CHAPTER XVIII.

AIR CRAFT AND MOTOR VEHICLES IN WAR.

While other branches of the service have hundreds of years of precedents back of them, there is very little past experience to guide us in the use of air craft in war. Portable observation stations, captive balloons, and man-lifting kites still form part of the equipment of all modern armies, but the two principal classes of air craft today are air ships and aeroplanes.

That air craft will play a very important part in future wars is no longer questioned, but the development of both air ships and aeroplanes is proceeding so rapidly that it is difficult to say today what they will be capable of doing tomorrow. There are many possible uses for this new arm of the service, but a number of these are still largely matters of speculation. Others, however, are now well determined and these in themselves are of sufficient importance to require the adoption of air craft as an indispensable part of the equipment of any army.

There is a natural tendency on the part of those who are engaged in the development of a new instrument of war to exaggerate its power and minimize its limitations. Air craft at the present moment are capable of rendering most valuable service, and with the improvements that are bound to come, their value for military purposes will be greatly increased; but the claims of certain enthusiasts that aeroplanes and air ships have rendered cavalry obsolete and revolutionized the art of war have no foundation of fact.

_Characteristics._ _Aeroplanes_ can travel about 350 miles and have a maximum speed of 80 or 90 miles an hour, or more. Service machines normally carry a pilot, an observer, and fuel and oil for from four to six hours. Aeroplanes can start and can land without assistance. They can be handled on the ground by three or four men. They can remain in the open for short periods without serious deterioration. When flying at normal working altitudes they are difficult to hit. Their chief use is for reconnaissance. On the other hand, aeroplanes cannot always be depended upon to be ready for work whenever they are needed. Compared with most war equipment, both aeroplanes and aeroplane engines are extremely fragile. Flying round an aerodrome where landings can be made on suitable ground, an average pilot will rarely injure his machine. But in war, pilots will be required to fly in all sorts of weather and will be forced to land on all sorts of ground in order to deliver promptly the information they have obtained. Minor breakages are bound to result and machines will be so badly strained that frequent overhauling will be necessary. Moreover, the engine, even with the best of care, should be overhauled after running twenty or twenty-five hours. It will be necessary, therefore, to provide large quantities of spare parts and to deliver these wherever needed. The care and repair of aeroplanes and engines require a highly trained commissioned and enlisted personnel.

Types are in active process of development and they vary with different nations. It seems certain that for the immediate future, no single type of aeroplane will suffice for all purposes but that air fleets will be composed of craft suited to different functions as is the case with sea craft. Examples of the variety of types are: The _destroyer_, a pusher biplane, armed with a machine gun in front and arranged to carry bombs and a wireless equipment but without armor. The _battleplane_, of great size, speed and offensive power, has a pilot with two soldiers each operating a machine gun that fires in all directions. The _artillery spotter_, carries armor, operates at a low height and has low speed; it carries an observer and a wireless equipment. The _scout_, a one man craft capable of great speed up to 80 or 90 miles per hour, or more, and great climbing power. It is equipped with rifle or revolver and is unarmored.

The principal problems remaining for solution in aeroplane development are concerned with obtaining a dependable motor and a propeller able to withstand the very great centrifugal stresses.

In several countries, and depending upon the nature of the duty, aeroplanes are organized and operate in squadrons of 6 to 8 machines. These squadrons are served by motor trucks that tow them from place to place. Some machines have wings that fold when being towed.

_Air Ships._ Air ships have a radius of action of about 1000 miles and a speed of from 40 to 50 miles an hour. They can remain in the air for many hours at a time, can hover over a selected spot, and can be used safely at night and in mist or rain. They afford a good field of view and can carry a number of observers. Their chief use is for distant reconnaissance which is greatly facilitated by their long range wireless equipment. Compared with aeroplanes, they offer an easy target and require a large number of trained men to handle them on the ground. The difficulty of maintaining them in the field makes it necessary to operate them from fixed bases established in time of peace.

Balloons are still used. Captive balloons are employed for tactical reconnaissance, and for observation of artillery fire; they are usually equipped with telephones.

Hydroaeroplanes are employed with navies, but have not come into extensive use.

_Armor and armament._ The weight of armor reduces the speed and the lifting capacity of aeroplanes. At present, armor is in general limited to a bullet proof seat for the pilot, and bullet proof protection to the fuel tank. Airships are able to carry more extensive armor. Aeroplanes are not very vulnerable to fire; to bring one to earth it is in general necessary to disable the pilot or to puncture the fuel tank. Even these accidents do not necessarily involve the destruction of the craft; pilots volplane successfully to earth without the use of the motor. Aeroplanes are frequently riddled with bullets without interfering with their operation. The principal armament of the aeroplane is the machine gun. The rifle and revolver are also used, as also small calibre guns. The armor and armament of a particular type depend upon the use to which that type is destined.

_Duties._ The primary duty is reconnaissance, both strategic and tactical. Reconnaissance consists usually in the location of troops and artillery positions.

Strategic reconnaissance by aeroplane is practicable for a distance of 150 miles; it endeavors to ascertain the position, strength, directions of movement, and dispositions of the larger elements of the enemy and also knowledge of the terrain in the theatre.

Tactical reconnaissance by air is used in both attack and defense. It is necessarily general in nature because the height of observation prevents close view. It endeavors to discover movements of the enemy, location of his reserve, his cavalry, artillery, movements of wagon and auto trains, camps, lines of communication, the nature of terrain, etc. Air reconnaissance extends and supplements that of cavalry but does not supplant it. Often verification of reconnaissance must be secured by actual contact.

The duty of reconnaissance involves the corresponding prevention of hostile reconnaissance. This duty has resulted in developing in most armies special types of fighting craft, the aim of which is to secure command of the air within the military theatre. There is in this a close analogy with the domination of the military theatre by sea power or by cavalry. Another important duty of air craft is that of directing artillery fire. For this purpose air craft are usually assigned one to each group of batteries, and operate directly under the orders of the artillery commander. Their information is conveyed by wireless, by smoke bombs, by visual signals, and by dropping messages. These methods are all in active process of development and vary with the different nations.

Hostile artillery in position, is discovered by the flash of its guns, by telltale wheel tracks to the artillery position and by activity in the position. For mid-range firing, aeroplanes can frequently direct the fire from a position directly above or even behind the friendly artillery.

Another duty of air craft is that of air raids. This duty is less important than the others. Like most other raids, those by aircraft are likely to have but little direct bearing on the military situation; but within special range they will continue to be performed. The objectives for air raids are capitals of states, military bases, hangars, lines of communication, depots, arsenals, etc. Raids are usually ineffective against troops or fortifications.

Another important function is the carrying of staff officers, of maps, dispatches, etc., as also reporting promptly the positions and movements of friendly troops.

_Practicable heights for observation._ Satisfactory reconnaissance from air craft requires low flying height and low speed. These two elements increase greatly the vulnerability of the craft. Air craft are comparatively safe from all kinds of fire, at 6000 feet elevation and are entirely safe at 10,000 feet. In clear weather the observer, at an elevation of about 5000 feet, can detect bodies of troops for a radius of four to six miles. Aeroplanes are practically safe from rifle fire at 2000 yards range or at an elevation of 3000 feet. They are reasonably safe from field artillery fire at 4000 yards range or at an elevation of approximately 4500 feet. It is difficult to reconnoiter in a wooded country. Timbered areas, therefore, have a new importance in the concealment they afford from overhead observation.

The safe heights above mentioned are in general too great to afford detailed observation, the necessity for close observation will, therefore, lead bold airmen to a closer approach to the enemy. By swerving, changing velocities, diving, soaring, etc., the airman reduces the risk involved in a close approach to the enemy. He will have added protection from hostile fire when he can soar directly over the anti aircraft guns, none of which is able to fire vertically upwards; also by operating where hostile projectiles will be likely in their fall to damage other hostile troops, and also by utilizing the protection of hills, etc. The vibration of the machine prevents satisfactory use of field glasses. The observer is restricted to observation with the naked eye.

Airships because of their greater size and slower and more regular motion, must remain at greater altitudes for safety than aeroplanes. Accordingly they will be less frequently employed for battlefield reconnaissance or wherever exposed to rapid fire of anti aircraft artillery.

_Defensive measures._ The principal defense against air craft is command of the air by superior air fleets. The tactics of air reconnaissance are, therefore, largely similar to those of cavalry or of sea power. The secondary defense against air craft consists of anti aircraft artillery. For elevations up to 3000 feet, the machine gun is effective. For greater elevations land forces must protect themselves by artillery. Special types of guns of great rapidity of fire are used as is also the standard light field types. The special types of anti aircraft artillery are usually employed in the protection of capitals, lines of communication, etc. They have a lesser application to mobile forces, because the need is less and the economy of road space greater. Light field artillery to be effective against air craft must be capable of firing at an elevation of 45 to 50 degrees. This calls for special types of trail and the necessity of digging pits for the trail.

Range finders are in general of little efficacy in locating the fast moving target. Artillery fire seeks its object in speed and volume of fire, rather than in attempted accuracy. Volume of fire may keep air craft away even if hits are few. Tracer shells emitting smoke are much used to assist observation of fire. To bring down an aeroplane it is almost absolutely necessary to disable the pilot or the fuel tank. The airship is much more vulnerable. The target is the gas bag, rather than the pilot.

_Powers and limitations._ From the very first it has been obvious that air craft would be of enormous value for all kinds of reconnaissance work. Some of their advantages for this purpose are:

1. Speed. It will often be possible for air craft to obtain in a few hours, information that it would require days to secure by any other means.

2. Ability to surmount both natural and artificial obstacles.

3. Ability to determine depth of enemy’s troops as well as front.

4. Having once obtained the desired information, it is comparatively easy to ascend to a reasonably safe altitude and bring the information back.

Some of the limitations of air craft in reconnaissance work are:

1. They can accomplish but little in heavy rains, gales, fog or darkness, though they are steadily improving in their ability to travel in heavy weather.

2. Inability to reconnoiter at night makes it impossible for air craft to keep in continuous touch with the enemy.

3. They cannot be depended upon to be ready for duty whenever they are needed.

4. Observing downwards from a considerable height, detailed knowledge of terrain cannot be obtained.

The European war has given the greatest stimulus to the development of aerial navigation. The art is doubtless destined to the widest expansion in the future. At present it has many limitations, and the absurd claims made for it should be carefully discounted. It has become another arm in warfare.

Like other inventions it is indispensable to the conduct of warfare. A relative preponderance in this arm confers on a belligerent an immense advantage.

(See also “Anti Aircraft Artillery,” Chap. VIII.)

_The motor car_, as lately applied to military purposes, has influenced practically every phase of campaign. As affecting _tactics_, it permits the rapid transport of troops over short distances where rail transport, even if available, might be slower than marching. The loading, dispatch and unloading are very rapid and flexible in arrangement. Even where the railroad is available, the motor car or truck is a valuable adjunct, provided suitable roads are available. The railroad can reach only its various stations, but with a system of good highways the motor vehicle can load or deliver at or very close to any designated point. Whereas a very slight accident will interrupt rail traffic the automobile can be stopped only by the destruction of the road (a comparatively rare occurrence) and sometimes even this will cause very little delay. The transportation begins at almost any point, such as camp, bivouac, or barrack, and is complete to the final destination without resorting to marches at either or both ends of the line.

The routing is not confined to any one prepared road bed. Moreover, the transport is not confined to short distances. The European war shows instances of transporting large bodies of troops over distances as great as 100 miles.

In effecting tactical concentrations of bodies of troops, such as reserves at critical points on the battle field itself, the motor car is very useful. The rapid concentration of forces at critical points of the field is the aim of all tactical operations and the secret of success in battle. The motor vehicle rapidly brings the troops to the desired point, fresh for action.

Motor vehicles are useful in the transport of troops pursuing a defeated enemy and correspondingly useful to the retreating force.

Heavy field artillery is utilizing motor transport to an ever increasing extent. The motor truck also lends itself admirably to use as swift, powerful armored cars, which are virtually small, movable forts. Motor trucks have demonstrated their ability to rapidly transport siege howitzers to threatened points along undefended portions of a coast line and thus greatly aid the mobile army in resisting landings. In operations on land the heaviest types of guns and howitzers are successfully transported.

For overseas operations the motor is useful, as it needs less room aboard ship and dispenses with much of the care and attention that animals require.

For _Staff_ uses the motor is specially adapted to the transportation of general and staff officers over the field of battle. It also assists greatly in the distribution of orders; for this purpose the motorcycle also is much used. Officers can thus cover vastly greater territory than by the use of a horse and with practically no fatigue. The result is that officers of ripe experience and advanced age, whose failing physical powers would formerly have prevented their riding horses are now employed in the field. The scope of staff service is greatly increased.

For the _Supply_ of an army the motor truck is particularly valuable. Its speed will vary with the condition of roads but on even mediocre roads it will cover daily several times the distance covered by the horse-drawn vehicle. It needs no halts for rest, operates in a country without regard to green forage areas, is hardier than the animal and is but little affected by weather. Nearly its total carrying capacity is available for cargo, whereas the necessity for carrying forage reduces that of the horse-drawn vehicle.

The motor truck is well adapted to use as a mobile soup kitchen; one small truck will serve a meal for 500 men.

Motor transportation now permits the army to operate at a distance from the base or railhead several times greater than is possible by the use of wagons or, conversely, it permits the supply of the army at moderate distances from a base with a much less number of vehicles; thus it shortens the total road distance of a force and tends to make armies less dependent for subsistence on the military theater. The increasing numerical strength of the modern army requires more and more independence of subsistence drawn from the country in which it operates.

