Part 25

Chapter 252,553 wordsPublic domain

Cranmer, Archbishop, family and early years of, 239; at Cambridge, 239-240; marriage, 240; on the divorce question, 135, 178, 242-243, 245; embassy to Bologna, 179, 245; second marriage, 246; appointed archbishop, 134, 185, 246-247; Erastianism, 150, 244-245; relations with Henry, 185-186, 218, 257; attitude towards Anne Boleyn, 195, 249-251; efforts for education, 253; pleads for Cromwell, 154, 252; at Henry’s death, 199; relations with Somerset, 222, 260; on the Lady Jane Grey succession, 267-268, 286; Book of Homilies by, 219, 259; moderating influence of, 231, 260, 266; views on the Eucharist, 264-265; on forms and ceremonies, 265; arrest and imprisonment, 269-270; disputation at Oxford, 270-271; Papal commission on, 271; excommunication, 272; recantations, 272-273; martyrdom, 273-275; estimates of, 237-239, 274-275; otherwise mentioned, 126, 198, 211, 230

Crofts, Sir James, 315-316

Cromwell, Thomas, family and early years of, 117-118, 121-122; in Parliament, 118-119, 122-123; relations with Wolsey, 120; Machiavellian principles of, 123-125; conduct on Wolsey’s fall, 125-126; rise in royal favour, 126-129; anti-clerical campaign, 130-131, 133, 135, 141-145, 181-182, 253; crushes More and Fisher, 137-140; Treasons Act, 139-140; Royal proclamations Act (1539), 141, 145; appointed Vicar-General, 141; campaign against the monasteries, 141-145; Statute of Uses, 143; the Exeter Conspiracy, 144-145; packing of parliaments, 145; attitude towards Protestantism, 146-147, 149-150; foreign policy of, 146-147, 183, 185, 188; Lutheran marriage scheme, 148, 152; position with the king, 179-181; differences, 183-186; relations with Cranmer, 150-151, 154, 252, 257; fall and execution, 153-154, 158, 186, 251-252; compared with Wolsey, 115-116; with More, 124; with Burghley, 321; characteristics of, 115-116, 174; estimate of, 115-117

Cromwell, Walter, 117-118, 121

Darnley, 303, 329

Davis, John, 373

Day, Bishop, 231, 268

Dorset, Marquess of, 38, 39, 228, 229

Doughty, 313-314

Drake, Admiral, 312-315, 340, 344, 373, 374, 383; the Lisbon expedition, 316, 318, 356, 378

Dudley, Edmund, 22, 23, 29, 39, 83, 160

Dudley, John (Northumberland). _See_ Northumberland

Dudley, Robert. _See_ Leicester

Eastern rising (1549), 262

Edward VI., King, accession of, 208; Scottish marriage project, 213, 215; first Prayer Book of (1549), 220, 261-262; second Prayer Book of (1552), 231, 265; names Lady Jane Grey his heir, 267-268

Effingham, Lord Howard of, 316, 379, 383, 384

Elizabeth of York, 7-8, 31-32

Elizabeth, Queen, birth of, 248; Lord Seymour’s schemes regarding, 228-229; caution during Mary’s reign, 289; accession, 288; financial policy, 298-299; attitude towards Protestantism, 306; position in Continental politics, 47-48; Papal Bull deposing, 308-309, 350; sends Walsingham to the Netherlands, 341-342; encourages privateering, 312, 314, 341; policy of vacillation, 314; relations with Walsingham, 325-326, 342-343, 345, 355; Anjou marriage project, 334-335; Alençon marriage project, 335-336, 341, 343-344, 347; _rapprochement_ with Philip, 338; relations with Raleigh, 356, 365; in league with the Netherlands (1585), 315-316, 348; characteristics of, 15, 279-280, 291, 333-334, 348; estimate of, 325

