum, Genoa, II, 114 * 1693 110 British Museum, London, II, 114 * 1693 110 National Library, Paris, II, 114 * * 1693 110 Academy of Sciences, Turin, II, 114 * 1693 110 Library of Congress, Washington, II, 112 * 1693 110 Episcopal Seminary, Finale, II, 118 * * 1696 48 National Library, Florence, II, 118 * 1696 48 Franzoniana, Genoa, II, 118 * * 1696 48 The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 115 * 1696 48 German National Museum, Nürnberg, II, 118 * * 1696 48 Communal Library, Perugia, II, 118 * * 1696 48 Certosa, Pisa, II, 118 * 1696 48 Certosa, Pisa, II, 118 * 1699 48 Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 118 * 1696 48 City Museum, Trieste, II, 118 * * 1696 48 Marucellian Library, Florence, II, 118 * * 1699 48 Hiersemann, Karl, Leipzig * 1699 48 Library Sr. Remigio Salotti, Modena, II, 118 * * 1699 48 Certosa Library, Perugia, II, 118 * 1699 48 Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 118 * 1699 48 Library Giovanni Bargagli, Rome, II, 118 * * 1699 48 Victor Emanuel Library, Florence, II, 118 * * 1699 48 Hiersemann, Karl, Leipzig (gores) * 1699 48 British Museum, London, II, 119 (gores) * 1699 48 Royal Library, Madrid See reference in text, II, 119 * * 1704 364 Atlante Veneto of Coronelli, II, 119 (small globes) * * ? ? COSTA, GIAN FRANCESCO (fl. 1775), II, 179. Communal Library, Cagli, II, 179 * 1754 20 Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 179 * 1754 20 Library Sr. Fronzi, Senigallia, II, 179 * 1754 20 University Library, Urbino, II, 179 * 1754 20 CRATES (fl. 150 B.C.). See reference in text, I, 7 * 2c ? CRUZ, ALONSO DE SANTA (1500-1572), I, 121. Royal Library, Stockholm, I, 121 (gores) * 1542 39 DANTI, IGNAZIO (1537-1586), I, 158. Museum of Ancient Instruments, Florence, I, 162 * 1567 200 See reference in text, I, 162 * 1567 200 DASYPODIUS, CONRAD (1532-1600), I, 173. Strassburg Cathedral Clock, Strassburg, I, 175 * * 1574 82 DE BURE. See GILT GLOBE, I, 98. DELAMARCHE, CHARLES FRANÇOIS (1740-1817), II, 190. Patriarchal Observatory, Venice, II, 190. * 1785 48 Mission Brothers Convent, Chieri, II, 190 * 1791 18 Hiersemann, Karl, Leipzig (Cat. 483) * * 1791 18 National Library, Milan, II, 190 * * 1791 18 Charles Albert Liceum, Novara, II, 190 * * 1791 18 Nautical Institute, Palermo, II, 190 * 1791 18 Palace Sr. Scaramucci, S. Maria a Monte, II, 191 * 1791 ? Physics Museum, Siena, II, 190 * 1791 30 Patriarchal Observatory, Venice * 1791 18 DELISLE, GUILLAUME (1675-1726), II, 138. Museum of Ancient Instruments, Florence, II, 140 * 1700 32 Royal Library, Madrid, II, 141 * 1700 32 Royal Museum, Cassel, II, 140 * * 1709 16 DE MONGENET, FRANÇOIS (fl. 1550), I, 147. Library Count Pilloni, Belluno, I, 150 * 1552 9 British Museum, London (12 gores), I, 150 * * 1552 9 New York Public Library, New York (12 gores), I, 148 * * 1552 9 German National Museum, Nürnberg, I, 148 * 1552 9 British Museum, London (12 gores), I, 150 * 1560 9 Library Prince Trivulzio, Milan, I, 150 * 1560 9 National Library, Paris, I, 150 * * 1560 9 Astronomical Museum, Rome, I, 150 * * 1560 9 Astronomical Museum, Rome, I, 150 * 1560 9 DESNOS, L. C. (fl. 1750), II, 178. Spallanzani Liceum, Reggio Emilia, II, 178 * 1750 22 See reference in text, II, 178 * * 1753 ? Library Marquis Costerbosa, Parma, II, 179 * * 1754 26 Spallanzani Liceum, Reggio Emelia, II, 178 * 1760 22 Library Alberoni College, Piacenza, II, 179 * * 1772 26 DEUR, JOHANNES (fl. 1725). Frederick Muller (Cat. Maps and Atlases), Amsterdam * * 1720 6 DONDI, GIOVANNI (fl. 1350), I, 136. See reference in text, I, 136 * 14C ? DOPPELMAYR, JOHANN GABRIEL (1671-1750), II, 159. Math. Phys. Salon, Dresden, II, 162 * 1728 32 The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 160 * 1728 32 City Library, Nurnberg, II, 160 * 1728 32 German National Musum, Nürnberg, II, 160 * * 1728 32 Physics Museum, Pavia, II, 162 * 1728 32 Cathedral Library, Verona, II, 162 * * 1728 32 Math. Phys. Salon, Dresden, II, 162 * 1730 20 Geographical Institute, Gottingen, II, 162 * * 1730 20 German National Museum, Nurnberg (4 copies), II, 162 * * 1730 20 Library of Congress, Washington * 1730 20 German National Museum, Nurnberg, II, 162 * * 1736 20 The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 160 * * 1736 20 DÜRER, ALBRECHT (1471-1528). See reference in text, I, 88 * * 1515 ? EDRISI (1099-1164). See reference in text, I, 27 * 12C ? EIMMART, GEORGE CHRISTOPHER (1638-1705), II, 122. See reference in text, II, 122 * 1695 ? City Library, Bergamo, II, 124 * 1705 30 Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 122 * * 1705 30 ELCANO, SEBASTIAN (fl. 1520). See reference in text, I, 82 * 1526 ? EUDOXUS (fl. 366 B.C.). See reference in text, I, 15 * ? ? EMMOSER, GERHARD (fl. 1575), I, 179. Metropolitan Museum, New York, I, 179 * 1579 13 FARNESE, ATLANTE. National Museum, Naples, I, 15 * 3c B.C. 65 FABER, SAMUEL (1657-1716). German National Museum, Nürnberg * 1705 48 FERGUSON, JAMES (1711-1776), II, 168. Harvard University Library, Cambridge, II, 171 * * 1782 7 Karl Hiersemann, Leipzig * * 1782 7 The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 169 * * 1782 7 Communal Library, Palermo, II, 171 * * 1782 7 Meteorological Observatory, Syracuse, II, 171 * * 1728 7 FERRERI, GIOVANNI PAOLO (fl. 1600), II, 44. Barbarini Library, Rome, II, 44 * 1602 23 Barbarini Library, Rome, II, 44 * 1624 39 FILIBERTO, EMANUELE (fl. 1575), I, 165. Astronomical Museum, Rome, I, 165 * 1575 28 FLORIANUS, ANTONIUS (fl. 1550), I, 150. Harvard University Library, Cambridge, I, 152 (36 gores) * 1555 25 Library Professor Giovanni Marinelli, Florence, I, 151 (36 gores) * 1555 25 New York Public Library, New York, I, 152 (36 gores) * 1555 25 British Museum, London (36 gores), I, 152 * 1555 25 Library Baron Nordenskiöld, Stockholm, I, 152 (36 gores) * 1555 25 Victor Emanuel Library, Rome (36 gores), I, 151 * 1555 25 City Library, Treviso (36 gores), I, 151 * 1555 25 State Archives, Turin (36 gores), I, 151 * 1555 25 Marciana Library, Venice (36 gores), I, 151 * 1555 25 Library of Congress, Washington (36 gores), I, 152 * 1555 25 FORTIN, JEAN (1750-1831), II, 184. See reference in text, II, 184 ? ? Convent of Mission Brothers, Chieri, II, 184 * 1780 22 Communal Library, Corregio, II, 184 * 1780 22 The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 184 * 1780 22 Dorian Liceum, Novi, II, 184 * 1780 22 FRACASTORO, GIROLAMO (16th Cent.). See reference in text, I, 136 * * ? ? FRISIUS, GEMMA (1508-1565), I, 102. See reference in text, I, 102 * 1530 ? Francisceum Gymnasium, Zerbst, I, 103 * 1530 ? Francisceum Gymnasium, Zerbst, I, 105 * 1537 ? FURTEMBACH, MARTIN (fl. 1525). See reference in text, I, 110 * 1535 ? GERBERT (POPE SILVESTER II) (fl. 1000). See reference in text, I, 38 * * 1000 ? GESSNER, ABRAHAM (1552-1613), I, 199. Library S. J. Phillips, London, I, 218 * * 1595 ? Museum des Cordeliers, Basel (3 goblets), I, 201 * * 1600? ? Wolfegg Castle, Wolfegg, I, 199 * * * 1600? ? National Museum, Zürich, I, 200 * * 1600? ? GIANELLI, GIOVANNI (fl. 1550), I, 135. Ambrosiana Library, Milan, I, 135 * 1549 14 GILT GLOBE. National Library, Paris, I, 98 * 1527 23 GIORDANI, VITALE (1633-1711), II, 120. Lancisiana Library, Rome, II, 120 * 1690 ? GLAREANUS, HENRICUS (1488-1551), II, 203. See reference in text, II, 203 (globe gores) 1527 GLOBUS MUNDI. See reference in text, I, 72 * 1509 ? GONZAGA, GURZIO (fl. 1550), I, 154. See reference in text, I, 154 * 1561 203 GOOS, ABRAHAM (fl. 1640), II, 66. Library Marquis Borromeo, Milan, II, 67 * * 1648 44 GOTTORP GLOBE. See BUSCH, ANDREAS, and OLEARIUS, ADAM. GRANDI, P. FRANCESCO (fl. 1750), II, 179. See reference in text, II, 179 * 1755 21 GREEN GLOBE. National Library, Paris, I, 76 * 1515 24 GREUTER, MATTHEUS (1564-1638), II, 54. Library Communal School, Ancona, II, 59 * 1632 50 Library Communal School, Ancona, II, 59 * 1636 50 Communal Library, Bassano, II, 60 * 1632 50 Library Count Piloni, Belluno, II, 60 * 1632 50 Library Count Piloni, Belluno, II, 60 * 1636 50 Communal Library, Bologna, II, 59 * 1632 50 Communal Library, Bologna, II, 59 * 1632 50 Library General Antonio Gandolfi, Bologna, II, 60 * 1632 50 Library General Antonio Gandolfi, Bologna, II, 59 * 1636 50 Atheneum, Brescia, II, 60 * 1632 50 Communal Library, Carmarino, II, 59 * 1632 50 Communal Library, Carmarino, II, 59 * 1636 50 Episcopal Seminary, Carpi, II, 59 * 1632 50 Physics Museum, Catania, II, 60 * 1632 50 Communal Library, Fabriano, II, 59 * 1632 50 Communal Library, Fabriano, II, 59 * 1636 50 Agabiti Museum, Fabriano, II, 59 * 1632 50 Agabiti Museum, Fabriano, II, 59 * 1636 50 Communal Library, Ferrara, II, 59 * 1632 50 Communal Library, Ferrara, II, 59 * 1636 50 Library Santa Maria Nuova, Florence, II, 59 * 1632 50 Library Santa Maria Nuova, Florence, II, 59 * 1636 50 Joseph Baer, Frankfurt, II, 59 * 1632 50 Joseph Baer, Frankfurt, II, 59 * 1636 50 Library Sr. Luigi Belli, Genga, II, 60 * 1632 50 Communal Library, Gubbio, II, 59 * 1632 50 Communal Library, Gubbio, II, 59 * 1636 50 Governmental Library, Lucca, II, 59 * 1632 50 Governmental Library, Lucca, II, 59 * 1636 50 Gonzaga Library, Mantua, II, 59 * 1632 50 Gonzaga Library, Mantua, II, 59 * 1636 50 Private Library, Matelica * 