In line of communication service, the armored car greatly assists in thwarting hostile attempts to cut the line.

The greater the capacity of motor trucks the more economical they are as carriers if the roads are satisfactory. In many theaters where American forces will continue to operate for some time to come, indifferent roads will be the rule; the economic size of the truck is accordingly restricted to a cargo capacity of about 1½ tons.

Motor trucks equipped with flanged steel wheels may be used on railroads in lieu of or in addition to the regular rolling stock. If both kinds of wheels (road and railroad) are carried, or interchangeable sets of demountable rims, the same truck may be used on both road and railroad. The change of wheels or rims can be made in a few minutes.

The motor vehicle is extensively employed in the ambulance service. In addition to its superiority from an humanitarian point of view, it has a very great capacity for the evacuation of sick and wounded, thus contributing to the increase of tactical efficiency of the army.

For the service of _information_, the motor is useful in patrolling; its speed and carrying capacity is great; it is in many ways less likely to attract notice than is a group of horsemen. It has been used for the prompt occupation of important points weakly defended. It is a useful adjunct to the aero service; aeroplanes organized into divisions of 7 or 8 machines are served by motor vehicles which transport the aeroplanes; the wings of the latter being folded for transport. The aeroplanes, which would otherwise be very vulnerable in camp, have thus some protection against the risk of sudden capture.

The motor car, in short, aids in strategic and tactical concentration of troops and heavy guns and in the defense of isolated points, lessens fatigue, and extends the theater of command, inspection and reconnaissance. It greatly increases the scope of operations by increasing the mobility of an army and making it largely independent of local food supplies; its humanitarian service is very satisfactory.

No army devoid of good motor transport service can thus hope to maintain itself against an adversary well equipped in that respect. All trained armies will be equipped with motors; therefore the motor will not permit a diminution of effort by a belligerent; to impose one’s will upon a trained adversary, the effort must in fact be greater than ever.

For efficiency of service, motors are employed where practicable in groups of the same type. This facilitates training of personnel, interchangeability of parts, repairs, etc. In armies generally, the field and combat wagons continue to use animal power.

The motor can enter every department of military activity, increasing the efficiency of operation therein. It is as applicable to campaign as to most other phases of modern life.

GLOSSARY of Military Terms Employed in the Text (Consult also Alphabetical Index)

=Abatis.=--An obstacle consisting of felled trees, often interlaced with wire. The trees are felled or placed with their tops toward the enemy, the butts often remain attached to the stumps, or are secured to the ground by stakes.

=Adjutant.=--The executive officer of a command.

=Advance cavalry.=--_See Cavalry._

=Advance guard.=--A body of troops which marches in front of a command in column of route to facilitate the march and protect the main body from surprise. _See Chap. IV._

=Advance party.=--The leading formed element of an advance guard.

=Advance supply depot.=--A station for the issue of ammunition, rations and other supplies, where the trains attached to the combatant troops are sent to refill. _See Chap. XVII._

=Advanced position.=--A defensive position in advance of the main line of defense.

=Aiming point.=--_See Artillery fire._

=Ambuscade.=--A surprise attack delivered by a body lying in wait for its enemy.

=Angle of site.=--The inclination or slope of the ground as affecting the angles of elevation of artillery.

=Applicatory method.=--A system of military peace training by means of the solution of practical problems in strategy and tactics. These problems are solved on a map or on the terrain, and are called =map problems=, =terrain exercises=, =war games=, etc. _See Chap. I._

=Artillery.=--The heavier pieces of ordnance, as distinguished from small arms and machine guns. Artillery includes guns, howitzers, and mortars of various calibers, and the troops attached thereto. All modern artillery is rifled. Mobile artillery is habitually mounted, both for transport and use, on wheeled carriages, and accompanies the mobile troops. _See Ordnance._

=Artillery fire.=--_See Chap. VIII._ The usual method of fire of modern artillery is that which employs =indirect laying=. The guns are concealed and the target is usually not visible to the gunners. The officer directing the fire ascertains the range and direction of the target from one of the guns of the battery, called the =directing gun=. He also determines the difference in azimuth or direction (at the directing gun) between the target and some conspicuous object visible to all the gunners. This point is called the =aiming point= and the angular difference of azimuth of the target and the aiming point is known as the =deflection=. This is set off on the gun sight in such manner that when the sight is directed on the aiming point the gun will be directed on the target. Due to their different positions the deflections at the other guns will vary slightly from that at the directing gun. This variation is called the =deflection difference=. By varying the =deflection= and =deflection difference= the officer in charge may distribute the fire over the front of the target. The range is determined by the process known as =bracketing=. The approximate range having been estimated or determined by a mechanical =range finder=, a shot or group of shots is fired at the estimated =range=. They burst on impact, and from observation of the smoke it is possible to determine whether the shots are =short of= or =over the target=. The range is then increased or decreased and the firing continued until two consecutive bursts are obtained, one on either side of the target. Thus if a shot at 3,000 yds. bursts short of the target and one at 3,400 bursts over, it is known that the target lies between these ranges. Two shots at known ranges, one over and one short, form a =bracket=. The length of the bracket may be reduced by interpolating intermediate shots. Bracketing need not be done by a single piece. To save time a number of shots on both sides of the estimated range may be fired simultaneously by different pieces.

=Barrage.=--A zone or belt of the terrain more or less continuously swept by the fire of field artillery, with the purpose of preventing or discouraging the passage of hostile troops across the fire swept space. Such a barrage or =curtain of fire= might be designed to break down the fighting power of a line of battle by preventing the forwarding of ammunition, supplies and reinforcements. It may also be established in front of hostile line for the purpose of checking or breaking up an assault or counter-attack, etc.

=Base depot.=--_See p. 365._

=Billeting.=--Quartering troops in the homes of local residents, who may be required also to furnish food. The practice is common in Europe but has seldom been employed in this country.

=Bivouac.=--A camp of very temporary nature, such as that of troops on the open field of battle. The shelter and bedding are such as the troops carry on their persons.

=Bracket.=--_See Artillery fire._

=Bomb-proof.=--A shelter, usually subterranean, against high explosive shell.

=Caisson.=--A carriage for artillery ammunition. It consists of two parts, the =body= and =limber=, each mounted on wheels. The two parts may be separated. The limber is the forward portion to which the team is attached, and is identical with the limber to which the gun is attached on the march. The separation of the caisson body and limber, or of the gun and limber, is called =unlimbering=.

=Cantonment.=--A camp of rather permanent nature where the accommodations are more elaborate than in the ordinary camp under canvas. The shelters often consist of rough huts or simple frame buildings erected for the purpose. The term is also applied to portions of towns occupied by troops for a protracted stay.

=Cavalry.=--Cavalry, according to its uses, has several classifications:

=Advance guard cavalry.=--Attached to the advance guard.

=Advance cavalry.=--That portion of the advance guard cavalry which precedes the point of the advance guard.

=Independent cavalry.=--Cavalry operating independently of all save the supreme commander.

=Outpost cavalry.=--Attached to the outpost.

=Rear cavalry.=--Attached to the rear guard.

=Chevaux-de-frise.=--An obstacle in the form of a saw-horse with several legs.

=Clinometer.=--A small hand instrument used to measure the inclination or slope of the ground, or the angle of elevation of a gun.

=Column.=--A formation of troops in which the elements are placed one in rear of the other, as a column of route.

=Combined sights.=--_See p. 331._

=Communications.=--The prepared routes by which troops move from one part of a position to another; also their lines of supply and reinforcement. The term is also applied to telegraph, telephone, and other signaling apparatus.

=Connecting files.=--_See p. 61._

=Conscription.=--The act of impressing men for compulsory military service; the draft.

=Contact squadron.=--_See p. 149._

=Containing.=--The act of restraining or delaying the movements of a hostile force, by attack or threatened attack, with the object of preventing its junction with other hostile forces. _See p. 91._

=Convoy.=--_See p. 95._

=Cordon system of outposts.=--_See p. 184._

=Cossack post.=--A group on the line of observation of an outpost. It consists of four men, and places one sentinel.

=Counter-attack.=--Offensive operations by troops whose general attitude is or has been defensive. _See p. 236._

=Counter-mining.=--The subterranean operations of troops on the defensive for the purpose of frustrating the efforts of the attack.

=Cover.=--Protection from fire or view, or both.

=Crest, geographical or topographical.=--The highest part of a ridge or elevation.

=Crest, Military.=--A line or position on the front slope of a hill or ridge which affords a good view of the whole or of some special portion of the foreground. Depending on the configuration of the terrain, it may or may not coincide with the geographical crest. _See Fig. V, p. 135._

=Curtain of fire.=--_See Barrage_.

=Danger space.=--That portion of the trajectory in which the height of the projectile above the ground is less than the height of the target. The length of the danger space varies with the flatness of the trajectory and the height of the target. Thus, for a man standing, the danger space is that portion of the trajectory in which the height of the projectile above the ground does not exceed about 5 ft. 8 in.

=Dead space.=--A portion of the terrain, especially in front of a defensive position, not covered by fire; a defiladed area.

=Defensive position.=--A line or zone of the terrain occupied by troops and prepared for defense by means of field fortifications.

=Defilade.=--Vertical cover from view or from fire. Troops behind a crest are said to be defiladed if shots which skim the crest also pass over their heads. =Flash defilade= is a mask of sufficient height to conceal the flashes of guns.

=Defile.=--A narrow passage, such as a bridge or mountain pass, that prevents or embarrasses the deployment of troops passing through it.

=Deflection.=--_See Artillery fire._

=Delaying action.=--A combat entered into for the purpose of temporarily delaying the enemy.

=Demolition.=--The destruction of material objects by any means.

=Deployment.=--An extension of the front, usually for the purpose of forming line of battle.

=Deployment, depth of.=--_See p. 349._

=Depth.=--Space measured from front to rear.

=Detonator.=--A small charge of explosive used to ignite a larger charge.

=Diagrammatic analysis.=--_See p. 29._

=Direct laying.=--_See Artillery fire._

=Directing gun.=--_See Artillery fire._

=Distance.=--_See Depth._

=Dispersion.=--A separation of the elements of a command, especially when combat is imminent; the opposite of concentration.

=Division.=--A unit of army organization, the smallest which includes all branches of the service. In the United States Army a division has a strength of about 20,000. It includes infantry, cavalry, and field artillery, and the necessary special troops such as engineers, signal, sanitary, etc., with all the requisite wagon or motor transport.

=Draft.=--_See Conscription._

=Echelon.=--A term applied to lines or groups that are stepped or “staggered” with respect to one another.

=Elongation.=--An increase in the usual road space or length of a column of troops, due to fatigue, poor discipline, or other causes.

=Enfilade.=--Fire from the flank, parallel or nearly parallel to the line against which it is directed. It is peculiarly effective and demoralizing to troops against which directed, and is therefore always carefully guarded against.

=Envelopment.=--An attack directed obliquely against the flank of a position. _See Fig. IX, p. 219._

=Estimate of the situation.=--A mental review of a military situation made as a preliminary to and basis for a plan of action.

=Examining post.=--An outpost station at which persons endeavoring to pass through the lines are examined and identified.

=Fascine.=--A long cylindrical bundle of brush used as a flexible log in a revetment.

=Feint.=--An attack made primarily for the purpose of diverting the enemy’s attention from more important operations.

=Field maneuver.=--A practical problem in tactics prepared for solution on the terrain, with troops. Both combatants may be represented by real troops or one by imaginary troops.

=File.=--A single soldier; an element consisting of one front rank and one rear rank man. A =column of files= is one having a front of one or two men.

=Fire superiority.=--Superior moral or physical fire effect as compared to that of the adversary. Fire superiority is implied if the assailant can advance or force back the defender. Fire superiority for the defender is implied if he can hold his ground and check the advance of the assailant.

=Firing data.=--_See p. 116._

=Fixed ammunition.=--Ammunition in which the projectile and propelling charge are a single piece, the charge being contained in a cylindrical metal case with the projectile fixed in the end like a rifle cartridge. It is used in all small arms and machine guns and in practically all of the smaller field guns and howitzers.

=Flanks.=--The extremities of a line of battle, outpost, etc., and the terrain in their vicinity.

=Foraging.=--The process of obtaining supplies, especially food, from the local inhabitants, force being used when necessary.

=Forced march.=--_See p. 89._

=Fortification.=--Any engineering work or accessory device which increases the fighting power of troops by affording shelter or concealment or increased fire effect, or which restricts the tactical maneuvers or fire effect of the enemy.

=Fortification, field or hasty.=--Those works executed by combatant troops in the field to meet immediate tactical needs.

=Fougasse.=--A small land mine with a charge of explosive and broken stone. It is fired by powder fuse or electricity, as the enemy approaches.

=Front.=--The known or supposed direction of the enemy; the theater of active military operations as distinguished from the country in rear.

=Frontage.=--The extent of front of a command deployed for battle, of an outpost, etc.

=Fuse.=--A device used for detonating the explosive charge of a shell or shrapnel. Fuses are classified as time, percussion, combination (percussion and time), and delayed action. Time fuses detonate at the end of a given time, percussion fuses on impact. A delayed action fuse is one which delays the explosion of the charge until the projectile has penetrated the structure which it strikes. The term fuse is also applied to powder trains used to ignite placed charges of explosive in demolition. Electric fuses are devices which detonate a charge by means of the heating effect of an electric current. They are also called primers.

=Gabion.=--A hollow cylinder of brush or other material which is filled with earth and used as a revetment.