Empson, 22-23, 29, 39, 83, 160

Erasmus, 79-80, 83, 97, 240

Essex, Earl of, 376, 378-380, 383, 384, 385

Exeter, Marquis of (1538), 144

Exeter, Lord (Thomas Cecil), 282-283

Ferdinand of Aragon, 19, 24, 25-27, 39-41, 44-45, 161-162, 200

Field of the Cloth of Gold, 49, 166

Fisher, Bishop, 104-105, 137, 241, 249

Fleet, English, 19, 201, 362

Fox, Bishop, 40, 65, 161, 241, 242

France: Antagonism with, before Henry VIII., 292 Charles V.’s relations with, 146-147, 152-154, 184 Guise party in, 294, 333, 338 Henry VII.’s relations with, 25-26, 40-41 Huguenot position in (1571), 330-333 Philip II.’s relations with, 295-296, 304 _Politique_ party in, 295, 304, 330, 331 St. Bartholomew massacres, 309, 336-337 Scotland allied with, 42, 189, 216, 293, 300 War with (1522), 46-47, 51, 167-169; 188, 189; (1558), 293

Francis I., King, accession of, 40; relations with Spain, 46-47, 152-154, 184; relations with England, 146-147; Pavia, 169; death of, 210; contrasted with Henry VIII., 193

Frith, John, 255

Frobisher, 378, 379

Froude, J. A., _cited_, 53, 59, 329

Gardiner, Bishop, introduces Cranmer to Henry VIII., 242; Henry’s attitude towards, 185; on the divorce, 127, 247, 252; excluded from Council of Executors, 198, 209, 218, 258; imprisoned, 219, 221; deprived of his see, 231, 268; attitude towards Cranmer, 247, 261; otherwise mentioned, 150, 154, 179, 187, 210, 263

Germany, Cromwell’s relations with, 146-148, 152-154; Peasants’ war, 97-98

Gilbert, Humphrey, 363-365, 371-372

Gondomar (Spanish Ambassador), 389, 390

Greater Britain, 362

Greek, study of, 78

Grenville, Richard, 373, 375, 339, 380

Grey, Lady Jane, 228, 267, 282, 283, 286

Grey, Katharine, 307

Grocyn, 79, 81

Gueran de Espes, Don (Spanish Ambassador), 294, 329, 330, 333

Hales, 267

Hatton, 370

Hawkins, Captain John, 310, 317, 367, 378, 383

Heath, Bishop, 231, 268

Henry VII., King, early years of, 5-7; position as king, 7-9; moderation, 9, 28; fines and confiscations, 10-11, 13; financial policy, 14, 16, 22-23; commercial policy, 16-18; maritime policy, 18-20; judicial policy, 21; foreign policy, 16, 25-27; dispenses with Parliament, 178; Wolsey appointed chaplain to, 38; characteristics of, 27-32; prestige of, 43; Bacon’s estimate of, 3; general attitude towards, 4

Henry VIII., King, education and youth of, 159-160; accession, 39, 160; place in European politics, 162-163; Wolsey’s position with, 8, 41-42, 163, 165, 169-173, 176; candidature for the Empire, 164-165; war with France (1522), 168-169, 188; attitude towards Parliament, 52, 179-180; rise of More, 84, 96; _apologia_ for the Papacy, 97, 177, 241; relations with Katharine of Aragon, 193-194, 199; the divorce, 53-61, 96, 103-104, 127, 134-135, 170-175, 178, 179, 188, 242-243, 245, 249; makes Cranmer archbishop, 134, 185, 246-247; anti-clerical campaign, 102-103, 181, 246; crushes Wolsey, 102, 158, 176; marriage with Anne Boleyn, 55-56, 104, 136, 170, 195, 248; Cranmer’s relations with, 185-186, 218, 257; marriage with Jane Seymour, 195; Cromwell’s rise in favour, 126-129; proclaimed Supreme Head of the Church, 131, 181; breach with the Papacy (1533), 135-136; Acts of Succession, 105, 138-139; Oath of Supremacy, 105, 138-139, 249; Treasons Act, 139-140; crushes More, 105-106, 137-139, 200; Cromwell’s position with, 179-181; differences with Cromwell, 183-186; Six Articles Act, 151, 152, 186, 199, 218; death of Jane Seymour, 148; marriage with Anne of Cleves, 153, 184, 196-197; fall of Cromwell, 153-154, 158, 186; marriage with Katharine Howard, 196; marriage with Katharine Parr, 197; debasement of the coinage, 190, 298; later war with France, 189; naval policy, 19, 201; Scottish policy, 189-190, 213, 300; theological views, 150, 183-184, 199; closing years, 191; death, 198-199; will and executors, 198, 208-209, 218, 267; characteristics, 15, 83, 174-175, 178, 193, 199-202; estimates, 157-159