1632 50 Private Library, Matelica * 1636 50 University Library, Messina, II, 59 * 1632 50 University Library, Messina, II, 59 * 1636 50 National Library, Milan, II, 59 * 1632 50 National Library, Milan, II, 59 * 1636 50 City Library, Modena, II, 59 * 1632 50 City Library, Modena, II, 59 * 1636 50 Ludwig Rosenthal, Munich * 1632 50 The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 55 * 1632 50 Physics Museum, Padua, II, 59 * 1632 50 Physics Museum, Padua, II, 59 * 1636 50 Episcopal Seminary, Padua, II, 59 * 1632 50 Episcopal Seminary, Padua, II, 59 (2 copies) * 1636 50 Communal Library, Palermo * 1632 50 Communal Library, Palermo * 1636 50 Palatin Library, Parma, II, 59 * 1632 50 Palatin Library, Parma, II, 59 * 1636 50 Capitulary Library, Reggio, II, 59 * 1632 50 Capitulary Library, Reggio, II, 59 * 1636 50 Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 59 * 1632 50 Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 59 * 1636 50 Victor Emanuel Library, Rome, II, 59 * 1632 50 Victor Emanuel Library, Rome, II, 59 * 1636 50 Mercantile Marine Library, Rotterdam * 1632 50 Communal Library, Sanseverino, II, 59 * 1632 50 Communal Library, Sanseverino, II, 59 * 1636 50 Library Canon Luigi Belli, Treviso, II, 60 * 1632 50 Library Canon Luigi Belli, Treviso, II, 60 * 1636 50 State Archives, Venice, II, 60 * 1632 50 Chigi Library, Rome, II, 59 * 1636 50 Communal Library, Serra S. Quirico, II, 60 * 1636 50 Library W. B. Thompson, Yonkers, II, 60 * 1636 50 Private Library, Ancona, II, 61 * * 1638 50 Episcopal Seminary, Macerata, II, 61 * 1638 50 Library Count Conestabile, Perugia, II, 61 * 1638 50 Library Cav. Carlotti, Piticchio, II, 61 * * 1638 50 Episcopal Seminary, Toscanella, II, 61 * * 1638 50 Joseph Baer, Frankfurt * * 1695 50 Episcopal Library, Benevento, II, 63 * * 1695 50 Technical Institute, Casale Monserrate, II, 63 * * 1695 50 Communal Library, Ferrara, II, 63 * 1695 50 Technical Institute, Florence, II, 63 * * 1695 50 Badia of Santa Maria, Gretta Ferrata, II, 63 * 1695 50 Communal Library, Imola, II, 63 * * 1695 50 Episcopal Seminary, Ivrea * 1695 50 The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 62 * * 1695 50 Communal Library, Osimo * 1695 50 Communal Library, Palestrina * * 1695 50 Communal Library, Savignano, II, 63 * 1695 50 Cathedral Library, Pescia * * 1695 50 HABRECHT, ISAAC (fl. 1625), II, 50. Communal Library, Asti, II, 53 * * 1619 21 Royal Museum, Cassel, II, 53 * 1625 21 The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 50 * 1625 21 German National Museum, Nürnberg, II, 53 * 1625 21 Communal Library, Sondrio, II, 53 * * 1625 21 HAHN, P. G. (1739-1790). German National Museum, Nürnberg * 1780 ? HARTMANN, GEORGE (fl. 1535), I, 117 * * HAUER, JOHANN (fl. 1625), II, 53. National Museum, Stockholm, II, 53 * 1620 ? HAUSLAB GLOBES. Library Prince Liechtenstein, Vienna, I, 75 (12 gores) * 1515 37 Library Prince Liechtenstein, Vienna, I, 75 * 1515 37 HEYDEN, CHRISTIAN (1526-1576), I, 156. Math. Phys. Salon, Dresden, I, 156 * 1560 7 HEROLDT, ADAM (fl. 1650), II, 64. Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 65. * 1649 13 HILL, NATHANIEL (fl. 1750), II, 187. British Museum, London, II, 187 * * 1754 7 New York Public Library, New York, II, 188 * 1754 7 National Library, Paris, II, 187 * * 1754 7 HIPPARCHUS (fl. 160 B.C.). See reference in text, I, 19 * 2c B.C. ? HOMANN, JOHANN BAPTISTA (1663-1727), II, 154. German National Museum, Nürnberg * * 1715? 7 See reference in text, II, 154. HONTER, JOHANN (fl. 1540). See reference in text, II, 93 * 1542 ? HONDIUS, HENRICUS (1580-1644), II, 18. Quirinal Library, Brescia, II, 18 * * 1640 53 Episcopal Seminary, Portogruaro, II, 18 * * 1640 53 City Museum, Vicenza, II, 18 * * 1640 53 HONDIUS, JODOCUS (1546-1611), II, 4. German National Museum, Nürnberg, II, 4 * 1592 60 Library Sr. Giannini, Lucca, II, 8 * * 1600 34 Library Henry E. Huntington, New York, II. 4 * * 1600 34 Municipal Museum, Milan, II, 9 * * 1601 21 Episcopal Seminary, Rimini, II, 11 * 1601 21 Museum of Ancient Instruments, Florence, II, 13 * 1613 55 Barbarini Library, Rome, II, 13 * * 1613 55 City Library, Treviso, II, 13 * * 1613 55 Library Sr. Lessi, Florence, II, 14 (Rossi) * 1615 21 Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 14 (Rossi) * 1615 21 Private Dutch Collection, II, 68, n. 12 * 1615 21 German National Museum, Nürnberg, II, 15 * 1618 34 The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 14 * 1618 21 IBRAHIM IBN SAID-AS-SAHLI (fl. 1075), I, 28. Museum of Ancient Instruments, Florence, I, 28 * 1080 20 JAILLOT, CHARLES HUBERT ALEXIUS (1640-1712). German National Museum, Nürnberg * 1700? 41 JAGELLONICUS. Jagellonicus Library, Cracow, I, 74 * * 1510 7 JAPANESE GLOBE. Library Professor David E. Smith, New York * 1600? 10 JONSSONIUS, JOHANN (fl. 1620), II, 66. Library Leiden University, Leiden, II, 66 (gores) * 1621 12 See reference in text, II, 66 * ? ? JULIUS II, POPE (1503-1513). See reference in text, I, 62 * 1504 95 Vatican Observatory, Rome, I, 62 * 1504 95 KEULEN, JOHANN VAN (fl. 1675), II, 66. Marine School, Rotterdam, II, 66 (Blaeu, 1599) * 1682 34 KLINGER, JOHANN GEORGE (fl. 1790). History Museum, Frankfurt * 1792 25 Hiersemann, Karl, Leipzig (Cat. 483) * 1790 32 Hiersemann, Karl, Leipzig (Cat. 483) * 1792 32 KO-SHUN-KING (fl. 1250). Astronomical Observatory, Peking, II, 129. * 1274 194 LANE, N. (fl. 1775), II, 183. British Museum, London, II, 183 * 1776 7 LAON GLOBE. City Library, Laon, I, 51 * 1493 16 LALANDE, JOSEPH JÉRÔME LE FRANÇAIS (1732-1807), II, 181. Astronomical Library, Palermo, II, 182 * 1779 32 L'ÉCUY, ABBÉ. National Library, Paris, I, 188 * 1578 25 LEGRAND, P. (fl. 1720). College of Dijon, Dijon (see Laland, Bib. Astr.) * 1720 190 LENOX GLOBE. New York Public Library, New York, I, 74 * 1510 13 LEONTIUS MECHANICUS (fl. 550). See reference in text, I, 21 * ? ? LIBRI, FRANCESCO DAI. See reference in text, I, 100, 136 * 1529 ? LIECHTENSTEIN GLOBE. See reference in text, I, 77 * 1515 37 LUD. SEM. (unknown). Library Sr. Lissi, Florence, II, 45 * 1612 20 MACCARI, GIOVANNI (fl. 1685), II, 96. Liceum, Reggio Emelia, II, 96 * 1689 16 MAGELLAN GLOBE. See reference in text, I, 81 * 1519 ? MARIA, PIETRO (fl. 1745), II, 165. Episcopal Seminary, Casale, II, 166 * * 1745 60 Municipal Library, Alessandria, II, 166 * * 1751 105 MARTYR, PETER (1455-1526). See reference in text * 1514 ? MAUROLICO, FRANCESCO (1494-1575). See reference in text, II, 167 * 1575 ? MERCATOR, GERHARD (1512-1594), I, 124. Convent Adamont, Adamont, I, 133 * 1541 41 Royal Library, Brussels, I, 127 * 1541 Royal Library, Brussels, I, 131 * 1551 41 Governmental Library, Cremona, I, 133 * 1541 41 Governmental Library, Cremona, I, 133 * 1551 41 German National Museum, Nürnberg, I, 133 * 1541 41 German National Museum, Nürnberg, I, 133 * 1551 41 Astronomical Observatory, Paris, I, 133 * 1541 41 Astronomical Observatory, Paris, I, 133 * 1551 41 Library Marquis Gherardi, Prato, I, 133 * 1541 41 Library Marquis Gherardi, Prato, I, 133 * 1551 41 Astronomical Museum, Rome, I, 134 (2 copies) * 1541 41 Astronomical Museum, Rome, I, 134 * 1551 41 City Archives, St. Nicolas, I, 133 * 1541 41 City Archives, St. Nicolas, I, 133 * 1551 41 Monastery Library, Stams, I, 133 * 1541 41 Communal Library, Urbania, I, 134 * 1541 41 Communal Library, Urbania, I, 134 * 1551 41 Imperial Library, Vienna, I, 133 * 1541 41 Imperial Library, Vienna, I, 133 * 1551 41 Grand Ducal Library, Weimar, I, 133 * 1541 41 MESSIER, CHARLES (1730-1817), II, 183. Machiavellian Liceum, Lucca, II, 184 * 1780 31 City Library, Nürnberg, II, 184 * 1780 31 Meteorological Observatory, Parma, II, 184 * 1780 31 Physics Museum, Siena, II, 184 * 1780 31 Monastic Library, Subiaco, II, 184 * 1780 31 MIOT, VINCENZO (fl. 1700), II, 143. Marco Foscarini Liceum, Venice, II, 143. * 1710 23 MOHAMMED BEN HELAL (fl. 1275), I, 29. Royal Asiatic Society, London, I, 29 * 1275 ? MOHAMMED BEN MUWAJID AL ORDHI (fl. 1275), I, 30. Math. Phys. Salon, Dresden, I, 30 * 1279 14 MOHAMMED, DIEMAT EDDIN (fl. 1575), I, 31. National Library, Paris, I, 31 * 1573 15 MOLL, HERMAN (fl. 1700). The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 170 * 1703 8 MOLYNEUX, EMERY (fl. 1590), I, 190. Royal Museum, Cassel, I, 195 (Sanderson) * 1592 66 Middle Temple, London, I, 190 * * 1592 66 MONACHUS, FRANCISCUS (fl. 1525), I, 96. See reference in text, I, 96 * 1525 ? MORDEN, ROBERT (fl. 1700), II, 156. British Museum, London, II, 156 * 1683 35 MORONCELLI, SILVESTER AMANTIUS (1652-1719), II, 83. Marciana Library, Venice, II, 83 * * 1672 200 Alessandrian Library, Rome, II, 84 * 1679 89 Alessandrian Library, Rome, II, 84 * 1680 89 See reference in text, II, 92 (2 or more) * * 1690 26 Etruscan Academy, Cortona, II, 92 * 1710 27 Communal Library, Fermo, II, 86 * 1713 194 Etruscan Academy, Cortona, II, 88 * 1715 80 Etruscan Academy, Cortona, II, 93 * 1715 80 Casanatense Library, Rome, II, 89 * 1716 160 Casanatense Library, Rome, II, 90 * 1716 150 M. P. Vallicellian Library, Rome * * 1600 55 MOXON, JOSEPH (1627-1700), II, 124. See reference in text, II, 126 * * 1700? ? Royal Museum, Cassel * * 1700 ? MUTH BROTHERS (fl. 1720). Royal Museum, Cassel * 1721 4 NANCY GLOBE. City Library, Nancy, I, 