=General Staff.=--A corps of highly trained officers charged with the study of the conduct of war and the detailed methods of military operations. In time of war they direct and administer the operations of mobilization, concentration, supply, transportation, etc., and assist the field commanders in planning and executing their operations.

=Grenade.=--A charge of high explosive in a container hurled a relatively short distance by hand or by means of a catapult, rifle, or small mortar. The charge explodes by time fuse or concussion. Large grenades are called air mines or air torpedoes. They are distinguished from high explosive shell by their relatively short range, which ordinarily does not exceed 500 yards.

=Guerrillas.=--Irregular troops, not belonging to the organized combatant forces of a belligerent state, and not recognized by the laws of civilized warfare.

=Gun.=--A piece of ordnance fired from a platform or wheeled mount. A gun, as compared with a =howitzer=, has a relatively long barrel, flat trajectory and high velocity. Its effect is produced largely by the vigor of the blow struck by the projectile, which is usually combined with the action of a charge of explosive. Guns, according to their size and uses, are classed as =mountain=, =light= or =heavy field=, =siege= and =seacoast=. All modern guns are breech-loading rifles.

=Head cover.=--A vertical or nearly vertical shield of any material which protects the heads of troops from flat trajectory fire. _See Overhead cover._

=Heliograph.=--An instrument used for signaling by flashing the rays of the sun from a mirror.

=High explosive shell.=--A projectile containing a charge of high explosive fired from a gun or howitzer. The charge explodes by time fuse or upon impact. It is used to demolish material objects, such as fortifications, but is often employed also against living targets.

=Howitzer.=--A piece of ordnance having, as compared with a gun, a short barrel, low velocity and curved trajectory. Its effect is produced chiefly by the explosion of the charge contained in the projectile. _See Mortar._

=Hurdle.=--A revetment of woven brush.

=Initial point.=--A point of the terrain from which the starting times for all elements of a command are calculated for the commencement of a march. _See p. 58._

=Initiative.=--A commander is said to have the initiative when he carries out a preconceived plan, dictating and controlling the course of operations and forcing the adversary to meet his lead. The initiative is ordinarily, though not always, possessed by the attacker, inasmuch as he usually selects the time, place and manner of attack, and forces the defender to adapt his measures to meet it. A vigorous counter attack, which forces a suspension of the attack, transfers the initiative to the original defender.

=Interval.=--An open space between adjacent men or adjacent organizations on the same line. It is measured parallel to the front.

=Latrine.=--A dry sewage pit or trench; a cesspool.

=Leading troops.=--The advanced elements of a command; more specifically a less formal substitute for an advance guard, employed in retreat or other situations where a regular advance guard is not required.

=Limber.=--A portion of an artillery carriage consisting of an ammunition chest mounted on two wheels, with a pole for the attachment of the team. For the march the field guns are attached to the limbers by engaging the eye at the end of the trail with a pin or pintle on the limber. _See Caisson._

=Line.=--A general term applied to all combatant troops as distinguished from the non-combatant; a position occupied by troops, as a defensive or outpost line, etc.; a military formation in which the elements are placed alongside or abreast of each other. _See Column and Echelon._

=Line of columns.=--A number of parallel columns of troops with their heads on the same line.

=Line of communications.=--_See p. 363._

=Line of investment.=--A cordon of troops drawn around a fortress for the purpose of cutting off its supply and communication; usually the first step in siege operations for the reduction of the fortress.

=Line of observation.=--The line occupied by the sentinels and observing groups of an outpost. _See Fig. VIII, p. 195._

=Line of resistance.=--Specifically, the prepared line of defense of an outpost, usually occupied by the supports. _See Fig. VIII, p. 195._

=Listening galleries.=--Subterranean galleries driven to the front for the purpose of detecting the mining operations of the enemy.

=Listening posts.=--Sheltered positions in advance of a defensive line for the purpose of early detection of the enemy’s movements. They are connected with the main line by a communicating trench or subterranean gallery.

=Loopholes.=--Openings in a parapet or head cover through which fire is delivered.

=Machine gun.=--An automatic or semi-automatic gun of small caliber, capable of great rapidity of fire. It uses fixed ammunition, preferably identical with that employed in small arms. The ammunition is fed automatically from a hopper, clip or belt. Machine guns are of various sizes and types, but all are characterized by rather light construction and great mobility. Some require a crew of several men for their operation, others are operated by a single individual. There is hence no sharp line of demarcation between machine guns and automatic rifles. _See p. 304._

=Maneuver.=--A movement of a body of troops. Strategical maneuvers include movements of troops, on a relatively large scale in preparation for prospective battle, but usually at a distance from the enemy. Tactical maneuvers include movements executed on the battlefield or in the near presence of the enemy. As compared with strategical maneuvers they are usually on a smaller scale, in closer proximity to the enemy, and more immediately related to battle tactics.

=Map distance.=--The horizontal interval between contours (on the map) corresponding to a given slope or gradient.

=Map maneuver.=--A tactical study or exercise followed out on a map.

=Map measure.=--A recording or counting device used for measuring distances on a map.

=Map problem.=--A real or imaginary tactical problem solved on a map. _See Chap. I._

=March outposts.=--Temporary outposts placed by a marching column during a halt or at the end of a day’s march. They are withdrawn on resuming the march or when the regular outpost is in position.

=Marginal distribution.=--An outline of the dispositions of troops placed in the margin of a field order. _See pp. 40 and 342._

=Mask.=--A cover from hostile view or fire.

=Matériel.=--The equipment and non-expendable supplies of an army; any material object.

=Melée.=--Specifically, the confusion following a cavalry charge, often characterized by hand to hand combat.

=Mil.=--A unit of angular measurement, the inverse tangent of one thousandth. _See p. 109._

=Mine.=--A subterranean charge of explosive, used to destroy hostile fortifications.

=Mining.=--The operations of subterranean attack and defense.

=Mission.=--The aim or purpose of a commander on which his decisions and plans are based.

=Mobility.=--The power of rapid movement. Mobile troops are those capable of quickly changing their location and dispositions to meet tactical needs. Non-mobile troops are capable only of passive defense. It is therefore essential that first line troops shall be highly mobile. Otherwise they cannot seize or retain the initiative. Even in defensive operations mobility is essential to meet the movements of the assailant.

=Mobilization.=--The change from peace to war footing. An army is said to be mobilized when it is assembled, organized, armed, and equipped to take the field.

=Morale.=--The collective psychological condition or spirit of troops, especially combatant troops engaged in battle. High morale is implied when troops respond readily to the will of their commander. Morale is therefore measured by the extent to which troops submit to the control of their officers.

=Mortar.=--A piece of ordnance having a very short barrel, low velocity, and curved trajectory. It throws a projectile containing a large charge of high explosive, at angles of elevation varying from 45 degrees to 60 degrees so as to drop the projectile on top of its target.

=Mutual support.=--Two or more portions of a firing line which can cross fire on a part of the front of the position are said to afford mutual support.

=Obstacle.=--Any natural object or artificial device which retards the enemy’s movements without affording him shelter from fire. _See p. 216._

=Orders, field.=--Written or verbal orders covering the tactical dispositions and operations of combatant troops. _See Chap. II._

=Ordnance.=--A collective term applied to all firearms which hurl projectiles. As generally used the term excludes small arms, such as rifles and pistols, and applies especially to the heavier pieces. _See Small arms and Artillery._

=Outguard.=--One of the observing groups of an outpost. _See p. 183._

=Organization.=--_For the organization of all tactical units in the U. S. Army, see p. 10 et seq._

=Outpost.=--A line of observation and resistance established between a body of troops and the known or supposed position of the enemy, to guard against surprise attacks.

=Overhead cover.=--A horizontal or inclined shield of any material which extends over the heads of the troops and protects them from grenades or high angle fire. _See Head cover._

=Pack train.=--A train of animals, usually mules, carrying packs on saddles. This form of transportation is used in mountainous country or where roads are very poor.

=Parados.=--A bank of earth in rear of a trench to protect the occupants from the back draft of shells bursting behind the trench.

=Parapet.=--A bank of earth or other material in front of a =trench= or emplacement which protects the occupants from fire.

=Patrol.=--A small body of troops, foot or mounted, sent out from a larger body for the purposes of observation and reconnaissance. _See Chap. III, pp. 165, 185, 212, etc._

=Percussion.=--_See Fuse._

=Picket.=--A large outguard.

=Pioneer.=--A member of the mobile engineer forces of an army.

=Platoon.=--A division of a company, troop or battery.

=Platoon column.=--A platoon in double column of files. This formation is much used in advancing under fire, especially in rough country.

=Point.=--The extreme forward element of an advance guard, or rear element of a rear guard.

=Ponton.=--A portable boat used as a support or pier for a floating bridge.

=Ponton equipage.=--The portable floating bridge equipment of an army.

=Position fire.=--_See p. 325._

=Position in readiness.=--_See p. 308._

=Pusher.=--An aeroplane in which the propeller is placed in the back of the machine.

=Railhead.=--The forward limit of rail transport for the supplies and reinforcements of an army.

=Range finder.=--Any device for determining distances.

=Ration.=--The daily food allowance of a soldier.

=Reconnaissance.=--A rapid examination of a hostile body of troops, structure, locality, district, etc., for the purpose of noting features and gathering information of military value.

=Re-entrant.=--A more or less sharp projection from a line toward the rear. _See Salient._

=Reinforced brigade.=--A brigade of infantry with attached auxiliary troops, usually on an independent mission.

=Relay post.=--_See p. 53._

=Rencontre.=--_See p. 295._

=Requisition.=--A demand for supplies made by an army upon the local inhabitants.

=Reserves.=--Troops temporarily withheld from action for the purpose of reinforcement at critical times and places, to meet emergencies, etc. As distinguished from =supports=, the place of their employment in combat cannot always be foreseen. Also, individuals who have undergone military training and are available for service but not at the time a part of the standing army.

=Revetment.=--Any device used to retain earth or other material at a slope steeper than the natural slope.

=Road space.=--The distance covered by an organization in its usual marching formation or column of route. _See p. 16._

=Salient.=--A more or less sharp projection from a line toward the front.

=Salvo.=--_See p. 114._

=Sap.=--A zigzag trench dug for the purpose of a covered advance against the enemy.

=Screen.=--A feature of the terrain which favors concealment. A disposition of troops designed to prevent the enemy from obtaining information. _See p. 165._

=Sentry squad.=--A group on the line of observation of an outpost. It consists of eight men and places a double sentinel.

=Shrapnel.=--A projectile containing a number of small bullets or fragments with a propelling charge. It explodes in the air and scatters the bullets and fragments of the case over a considerable area, being in effect a flying shotgun. The shrapnel of the 3-inch, U. S. field gun, when properly burst, will sweep an area 200 to 300 yards in depth and 20 to 25 yards in width, killing or seriously wounding any man or animal in the area. It has little effect on fortifications and is used only against troops. Shrapnel is hence known as the “man-killing projectile.”

=Siege.=--The formal investment and attack of a fortress. A fortified place may be reduced by cutting off its supply, by assault, or by both methods. Occasionally the actual reduction of the fortress is not attempted, it being simply covered by a force of sufficient strength to prevent the garrison of the fortress from interfering with the operations of the invader.

=Situation, general and special.=--The (real or imaginary) circumstances or conditions confronting a body of troops at any stated time. A military situation has two parts which are described as =general= and =special=, or with respect to time and place, as =distant= and =immediate=. Past events and future possibilities or probabilities usually form part of the situation. _See p. 20._

=Small arms.=--Firearms, such as rifles and pistols, carried by individuals. The term is occasionally applied also to machine guns which use small arms cartridges.

=Spar bridge.=--A type of military bridge in which the support consists of two trestles which are tilted toward each other and locked together.

=Splinter-proof.=--A shelter similar to a bomb-proof but designed to afford protection only against rifle bullets, shrapnel and shell fragments. It is not proof against penetration by large projectiles.

=Squad.=--A unit consisting of eight men, four files in double rank. The commander, usually a corporal, is called the squad leader.

=Squad column.=--A squad in double column of files. _See Platoon column._

=Staff.=--A number of highly trained officers attached to the larger units who are charged with the administration of special departments and who constitute an advisory board to the supreme commander. _See General Staff._

=Strategy.=--The application of the broad fundamental principles of the art of war. The object of strategy is to place troops in the most favorable or least unfavorable position for battle, which is the logical culmination of strategy. Strategy deals with questions of national policy, national resources, geography, mobilization and concentration of troops, supply, transportation, etc.

=Successive bounds.=--_See p. 50._

=Successive thin lines.=--_See p. 328._

=Supporting point.=--_See p. 251._

=Supports.=--Troops held in rear of the firing line for the purpose of replacing losses, so as to maintain the firing line at proper strength; the large groups on the line of resistance of an outpost; one of the formed bodies of an advance, rear or flank guard.

=Tactical walk (or ride).=--Tactical instruction given upon the terrain with imaginary troops.

=Tactics.=--The methods employed in handling troops in battle or in immediate preparation therefor.

=Terrain.=--An area of ground considered as to its extent and topography in relation to its use for a specific purpose, as for a battle or the erection of fortifications.

=Terrain exercise.=--A practical problem in tactics prepared for solution on the terrain, with imaginary troops.

=Theater of war.=--The territory covered by the operations of belligerent forces.

=Time fire.=--_See Fuse._

=Trains.=--The supply wagons accompanying an army. =Combat= and =field= trains are attached to battalions and squadrons and carry respectively, the ammunition and rations of the troops. =Ammunition= and =supply= trains are attached to the larger units such as a division. There are also a number of special trains, including =sanitary= and =engineer= trains. _See Chap. XVII, Division Supply._

=Trajectory.=--The path of a projectile. Guns of high power are said to have a flat trajectory, that is to say, one which approaches a straight line.