Henry of Anjou, 330-333

Henry of Navarre, 318, 336, 347, 356, 378

Herbert, 218, 230

Hertford, Earl of. _See_ Somerset

Howard, Katharine, 196

Howard, Lord Thomas, 316, 379, 383, 384

Howard, Charles (Effingham). _See_ Effingham

Ideals, 86-87

Imagination, illusions of, 88

Ireland under Elizabeth, 299, 320, 331, 344, 364-365

Italy, religious condition of, 121

James I., King, 385-386, 388

John, Don, 335, 340, 343

Judicature, 21-23

Katharine de Medici. _See_ Catherine

Katharine Howard, 196

Katharine of Aragon, betrothal of, to Prince Arthur, 26; Henry VII.’s plans regarding, 29; policy of, 169, 194; relations with Henry VIII., 193-194, 199; the divorce question, 52-61, 96, 103-104, 127, 134-135, 170-175, 178, 179, 188, 242-243, 245, 249; death of, 147

Katharine Parr, 197, 228-229

Ket’s rebellion, 262

Kildare, Earl of, 10

Knox, John, 264, 265, 354

Latimer, Bishop, 185, 269, 270, 272

Leicester, Earl of (Robert Dudley), 307, 333, 339, 376

Liberalism and Conservatism, 75-76

Louis XI., King of France, 7, 23

Louis XII., King of France, 25, 40, 43

Luther, Martin, 95, 96-98, 177, 241

Machiavelli, 120, 123-125

Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Burgundy, 8

Mary of Guise, Queen, 189, 210, 294, 301, 302

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, projected marriage of, with Edward, 213, 215; taken to France, 216, 301; marriage with the Dauphin, 293; Queen of France, 295; returns to Scotland a widow, 302; Elizabeth’s policy towards, 303; marriage with Bothwell, 307; projected marriage with Anjou, 330-332; Spanish plots, 308-310, 329-330, 333, 335, 349-350, 352, 366-367; trial and condemnation, 353-355; execution, 315

Mary Tudor, Queen, 172; birth of, 194; Henry’s later treatment of, 199; granted licence for the Mass, 232; accession, 268; early moderation, 269; imprisonment of Cranmer, 269-270; vindictive persecution of Cranmer, 273

Maximilian, Emperor, 24-26, 39-41, 200

Mendoza, Bernardino de, 341, 344, 347, 354

Monasteries, suppression of, 141-145, 211, 224, 253

Moray, Earl of, 303, 331

More, John, 77-78

More, Sir Thomas, family and youth of, 77-78; law studies, 78, 81; friendship with Erasmus, 79-80, 241; in Parliament, 29, 81; marriage, 82; appointed Under-Sheriff in the City, 83; on the Netherlands embassy, 84; at Court, 84; second marriage, 84; the “Utopia,” 85-94, 98-99, 241; as Privy Councillor, 94; knighted, 95; as Speaker, 95; views on the royal divorce, 96, 178, 247; attitude towards the Papacy, 63, 97; towards heresy, 99-101, 106; as Lord Chancellor, 101-102; resignation of office, 102, 108, 134, 168; crushed by Henry, 105, 137-139, 249; in the Tower, 109; executed, 106, 110-111, 200; characteristics, 80, 106-108, 174; estimates, 76-77

Morton, Cardinal, 4, 14

Morton, Earl of, 331, 339-340

Navigation Acts, 18-19

Navy, 19, 201, 362

Netherlands, revolt of, against Spain, 304-305, 307-308, 311, 330, 335, 338, 347; the “Spanish Fury,” 340; Walsingham’s mission, 341-342