102 * 1540 16 NEWTON, GEORGE (fl. 1780). Astronomical Observatory, Padua * * 1787 38 NOLLET, JEAN ANTOINE (1700-1770), II, 157. Library Count Fenaroli, Brescia, II, 159 * 1728 35 Maldotti Library, Guastalla, II, 159 * 1728 35 Maldotti Library, Guastalla, II, 159 * 1730 35 Episcopal Seminary, Mondovi, II, 159 * 1728 35 Episcopal Seminary, Mondovi, II, 159 * 1730 35 Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 159 * 1730 35 NORDENSKIÖLD GORES. Library Baron Nordenskiöld, Stockholm, I, 77 * 1518 10 OLEARIUS, ADAM (1600-1671), II, 73. See BUSCH, ANDREAS, and GOTTORP, II, 73. OTTERSCHADEN, JOHANN (fl. 1675). The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 214, 216 (gores), II, 214 * * 1675 12 OUTHIER (fl. 1725). See reference in text, II, 143 * 1725? ? PARMENTIER, JEAN (fl. 1530). See reference in text, I, 99 * ? ? PLANCIUS, PETER (1552-1622), II, 45. Stein Museum, Antwerp, II, 50 * 1614 26 Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 48 * * 1614 26 Francisceum Gymnasium, Zerbst, I, 140 * 1614 26 See reference in text, II, 50 * * ? ? PILOT GLOBE. See reference in text, II, 53 * 1606 ? PLATUS, CAROLUS (fl. 1580), I, 180. Museum of Ancient Instruments, Florence, I, 180 * 1578 20 Barbarini Library, Rome, I, 180 * 1598 14 POSIDONIUS (fl. 260 B..C.) See reference in text (Ptolemy 'Almagest') * ? ? PRAETORIUS, JOHANNES (1537-1616), I, 158. See reference in text, I, 158 * * 1566 28 Math. Phys. Salon, Dresden, I, 158 * 1566 28 Math. Phys. Salon, Dresden, I, 158 * 1568 28 German National Museum, Nürnberg, I, 158 * * 1566 28 PTOLEMY, CLAUDIUS (fl. 150 A.D.), I, 5. See reference in text, I, 5, 19 * * * 150 ? Public Library, Kahira, I, 28 * ? ? PUSCHNER, JOHANN GEORGE (fl. 1730), II, 160. Math. Phys. Salon, Dresden, II, 162 * 1728 28 Math. Phys. Salon, Dresden, II, 162 * 1730 28 University Library, Göttingen, II, 162 * * 1730 28 QUIRINI GLOBE. See GREEN GLOBE, I, 76. RAMUSIO GLOBES. See reference in text, I, 137 * * 1540? ? RIDHWAN (fl. 1700). Imperial Library, Petrograd, I, 32 * 1701 19 RINALDI, PIER VINCENZO DANTE (fl. 1550). See reference in text, I, 158 * ? ? ROLL, GEORGE, and REINHOLD, JOHANNES (fl. 1585). Math. Phys. Salon, Dresden, I, 181 * 1586 35 Royal Library, Vienna, I, 181 * 1588 ? Astronomical Observatory, Naples, I, 182 * 1589 21 ROSA, VINCENZO (fl. 1790), II, 191. University Library, Pavia, II, 192 * 1793 98 Foscolo Liceum, Pavia * 1793 98 ROSINI, PIETRO (fl. 1760), II, 180. University Library, Bologna, II, 180 * 1762 150 ROSSELLI, FRANCESCO (fl. 1526). See reference in text, I, 64 * ? ? ROSSI, DOMINICO. See GREUTER, MATTHEUS. ROVERE, GIULIO FELTRIO DALLA. See reference in text, I, 152 * 1575 104 ROUEN GLOBE. See L'ÉCUY, ABBÉ, I, 188. SANDERSON, WILLIAM (fl. 1590). See MOLYNEUX, EMERY. SANTA CRUZ, ALONSO DE (1500-1572), I, 121. Royal Library, Stockholm, I, 122 * 1542 SANTUCCI, ANTONIO (fl. 1590), I, 212. Museum of Ancient Instruments, Florence, I, 213 * 1593 22 SANUTO, GIULIO (fl. 1560). See reference in text, I, 154 * 1561 ? SCARABELLI, GIUSEPPE (fl. 1690). See reference in text, II, 121 * * 1690 188 SCALTAOLIA, PIETRO (fl. 1780), II, 188. See also VIANI, MATTIO LA VENEZIA. Roberti Tipografia, Bassano, II, 189 * 1784 23 Eredità Bottrigari, Bologna, II, 189 * 1784 23 Communal Library, Brescia * 1784 23 Episcopal Seminary, Brescia, II, 189 * 1784 23 Communal Library, Cagli, II, 189 * 1784 23 Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 189 * 1784 23 SCHIEPP, CHRISTOFF (fl. 1525), I, 108. National Library, Paris * 1530 24 SCHÖNER, JOHANN (1477-1547), I, 82. City Library, Frankfurt, I, 84 * 1515 27 Grand Ducal Library, Weimar, I, 84 * 1515 27 Library Wolfegg Castle (gores) * 1517 ? German National Museum, Nürnberg, I, 86 * 1520 87 See reference in text, I, 87 * 1523 ? Grand Ducal Library, Weimar, I, 108 * 1533 27 See reference in text, I, 108 * 1533 27 SENEX, JOHN (fl. 1740), II, 150. Hiersemann, Karl, Leipzig * ? 40 British Museum, London (12 gores) * 1720 40 British Museum, London, II, 152 * 1793 40 Royal Library, Madrid, II, 152 * 1793 40 National Library, Paris, II, 151 * * 1793 40 SETTALLA, MANFREDO (1600-1680), II, 65. Ambrosiana Library, Milan, II, 65 * 1646 18 SEUTTER, MATTHEUS (1678-1756), II, 154. Communal Library, Macerata, II, 156 * * 1710 23 Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 156 * 1710 23 Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 156 * * 1710 23 See reference in text, II, 156 * 1710 23 University Library, Urbino, II, 156 * 1710 23 Library Professor Tono, Venice * 1710 23 SPANO, ANTONIO (fl. 1590), I, 201. Library J.P. Morgan, New York, I, 201 * 1593 8 STAMPFER, JACOB (1505-1579). See illustration, I, 102 * * 1539 ? STÖFFLER, JOHANNES (1452-1531), I, 53. Liceum Library, Constance, I, 53 * 1499 48 German National Museum, Nürnberg * 1499 48 STRABO (54 B. C.-24 A. D.). See reference in text, I, 8 * ? ? THEODORUS, PETER (fl. 1590), II, 75. National Museum, Copenhagen, II, 75 * 1595 23 TITON DU TILLET. See reference in text, I, 188 * 1587 ? TORRICELLI, JOSEPH (fl. 1730), II, 165. Museum of Ancient Instruments, Florence, II, 165 * 1739 15 TOSCANELLI, PAOLO (1397-1482). See reference in text, I, 52 * 1474 ? TRANSILVANUS, MAXIMILIAN (fl. 1520). See reference in text * 1522 ? TREFFLER, CHRISTOPHER (fl. 1680), II, 94. See reference in text, II, 95 * * 1683 ? ULPIUS, EUPHROSINUS (fl. 1540), I, 117. Library New York Historical Society, New York, I, 117 * 1542 39 VALK, GERHARD (1626-1720), II, 143. Physics Museum, Bologna, II, 150 * * 1700 46 Royal Museum, Cassel, II, 150 * 1700? 23 Royal Museum, Cassel, II, 150 * 1700 30 Math. Phys. Salon, Dresden, II, 150 * 1700 30 German National Museum, Nürnberg, II, 150 * * 1700 30 University of Ghent, Ghent, II, 144 * * 1707 30 Royal Museum, Cassel, II, 150 * * 1715 46 Private Dutch Collection, Amsterdam * 1745 62 The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 144 * * 1750 46 The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 144 * * 1750 30 The Hispanic Society of America, New York, II, 144 * * 1750 23 Frederick Muller, Amsterdam (Cat. maps and atlases) * * 1750 40 Frederick Muller, Amsterdam (Cat. maps and atlases) * * 1750 24 VALK, LEONHARD (fl. 1700). See VALK, GERHARD. VAN LANGREN, ARNOLD FLORENTIUS (fl. 1600), I, 204. See reference in text, I, 204 * 1580 32 Astronomical Museum, Rome, I, 205 * 1585 32 City Museum, Frankfurt * 1594 29 Royal Geog. Society, Amsterdam, I, 208 * 1612 53 City Museum, Zütphen, I, 212 * 1612 53 University of Ghent, Ghent, I, 210 * 1616 53 Plantin-Moritus Museum, Antwerp, I, 211 * * 1625 53 National Library, Paris, I, 210 * 1625 53 Hiersemann, Karl, Leipzig * * 1630? 53 VAN LANGREN, JACOB FLORENTIUS. See VAN LANGREN, ARNOLD FLORENTIUS. VAUGONDY, GILES ROBERT DE (1688-1766), II, 176. See reference in text, II, 176 * * 1751 48 See reference in text, II, 177 * * ? 182 Palatin Library, Parma, II, 178 * * 1754 23 Spinola Palace, Tassarolo, II, 178 * * 1754 23 Quirini Pinacoteca, Venice, II, 178 * 1764 48 Patriarchal Observatory, Venice * 1764 23 Royal Library, Caserta, II, 177 * 1764 23 Royal Library, Caserta, II, 177 * 1773 48 Governmental Library, Lucca, II, 177 * 1764 23 Governmental Library, Lucca, II, 177 * 1773 48 VEEN, ADRIAN (fl. 1615). See HONDIUS, HENRICUS. VELDICO, WILLEM (fl. 1510). See reference in text, I, 66 * 1507 ? VERBIEST, FERDINAND (1623-1688), II, 131. Astronomical Observatory, Peking, II, 131 * 1674 190 Astronomical Observatory, Peking, II, 131 * 1674 300 VERRAZANO, GIOVANNI (fl. 1525), II, 98. See reference in text, II, 98 * 1525 ? VESPUCCI, AMERIGO (1451-1512). See reference in text * ? ? VIANI, MATTIO DI VENEZIA (fl. 1780), II, 188. See also SCALTAGLIA, PIETRO. Roberti Tipografia, Bassano, II, 190 * 1784 20 Studio Sr. Bortognoni, Bologna, II, 190 * 1784 20 Library Sr. Fenaroli, Brescia, II, 190 * 1784 20 Episcopal Seminary, Rimini, II, 190 * 1784 20 Astronomical Museum, Rome, II, 190 * 1784 20 VINCI, LEONARDO DA (1452-1519). Windsor Castle, I, 78 * 1514 ? VISEO, CARDINAL (fl. 1545). See reference in text, I, 152 * 1550 89 VOLPAJA, GIROLAMO CAMILLO (fl. 1560), I, 155. Museum of Ancient Instruments, Florence, I, 155 * 1557 14 Museum of Ancient Instruments, Florence, I, 156 * 1564 13 VOLPI, JOS. ANTONIO (fl. 1680), II, 97. City Museum, Modena, II, 97 * 1689 ? VOPEL, CASPAR (1471-1561), I, 112. City Archives, Cologne, I, 113 * 1532 28 City Archives, Cologne, I, 113 * 1536 28 City Archives, Cologne, I, 113 * 1542 28 National Museum, Copenhagen, I, 114 * 1543 10 Library of Congress, Washington, I, 115. * * 1543 10 National Museum, Washington, I, 113 * 1543 10 Library Jodoco del Badia, Florence, I, 115 * 1544 10 City Museum, Salzburg, I, 116 * 1544 10 Library Sr. Frey, Bern, I, 116 * 1545 10 VULPES, JOS. ANTONIUS (fl. 1685). Estense Library, Modena, II, 97 * 1689 15 WALDSEEMÜLLER, MARTIN (ca. 1470-ca. 1522), I, 68. See reference in text, I, 70 * 1507 ? WEIGEL, ERHARD (1625-1699), II, 75. See reference in text, II, 77, 78 * * * ? ? Royal Museum, Cassel (silver) * 1699 36 Royal Museum, Cassel (copper) * 1699 36 WELLINGTON, LIEUTENANT. Royal Museum, Cassel * 1710 7 WELTKUGEL. See reference in text, I, 72 * 1509 ? WOODEN GLOBE. National Library, Paris, I, 111 * 1535 20