=Traverse.=--A bank of earth or other material in rear of and perpendicular to the parapet of a trench for the purpose of protecting the occupants from oblique or enfilade fire and to localize the effect of shells bursting in the trench.

=Trenches.=--The purpose of trenches is to protect the troops occupying them from hostile fire. According to their use they are classified as fire, support and communicating trenches.

=Troop leading.=--The practical art of commanding troops. =Troop leading= is often used in contradistinction to =decision=. The latter involves the formulation of a plan of action, the former the practical technique by which the plan is executed.

=Turning movement.=--The attack of an enemy, usually on a flank or in rear, by an element of the command widely separated from the remainder of the attacking force.

=Visibility problems.=--_See p. 24._

=War game.=--A competitive game conducted on a map and involving the tactical handling of troops. The two-sided war game is the usual form, and is carried on by two individuals or groups under the direction of an umpire. In the one-sided war game the umpire dictates the operations of one of the imaginary combatants.

=Wire entanglement.=--An obstacle of wire or barbed wire strung on posts or other supports; the most commonly employed artificial obstacle.

INDEX

TECHNIQUE OF MODERN TACTICS

Practically all the tactical principles and methods discussed in the text are copiously illustrated by concrete cases in the examples of orders. These illustrations are taken from carefully selected problems of the Army Service Schools and constitute a valuable adjunct to and illustration of the discussions. It is recommended that the student in each case examine the appropriate examples of orders and supplement the references sought in the text. The orders are indexed under the caption--“ORDERS, examples of.”

A

Abandoning selected line of march, 82, 101. Abandonment of wounded, 318, 351. Abbreviations in orders, 41. Abatis, 217, 261. Access to trains, by troops, 57, 84, 144, 145, 159, 169, 181, 183, 365. Accompanying batteries, 124. Adjustment, fire for, _See Artillery_. Administrative orders, _See Orders_. Advance cavalry, _See Cavalry and Advance guard_. ADVANCE GUARD, 56. action, 228. advance party, 56, 57. aggressive action by, 63, 229, 296. ambulance company with, 57, 318. artillery with, 57, 127, 337, 338, 339. artillery officer with, 112, 113, 128, 133, 141. attack, occasions for, 229. bridge train with, 340. bringing on a general engagement, 63, 229. camp of, 356. cavalry, 56, 60, 61, 62, 64, 147, 338. civilians not to precede, 62, 63. composition, 56, 57, 337. conduct on encountering enemy, 63, 296. connecting files, 61. contact with enemy, 62. contact with flank guard, 62, 81. contact with supporting troops, 62, 81. covering main body in attack, 63, 209, 229, 296. on the march, 204. detail of outpost from, 170, 356. distances, 60, 66, 67, 337. distribution of troops, 64. effect of terrain on tactics of, 62, 64. engineers with, 56, 57, 337, 340. field trains of, 57, 58. in change of direction of march, 91. in defense, 234. in flank march, 79. in position in readiness, 230, 308. in pursuit, 229. in rencontre, 123, 296. in retreat, 57, 85. initial point for march, 58, 88. integrity of tactical units in forming, 57, 337. interference of routes, 58, 59. location of camp, 355. machine guns with, 56, 306. march outposts placed by, 62, 190, 201. miscellaneous duties, 62. mission of, 62, 63, 64, 147, 229, 296. mounted orderlies with, 56, 61. of a convoy, 97, 98, 99. of a division, 337. orders, 58, 59, 60. outpost troops join, 58. patrols, _See Patrols_, 56, 61. place of commander, 62. reconnaissance, 57, 60, 64. in force, 63. regiment assigned to holding attack, 226. in brigade attack, 209. provides security to front during occupation of position, 234. regulation of march, 60, 64, 88. rotation of organizations in, 85, 337, 338. route of, 58. sanitary troops with, 57, 318, 337. seizes post and telegraph offices, etc., 62. signal troops with, 56, 337, 340. starting march, 58, 64, 88. strength, 56, 79, 296, 337. as affected by independent cavalry, 56, 85. subdivisions of, 56, 60, 61, 64. support, 56, 62. supreme commander with, 62, 85, 86, 225, 230, 297, 337. Advance in two columns, 29, 30, 31, 78, 79, 91, 95, 149, 339. Advance party, strength and duty, 56. patrolling, 57. Advance supply depot, 363, 365, 366, 367, 375. distance in rear of troops, 364, 367, 370, 371, 372. protection of, 373. Advance, zone of, 363, 364. Advanced posts, 230, 231, 235, 296, 310. Advancing to attack, 209, 223, 277, 326, 346. Advantages, relative, of frontal and enveloping attacks, 206, 209, 344. relative, of rail and motor transport, 387. Advantages of single position in defense, 74, 235, 310. AEROPLANES, _See Air craft, Airships, Reconnaissance_. armor and armament, 382, 383. artillery spotters, 382. battleplanes, 382. care and repair of, 382. carrying capacity, 381. characteristics, 381. chief function, 381, 383. crews, 381. dependability, 381, 386. destroyers, 382. difficulty of hitting, 138, 139, 381. direction of artillery fire by, 131, 384. effect of darkness, rain, fog, high winds, etc., 149, 386. engines, 382. fragility of, 382. fuel carried, 381. hydroaeroplanes, 383. machine guns, 307, 382, 383. motor transport for, 382, 389. need of trained personnel, 382. observers, 381. organization of, 382. pilots, 381, 382. practicable height of observation, 138, 139, 384, 385. radius of action, 381, 383. rapidity of development, 382. scout type, 382. spare parts for, 382. speed, 381, 382. types, 382. volplaning, 383. vulnerability to fire, 138, 139, 383, 384, 385, 386. wireless equipment, 131, 382, 384. Aero reconnaissance, _See Reconnaissance_. Agents of communication, mounted orderlies as, 46. Agents, artillery, _See Artillery_. Aggressive tactics, _See Counter attack_. by advance guard, 63, 229, 296. by escort of convoy, 98, 102. by rear guard, 75. essential to success, 204, 205. in defense, 204, 236. in delaying action, 75, 204, 297, 299. in pursuit, 300, 301. in rencontre, 231, 295. Aid stations, regimental, 222, 224, 255, 319. Aimed fire, small arms, 325, 326. Aiming points, _See Artillery_. AIR CRAFT, _See Aeroplanes, Airships, Reconnaissance_, 381. command of the air, 384. communication by, 150, 384. defense against, 138, 385. dependability, 381, 386. development, 381. powers and limitations, 381, 386. radius of observation, 385. raids, 384. tactical analogy to sea craft, 382, 384, 385. Air screen, 138, 384, 385. AIRSHIPS, _See Aeroplanes, Air craft, Reconnaissance_. ability to hover over one spot, 383. armor, 383. bases for, 383. carrying capacity, 383. characteristics, 382. chief function, 383. dependability, 386. effect of darkness, rain, fog, etc., 149, 383, 386. machine guns, 307. need of trained personnel, 383. practicable heights of observation, 139, 385. radius of action, 382. vulnerability to fire, 134, 383, 384, 385, 386. wireless equipment, 383, 384. Alignment of artillery in action, 110. Alignment of trenches, 231, 251, 257, 260, 262, 270. Alternation of troops in column of route, 85, 337, 338. Altitudes for effective aero reconnaissance, 138, 139, 384, 385. Altitudes of effective fire, anti-aircraft artillery, 138, 139. Ambulance company, _See Sanitary_. capacity, 319. establishment of dressing and slightly wounded stations, 319, 320. evacuation of wounded by, 350. in camp, 355. in combat, 349. in position in readiness, 317. in withdrawal, 289. motor transport for, 389. to remain with combatant troops, 321, 349, 350. with advance guard, 57, 318. Ambuscade, 299, 330. AMMUNITION amount carried by troops and trains, 214. assembly of empty wagons, 214, 222, 225, 228, 234, 241, 255, 350. artillery, _See Artillery_. carried on person of soldier, 214. companies, _See Trains_. distributing stations and refilling points, 234, 349, 350, 351, 369, 370. expenditure and waste, 135, 214, 215, 300, 329, 333. issue of after combat, 351. by whom ordered, 214, 220, 223, 300, 311, 332. in delaying action, 300. in position in readiness, 311. pack transportation, 214. time of, 214, 220, 223, 332, 366, 375. time required for, 214. of dead and wounded, 215, 333. supply in defense, 215, 236. for cavalry, 375. for machine guns, 305. for position fire, 325. in night attacks, 303. trains, _See Trains_. wagons, empty assembly of, 214, 222, 225, 228, 234, 241, 255. used for transport of wounded, 214, 222, 234, 241, 350. Amount of supplies obtainable from a community, 377. Analysis, diagrammatic, in solution of tactical problems, 29. Angle between main and holding attack, 344. Angles of elevation, artillery, 109, 137, 139, 385. Angle of site, 110, 116. Animal motive power for field and combat trains, 390. Animals, transportation of, 378. Animals, number to a division, 379. Anti-aircraft artillery, _See Artillery_. machine guns, 138, 305, 307, 385. Apparatus for solution of problems, 28. Applicatory system of tactical instruction, 19. Approach, covered, to artillery position, 119, 122, 129, 140. of hostile reinforcements, 207, 224, 227, 234, 288, 291. to position, _See Routes_. Areas of camp sites, 16, 17. Armament of aircraft, 382, 383. Armed men, with trains, 78, 84, 97, 317, 341. Armored cars, _See Motor vehicles_, 80, 98, 388. Army, U. S., organization of, 10. Arrangement of troops and trains on the march, _See Marches_. ARTILLERY, 109. agents, _See Personnel_. aiming points, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 129, 133. requirements for, 117, 118, 129. accompanying batteries, 124. advantages enjoyed in defense, 121. alignment, exact, to be avoided, 110. ammunition, 109. economy of, 126, 135. supply, 111, 121, 123, 132, 133, 135, 266, 349. trains, _See Trains_. weights of, 132. angles of fall of projectiles, 132. angles of fire, 109, 137. angle of site, 110, 116. anti-aircraft, 137. altitudes at which effective, 138, 139, 384, 385. angles of fire, 137, 139, 385. function, 139. mounts for, 139. motor transport, 136, 139. observation of fire, 139, 386. ranges, 138, 139, 384, 385. rates of fire, 138, 305. special types, 139, 385. area of burst of shrapnel, 115, 327. batteries of the counter attack, 124. b. c. stations, 117, 129, 141. between main and secondary attacks, 120, 141. carriage, 109. changes of position during action, 119, 121, 125, 126, 133, 141, 142. classification of pieces employed in U. S. service, 132. clinometer, 110. combat train, composition, 109, 137. in action, 110, 119, 123, 124, 129, 130, 131, 132, 141, 228, 340. in position in readiness, 310, 317. in retreat, 71. on the march, 71, 83, 110, 123, 128, 339. commander, latitude allowed, 142, 143, 240, 266. on the march, 130. station during combat, 131, 142. concealment, 110, 111, 114, 119, 122, 125, 129, 138, 140, 141. cooperation with other arms, 111, 120, 124, 126, 141, 266. counter batteries, 124. covered approach to position, 119, 122, 129, 140, 141. covering front of a defensive position, 118, 121, 125, 140, 141. dagger batteries, 121. decoy batteries, 124. defensive relation, 121. defilade, flash, sight, mounted, dismounted, 113, 133, 140. deflection and deflection difference, 116. direction points, 111, 131. dispositions in combat, _See Artillery, positions_. dispositions on the march, _See Advance guard, Marches, etc._, 83, 110, 338, 136. duel, 120, 141. dummy emplacements, 126. engineers as escort to, 224, 291, 314. escort for, _See Artillery, supports_. field trains, composition, 109. in action, 129. on march, 83, 110, 123, 338. fire adjustment, 113, 115, 116, 262. against machine guns, 305. at what directed, 114, 120, 121, 122, 128, 141, 142, 228. corrector for height of burst, 113, 116. crossing zone of, _See Shrapnel_, 327, 329. demolition by, _See Shell_, 109, 113, 114, 126, 133, 135, 141. direct, when employed, 126, 140, 234. direction of by air craft, 131, 383, 384. distance required for protection against, 60, 61, 80, 176, 300. distribution, 115, 116, 123. enfilade and oblique, 120, 127, 226, 265, 327, 328, 349. forces early deployment, 74, 121, 135, 300. front of a battery, 110, 119. in cavalry attack, 157. kinds of, 113. at single and successive ranges; direct, indirect; for adjustment, for registration; for demolition, for effect; masked, unmasked; salvo, continuous; sweeping; time, percussion; volley, at will. observation and control, 115, 117, 122, 123, 125, 131, 140, 383. pursuing by, 121. ranges, in attack and defense, 115, 119, 121, 126, 129, 132, 135, 138, 141. ranging and bracketing, 114, 115, 121, 127, 141, 143. shifting sheaf of, 116. shrapnel, _See Shrapnel_. surprise by, 60, 61, 80, 127. to oppose envelopment, 120. firing batteries, position on the march, 83. right of way to front, 225. firing data, 112, 116, 122, 129, 130, 131, 142, 310, 313, 349. firing over heads of infantry, 120, 122, 141, 349. flank protection, 110, 117, 119, 122, 129, 130, 212. “form for action,” 123. front of a battery, 110, 119, 140. heavy field, 132. aiming points, 133. escort for, 133. flash defilade, 133. mobility of, 133. motor transport, 136, 387. observing stations, 135. organization of, 133. position on the march, 136, 339. ranges, 132, 135. single position during action, 133. splitting units, 133. weights of pieces and projectiles, 132. with advance guard, 136. horse in delaying action, 71. in pursuit, 301. with cavalry force, 78, 126, 128, 145, 152. with rear guard, 126. hostile, location of by air craft, 384. observing stations of, 262. in attack and defense, _See special references desired_, 109. in close country, 128. in counter attack, 122, 124, 142. in double column, 91, 339. in flank positions, 120. in night attacks, 303. in a general position in readiness, 310. in pursuit, 121, 142, 301. in retreat and delaying actions, 71, 73, 74, 77, 126, 128, 290, 291, 300, 316. in rencontre, 123, 296, 339. in river line attack, 277, 278, 281, 282, 286. intervals in battery, 110, 119, 140. in withdrawal from action, 289, 290, 291, 292. infantry in long columns of, 83, 110, 339. laying, direct and indirect, 111. limbers, position during action, 110, 119, 128, 129, 132. machine guns as supports for, 121, 122, 133, 304, 307. maneuvering zone for, 338. maneuvers in occupation of a position, 122. march order, 125. materiel of light field, 109. mission of, 118, 120, 122, 123, 126, 128, 142, 227. motor transport for, 136, 387. mountain, 136. ammunition and supply trains, 137. carts and light wagons for, 137. combat trains, 137. ease of concealment, 138. mobility of, 137, 138. organization of battery, 137. pack transportation for, 136, 137. tactical employment, 137, 138. time required to unpack, 137. weights of piece and projectile, 137. with rear guard, 138. movements across country, 127, 140. during action, 119, 121, 125, 126, 133, 135, 141, 142, 238. in echelon, 121, 125, 126, 291. number of guns placed in action, 123, 124. observing stations, 111, 117, 119, 129, 130, 131, 135, 140. officer with advance guard, 112, 113, 128, 133, 141. with supreme commander, 113, 126, 128, 130, 142, 225. on outpost, 128, 172, 181. on the march, _See Advance Guard, Marches, etc._, 71, 83, 110, 123, 128, 136, 338. orders for, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 142, 143, 240, 266. personnel, duties of, 111, 128, 130. positions in combat aero reconnaissance of, 110, 119, 131, 384. between holding and enveloping attacks, 120, 140, 141, 226. changes of, 119, 121, 125, 126, 133, 135, 141, 142. concealment in, 111, 112, 119, 121, 122, 133, 140. considerations governing selection of, 118. distance in rear of infantry line, 126, 142, 232. for all stages of action, 119, 125, 133, 141, 227, 281. for direct fire, 118, 121, 126, 129, 133, 140, 234. in attack of a river line, 281. in rear of main and secondary attacks, 226, 349. in rencontre, 123, 296. in withdrawal, 291. near a crest, 118, 121, 126, 129, 133, 140, 234. of limbers, 110, 119, 128, 129, 132. on a flank, 120, 140. selection of, 111, 118, 121, 122, 125, 128, 130. prepare for action, 125. protection of flanks, 117, 119, 129, 130, 212. ranges in attack and defense, _See Artillery, fire_. ranging, _See Artillery, fire_. reconnaissance, 111, 112, 121, 122, 125, 130, 131, 133, 141, 142, 249. reconnaissance officer, _See Artillery, personnel_. registration of hostile artillery positions, 113, 230, 249, 282, 310. reinforcing batteries, 124. reserves, 123. right of way for firing batteries, 225, 339, 340. route markers, _See Artillery, personnel_. routes to position, selection, cover, etc., 111, 119, 122, 125, 129, 133, 140, 141. scouts, _See Artillery, personnel_. searching fire on ground occupied by hostile reserves, 115, 116, 120, 122, 228, 237, 265. sectors of observation, 111, 131. sight, panoramic, 109. signal equipment, 109, 129. signalers, _See Artillery, personnel_. splitting units of, 123, 133, 140, 228, 345, 349. spotters, 382. subdivision of regiments, 349. of battery, 109, 123. supports for, 121, 122, 127, 129, 133, 140, 181, 224, 226, 291, 304, 307, 314. tactical employment of, 118, 130, 139. tactics, 109. telephone equipment, 109, 129. vs. machine guns, 265, 305, 306. weights of pieces and projectiles, 109, 132, 137. with advance guard, 57, 127, 337, 338, 339. with containing force, 205. with cavalry force, 126, 128, 145, 152, 157. with escort of a convoy, 98. with flank guard, 77, 78, 339. with rear guard, 71, 73, 77, 126, 128, 293, 316. Assembly in column of route, 59, 341. of troops in retreat, 292, 294. Assembly orders, 43, 59, 89. Assumptions in tactical problems, 22, 23, 223. ATTACK, _See Combat_. advance guard regiment in, 209, 226. advance to, 209, 223, 277, 326, 346. ammunition supply in, _See Ammunition_. angle between main and holding, 344. artillery in, _See Artillery_. assignment of fronts, 210, 223, 224, 227, 331, 332, 346. best disposition for infantry in, 207, 345. by advance guard, _See Advance guard_. by reinforced brigade, 225. cavalry in, _See Cavalry_. combat patrols, _See Patrols_. concentration of force at critical points, 87, 211, 248, 347, 387. conditions influencing decision to, 206, 226. conjunction of main and holding, 209, 227, 344, 345. contact of organizations in, 209. coordination of, 209, 227, 344, 345, 346. counter, _See Counter attack_. cover for troops in position and approach thereto, 87, 207, 209, 216, 226, 227, 236, 237, 240, 250, 345, 346. covering enemy’s line with fire, 210, 221, 331, 332. covering line of retreat, 204, 207. density of firing line, 208, 219, 330, 347. deployment of, forced at long range, 74, 121, 135, 215, 233, 238, 257, 297, 299, 300, 306, 329. deploying positions in, 226, 227, 346. depth of deployment in, 208, 347. dispersion of force in, 204, 205, 226, 344, 345. disposition of division in, 208. distance at which fire is opened, 209, 329. division, 344. duties subsequent to, 321, 350. effect of obstacles on formation of, 216, 217, 277, 345. enemy, strength of to be known, 209, 211, 213, 220, 348. engineers in, 224, 228, 241, 347. enveloping, 206, 344. convergence of fire, 209. extension of line to meet, 208, 209, 210. of both flanks, 207. provision against, 260. selection of flank for, 207, 226, 229. in rencontre, 296. to be provided for in first deployment, 208, 345. expenditure of ammunition in, 215. fire superiority in, _See Fire superiority_. flank protection, 211, 212, 226, 227, 240, 348. flanks, hostile to be located, 146, 209, 220, 226. forms of, 205, 344. fortification in, _See Fortification_, 215, 216. frontages in, 217, 348. frontal, 206, 344. in advance guard action, 229. in pursuit, 229. in rencontre, 296. of a river line, 278. guiding points in, 210, 211, 221, 223, 224, 330, 332. holding, _See Attack, frontal_, 248. integrity of tactical units, 204, 205, 344, 345, 346. interval between main and holding, 209, 344, 345, 346. landmarks in, _See Attack, guiding points in_. machine guns in, 217, 218, 222, 282, 304. night, _See Night attacks_. obstacles in, _See Obstacles_. of a bridge head, 304. of a convoy, _See Convoys_, 101, 103. of a river line, _See River line attack_, 277. piercing an attenuated line, 206, 226. plan of based on best dispositions of infantry, 207, 345. problem for small infantry force, 219. ranges in, 209, 329. raw troops in, 204. reconnaissance, _See Reconnaissance_. reinforcing the firing line, 208, 211, 327, 328. reserves brigade, 211. concentration under cover of darkness, 87, 205. division of, 211, 346. flank protection by, 211, 236, 346. general, 212, 219. position fire by, 325. position of, 211, 212, 226, 228, 346, 347. regimental, 211. strength of, 208, 211, 217, 219, 227. use of in influencing course of action, 211, 346. routes to position, 209, 211, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 240. sanitary troops in, _See Sanitary Troops_. signal troops in, _See Signal Troops_. supports battalion, 208, 211, 219, 223. distance from firing line, 210, 212, 324. formations in advance to firing line, _See Rifle in War_, 325. intrenchments for, 325. prime function of, 211. strength of, 208, 211, 217, 219. timing the advance, 345, 346. trains in, _See Trains_. turning movements, _See Turning movements_. Automobiles, _See Motor vehicles_.