Nobles, 13, 50

Norfolk, Duke of, 108-109, 128, 143, 154, 187, 196, 198, 208

Norreys, Sir John, 317, 364

Norris, Sir Henry, 332

Northampton, Earl of, 229

Northumberland, Earl of, 250-251

Northumberland, Duke of (Dudley-Warwick), deposes Somerset, 221, 231, 285; crushes him, 233, 266; relations with Burghley, 284-285; ecclesiastical policy, 218, 263, 265; debasing of coinage, 190; scheme for the succession, 267, 286; execution, 268; contrasted with Somerset, 205-206

Nun of Kent, 104, 139

Oaths, nature of, 247-248 and _note_

Orderly element of society, 12-13

Orange, Prince of, 333-336, 339, 341, 343-345, 347

Oxford, Earl of, 14-15

Pace, Richard, 44, 164

Paget, 209, 218, 230, 232

Parliament: Cromwell’s description of, 119 Henry VII.’s attitude towards, 178 Henry VIII.’s attitude towards, 52, 179-180 Somerset’s attitude towards, 227 Wolsey’s treatment of, 51, 95

Parma, Duke of, 315, 343, 347

Parr, Katharine, 197, 228-229

Peasants’ War in Germany, 97-98

Perrot, Sir John, 192

Philip II., King of Spain, policy of, 295, 304; embarrassments, 331; _rapprochement_ with Elizabeth, 338; annexation of Portugal, 344; death, 318

Pilgrimage of Grace, 143

Pinkie Cleugh, 215-216

Pole, Cardinal, 120, 144, 271-273

Pollard, A. F., _cited_, 206

Proclamation, government by, 210

Raleigh, Sir Walter, family and early years of, 363-364; voyage with Humphrey Gilbert, 364; in Ireland, 364-365; at Court, 365, 370, 378; Elizabeth’s relations with, 356; anti-Spanish policy, 366, 377, 386; Spanish negotiations story, 366-367; 1568-1581, 369; knighted, 372; expeditions to Virginia, 372-375; the Lisbon expedition, 378; disgrace and imprisonment, 379; marriage with Elizabeth Throgmorton, 379; expedition to the Orinoco, 381-382; Cadiz expedition, 383; restored to favour at Court, 384; the Islands voyage, 384; tried for treason under James, 386; appeal for life, 389; twelve years’ imprisonment, 387; writings, 362, 387, 388; release and last voyage, 389-390; return and execution, 390-391; estimate, 361-363

Reformation: Act in Restraint of Appeals, 135, 137 Annates Act, 132, 135, 182 Aspects of, political and religious, 62-63 Cranmer’s influence on, 238-239, 260, 266 Eucharist, question of, 264-265 Forms and ceremonies, question of, 265 Monasteries, suppression of, 141-145, 211, 224, 253 Organisation of, by Cromwell, 127-129 Pilgrimage of Grace, 143 Scholars’ attitude towards, in early days, 240-241 Scottish attitude towards, 210 Somerset’s attitude towards, 217 Tendencies and development of, 263-266 Thirty-nine Articles, 265

Requesens, 339, 340

Religious repression, 99-100

Richmond, Duke of, 192-193

Ridley, Bishop, 231, 265, 266, 269, 270, 272

Ridolfi plot, 309, 310, 329-330, 333, 335

Rizzio, 303

Rogers, 271

Roper, Margaret, 106, 108-110

Roper, William, _cited_, 81, 82 _note_, 96, 106, 108, 139

Royal Proclamations Act (1539), 141, 145

Russell, 218, 230

Scotland: Burghley’s policy, as to, 301-303 Elizabeth’s policy as to, 339-340 England menaced by, 42 English supremacy impossible in, 212-213 French alliance with, 189, 216, 293, 300 Henry VII.’s policy as to, 213 Henry VIII.’s policy as to, 189-190, 213, 300 Military operations against, 208; condition during Somerset’s Protectorates, 210; his policy, 214-217, 300 Moray’s assassination, 331 Protestantism in, 301-302 Reformation, attitude towards, 210 Treaty of Edinburgh, 302