General Index

It will be noted that a threefold index has been made for this work. The first part is the "Bibliographical List," containing in alphabetical order the names of the authors cited, together with the titles of their respective works. The second part is the "List of Globes and Globe Makers," which should be consulted especially for detailed biographical and descriptive references. In this third part, or "General Index," reference has been made to a very considerable number of special items more or less fully touched upon in the foregoing pages, with particular reference to the several libraries, museums, and private collections in which globes may be found, the same being given under the name of the locality, as Florence, London, Nürnberg, Paris, Rome, with the name of the particular globe maker whose work is possessed given in brackets.

Academy of Sciences, Berlin, II, 183

Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, II, 183

Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, II, 180

Acciaioli, Zenobio, notes that Barnaba Canti possessed a globe, I, 65

Acton, Admiral William, obtains two early globes from Count Piloni, I, 79-81

Africa, interior of, well represented on Coronelli globes, II, 103

Albertus Magnus, belief in a spherical earth, I, 43

Alessandria, Municipal Library (Biblioteca Municipale), II, 168 (Maria)

Alfonso X (The Wise), orders the preparation of a great astronomical work, I, 40; reference to globe making and to material for use in globe construction, 40, 41

Alvares, Sebastian, refers to a Reynell globe, I, 82

America, early names given to, I, 74; location of name on Jagellonicus globe of 1510, 74, 75; the name on Schöner globe of 1515, 84, 85; appears four times on Green globe of 1515, 77; its relation to Asia, 88, 94-96; indicated as a separate continent on practically all maps of first quarter of sixteenth century, 95; an Asiatic connection indicated after 1525, 109, 110, 124; Mercator's representation and his influence, 126; summary of the views relative to Asiatic connection, 172, 173

Amsterdam, Royal Geographical Society (Kon. Nederl. Aardrijkskundig Genootschap), I, 208 (Van Langren). Frederick Muller, II, 27 (Blaeu); 259 (Deur); 271 (Valk). Private collection, II, 271 (Valk)

Anaximander, called the first scientific cartographer, I, 3

Ancona, Communal School (Scuole Comunale), II, 59 (Greuter); 192 (Cassini). Private Library, 61 (Greuter)

Anson, George, navigator, II, 169

Antilia, laid down on Behaim globe, I, 50

Antipodes, belief in existence of, I, 8, 13, n. 26

Antoecians, referred to by Crates, I, 8

Antwerp, Plantin-Moritus Museum, I, 211 (Van Langren). Stein Museum, II, 50 (Plancius)

Aquila, Provincial Library (Biblioteca provinciale), II, 44 (Blaeu)

Aquinas, Thomas, belief in a spherical earth, I, 43

Arabic astronomers, as globe makers, I, 28

Arabs, probably did not construct terrestrial globes, I, 26; constructed celestial globes, 27; their interest in astronomy, 27; their names and figures of the constellations, 27

Aratus, astronomical poem of, I, 15, 23, n. 3; ideas followed by Leontius, 22

Archimedes, I, 15; his globe or instrument for representing the movement of heavenly bodies, 15, 16, 17

Argonauti, Accademia Cosmografo degli, first modern geographical society, founded by Coronelli, 1680, II, 98

Aristotle, his scientific basis for belief in a spherical earth, I, 6, 12, n. 21

Armillary, earliest form, I, 18; its development and system of circles, 19

Arpino, Liceum, II, 192 (Cassini)

Asimino or tausia, a style employed in metal globe making, I, 153

Asti, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 53 (Habrecht)

Astrolabe, earliest form, I, 18, II, 197; its construction and use according to Ptolemy, I, 19

Atlantic Islands, mythical, retained by Mercator, I, 210; by Blaeu, II, 31

Austral continent, on Green globe, 1515, I, 76; on Mercator globe, and reasons for believing in its existence, 130; on Spano and Hondius globes, 204, II, 148; compare its representation on various globes

Aversa, Episcopal Seminary (Seminario Vescovile), II, 114 (Coronelli)

Baba, Andrea, secretary of the Argonauti, II, 102

Bacon, Roger, belief in a spherical earth, I, 43

Baldelli, Abbot Onofri, presented a Moroncelli globe to Academy of Cortona, II, 88

Basel, Museum des Cordeliers, I, 201 (Gessner)

Bassano, Communal Library (BibliotecaComunale), II, 60 (Greuter). Tipografia Roberto, II, 189 (Scaltaglia); 190 (Viani)

Bede, the Venerable, belief in a spherical earth, I, 37, 38

Behaim, Martin, maker of oldest extant terrestrial globe, I, 47; certain of his globe legends cited, 49-51; encourages globe construction in Nürnberg, 51; statement of expenses for the construction of his globe, 56, n. 8

Belluno, Library Count Piloni, I, 150 (De Mongenet); II, 59 (Greuter)

Benevento, Episcopal Library (Biblioteca Vescovile), II, 63 (Greuter)

Benevento, Friar Marco da, refers to globes in his edition of Ptolemy, 1507, I, 64

Bergamo, City Library (Biblioteca Civico), II, 111 (Coronelli); 124 (Eimmart)

Bering, Vitus, reference to his discovery by Desnos, II, 178

Bern, Library Sr. Frey, I, 116 (Vopel)

Bernard, William, explorer, II, 38, 40

Bertius, Petrus, noted geographer and friend of Hondius, II, 3

Bion, Nicolas, reform in globe construction, II, 153

Blaeu, Willem Jansz., appointed official map maker, II, 21; variations in his signature, 23; relations with Tycho Brahe, 19-21; refers to the new star discovered in 1600, 30

Bollert, Roland, patron of Franciscus Monachus, I, 97

Bologna, Astronomical Observatory (Osservatorio Astronomico), II, 43 (Blaeu). Physics Museum (Museo di Fisica), II, 150 (Valk). University Library (Biblioteca Universitario), II, 180 (Rosini). Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 59 (Greuter); 114 (Coronelli). State Archives (Archivo di Stato), II, 114 (Coronelli). Convent Osservanza (Convento dell' Osservanza), II, 114 (Coronelli). Malvezzi Library (Archivio Malvezzi), II, 153 (Bion). Library General Gandolfi, II, 59 (Greuter). Library Professor Liuzzi, II, 114 (Coronelli). Library Bottrigari, II, 189 (Scaltaglia). Library Bortognoni, II, 190 (Viani)