B

Bakery, field, 361, 372. Balloons, captive, 381, 383. observation of artillery fire by, 383. telephone equipment, 383. Band, regimental, assists in collection of wounded, 222, 319. Barricades, 180, 182, 307. Base depots, 361, 363, 364. Base of operations, 361. Battalion collecting stations, _See Sanitary_. frontage in combat, 219. frontage on outpost, 171, 180. Batteries, accompanying, breaching, counter, decoy, infantry, of the counter attack, of preparation, reinforcing, 124. Battlefield, illumination of, 265, 304. police of, 321, 351. Battle sights, 115, 331. Bayonet, effect of intrenchments on use of, 263. in night attacks, 303, 304. B. C. station, artillery, 117, 129, 141. Beaten zone, machine gun fire, 305. shrapnel fire, 115, 327. Beef cattle, 379. Best dispositions for infantry primary consideration in attack, 207, 345. Bibliography, 33. Billeting, 94. Bivouac, _See Camps_. in line of battle, 180. of patrols, 53. Blazing trails on outpost, 184. Blending defensive works with terrain, 258, 260, 266. Bracketing, 127, 141, 143. Breaching batteries, 124. BRIDGES construction and repair for movements of artillery, 125, 136. in attack of a river line, 277, 278, 280, 283. in combat, 224, 258. in retreat, 58. on the march, 78, 98, 153. demolition by fire, 71. in combat, 276, 304. in defense of a river line, 284. in position in readiness, 311. in retreat, 57, 58, 71, 299, 316. on outpost, 176, 182. ordered by supreme commander, 71. ponton, 14, 176, 277, 340. placarding, 31. protection by artillery, 172. by machine guns, 173. by outpost, 176, 281. in retreat, 312. Bridge equipage, floating or portable. capacity, 340. organization, 14. place on march, 340. road space, 340. Bridge head, 180, 304. Bridge train, _See Bridge equipage_, 340, 361. Brigade attack, 225. Brigade, reinforced, _See Reinforced brigade_. British experiences in trench warfare, 262. Broad front in pursuit, 301. in retreat and delaying action, 219, 233, 251, 297, 298. Broken ground, advance over, 327. Buildings demolition of, 252, 272, 273. use for shelter, 355.