Seymour, Admiral Lord, 197, 228-230

Seymour, Edward. _See_ Somerset

Seymour, Jane, 148, 193, 195-197

Sharington, 229

Sheep-farming, 20, 211, 223, 262

Simnel, Lambert, 8, 9

Sitsilt, Richard, 281

Six Articles Act (1539), 151, 152, 186, 199, 218, 256; repeal of, 220, 260

Somerset, Duke of (Earl of Hertford), family and rise of, 207-208; position on Henry’s death, 198, 208, 258; appointed Lord Protector, 209; aims, 212; Scottish policy, 214-217, 300; religious views, 217; religious policy, 101, 219-222, 226, 232, 261; social policy, 225-226; Court of Requests, 225, 262; Cranmer’s relations with, 221, 260; Cecil’s relations with, 283; Treason Act, 227; proceedings against Lord Seymour, 228-230; deposed, 226, 230-231, 285; arrested and executed, 205, 233-234, 266; characteristics, 234, 283; contrasted with Northumberland, 206; with Burghley, 321; estimates, 205-207

Spain: Armada, 315-316, 367-369 Cadiz expedition, 383-384 English attitude towards, under Elizabeth, 310-314; war, 316-318 Henry VII.’s relations with, 25-27 Inquisition, 308-310 Philip’s policy. _See_ Philip Raleigh’s attitude towards, 366-367, 377, 386

Star Chamber, 21-22

Stokesley, Bishop, 247, 252, 254

Stuart, Arabella, 385-386

Stuart, Mary. _See_ Mary Stuart

Stukely, 331, 333

Suffolk, Duchess of (Frances Brandon), 267

Suffolk, Duke of (Charles Brandon), 143, 162

Suffolk, Earl of (Edmund de la Pole), 29, 177

Surrey, Thomas and Earl of, 10, 40

Surrey, Henry Earl of, 192, 198, 208

Taunton, Father, _cited_, 57-59

Throgmorton, Elizabeth, 379

Throgmorton conspiracy, 315, 347, 352

Toleration, 101, 220-221, 226, 232

Torture, 233, 320-321, 351

Treasons Acts of Henry VIII., 139-140, 226; of Somerset, 227; of Northumberland, 227, 232

Tudor absolutism, 12

Tunstal, Bishop, 84, 164-165, 211, 218, 231, 258, 268

“Utopia,” 85-94, 98-99, 241

Villiers, George, 389

Virginia, 372-375

Walsingham, Sir Francis, family and early years of, 328; residence abroad, 328; employed on secret service, 328-330; Ambassador in France, 330, 332-334, 337-338; appointed Secretary of State, 339; Netherlands mission, 341-342; Protestant sympathies, 280, 306, 343, 348; relations with Queen Elizabeth, 279-280, 342-343; relations with Burghley, 326, 346, 356; on colonial expansion, 372; mission to Paris, 344-347; measures against the Queen of Scots, 353-355; closing years and death, 356-357, 377; characteristics, 325-327; estimate, 326-327

Warbeck, Perkin, 9, 11, 18

Warham, Archbishop, 134, 241, 246

Warwick (Dudley). _See_ Northumberland

Warwick, Richard Earl of, 4, 5, 7-9

Welsh ancestry, 282

Western rising (1549), 230, 261-262

Weston, Dean, 271

Whitgift, Archbishop, 320

Wiltshire, Earl of, 179, 245

Wriothesly, Lord Chancellor, 209, 218, 328

Wolsey, Cardinal, family and early years of, 38; rise, 40; aims, 24, 36, 49; foreign policy, 41-45, 166-170; relations with Henry VIII., 41-42, 163, 165, 169-173, 176; The French War, 46-47, 167-169, 188; domestic policy, 49-52; relations with nobility, 50-51, 69; attempts to overawe Parliament, 51, 95; the divorce question, 55-61, 170-173, 176, 179; the Reformation, 63-66; educational foundations, 65, 240-241; relations with More, 96; relations with Cromwell, 120, 125-126; fall, 52-53, 67-68, 102, 125-126, 158; at York, 68, 69; characteristics, 64; estimates, 35-37, 64, 70-71

Wyatt’s rebellion, 270

Yorkists, 5-6, 8

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Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Page 246: “he was again despatched as an enemy to Germany” was printed that way; perhaps “emissary” was intended.