Boncompagni, Jocopo, member of famous Bolognese family, to him Greuter dedicates his globe of 1632, II, 55

Borgonone, Francesco Mongonetto, referred to as publisher of a globe, I, 149

Boscoreale, globe fresco, I, 21

Brabant, Hondius dedicates a globe to Albert and Isabella of, II, 9

Brahe, George, uncle and teacher of Tycho Brahe, I, 183

Brahe, Tycho, astronomical observations followed by Hondius, II, 7, 9, 12, 21; by Blaeu, 25, 26, 29, 33, 49; by Plancius, 49; by Greuter, 58, 61, 64; by Moroncelli, 85, 93; reference to his remarkable star discovered in 1572, 8, 18, 64, 67, 89

Brescia, Quirinal Library, II, 18 (Hondius). Library Count Fenaroli, II, 159 (Nollet); 190 (Viani). Atheneum, II, 60 (Greuter); 96 (Alberti). Episcopal Seminary (Seminario Vescovile), II, 189 (Scaltaglia)

Brognoli, receives order for copies of Pope Julius II's globes, I, 62

Brussels, Royal Library, I, 127 (Mercator); II, 114 (Coronelli)

Bunau, Henricus, possessed a terrestrial globe, I, 67

Bürgi, Jost, globe and clock maker, said to have invented the pendulum clock, I, 197

Burrow, Stephen, I, 193

Button, Thomas, explorer, II, 17

Cabot, John, possessed a globe "showing where he landed," I, 53

Cabot, Sebastian, explorer, II, 39

Cagli, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 179 (Costa); 189 (Scaltaglia)

Calif al-Mansur, interested in astronomy, and celestial globes, I, 27; many of his successors likewise interested, 27

California, represented as an island by Greuter, II, 62; by Coronelli, 111; by Valk, 147, 148

Camarino, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 59 (Greuter)

Cambridge, Eng., University Library, II, 94 (Castlemaine)

Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University, I, 152 (Florianus); II, 170 (Ferguson)

Camerarius, refers to Mercator globes for sale at Frankfort, I, 132

Campano, Giovanni, a distinguished mediaeval writer on mathematics and on astronomical subjects, I, 42; his 'Tractatis de sphera solida,' 42

Candish (Cavendish), Thomas, explorer, II, 37

Cano, Sebastian del, reference in his will to a globe, I, 82

Canti, Barnaba, possessed a small globe, I, 65

Carpi, Cardinal of, possessed a globe, I, 152. Episcopal Seminary (Seminario Vescovile), II, 59 (Greuter)

Carpini, I, 46

Casale Monferrate, Technical Institute (Istituto Tecnico), II, 63 (Greuter). Episcopal Seminary (Seminario Vescovile), II, 166 (Maria)

Caserta, Royal Library (Biblioteca Reale), II, 177 (Vaugondy)

Cassel, Royal Museum (Königliches Museum), I, 195 (Molyneux-Sanderson); 196 (Bürgi); II, 30, 44 (Blaeu); 53 (Habrecht); 126 (Moxon); 140 (Delisle); 150 (Valk); 249 (Andrea); 250 (Anonymous); 252 (Beyer); 268 (Muth Brothers); 273 (Weigel); 273 (Wellington)

Cassini, Jean Dominique, reforms globe making, II, 141; his discoveries in the field of astronomy, 141

Catania, Physics Museum (Museo di Fisica), II, 60 (Greuter)

Celtes, Conrad, made use of globes in geographical and astronomical instruction, I, 54, 55

Cesena, Maletesta Library (Biblioteca Maletesta), II, 192 (Cassini)

Céspedes, Garcia de, reference to small globe, II, 53

Chancellor, Richard, explorer, I, 193

Château Marly, Coronelli's large globe constructed for Louis XIV placed in, II, 99

Chieri, Convent of Mission Brothers (Frati della Missione), II, 184 (Fortin); 258 (Delamarche)

Chignolo, Cusani Palace, II, 163 (Anonymous)

Cicero, allusion to Archimedes' globe, I, 15, 16

Claudio de la Baume, to him De Mongenet dedicates his terrestrial globe, I, 149

Clement X, Pope, Benci dedicates to him his globe of 1671, II, 80

Clermont, Count of, Nollet dedicates to him his celestial globe of 1730, II, 158

Cleveland, Western Reserve Historical Society, II, 255 (Cary)

Clocks, globes as a part of, I, 57, n. 14

Cockrill, Thomas, II, 156

Colbert, Jean Baptiste, proposes Cassini for the Chair of Astronomy in Collège de France, II, 141

College of Navarre, II, 157

Cologne, City Archives, I, 113 (Vopel)

Colorado River, referred to by Adams as flowing directly westward into the Pacific, II, 186

Columbus, Bartholomew, sketch maps showing Asiatic connection of the New World, I, 95

Columbus, Christopher, his place in the history of terrestrial globes, I, 52; interested in globes if not a maker of them, 52, 53; said to have sent their Catholic Majesties a globe, 53

Como, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 44 (Blaeu)

Compass, variations referred to, II, 10, 17

Constance, Liceum Library, I, 53 (Stöffler)

Constellations, antiquity of star grouping, I, 1; Eudoxus' part in fixing names of, 15; Aratus' contribution, 15; Ptolemy's names of constellations, 24, n. 14; proposals of Bede, Bayer, Schiller, Weigel, Moroncelli (see reference to each); those of the Antarctic, II, 108; 133, n. 9

Cook, Captain, referred to by Viani, II, 189; by Cassini, 192

Copenhagen, National Museum, I, 114 (Vopel); II, 74 (Gottorp); 75 (Theodorus)

Corfu, Archbishop of, possessed a globe, I, 152

Coronelli, Vincenzo Maria, given title _Cosmografo della Serenissima Republica_, II, 98

Correggio, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 184 (Fortin)

Cortereal, Miguel and Gaspar, explorers, II, 39

Cortona, Etruscan Academy (Accademia Etrusca), II, 88 (Moroncelli); 92, 93 (Moroncelli)

Cosimo de' Medici, interested in maps and globes, I, 159

Cosmas Indicopleustes, opposed the doctrine of a spherical earth, I, 36

Cracow, Jagellonicus Library, I, 74 (Jagellonicus)

Crates, reputed the first to construct a globe, I, 7; his idea concerning the earth's surface, 8; referred to by Strabo, 8

Cremona, Governmental Library (Biblioteca Governativo), I, 133 (Mercator)

Crevalcuore, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 192 (Cassini)

Cusani, Cardinal Agostino, II, 163

Dalberg, Bishop of Worms, receives a globe from Johann Stöffler, I, 54

Dante, belief in a spherical earth, I, 43

Danti, Ignazio, called by Duke Cosimo to Florence to decorate his palace, I, 158; his work described by Vasari, 159-162

Dasypodius, Petrus, father of Conrad Dasypodius, I, 173

Da Vinci, Leonardo, peculiarities of his globe gores, II, 205

Davis, John, explorer, II, 38, 51, 63

Delisle, Claude, father of Guillaume, II, 138

Diaz, Bartholomew, turns the Cape of Good Hope, I, 46

Dicaearchus, introduces place orientation on the map, I, 4

Dijon, College of Dijon, II, 266 (Legrand)

Doppelmayr, Johann Gabriel, II, 159-162; portraits of famous explorers, 161; marks the course of famous explorers, 162

Drake, Francis, explorer, II, 37, 40

Draper, Mrs. Henry, presents Nathan Hill globe to New York Public Library, II, 188

Dresden, Math. Phys. Salon (Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon), I, 30 (Mohammed ben Muwajed el Ordhi); 156 (Heyden); 158 (Praetorius); 181 (Roll and Reinhold); 215 (B. F.); II, 44 (Blaeu); 111 (Coronelli); 150 (Valk); 162 (Doppelmayr); 162 (Puschner)

Dürer, Albrecht, on globe-gore construction, II, 202, 203

Ecliptic Mounting, II, 145

Edrisi, famous Arabic geographer, I, 27; references to so-called globe of King Roger, 27; comments on the earth as a sphere, 33, n. 3

Egedian Gymnasium, Nürnberg, II, 159

Equatorial mounting, II, 145

Eratosthenes, represents curved surface of the earth on a plane, I, 5; his measurement of the earth, 5; idea concerning a spherical earth, 7; probably made use of an armillary sphere, 18

Escorial, possessed at one time an Apianus globe, I, 176

Este Family of Ferrara, interest in geographical discovery, I, 61, 62

Estrées, Cardinal d', induces Coronelli to construct a large globe for Louis XIV, II, 99

Eudoxus, I, 14; made use of celestial globe, 15

Fabriano, Agabiti Museum (Museo Agabiti), II, 59 (Greuter). Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 59 (Greuter)

Faenza, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 111 (Coronelli)

Faletti, Giacomo, purchases a globe from Cardinal Bembo, I, 120

Fano, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 27 (Blaeu); 111 (Coronelli)

Fermo, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 86 (Moroncelli)

Ferrara, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 59 (Greuter). Dukes of, their interest in geographical discovery, I, 61, 62

Ferrero, Cardinal Gian Stefano, presents a globe to Pope Julius II, I, 63

Fickler, his inventory including globes in library of Munich, I, 177

Finale, Episcopal Seminary (Seminario Vescovile), II, 118 (Coronelli)

Fischer, Professor Joseph S. J., discovers copy of Waldseemüller map 1507, and publishes same in facsimile, I, 67, 69; cited, 199, 200; co-editor with E. L. Stevenson of Jodocus Hondius world map of 1611, II, 67

Flamsteed, John, English astronomer, II, 179

Florence, Museum of Ancient Instruments (Museo di Strumenti Antichi), I, 28 (Ibrahim); 155 (Volpaja); 162 (Danti); 168 (Cartaro); 180 (Platus); 213 (Santucci); II, 44 (Blaeu); 114 (Coronelli); 140 (Delisle); 165 (Torricelli). Library Jodoco del Badia, I, 115 (Vopel). Library Marquis Bargagli, II, 118 (Coronelli). Laurentian Library (Biblioteca Laurentiana), I, 166 (Anonymous). Library Sr. Lessi, II, 14 (Hondius-Rossi); 45 (Lud. Sem.). Library Professor Giovanni Marinelli, I, 152 (Florianus). Marucellian Library (Biblioteca Marucelliana), II, 118 (Coronelli). National Library (Biblioteca Nazionale), I, 166 (Anonymous); II, 118 (Coronelli). Library Santa Maria Nuova, II, 59 (Greuter). Astronomical Observatory (Osservatorio Astronomico), II, 41 (Blaeu). Technical Institute (Istituto Tecnico), II, 44 (Blaeu); 63 (Greuter); 153 (Bion)