C

CAMPS, 93. advance guard, location of, 355. areas of, 16, 94. arrangement with reference to position of troops in column, 85, 94. assignment of organizations to, 93, 192. at crossroads, 93, 354. concealment of, 353, 355. delay in placing troops in, 93, 191, 356. dimensions of, 16. distribution of troops from front to rear, 173. distribution of troops in, 93, 192, 281, 354. division, detailed disposition of, 354. drainage of, 94, 354. fuel and water for, 93, 180, 353, 354, 355. guards, 171, 174, 178, 181. in column of route 85, 88, 94, 354, 355. influence of roads, 353, 354. late arrival at, 87, 341. mounted troops in, 354. of convoy, 99, 102. of reserve of outpost, 173, 180, 181, 187, 192. outpost line, 353, 355. place of trains in, 355. prior to attack of river line, 281. relative positions of foot and mounted troops and trains, 93. sites for convoys, 99. sanitary requirements of, 93, 94, 354. selection of, 62, 93, 176, 191, 353. tactical requirements of, 176, 353. southern exposure, 94. temporary, in field maneuvers, 33. trains in, 354, 373, 375. Camping in depth and in mass, 85, 88, 94, 354. Camping with reference to facility of arrival and departure, 85, 94, 354. Carcasses, collection and disposal of, 321. Capacities of carriers, 366, 379. as affected by care in loading, 378, 379. freight, passenger, and stock cars, 378, 379. Capacity of sanitary units, 319. Capital letters, use of in orders and messages, 41, 54. Captive balloons, 381, 383. Cash payments for supplies, 362. Catechism of rifle in war, 334. Cattle, beef, 379. CAVALRY advance and advance guard, _See Advance guard_, 56, 60, 63, 146, 147, 148, 173, 181, 188. advance in two columns, 149. ammunition supply of, 375. army, _See Cavalry, independent_, 146. artillery with, 78, 126, 128, 145, 152, 157. as escort to artillery, 291. as escort to trains, 84, 168. as flank guard, 81. as police guard with convoy, 97. as rear guard, 71. at head of main body, 84. attack, gaits in, 158, 159, 160. attack of infantry when practicable, 153. attacking line, 157. charge, 150, 153, 155, 167. at extended intervals, 150, 151, 156. details of, 157, 160, 167. distance at which launched, 158, 159. examination of ground for, 156. formations for, 158. gaits in, 158, 159, 160. in column, 151. melee, 166. most favorable times for, 153, 159, 167. orders for, 160, 163. combat patrols, 154, 156, 160, 161. combat trains, 145, 159, 361. commander, discretionary powers, 145, 146, 174, 240, 241, 311, 338. contact squadron, 149, 150. contact with enemy, 60, 62, 144, 146, 148, 149, 171, 174, 177, 181, 189, 212, 234, 259, 281, 311, 338. coupling and linking horses, 152. defensive power, 169. demolition outfits, 71, 145. detachments during combat, 155, 156, 160, 161. discretionary powers of commander, 145, 174, 241, 311, 338. dismounted action, 150, 153. how close enemy may be allowed to approach, 154, 233. dismounted fire action, 150, 151, 153, 156, 160. dispersion of, 144, 147, 149, 155, 234, 311, 338. division of for mounted attack, 157. distance in front of outpost, 174, 179. divisional, _See Cavalry, independent_, 146, 338. economy in use of, 144, 168, 172. effect of air craft on functions of, 381, 384. effects of fire from rear, 154. effect on strength of an outpost, 171. engineers with, 56, 145, 153, 167, 283. field train of, in camp, 56, 145, 356. filling gaps in firing line, 144, 168. fire action, 150, 153, 168. flank patrols, 154, 155, 156, 160, 161, 212, 227, 234. foraging by, 148, 150, 169, 375. front covered by squadron on outpost, 171. functions in campaign, 144. gaits in mounted attack, 158, 159, 160. on march, 86. ground scouts, 155, 156, 160, 167. horse artillery with, 78, 126, 128, 145, 152. horses mobile and immobile, 152, 155. horses, stampede of, 152, 154. horseholders, 152, 154. hostile, overthrow of, 144, 146, 149, 165. in combat, 72, 85, 100, 144, 150, 227, 234. in delaying action and withdrawal, 70, 71, 72, 73, 147, 153, 154, 155, 168, 233, 289, 290, 292, 293, 298. in night attacks, 303. in position in readiness, 310, 311. in pursuit, 144, 168, 282, 301, 369. in retreat, 70, 71, 144, 154, 168, 172, 290, 298. in river line attack, 279, 281, 282. in river line defense, 189, 284. independent, 148. communication by, 148. concentration of, 144, 146, 149. contact squadrons, 149, 150. contact with enemy, 148, 149, 171, 174, 177, 338. distance from supporting troops, 148, 149, 174. effect on strength of advance guard, 56, 85. effect on strength of outpost, 171, 172, 174. foraging, 148, 150, 169. in advance, 56, 85. mission of, 81, 85, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 338. mounted engineers with, 145. on flank, 81. orders for, 145. patrols, _See Patrols, strategic_. range of operations, 148. reconnaissance, _See Reconnaissance_. relay posts, 150. return to camp at night, 148. screening, 144, 146, 148, 149, 164, 165, 174. signal troops with, 145, 150, 340. strength of, 147, 148. time of starting march, 86, 338. under immediate control of supreme commander, 146, 147, 338. when employed, 147, 148, 338. wireless equipment, 145, 150, 340. with detachments, 147. initiative, 151, 161, 167. led horses, 152. cover for, 154, 233. operations against, 154. vulnerability of, 151, 154, 241. line of columns, 157, 158, 161, 163. line of fours, 158, 161. lines of, in attack, 157, 167. lines of retreat, 154. machine guns with, 152, 157, 159, 161, 306. march outposts, 190, 192. messages for, 174. mission, See _Cavalry, independent_, 60, 62, 64, 164, 234. mobility and immobility of horses, 152, 155. mounted action, orders for, 163. mounted and dismounted action, 150. mounted engineers with, 56, 145, 153, 167, 283. mounted fire action, 150. mounted fire, inaccuracy of, 168. mounted reconnaissance during action, 152. mounted reserve, 151, 154, 159, 241. night movements, 144, 168. on infantry firing line, 144, 168. on outpost contact with enemy, 171, 177. covering flanks, 189. day and night positions, 188, 189. distance to front, 174, 179, 187, 189. effect on strength of infantry, 171, 172, 174, 188, 189, 190. front covered by a squadron, 171. habitual use, effect of, 168. joins advance cavalry, 58. march outposts, 190, 192. messenger duty, 181, 186. patrols, _See Outposts and Patrols_. phases of use in security, 174. reconnaissance, _See Patrols, Reconnaissance, etc._ relieving infantry, 168, 172. strength, 171. withdrawal behind outpost line, 148, 174, 179, 181, 188, 189, 190, 192. operations against hostile flanks, 62, 85, 144, 153, 168, 227, 234, 293, 301. orders for, 145, 146, 160, 174, 240, 311, 338, 356. outpost of, 174, 179, 189. pack trains with, 145, 159, 338, 375. patrols, _See Patrols_. phases of use in security, 174. pioneer training, 153, 167. protection of flanks by, 212, 227, 234. raids, 144, 148, 169. rally after charge, 152, 157, 158, 167. rates of march, 90, 165. rear, _See Cavalry, with rear guard_. reconnaissance, _See Reconnaissance_. remains mounted when practicable, 151, 152, 157. reports, 149. retirement behind outpost line, 148, 174, 179, 181, 188, 189, 190, 192. screen, 144, 146, 149, 164. distance to front, 164. front covered by, 165, 174. offensive and defensive, 165. purpose of, 148, 164, 165. security duties, _See Advance, Rear, and Flank guards, Outposts, Reconnaissance, etc._ seizing advanced positions, 144. separation of subordinates from commands, 161. signal troops with, 145, 150, 340. skirmishers, 150, 151. stampede of horses, 152, 154. supplies for, 375. support and reserve of attacking line, 157, 163. surprise, element of in operations, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160. surrender of initiative, 151, 161, 167. tactical employment with rear guard, 72. tactical use of in combat, 72, 85, 100, 150, 227, 234. tactics, 144. lessons in, from American Civil War, 166. time required to mount and dismount, 152. time of starting march, 86, 338. to be used for duty for which qualified, 144, 168, 172. trains with, 144, 145, 159, 169, 188, 338, 361, 375. turning movements by 153, 168, 205. vs. artillery, 167. vs. cavalry, 153, 155, 167, 169. vs. infantry, 153, 167, 168, 330. vulnerability to flank attack, 156. wagons and pack trains with, 144, 145, 159, 169, 188, 338, 375. watches for hostile reinforcements, 224, 227, 234, 244, 292, 311. weapons employed, 151, 166, 168. when used independently, 147, 148, 338. wireless equipment with, 145, 150, 340. with advance guard, 56, 60, 61, 62, 64, 147, 338. with containing forces, 205. with convoy, 80, 97, 98, 99, 100. with motor convoy, 80. with flank guard, 78, 81, 147, 168, 339. with rear guard, 70, 147, 168, 290, 292. with trains, 84, 168, 341. withdrawal from action, 73, 154, 233, 289, 290, 291, 292, 298. Change in direction of march, 80, 91, 92, 102. Change in situation, 59, 65. Change of position during action, artillery, 119, 121, 125, 126, 133, 135, 141, 142, 238. Characteristics of air craft, 381, 382. Charge, cavalry, _See Cavalry_. Circulation of orders, _See Orders_. Civilians, care of wounded by, 318, 322. interviews with, 53. preceding advance guard, 63. preceding patrol, 50. Clearing the field of fire, 217, 233, 235, 246, 252, 256, 258, 269, 270, 272, 275, 276. Clinometer, 110. Close country effect on dispositions of advance guard, 60, 128. of artillery, 128. of outpost, 171, 179, 180, 186, 188. of patrols, 49. effect on field fortifications, 254. on march of a convoy, 100. Close order in night attacks, 303. Codes, telegraphic, 150. Collecting stations, 224, 256, 270, 319. Collective distribution, _See Artillery fire_. Collection of wounded, _See Wounded_. Column, cavalry charge in, 151. Column of route, assembly in, 58, 341. camp in, 85, 94. Columns, line of, vulnerability, 325, 326, 327, 328. COMBAT, _See Attack and Defense, etc._ ammunition supply, _See Ammunition_. approach of hostile reinforcements, 167, 206, 207, 224, 227, 234, 288, 291, 292, 311, 348. by patrols, 51, 166, 190, 212, 213. companies go complete into firing line, 211, 217, 348. concentration of force at critical points, 87, 211, 248, 347, 387. detachments during, 91, 149, 155, 205, 225. density of firing line, 208, 216, 219, 233, 235, 330, 347. depth of deployment, 208, 347. dispersion in, 204, 205, 226, 236, 237, 344, 345. division, 344. duties subsequent to, 321, 350, 351. expenditure of ammunition in, 215. fortification, _See Fortification_. frontages in, 217, 348. integrity of tactical units, 205, 217, 329. messages during, 350. offering no chance of success, 205. orders, 39, 40, 205, 208, 210, 211, 220, 225, 332, 346, 350. patrols, _See Patrols_. position fire, 74, 255, 257, 282, 325, 331. protection of flanks in, 211, 212, 226, 227, 230, 232, 235, 240, 257, 259, 305, 306, 348. reconnaissance, _See Reconnaissance_. routes to position, 209, 211, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 240. sanitary stations in, _See Sanitary_. simple movements in, 204. small units in, 224, 225, 231, 232, 248. special forms of, 277. special troops in, _See references to special troops_. splitting tactical units in, 205, 217. trains during, _See Trains_. Combat patrols, _See Patrols_. Combat trains, _See Trains_. Combined orders, 38, 39, 42, 220. Combined sights, 331, 334. Command of the air, 384, 385. Command for firing line, 324. Commander, battalion observing station, 256. orders issue of ammunition, 214, 220, 223, 300, 332. regimental, observing station for, 255. orders disposition of packs, 223. Commander, supreme, _See Supreme commander_. Communication, as affecting number of troops required in a defensive position, 267. control of local means of, 63. flank guard, rear guard, and main body, 81. in defensive position, _See Defensive position_. in outpost, 184. with friendly troops during combat, 212. with friendly troops on the march, 62, 81, 99, 103, 108, 148. Communicating trenches, _See Fortification_. Companies go complete into firing line, 211, 217, 348. Company wagons, _See Trains, field_. Composition of advance, rear and flank guards, outposts, etc., _See these subjects_. Compulsory military service, 5. CONCEALMENT, _See Attack, Defense, Terrain, etc._ from aero reconnaissance, 119, 253, 256, 265, 286, 385. in attack and defense, _See these subjects_. in counter attack, 236, 237. in delaying action, 74. in position in readiness, 309. in river line attack, 277, 279, 280. of artillery, _See Artillery_. of camp site, 353. of obstacles, 259, 262, 265. of outpost dispositions, 180, 182, 183, 184. of works of field fortification, 183, 231, 233, 253, 256, 258, 260, 262, 265, 266. Concentration of fire on critical points, 331. of force at critical points, 87, 211, 247, 248, 347, 387. of reserves under cover of darkness, 87, 205, 281, 286. of troops by motor vehicles, 87, 211, 387, 389. Connecting files, 61. Considerations influencing advance guard attack, 229. choice of flank for envelopment, 207. decision to attack, 206, 226. depth of deployment, 348. form of attack, 206, 226. occupation of a position in readiness, 308, 309. selection of artillery position, 118. selection of camp site, 93, 94, 176, 353, 354. selection of a defensive position, 230. selection of route of march, 90, 100. strength of outpost, 170. use of flank guard, 79. Consonance of decision and orders, 44. Contact of adjacent outposts, 186. of opposing sides in field maneuvers, 33. of organizations in attack, 209. squadron, _See Cavalry_. Contact with enemy by advance guard, 62. by aero reconnaissance, 149, 383, 384, 386. by cavalry, 60, 62, 144, 146, 148, 149, 171, 174, 177, 181, 189, 212, 234, 259, 281, 311, 338. by flank guard, 81. by rear guard, 72, 73. by outpost, 170, 177, 181, 185, 189. first, to be reported, 54. in pursuit, 177, 301. in retreat, 72, 301. to verify reconnaissance, 384. Contact with friendly troops, 62, 81, 99, 103, 108, 148, 212. Containing force, 91, 204, 205, 208, 288. Contingencies in orders, 41, 42, 314, 317. Continuity of fire trenches, 251, 253, 254, 265. Continuous fire, _See Artillery, fire_. Control and observation of artillery fire, 115, 117, 122, 123, 125, 131, 140, 383. Convergence of fire, secured by enveloping attack, 209. CONVOYS, 95. abandoning line of march, 101. advance guard of, 97, 98, 99. artillery with, 98. attack of, 101, 103. ambuscade, 103. by cavalry, 148. by small forces, 96. long range fire in, 103, 104. mobile troops in, 103. motor vehicles in, 103. places favorable for, 103. usual method, 103. auto, 80, 96, 101. camp sites selection of, 99. security measures, 102. cavalry with, 80, 97, 98, 99, 100. change of direction of march, 101, 102. classification of wagons, army, hired, impressed, 96. conduct on encountering enemy, 102. contact with friendly troops, 99, 103, 108. defensive measures, 101, 102. details of march, 96. dispersion of troops, 99. distance between convoy and covering detachment, 95 division into sections, 96, 97. double column of wagons, 95. engineers with, 99. escort, strength, composition, duties, etc., 85, 97. field trains of, 96. of prisoners, 104. flank guards, 80, 95, 96, 99, 100. flank marches, 95. in double column, 95. infantry in long columns of wagons, 99. limiting size of single column, 95. machine guns with, 98. motor vehicles, convoy and escort, 80, 96, 98, 101. mounted point, 99. occupation of critical points by escort, 100. of prisoners, 104. offensive tactics by escort, 98, 102. parking, 102. parks form of, 102. sites for, 99. passage of defiles, 101. place of commander, 97. police guards, 96, 97, 99. position of main body, 99. quartermaster, duties of, 96, 97. rate of progress and halts, 101. rear guard, 72, 100. reconnaissance on march, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 108. relative rank of quartermaster and commander of escort, 97. retreat of, 102, 103. routes of march, 100, 101, 102. rule for position of covering troops, 95, 99. slowest wagons in lead, 96. straggling, 95. teamsters and wagon masters, 96, 97. vulnerability, 95, 96, 101, 103. Cooks and kitchen police with outpost supports, 175. Cooperation of artillery and other arms, 126, 141. Coordination of main and holding attack, 345. Cordon and patrol systems of outposts, 184. Corrector for height of burst, 113, 116. Cossack posts, _See Outposts_. COUNTER ATTACK, 236. artillery in, 122, 124, 142, 237, 238. batteries of the, 124. concealment in, 236, 237. conduct of, 236. fire superiority, 237, 238. from flank, 236, 237, 238, 259. general rule for, 238. in defense of a river line, 281, 282, 284. in retreat, 75, 301. local, 236. obstacles, effect of, 230, 233, 235, 310. reinforcing firing line, 237, 238. reserves for, 231, 233, 236, 237, 238, 253, 257, 259. risk of, 75, 230, 281, 282, 284, 301, 344. supporting points in rear of main line, 237. surprise in, 236. terrain favorable for, 237, 238. Counter batteries, 124. Countermanding of orders, 42, 317. Coupling horses, 152. Cover, _See Concealment_. head and overhead, _See Fortification_. in combat position and approach, _See Attack and Defense_. natural, _See Terrain_. Covering advance supply depot, 373. detachments, 205, 212, 236, 308. line of retreat, 204, 278. main body, in advance, 204. in attack, 209, 229, 296. in retreat, 72, 73. enemy’s line with fire, 118, 210, 331. Crest, geographical. artillery positions near, 118, 121, 126, 129, 133, 140, 234. location of firing line with respect to, 262, 298, 324. location of supports with respect to, 324. Crest, military, 118, 298, 324. Crews of air craft, 381, 383. Criterion for depth of deployment, 347. Criterion for strength of outpost, 170. Cross fire, mutual support, 233, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 258, 263, 268, 269, 276, 325, 331. Cross roads, for camp sites, 93, 354. for position in readiness, 309. issue points at, 375. march outposts at, 190, 341.

D

Dagger batteries, 121, 234, 235. Danger space, 324. Darkness, concentration of reserves under cover of, 87, 205, 281, 286. effect on aero reconnaissance, 149, 383, 386. intrenching under cover of, 216. making camp in, 87, 188, 341. withdrawal from action under cover of, 205, 289. Day and night positions of elements of an outpost, 187, 191, 193, 356. Days of rest, 87, 89, 337, 365. Dead, ammunition on persons of, 215, 333. collection, identification and disposal of, 321. Dead spaces dagger batteries cover, 121. distribution of artillery to cover, 118, 121, 141. in a defensive position, 230, 249, 252, 258, 269. influence on artillery position, 119. observation of, 122. Decision problems, 19. Decision to attack, by what influenced, 206, 226. Decisive action. by advance, rear and flank guards, etc., _See these subjects_. danger of in retreat, 299. Decisive results obtained only by offensive, 204, 205. Decoy batteries, 124. DEFENSE active, conduct of, _See Counter Attack_, 237, 254. strong reserves characteristic of, 211, 219, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 254. advance guard in, 234. against air craft, 135, 385. ambuscade in, 299, 330. ammunition supply in, _See Ammunition_, 215, 349. artillery in, _See Artillery_. cavalry in, _See Cavalry_, 234, 259. concentration of fire, 253, 331. concentration of force at critical points, 211, 233, 235, 248. conforms to attack, 204, 219. covering front of enemy, 252, 331. density of firing line, 216, 219, 233, 235. depth of deployment, 219, 347, 348. extension of front in, 208, 210, 216, 221, 235, 236, 237, 238, 251, 254. engineers in, 216, 217, 228, 234, 235, 247, 258, 260, 272, 273, 276. fire superiority, _See Fire superiority_. influence of obstacles on assumption of offensive, 176, 217, 230, 232, 299, 310. location of firing line, 324. long range fire in, 121, 215, 230, 233, 250, 325, 329, 330. machine guns in, 173, 228, 232, 233, 234, 252, 253, 255, 256, 265, 269, 270, 276, 304, 328. of a river line, _See River line defense_. passive, 204, 248, 254, 347. position fire, 255, 256, 257, 325, 331. position in readiness in, 231, 308. ranges, 250, 257, 262. raw troops in, 204. reconnaissance, _See Reconnaissance_. reinforcing the firing line, 237, 238, 257, 327, 328. reserves aggressive use of, 236, 237, 238, 249. assist in organization of position, 235, 255, 271, 272. brigade, 235. communications for, 230, 255. cover for, 216, 231, 236, 237, 257, 265. counter attack by, 231, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 257. distance from firing line, 257. division of, 211, 232, 257. effect of intrenchments on strength of, 216, 254. employment of, 211, 233, 235, 236, 249, 257, 259. general, 219, 232, 233, 236, 254. influence on course of action, 211, 289, 346. local, 219, 254. position fire by, _See Position fire_. position of, 211, 212, 232, 235, 257, 259. protection of flanks by, 211, 213, 232, 236, 257, 259. security of line of retreat by, 235, 236, 249, 253. strength, 217, 233, 275, 347. second line of, 258. signal troops in, _See Signal troops_. splitting and mixing units, 217. supports battalion, 211, 219, 251, 255, 257, 269. communications for, _See Fortification_, 256, 257, 260, 276. cover for, 216, 231, 256, 257, 260, 262. distance from firing line, 212, 257, 262, 324, 325, 327. division of, 257. formations in advance to firing line, 327, 328. local, 211, 219, 233, 257. position fire by, _See Position fire_. strength of, 211, 217, 219, 233, 236, 269. trenches for, _See Fortification_. time that small forces can hold larger, 231, 232.

DEFENSIVE POSITION, _See Fortification_. advantages of a single position, 74, 235, 310. assignment of frontages to organizations, 232, 254, 255, 269. blending works with terrain, 258, 260, 266. clearing the front, 217, 233, 235, 246, 252, 256, 258, 269, 270, 272, 275, 276. closed works in, 252. communications, _See Communicating trenches_, 216, 255, 256, 257, 260, 262, 267, 270, 276. as effecting number of troops required, 267. concealment, 231, 233, 256, 257, 258, 260, 262, 275. considerations prior to occupation of, 230. continuity of trenches, 233, 251, 253, 254, 265. effect on visibility, 265. cross fire and mutual support, 233, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 258, 263, 268, 269, 276, 325, 331. dagger batteries, 121, 234, 235. dead spaces, _See Dead spaces_. demolitions, _See Demolitions_. development of frontal fire, 250, 254, 263. echelon in refusal of flanks, 209, 260, 265. examination of terrain from enemy’s point of view, 249, 250. flanks, _See Patrols, combat_. organization of, 259. protection of, 212, 232, 234, 235, 236, 257, 259, 260. refusal of, 209, 260, 265. illumination of battlefield, 265, 304. intervals in, 75, 231, 233, 251, 253. lines of retreat, 220, 226, 230, 235. masking the fire of a, 73, 75, 231, 234, 235, 251, 290, 299, 310. measuring and marking ranges, 216, 217, 230, 233, 246, 252, 253, 256, 257, 258, 259, 262, 270, 271. observing stations, 255, 256, 258, 271, 276. obstacles, _See Obstacles_. occupation of, 244. offsets, re-entrants and salients, 231, 251, 260. organization of, 248. outposts of, 180, 259. practical problems in, 267, 273. ravines and hollows, treatment of, 252, 256, 258, 273. regimental sectors, 255. requirements of, 230, 232, 248, 257. second line of defense, 237. sectors, 232, 254, 255, 269, 274. security to front during occupation, 213, 234, 259. selection from map, 249. small forces in, 232, 248. supporting points. details of organization, 249, 251, 252, 255, 268, 274. in rear of main line, 237. to be studied as terrain exercise, 19, 249, 267. utilization of natural features of terrain, _See Terrain_. when to be occupied, 231. Defensive power of cavalry, 169. of small forces, 231, 232. Defilade, flash, 113, 133, 140. mounted and dismounted, 113. of reverse slopes, 135, 324, 325. sight, 113. Defiladed areas, _See Dead spaces_. DEFILES artillery fire on outlet, 128, 172, 300. attack of cavalry at, 101, 103. attack of convoy at, 101, 103. defense of, 80, 128, 172, 173, 178, 180, 190, 307. in pursuit, 301. passage of, 63, 85, 229, 300. by convoys, 108. by patrols, 50. by trains, 84, 376. reconnaissance of, 50, 62, 102, 108, 190. Deflection, deflection difference, 116. DELAYING ACTION, _See Rear guard, Retreat, Withdrawal, etc._, 297. advantages of single position, 74. aggressive tactics in, 75, 204, 297, 299. ambuscade, 299. ammunition supply, 300. artillery in, 71, 73, 74, 77, 128, 290, 300, 316. by small forces, 231, 232. cavalry in, 70, 71, 72, 73, 147, 153, 154, 155, 168, 233, 290, 293, 298. concealment, 74. danger of decisive engagement, 299. demolitions, _See Demolitions_. dummy trenches, 298. engineers in, 57, 71, 316. extension of front in, 73, 74, 219, 233, 251, 297, 298. field fortification, _See Fortification_, 298. fire superiority, 299. flank guard in, 80. flank positions in, 73, 290, 299. line of retreat, 74, 297. location of firing line, 298, 324. long range fire in, 74, 230, 257, 297, 299, 300, 329. machine guns in, 74, 300, 306. obstacles, _See Obstacles_. offensive tactics in, 75, 204, 297, 299. outpost troops, 73, 313, 317. passive defense in, 200, 204, 293, 297. positions for, 57, 73, 74, 289, 297, 298, 316. flank, 73, 290, 299. in withdrawal, 289. on line of a river, 300. successive, 73, 77, 154, 292, 299. procedure in, 73, 297. rear guard in, 70, 73, 297, 316. supports and reserves in, 211, 233, 297. withdrawal from, 297, 298, 299. DEMOLITIONS by fire, 71, 252. fire for, _See Artillery_. of bridges, _See Bridges_. of buildings, 252, 272, 273. of materiel by artillery fire, 109, 114, 126, 133, 135, 138, 141. of obstacles, _See Obstacles_. outfits, cavalry, 71, 145. outpost, 173, 193. Demonstrations against hostile flanks, 227. in attack of a river line, 279, 282. Density of firing line, _See Attack and Defense_.

Deploying positions in attack, _See Attack_. Deployment, at long range, _See Attack_. depth of, 208, 347. in night attack, 303. envelopment to be provided for in, 208, 345. from two column formation, 78, 79, 339. in rencontre, 296. of a division, time required, 344. place of, 346. time for, 326. Depot, advance supply, _See Advance supply depot_. Depth of deployment, 208, 347. of outposts, 179. Description of localities in orders, 41, 223. Destruction of hostile cavalry, _See Cavalry_. Detached posts, 172, 174, 178, 193. Detachments during combat, 91, 149, 155, 205, 225. Detachments rejoin for combat, 91, 155, 156, 205, 225. Detachment warfare, 47, 147. Detail in orders, 25, 38, 39, 42, 47, 108, 142, 143, 145. Detailed observation by air craft, 383, 386. Development of aeroplanes, 382. Development orders, 346. Diagrammatic analysis of problems, 29. Diagrams of division in column of route, 343. Diamond corral, 102. Direct fire, positions for, _See Artillery_. Direct laying, 114, 126. Discretionary powers of artillery commander, 142, 143, 240, 266. of cavalry commander, 145, 146, 174, 240, 241, 311, 338. of engineer commander, 259. of flank guard commander, 74, 82. of rear guard commander, 74, 295. of signal commander, 341. Dismounted action, cavalry, 150. DISPERSION, _See Attack, Defense, etc._ in delaying action, 251, 297, 298. in river line attack, 278. longitudinal, 115. of cavalry force, 234. of fire, how increased, 331. of machine guns, 173, 255, 306. DISTANCES and intervals in outposts, 179. at night, 60. as affected by close country, _See Close country_. at which outpost must hold enemy, 176. advance guard, 60. between main body and advance guard, 67, 88, 337. estimation of, 305, 333. in flank march, 86. of advance supply depot in rear of troops, 364, 367, 370, 371, 372. of flank guard, 79, 80. of obstacles from firing line, 217, 259, 265. of supports from firing line, 212, 257, 262, 324, 325, 327. rear guard, 72. required for protection from fire, 80, 176, 300, 346. to which motor transport is effective, 387. Distribution in depth, 347. individual and collective, _See Artillery_. of fire, 331. of orders, 40, 43, 44, 220, 228, 293, 350, 388. of troops, advance guard, 64. in camp, 173, 354. Dividing responsibility with a subordinate, 42. DIVISION advance guard of, 337. bridge trains with, 340, 361. camp, 353. cavalry, organization of, 10. combat, 344. commander, place of, 337. depth of deployment, 348, 349. dispositions in attack, 208. in column of route, diagram of, 343. march outposts, 341. on the march, 337. supply, 360. tactics, 337. influence of supply, 360. time required for deployment, 344. trains, _See Trains_. Division of responsibility with subordinates, 42. Division of reserves, _See Attack and Defense_. Divisional cavalry, _See Cavalry_. Double column, 29, 30, 31, 78, 79, 149. artillery and trains in, 78, 91, 95, 339. deployment from, 78, 79, 339. Drainage, _See Camps_. Drainage of trenches, 263. Dressing stations, 222, 224, 312, 319. location of, 224, 225, 263, 319, 320, 349. time for establishment, 222, 228, 235, 319, 320, 349. Dummy intrenchments, 126, 251, 263, 266, 298. Dust raised by blast of discharge, 110. Duties of artillery personnel, 129, 130, 131. of personnel in fire engagements, 332.