Florianus, Antonius, peculiarities of his globe gores, II, 207

Franciscus Monachus, his hemispheres, I, 96

Frankfurt, City Historical Museum, I, 82 (Schöner); II, 140 (Andreae); 265 (Klinger); 272 (Van Langren). Joseph Baer, II, 263 (Greuter)

Frederick II of Denmark, patron of Tycho Brahe, I, 184

Frederick, Duke of Holstein, Gottorp globe constructed for, II, 73, 74

Frederick II of Sicily, directs the construction of a celestial globe of gold, I, 39; his astronomical tent, 40

Frobisher (Forbisher), Martin, explorer, II, 38, 39, 63

Fugger, Raymond, Augsburg patrician and patron, I, 110, 111

Gallus, C. Sulpicius, describes a globe, I, 15, 16

Gemma Frisius, his relations to Mercator, I, 103, 104, 105

Geneva, Musée Ariana, I, 201 (small globe)

Genga, Library Sr. Luigi Belli, II, 60 (Greuter)

Genoa, Mission Brothers (Frati della Missione), II, 44 (Blaeu). City Museum (Museo Civico), II, 114 (Coronelli). Franzoniana Library (Biblioteca Franzoniana), II, 118 (Coronelli)

Geography of the Ancients, works cited treating of, I, 11, n. 4

Gerbert (Pope Sylvester II), made use of celestial globes and armillary spheres, I, 38, 39; his purpose to construct a globe, 39

Germanus, Donnus Nicolas, his map projection, II, 201

Germany as a center for the spread of information concerning the New World, I, 67

Ghent, University Library, I, 210 (Van Langren); II, 144 (Valk)

Gimma, Abbot, reference to Coronelli globes, II, 119

Glareanus, Henricus, proposals for globe-gore construction, II, 204, 205

Globe-goblets, interest in their construction in second half of sixteenth century, I, 198; examples of, 199-201

Globes, definition by Leontius, I, 23; materials entering into the construction of, 15, 40, 41, 56, n. 8, 59, 60, 133, 201; used for decorative purposes, 60, 61, 154, 199; importance of globe legends (see the many citations); globe clocks, 173-175, 197, 216; globe gores, their use in globe construction, 60; praised by Ruscelli, 155, 204-207; globe making in sixteenth century, general summary, 172, 173; used by navigators, II, 1, shifting of interest in, 1; striking tendencies in their construction in second half of seventeenth century, 72, 73 (Gottorp), 77 (Coronelli), 99, 104, 141; relative position of stars and constellations as represented on celestial globes, 209-211; uses and value as expressed by Joseph Moxon, 125; moon globes, 215-217

Glockenthon, draughtsman of map on Behaim's globe, I, 48

Gnomon, its construction and use, I, 18

Gonzaga, Curtio, constructs a large globe, I, 154

Göttingen, Library Dr. Baumgärtner, II, 26, 27 (Blaeu). Geographical Institute, II, 162 (Doppelmayr); 180 (Akerman). University Library, II, 162 (Puschner)

Gottorp globe, striking peculiarities of, II, 73, 74

Gran Casa del Frari, center of Coronelli's activities, II, 98

Greeks, reduced map making to a real science, I, 3; survival of their ideas of a spherical earth during middle ages, 35

Greuter, Mattheus, copied much from Blaeu, II, 57

Groland, Nikolaus, a patron of Behaim in the construction of his globe, I, 48

Grotta, Ferrata, Badia of Santa Maria, II, 63 (Greuter)

Grüniger, Johann, printer of Strassburg, I, 71, 72

Guastalla, Maldotti Library, II, 159 (Nollet)

Gubbio, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 59 (Greuter)

Gustavus II, King of Sweden, Blaeu dedicated to him his globe of 1622, II, 42

Habrecht, Isaac and Josias, globe and clock makers of Schaffhausen, I, 174

Hainzel, Johan and Paul, assisted Tycho Brahe in globe construction, I, 184

Hakluyt, allusion to a globe at Westminster, I, 98

Hartford, Library Mrs. C. L. F. Robinson, II, 254 (Bonne)

Hartmann, George, his the earliest example of engraved celestial globe gores, 1535, I, 117

Hecataeus, I, 4

Heelmstrech, Jacob, explorer, II, 40

Henry the Navigator, his leadership in maritime enterprise, I, 46

Hercules I, Duke of Ferrara, I, 62

Heriot, Thomas, explorer, I, 210

Herlin, Christian, friend and teacher of Conrad Dasypodius, I, 174; on the commission to restore the Strassburg clock, 174

Herodotus, quoted, I, 4

Hevelius, Johannes, star maps used by Eimmart, II, 124; by Valk, 145, 149, 209

Hipparchus, great astronomer, I, 5; improved the gnomon, 18; constructed a celestial globe, 19

Holzschuher, George, member of Nürnberg City Council, I, 47; supervises the construction of Behaim globe, 48

Homann, Johann Baptista, named Imperial Geographer, II, 155

Homer, said to have considered the form of the earth as that of a circular disc, I, 4

Hondius, Jodocus, refers to the superiority of his globes, I, 208

Hondt (Hondius), Oliver de, father of Jodocus Hondius, II, 2

Houtmann, Frederick, astronomical observations of, followed by Van Langren, I, 211; by Hondius, II, 12; by Blaeu, 26, 29, 67; by Coronelli, 108

Hudson, Henry, reference to his discoveries, II, 15, 17, 39, 40, 63

Hulagu Khan, I, 28; his observatory at Maragha, 28

Hunt, Richard, once owner of Lenox globe, I, 73

Hveen, island given to Tycho Brahe, where he erected his observatory Uranienburg, I, 184

Imola, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 63 (Greuter); 164 (Anonymous)

Ionic school of philosophers, I, 14

Isabel of Este, I, 62

Italians, favorable to manuscript globes, II, 200

Italy, its people increasingly interested in maritime exploration in fourteenth and fifteenth century, I, 46

Ivrea, Episcopal Seminary (Seminario Vescovile), II, 164 (Anonymous); 263 (Greuter)

James, Thomas, explorer, II, 17

Jomard, E. F., obtains an Arabic globe in Egypt, I, 31

Julius I (Pope), globe belonging to, I, 62

Kahira, Public Library, I, 28 (Ptolemy)

Kepler, Johann, reference to Apianus globe, I, 177

Ko-Shun-King, Chinese astronomer and globe maker, II, 129

Kúblai Kaan, interested in globe making, II, 128

Lactantius, allusion to Archimedes' globe, I, 17

Laon, City Library, I, 51 (Laon globe)

Latitude and longitude, methods of determining, II, 141, 142, 171, n. 12

Lattré, map engraver, II, 182

Leiden, University Library, II, 27 (Blaeu); 66 (Janssonius). Bodel Nyenhuis, II, 252 (Belga)

Leipzig, Karl Hiersemann, II, 254 (Bühler); 257 (Coronelli); 258 (Delamarche); 260 (Ferguson); 265 (Klinger); 270 (Senex)

Le Maire, Jacob, explorer, II, 31, 32, 38, 46, 51, 63

Leontius Mechanicus, I, 21; a maker of globes and writer on globe construction, 22, 23

Leowitz, Cyprian, I, 184

Libri, Francesco, globe maker, I, 100

Liechtenstein, Prince of, his globe gore maps, I, 71, 75

Linschoten, John Hugo, explorer, II, 38, 39, 46

Loano, Library Lorenzo Novella, II, 194 (Cary)

London, British Museum, I, 150 (De Mongenet); 150 (Florianus); II, 31, 44 (Blaeu); 114, 119 (Coronelli); 152 (Senex); 156 (Morden); 183 (Lane); 185 (Adams); 177 (Hill); 194 (Cary); 250 (Anonymous). Royal Asiatic Society, I, 29 (Mohammed ben Helal). Middle Temple, I, 190 (Molyneux). Library S. J. Phillips, I, 218 (Gessner). Library Sir A. W. Franks, II, 250 (Anonymous)

London Company, its territorial jurisdiction represented on Hondius world map, 1611, II, 41, 70, n. 44.

Longitude, on efforts to determine referred to, II, 10, 36, 68, n. 9, 139

Longomontanus (Severin), pupil of Tycho Brahe, I, 184

Louis XIV, Coronelli dedicates to him his great globe, II, 100, 101

Loxodrome (Rhumb) lines, represented by Mercator, I, 128; by Hondius, II, 7; by Blaeu, 28, 35; by Habrecht, 52; their purpose and their representation, 208, 209

Lucca, Library Sr. Giannini, II, 8 (Hondius). Governmental Library (Biblioteca Governativo), II, 59 (Greuter); 44 (Blaeu); 177 (Vaugondy). Machiavellian Liceum, II, 184 (Messier)

Macerata, Episcopal Seminary (Seminario Vescovile), II, 61 (Greuter). Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 156 (Seutter). Library Vittorio Bianchini, II, 194 (Cary)

Madrid, Royal Library (Biblioteca Real), II, 152 (Senex); 119 (Coronelli); 141 (Delisle); 186 (Adams); 253 (Blaeu)

Magellan, Ferdinand, demonstrates his plan by use of a globe, I, 81; influence of his voyage on idea of American-Asiatic connection, 96, 109, 110

Maine, Duchesse of, Nollet dedicates to her his terrestrial globe of 1728, II, 158

Maiollo, Vesconte de, map of 1527, I, 105

Malcolm, Sir John, presents Arabic globe to Asiatic Society, I, 29

Mandeville, Sir John, I, 193

Manhattan, oldest dated map reference to as an island on Blaeu globe, 1622, II, 41

Mantua, Gonzaga Library, II, 59 (Greuter); 111 (Coronelli)

Map making, reform in, II, 137, 138, 139. 151, 171, n. 5

Maps, early Egyptian, I, 2; early Babylonian, 3

Marinus, introduces idea of inscribing on a map lines of latitude and longitude, I, 5

Matelica, Private Library, II, 262 (Greuter)

Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Hondius honors with a globe dedication, II, 5; Blaeu dedicates a globe to him, 25

Maxwell, John, issued atlas with John Senex, II, 151

Mela, Pomponius, geographer and map maker, I, 5

Mellinus, Paulus, Rossi dedicates to him a globe, II, 14

Mercator, Gerhard, his important maps of 1538, I, 125; of 1554, of 1564, of 1569, 126; peculiarities of his globe gores, 128; reasons for his belief in an austral continent, 130

Meridian, Prime, its location and efforts to determine same, by Hondius, II, 11; by Blaeu, 36, 37; by Plancius, 48, 52; by Greuter, 57; by Moroncelli, 89; by Coronelli, 110; Coronelli cites Eratosthenes, Marinus, Ptolemy, Aboulfeda, Alfonso, Pigafetta, Herrera, Copernicus, Reinhold, Kepler, Longomontanus, Lansberg, Ricciola, Janssonius; by Moxon, 127; by Nollet, 158

Messina, University Library (Biblioteca Universitario), II, 59 (Greuter)

Middle Ages, lack of interest in fundamental principles of geographical and astronomical science, I, 35; attitude toward the Bible as the true source of geographical knowledge, 36; survival of Aristotelian doctrine of a spherical earth, 36; theories did not call for an interest in globes, 36, 37

Milan, Ambrosiana Library (Biblioteca Ambrosiana), I, 135 (Gianelli); II, 65 (Settàla), 66 (Anonymous). National Library (Biblioteca Nazionale), II, 59 (Greuter); 190 (Delamarche). Municipal Museum (Museo Municipale), II, 9 (Hondius). Astronomical Observatory (Osservatorio Astronomico), II, 114 (Coronelli), 180 (Akerman). Library Prince Trivulzio, I, 150 (De Mongenet).

Modena, City Museum (Museo Civico), II, 59 (Greuter), 97 (Anonymous); 254 (Borsari). Royal Estense Library, II, 43 (Blaeu). Library Sr. Remigio Salotti, II, 118 (Coronelli)

Monachus, Franciscus, importance attaching to his hemispheres, I, 96, 139, n. 8

Monastic schools, geographical and astronomical instruction given therein, I, 38

Mondovi, Episcopal Seminary (Seminario Vescovile), II, 159 (Nollet)

Montanus, Petrus, noted geographer and friend of Hondius, II, 3

Morono, Philip Antonio, constructed the mechanical parts of Moroncelli globe, II, 86

Müelichs, Johann, said to have adorned the Apianus globe, I, 178

Munich, Royal Bavarian Court and State Library (K. B. Hof- und Staats Bibliothek), II, 177 (Anonymous); 178 (Apianus). Ludwig Rosenthal, II, 262 (Greuter)

Myrica, Caspar, map engraver with Mercator, I, 103, 105

Nancy, Lorraine Museum, I, 102 (Nancy globe)

Naples, National Museum (Museo Nazionale), I, 15 (Atlante Farnese); 29 (Caissar). Astronomical Observatory (Osservatorio Astronomico), I, 182 (Roll and Reinhold); II, 186 (Adams). National Library (Biblioteca Nazionale), II, 44 (Blaeu); 114 (Coronelli). University Library (Biblioteca Universitario), II, 111 (Coronelli)

New York, Library William R. Hearst, II, 92 (Anonymous). The Hispanic Society of America, II, 14 (Hondius); 30, 44 (Blaeu); 50 (Habrecht); 55, 62 (Greuter); 115 (Coronelli); 144 (Valk); 160 (Doppelmayr); 169 (Ferguson); 170 (Moll); 184 (Fortin); 192 (Anonymous); 214, 216 (Oterschaden). Library New York Historical Society, I, 117 (Ulpius). Library Henry E. Huntington, I, 213 (Santucci?), II, 4 (Hondius). Metropolitan Museum, I, 179 (Emmoser); 201 (Anonymous). Library J. P. Morgan, I, 106 (Bailly); 201 (Spano). New York Public Library, I, 74 (Lenox); 79 (Boulengier); 87 (anonymous gores); 148 (De Mongenet); 152 (Florianus); II, 188 (Hill). Library Mr. Reed, I, 168 (Cartaro). Library Professor David E. Smith, II, 250 (Anonymous). Collection John Wanamaker, II, 251 (Cassini)

Noort, Oliver van der, explorer, II, 28, 37

Northeast passage, referred to, II, 38, 40

Northwest passage, referred to, II, 24, 38; important searches for the passage mentioned by Blaeu on globe, 1622, 39

Notker Labeo, probably used globes in his monastic school of St. Gallen, I, 38

Novara, Charles Albert Liceum, II, 190 (Delamarche)

Novi, Dorian Liceum, II, 184 (Fortin)

Nürnberg, German National Museum (Germanisches Nationalmuseum), I, 48 (Behaim); 53 (Stöffler); 86 (Schoner); 148 (De Mongenet); 133 (Mercator); 158 (Praetorius); II, 4, 5 (Hondius); 27, 30, 44 (Blaeu); 53 (Habrecht); 118 (Coronelli); 150 (Valk); 160, 162 (Doppelmayr); 251 (Anonymous); 254 (Bode); 255 (Caucigh); 259 (Faber); 264 (Hahn); 264 (Homann); 265 (Jaillot). City Library, II, 43 (Blaeu); 184 (Messier)

Nutzel, Gabriel, a patron of Behaim in the construction of his globe, I, 48

Oberglogau, Library Reichsgraf Hans v. Oppersdorf, II, 43 (Blaeu)

Oecumene, the, I, 8

Osimo, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 263 (Greuter)

Padua, Antonian Library (Biblioteca Antoniana), II, 114 (Coronelli). Physics Museum (Museo di Fisica), II, 59 (Greuter). Episcopal Seminary (Seminario Vescovile), II, 59 (Greuter); 186 (Adams). Astronomical Observatory (Osservatorio Astronomica), II, 186 (Adams)

Palermo, Archbishop of, receives a globe from Franciscus Monachus, I, 97

Palermo, National Library (Biblioteca Nazionale), II, 114 (Coronelli). Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 42 (Blaeu); 63 (Greuter); 171 (Ferguson). Astronomical Observatory (Osservatorio Astronomico), II, 182 (Lalande). Nautical Institute (Istituto Nautico), II, 255 (Cassini); 190 (Delamarche)

Palestrina, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 263 (Greuter)

Paliano, Duke of, possessed a globe, I, 152

Pappus, defines mechanicians as those who understand globe making, I, 17

Parias, Schöner's explanation of its location, I, 85, 88

Paris, Astronomical Observatory, I, 133 (Mercator). National Library (Bibliothèque Nationale), I, 31 (Mohammed Diemat Eddin); 76 (Green globe); 98 (Gilt globe); 105 (Bailly); 106, 107 (Anonymous); 108 (Schiepp); 111 (Wooden globe); 150 (De Mongenet); 210 (Van Langren); II, 100 (Coronelli); 151 (Senex); 187 (Hill); 188 (L'Écuy)

Parma, Palatin Library (Biblioteca Palatina), II, 59 (Greuter); 178 (Vaugondy). Library Marquis Costerbosa, II, 179 (Desnos). Meteorological Observatory (Osservatorio Meteorologico), II, 184 (Messier)

Passeriano, Library Count Manin, II, 111 (Messier)

Pavia, Physics Museum (Museo Fisica), II, 162 (Doppelmayr). University Library (Biblioteca Universitario), II, 192 (Rosa). Foscolo Liceum, II, 192 (Rosa)

Pescia, Cathedral Library (Biblioteca Capitulare), II, 263 (Greuter)

Peking, Astronomical Observatory, II, 129 (Anonymous); 129 (Ko-Shun-King); 131 (Verbiest)

Pergamum, Crates exhibits his globe in, I, 8

Perioecians, referred to by Crates, I, 8

Perrenot, Nicolás, suggests to Mercator the construction of a globe, I, 127, 129

Perugia, Library Count Conestabile, II, 61 (Greuter). Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 118 (Coronelli). Cathedral Library (Biblioteca Capitulare), II, 255 (Cassini)

Peter the Great, receives as present the Gottorp globe, II, 74

Petri, Nicolas, issues a manual for the use of Van Langren globes, I, 205

Petrius, Cornelius, Blaeu dedicated to him his globe of 1606, II, 30

Petrograd, Imperial Library, I, 32 (Ridhwan)

Piacenza, Library Alberoni College, II, 179 (Desnos)

Picard, Jean, improves map making, II, 138

Piccolomini, Alessandro, refers to globes and globe making, I, 152

Piloni, Count, once possessed two globes of early sixteenth century, I, 79

Pinzon, Vincente, Yañez, I, 207

Pisa, Certosa, II, 257 (Coronelli)

Piticchio, Library Cav. Giampieri-Carletti, II, 61 (Greuter)

Plancius, Peter, map and globe maker, II, 46; his large world map of 1592, 46

Pliny, reasons for believing the earth to be a sphere, I, 10

"Plus Ultra," motto of the Argonauti of Venice, II, 98

Polo, Marco, I, 46, 206

Pontanus, Isaac, refers to globe of Brahe, Danti, and Santucci, I, 163

Porcelaga, Zurelio, sends a globe to Roscelli, I, 153

Portogruaro, Episcopal Seminary (Seminario Vescovile), II, 18 (Hondius)

Prato, Library Marquis Gherardi, I, 133 (Mercator)

Precession of Equinoxes, II, 91, 141, 172, n. 11; method of representing by Cassini, 142

Ptolemy, Claudius, foremost ancient map maker, I, 5; maps not popular in middle ages, 5; demonstrates the utility of lines of latitude and longitude, 10; gives information on construction and use of the astrolabe, 19; his ideas on globe construction, 19, 20, II, 198; his atlases, I, 12, n. 15; his forty-eight constellations, 24, n. 14

Pythagoreans, their arguments supporting the spherical theory, I, 6

Rad, Christopher, constructed the globe of Christopher Treffler, II, 94

Raleigh, Sir Walter, I, 194

Ravenna, Classense Library (Biblioteca Classense), II, 114 (Coronelli); 186 (Adams)

Reggio, Cathedral Library (Biblioteca Capitolare), II, 59 (Greuter); 114 (Coronelli). Spallanzani Liceum, II, 178 (Desnos); 96 (Maccari)

René, Duke of Lorraine, patron of culture and learning, I, 68

Reymer von Streytperg, Canon Church of Bamberg, I, 86; Schöner dedicates to him his globe of 1523, 86

Riccioli, Giovanni Battista, improves map making, II, 137

Rimini, Gambalunga Library, II, 42 (Blaeu). Episcopal Seminary (Seminario Vescovile), II, 11 (Hondius); 255 (Cassini); 190 (Viani)

Ringmann, Philesius, member of St. Dié coterie, I, 68

Roger of Sicily, said to have possessed a silver globe, I, 27

Romano, Giulio, said to have decorated globe of Pope Julius II, I, 64

Romans, not especially interested in globe making, I, 20, 21; globes represented on Roman coins and medals, 21, 24, n. 17

Rome, Astronomical Museum (Museo Astronomico), I, 134 (Mercator); 150 (De Mongenet); 168 (Cartaro); 205 (Van Langren); II, 48 (Plancius); 14 (Hondius); 59 (Greuter); 65 (Heroldt); 118 (Coronelli); 124 (Eimmart); 156 (Seutter); 154 (Bion); 159 (Nollet); 185 (Adams); 189 (Scaltaglia); 190 (Viani); 179 (Costa); 154 (Cartilia). Angelica Library (Biblioteca Angelica), II, 27 (Blaeu). Alessandrina Library, II, 84 (Moroncelli). Barberini Library (Biblioteca Barberini), I, 180 (Platus); II, 42 (Blaeu); 13 (Hondius); 44 (Ferreri). Campidoglio Observatory, II, 194 (Cary). Casanatense Library, II, 89 (Moroncelli). Chigi Library, II, 44 (Blaeu); 59 (Greuter). Victor Emanuel Library, I, 151 (Florianus); II, 165 (Anonymous); 59 (Greuter); 118 (Coronelli). Lancisiana Library, I, 165 (Barocci); II, 120 (Giordani); 114 (Coronelli). Palace Prince Massimo, II, 80 (Benci). Vallicellian Library, II, 268 (M. P.). Library Count Vespignani, II, 194 (Gary). Vatican Observatory (Osservatorio Vaticano), I, 62 (Julius II)

Rosenthal, Ludwig, possessed as dealer certain old globes, I, 147

Rosselli, Alexander, map and probably globe gore printer, I, 64

Rosselli, Francesco, map printer of Florence, I, 64

Rossi, Josef de, II, 13; Giovanni Battista de, 61; Dominici de, 63

Rotterdam, Marine School, II, 66 (Keulin); 263 (Greuter)

Rovigo, Concordia Academy (Accademia Concordia), II, 30 (Blaeu)

Rubruquis, I, 46

Rüdlingen, City Library, II, 30 (Blaeu)

Rudolphis, Mons. R., possessed a globe, I, 66

Ruscelli, Girolamo, direction for globe construction, I, 153; considered globes preferable to maps, 154

Sacrobosco (John of Holywood), I, 43; supported the theory of a spherical earth, 43

St. Dié, center of interest in geographical discovery and general culture, I, 68; its press first prints the name "America", I, 70

St. Gall, globe made for, I, 198

S. Maria a Monte, Palace Sr. Scaramucci, II, 191 (Delamarche)

St. Nicholas, City Archives, I, 133 (Mercator)

Salviati, Cardinal Giovanni, asked Vannelli to construct a globe for him, I, 66

Salzburg, City Museum, I, 116 (Vopel)

Sandacourt, Jean Bassin de, member of St. Dié coterie, I, 68

Sanderson, William, patron of Molyneux, I, 191

Sanseverino, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 59 (Greuter)

Santa Cruz, Alonso de, location of copies of his 'Yslario,' I, 121; peculiarities of his globe gores, II, 207

Santucci, Antonio, restores globe of Ignazio Danti, I, 162

Sanuto, Giulio, Venetian map maker, I, 154

Sanuto, Livio, Venetian nobleman and map maker, I, 154

Savignano, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 63 (Greuter); 164 (Anonymous)

Savona, Scuole Pie, II, 44 (Blaeu)

Schimpfer, Bartholomeus, astrologer and teacher of Erhard Weigel, II, 76

Schöner, Johann, represents a strait south of South America on his globe of 1515, I, 85

Schouten (Shouten), William van, explorer, II, 27, 31, 38, 51, 63

Scovus, John, the Dane, reference to his visit to Greenland in 1476, I, 190

Senex, John, proposes a "New globular projection," II, 151

Senigallia, Library Sr. Fronzi, II, 179 (Costa)

Serra S. Quirico, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 60 (Greuter)

Seylor (er), Johann, patron of Johann Schöner, I, 83

Siena, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 163, 164 (Anonymous); 184 (Messier); 190 (Delamarche)

Signoria, reference in its records to a globe placed in its orologia, I, 65, 66

Smith, Buckingham, obtains Ulpius globe in Madrid, I, 117

Soncino, Raimondi de, reference to Cabot's globe, I, 53

Sondrio, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 53 (Habrecht)

Southwest passage, referred to, II, 24

Spilbergen, George, explorer, II, 37

Stabius, Johannes, peculiarities of his map projection, II, 201

Stams, Monastery Library, I, 133 (Mercator)

Stars, remarkable, referred to under "Tycho Brahe," II, 108, 109

Stimmer, Tobias and Josias, assisted in constructing Strassburg clock, I, 174

Stockholm, Library Baron Nordenskiöld, I, 77 (Nordenskiold gores); 152 (Florianus). Royal Library, I, 121 (Santa Cruz). National Museum, II, 53 (Hauer)

Strabo, his suggested proof of the earth's sphericity, I, 6; his idea as to the proper size of a globe to be useful, 8, 9; described the use and construction of the astrolabe and celestial sphere, 19, 20

Strassburg clock, described, I, 176

Sturm, Johann Christopher, teacher of Doppelmayr, II, 159

Subiaco, Monastic Library (Monastero di S. Scolastica), II, 184 (Messier)

Sylvester II, Pope, proposed to construct a globe, I, 39

Syracuse, Meteorological Observatory, II, 171 (Ferguson)

Syrians, belief in a circular earth and opposed to the spherical doctrine, I, 36

Taisnero, referred to by Roscelli as a globe maker, I, 154

Tassarolo, Spinola Palace, II, 178 (Vaugondy)

Thales, I, 5, 14

Theodorus, Petrus, astronomical observations followed by Hondius, II, 8, 9, 12

Tiesbach, Gabriel, I, 148

Tiraboschi, allusion to a globe belonging to Cardinal Bembo, I, 120

Tolentino, Episcopal Seminary (Seminario Vescovile), II, 255 (Cassini)

Torino, State Archives, I, 151 (Florianus). Academy of Sciences (Accademia delle Scienze), II, 114 (Coronelli). National Library (Biblioteca Nazionale), I, 163 (Basso)

Toscanella, Episcopal Seminary (Seminario Vescovile), II, 263 (Greuter).

Toscanelli, Paolo, said to have made use of globes, I, 52

Transit circle, first made by William Cary, II, 194

Treviso, City Library (Biblioteca Civico), I, 151 (Florianus); II, 13 (Hondius). Library Canon Luigi Belli, II, 60 (Greuter)

Trieste, City Museum, II, 118 (Coronelli)

Trip, John, J. U. D., globes dedicated to, II, 146

Trithemius, Johannes, purchases a terrestrial globe, 1507, I, 66

Tsarskoe, Selo Castle, II, 74 (Gottorp)

Uranienburg (Uraniburg), name given to Tycho Brahe's observatory, I, 184, II, 19

Urbania, Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), I, 134 (Mercator)

Urbino, Cardinal of, possessed a globe, I, 152. University Library (Biblioteca Universitario), II, 156 (Seutter); 179 (Costa)

Usselinx, William, organizes the West India Company, II, 46

Utrecht, Geographical Institute, II, 254 (Blaeu)

Valencia, Arabic globe constructed in, I, 28

Vannelli, Friar Giuliano, repairs clock and globe in Florentine Signoria, I, 65; makes globe for Cardinal Salviati, 66

Van der Noort, Oliver, reference to his voyage, II, 28

Varthema, Ludovico, referred to by Van Langren, I, 206

Veen, Adrian, associated with Hondius in globe making, II, 11, 12, 13

Venice, Marciana Library, I, 151 (Florianus); II, 83 (Moroncelli); 111 (Coronelli). City Museum (Museo Civico), II, 44 (Blaeu); 114 (Coronelli). Marco Foscarini Liceum (Museo Marco Foscarini), II, 44 (Blaeu); 143 (Miot). Quirini Pinacoteca, II, 44 (Blaeu); 178 (Vaugondy). State Archives, II, 60 (Greuter). Patriarchal (Seminario Patriarcale), II, 114 (Coronelli). Patriarchal Observatory (Osservatorio Patriarcale), II, 272 (Vaugondy); 258 (Delamarche). Library Prof. Maxim. Tono, II, 270 (Seutter)

Verona, Cathedral Library (Biblioteca Capitolare), II, 162 (Doppelmayr)

Verrazano, Hieronimus de, map of 1529, I, 106

Vesoul, birthplace of François De Mongenet, I, 147

Vicenza, Library Count Francesco Franco, II, 44 (Blaeu). City Museum (Museo Civico), II, 18 (Hondius). Communal Library (Biblioteca Comunale), II, 114 (Coronelli)

Vienna, Library Prince Liechtenstein, I, 75 (Hauslab). Imperial Library, I, 133 (Mercator); II, 181 (Roll and Reinhold)

Vigevano, Episcopal Seminary (Seminario Vescovile), II, 194 (Cassini)

Vincent of Beauvais, belief in a spherical earth, I, 43

Viseo, Cardinal, possessed a terrestrial globe, I, 152

Volckamer, Paul, a patron of Behaim in the construction of his globe, I, 48

Vosgian Gymnasium of St. Dié, I, 68

Waldseemüller, Martin, his world map of 1507, I, 69; allusion in his "Cosmographiae Introductio" to his globe, 70

Washington, National Museum, I, 113 (Vopel). Library of Congress, I, 115 (Vopel); 152 (Florianus); II, 112 (Coronelli); 259 (Doppelmayr)

Weigel, Erhard, his proposed names for constellations, II, 77; peculiarities of his globes, 77, 78

Weimar, Grand Ducal Library, I, 84, 108 (Schöner); 133 (Mercator)

Welser, patrician family of Augsburg, I, 108

Werner, Johann, his map projection, I, 151

William III, King of England, Coronelli dedicates to him his globe of 1696, II, 115

William, Landgraf of Cassel, patron of science and general culture, I, 184

Willoughby, Hugo, explorer, II, 38, 39

Windsor Castle, I, 78 (Da Vinci gores)

Wolf, John David, acquires Ulpius globe for New York Historical Society, I, 117

Wolf, Peter, receives a globe from Johann Stöffler, I, 54

Wolfegg Castle, I, 199 (Gessner); II, 270 (Schöner)

Worcester, American Antiquarian Society, II, 186 (Adams)

Wright, Edward, English geographer, II, 3

Yonkers, Library W. B. Thompson, II, 60 (Greuter)

Zeitung aus Presillig Landt, as a source for Schöner's globe of 1515, I, 85

Zerbst, Francisceum Gymnasium, I, 103, 105 (Frisius); I, 140 (Plancius)

Zumbach, Lothar, his reforms adopted by Valk, II, 146, 149

Zürich, National Museum, I, 200 (Gessner)

Zütphen, City Museum, I, 212 (Van Langren)

_1000 copies printed by the Yale University Press under direction of Carl Purington Rollins, in September, 1921._