E

Early start for marches, 86, 88, 341. Echelons in a defensive line, 251. in advance to attack, 210. movements of artillery in, 121, 125, 291. of trenches on a flank, 209, 260, 265. Economy in use of cavalry, 144, 168, 172. Effect, fire for, _See Artillery fire_. Elbow rests, 259. Elevation, angle of, _See Artillery_. Elongation, 17, 59, 90. Enemy assumption as to probable action of, 23. contact with, _See Contact_. first contact to be reported, 55. indications of presence, 52, 54. information of, 20, 52, 55, 148, 209, 211, 213, 220, 295, 296, 308, 311, 348, 356, 384. location of flanks of, 209, 220, 226. Enfilade and oblique fire, 209, 230, 236, 344, 345. artillery, 120, 127, 226, 265, 328, 349. effect on vulnerability, 212, 326, 327, 328. machine gun, 235, 306. ENGINEERS as escort for artillery, 224, 291, 314. as escort for trains, 84, 341. demolitions by, _See Demolitions_. discretionary powers of commander, 259. in attack, 224, 228, 241, 347. in night attack, 304. in organization of a defensive position, _See Fortification_, 216, 217, 228, 234, 235, 247, 258, 260, 272, 273, 276. in position in readiness, 309, 314, 316. in retreat, 57, 58, 71, 316. in river line attack, 283. mounted, with cavalry, 56, 145, 153, 167, 283. mounted section, 57, 71. on the march in division, 340. on outpost, 173, 180. splitting units of, 258. train, 349, 355, 360, 361, 376. with advance guard, 56, 57, 337, 340. with convoy, 99. with flank guard, 78. Entanglements, wire, 217, 259, 261, 265. Enveloping attack, _See Attack_. Envelopment to be provided for in first deployment, 208, 345. Equipage, bridge or ponton, _See Bridges_. Escort for artillery, 224. for machine guns, 157, 161, 222, 306. for prisoners, 104, 351. for trains, 62, 78, 84, 86, 293, 317, 341, 376. of a convoy, _See Convoys_. Establishment of an outpost, 187, 191. Estimate of situation, 18, 21, 22, 27, 44, 64, 65, 191, 192, 220, 225, 226, 297, 308. time required for, 43. Estimating distances, 305. Evacuation of wounded, _See Ambulances, Sanitary troops, Wounded, etc._ Examination of terrain, _See Reconnaissance_. Examining posts, 182, 184. EXAMPLES of messages, _See Messages_. of orders, _See Orders_. Excavation, time required for, 261. Exchange of information by patrols, 52. Expenditure of ammunition in combat, 214. Explosives, _See Demolitions_. Extended intervals, _See Cavalry charge_. Extension of front in combat, _See Attack and Defense_. in delaying action, _See Delaying action_. in pursuit, 301.

F

Feint, _See River line attack_. Ferries, 176, 277, 280, 283. Field artillery, _See Artillery_. Field bakery, 361, 372. Field fortification, _See Fortification_. Field glasses, 48, 51, 385. Field hospitals, 320, 369, 376. capacity of, 319. place in action, 349. Field kitchens, 365, 388. Field of fire, _See Attack, Defense, etc._, 154, 216, 230, 250, 257, 262, 275. as an obstacle, 212, 217. clearing, 217, 233, 235, 246, 252, 256, 258, 269, 270, 272, 275, 276. extent of, 250, 257, 262, 297. in delaying and decisive actions, 230, 251, 257, 297. outpost, 182, 183. Field orders, _See Orders_. Field trains, _See Trains_. FIRE aimed, vulnerability of various formations, 325. artillery, _See Artillery, fire_. at what directed, 331. at will, _See Artillery, fire_. classification of, 329. concentration on critical points, 331. control, 333. convergence of, 209. covering enemy’s line with, 210, 331. discipline, 333, 334. distribution of, 330, 331, 332. dispersion, effect of visibility of target, 330. how secured, 331. enfilade and oblique, _See Enfilade fire_. engagement, duties of personnel, 332. orders of captain in, 334. field of, _See Field of fire_. from the rear, effects of, 154, 325. frontal, maximum development, 252, 254, 263. grazing effect, 324. long range, in defense and delaying action, _See these subjects_. mounted, inaccuracy of, 168. overlapping and switching, 331. platoon targets, 331, 332. position, _See Position fire_. plunging, 324, 327. rapid, 305, 329, 330, 335. rates of, infantry, 329. machine guns, 305. shrapnel, _See Shrapnel_. slow, 329. small arms, vulnerability of various formations, 325. superiority, 63, 114, 120, 204, 206, 209, 237, 238, 277, 278, 279, 280, 298, 299, 331, 334. affords best cover, 209, 216, 345. number of rounds required to establish, 214, 330. when established, 209, 330. sweeping, vulnerability of various formations, 325. swept zone, 120, 205, 211, 215, 289, 324, 327, 329. tiers of, 325. volley, when employed, 329, 330, 335. when opened in attack, 209. Fires, and tent pitching of outpost, 182. Firing data, 116, 142, 310. Firing line, density of, 208, 219, 233, 330, 347. location of in retreat and delaying action, 324. reinforcement of, 208, 211, 237, 238, 257, 327, 328. Firing over heads of infantry, 120, 122, 141, 349. Flanged wheels for motor vehicles, 389. Flank, _See Attack, Defense, Cavalry, Patrols, etc._ hostile, position to be ascertained, 209, 220, 226. observers, artillery, 115. reconnaissance, _See Reconnaissance_. refusal of, 178, 209, 260, 265. FLANK GUARDS, 78. artillery with, 78, 339. cavalry with, 78, 81, 168, 339. composition of, 78, 79. conduct of, 81. connecting routes with main body, 79, 81, 82, 339. considerations influencing decision as to use, 79. contact with advance and rear guards, 62, 81. contact with enemy, 81. decisive engagements by, 81, 339. delaying action, 80. discretionary powers of commander, 74, 82. distance from main body, 61, 79, 80. engineers with, 78. formation, 81. in change of direction, 80, 91. in retreat, 74. leaving prescribed route, 82. machine guns with, 78. occupation of critical points, 80, 82. of cavalry, 78, 81, 339. of convoy, 80, 95, 96, 99, 100. of large and of small forces, 80, 81. orders for, 82. organization of, 259. reconnaissance by, 79, 81. reinforcement, 82. routes of, 79, 82. sanitary troops with, 78. signal troops with, 78, 340. strength of, 78. trains, 78, 79. when required, 79. Flank, hostile, cavalry operations against, _See Cavalry_. Flank march, _See Convoys, Flank guard, Marches_. Flank positions artillery, 120, 141. in delaying action, 73, 290, 299. in retreat and withdrawal, 73, 74, 289, 290, 293. Flank protection, _See Attack and Defense_. by artillery, 110, 117, 119, 122, 129, 130, 212. by cavalry, 212, 227, 234. by machine guns, 227, 234, 235, 305, 306. by obstacles, 176, 178, 207, 212, 259, 311. by outpost, 176. by reserves, 211, 236, 257, 259, 297, 346. during combat, _See Patrols_, 205, 211, 212, 226, 227, 230, 232, 235, 240, 257, 259, 305, 306, 348. in retreat, 74. of small forces, 178, 232, 248. on march, 61, 79, 81. patrols, _See Patrols_. provision for by supreme commander, 213, 227, 232, 235, 346. Flare lights, 265. Flash defilade, 113, 133, 140. Flying depots, 367. Forage, 361, 365, 366, 368, 388. weights of, 379. Foragers, cavalry, 150, 151. Foraging, 148, 169, 361. Fords, 90, 284. Form for action, 123, 131. Forms for orders, 37, 38, 40. Forms of attack, 205. Form of messages, 54. Formation, in two columns, _See Double column_. FORTIFICATION, FIELD, _See Defensive position_, 215, 248. as cover from artillery fire, 133, 216. blending works with natural features of terrain, 258, 260, 266. by whom ordered, 216. clearing front, 217, 233, 235, 246, 252, 256, 258, 269, 270, 272, 275, 276. closed works in, 252. concealment of, 183, 253, 256, 258, 260, 262, 265, 266. constructed by troops who occupy, 216, 234, 255, 276. demolitions, _See Demolitions_. duties of engineers in, 216, 217, 228, 234, 235, 247, 258, 260, 272, 273, 276. effect on initiative and morale, 209, 216, 254, 257, 267, 310. grenade nets, 253. guiding principles, 266, 267. in attack, 215, 216. in close country, 254. in delaying action, 298. in position in readiness, 309, 310, 311, 314. in river line defense, 284. in withdrawal, 289. latrines, 256, 263. misuse of, 216, 248, 249, 257, 284, 310. obstacles, _See Obstacles_. outpost, 173, 177, 182, 183. parados, 263. problems in, 267, 273. relief for workers, 262. rôle?of, 216, 248, 249, 254, 266. tasks, amount of, 261, 262. time, tools, and personnel required, 216, 256, 261, 270. trenches alignment of, 231, 251, 257, 260, 262, 270. communicating, 216, 253, 255, 271, 276. dummy, 126, 251, 263, 266, 298. drainage, 263. location of, 252, 257, 258, 262, 324. trenches, fire communications in, 253, 255. continuity of, 233, 251, 253, 254, 265. details of construction, 261. elbow rests, 263. head and overhead cover, 216, 253, 255, 256, 258, 261, 263, 276. loop-holes, 258, 263. traverses, 253, 255, 256, 257, 260, 262, 263, 270. trenches, support, 216, 256, 257, 260, 262. utilization of natural features of terrain, 250, 252, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 266. visibility of works to aeronauts, 265, 266. works to be located on terrain, 249, 267. Framework of a position in readiness, 310. Freight cars, dimensions and capacity of, 378, 379. Frontage covered by fire of a battery, 110. in attack and defense, 210, 217, 223, 331, 332, 346, 348. of a battalion and squadron on outpost, 171, 180. of a battalion in combat, 219. of a battery in action, 110, 119, 140. of a cavalry screen, 165, 174. of an outpost, 177. Frontal attack, _See Attack, frontal_, 206. in advance guard action, 229. in pursuit, 229. of a river line, 278. Frontal fire, maximum development of, 252, 254, 263. Fuel, _See Camps_. carried by aeroplanes, 387.

G

Gaits, in cavalry attack, 158, 159, 160. Gap, _See Interval_. General situation, 20. General supply column, 365, 367, 368. Geneva Convention, 318. Geographical crest, 324. artillery positions near, 121, 126, 129, 133, 140, 234. in delaying action, 290, 298. Geological Survey, maps of, 34, 249. Good and bad news, 41, 246, 314. Good practice in tactics, 9, 23. Good roads, for wagon and motor transport, 78, 83, 364, 377, 387, 388. Grazing effect of rifle fire, 324. Grenades, 253. Ground scouts, 155, 156, 160, 167, 213. Guerrilla warfare, 8. Guides for night attacks, 302. for night marches, 87. Guiding points in attack, 210, 211, 221, 223, 224, 330, 332.

H

Habit of early starting, 86, 341. of intrenching, 216. Hague Convention, 362, 377. Half-hearted measures, 204. Halt order, time of issue, 93, 191, 355, 356. Halts of trains, 377. Halts during a march, 89, 343, 377. Head and overhead cover, 216, 253, 255, 256, 258, 263, 276. Heavy field artillery, _See Artillery_. Height of axle, artillery carriage, 109. Height of mask, artillery fire, 113, 133. Heights of observation for air craft, 138, 139, 384, 385. Heliograph, 115, 117. High explosive shell, _See Shell_. Holding attack, _See Attack, frontal_. Horse artillery, _See Artillery_. Horseholders, 152, 154. Houses, demolition of, 252, 272, 273. reconnaissance of, 50. Hostile reinforcements, _See Reinforcements_. Hostlers, 46. Howitzers, _See Artillery_. Hydroaeroplanes, 383.

I

Ideal conditions for supply, 372. Identification of targets, 330. of dead, 321. Illumination of the battlefield, 265, 304. Imaginary troops, 23, 32. Immobilization of machine guns, 253, 305. Inaccuracy of mounted fire, 168. Increase in length of marches, 89. Independent cavalry, _See Cavalry, independent_. Indications of enemy’s presence, 52, 55. Indirect laying, 114. heavy field artillery, 133. Individual characteristics reflected in solution of tactical problems, 26, 27. to be developed, 7. Individual distribution, _See Artillery fire_. Individual orders, 38, 39, 42, 220. Inefficiency of loading, effect on capacity of carriers, 379. Infantry batteries, 124. Infantry in long columns of artillery or trains, 83, 99, 110, 339. plan of attack based on best dispositions of, 207, 345. Infirmary, regimental, 318. Influence of cavalry on strength of outpost, 171, 172, 174, 188, 189, 190. of fortifications on morale, 209, 216, 254, 257, 267, 310. of motor vehicles on warfare, _See Motor vehicles_. of obstacles on assumption of offensive, 176, 217, 230, 232, 299, 310. of roads on strength and disposition of outposts, 170, 176, 183. Information contained in patrol’s message, 55. in orders, 41, 246, 314. Information, lines of, 341. of enemy, 20, 52, 55, 148, 209, 211, 213, 220, 295, 308, 311, 348, 356, 384. patrols, _See Patrols_. service of, _See Air craft, Cavalry, Patrols, etc._ by cavalry, 148, 165. Inhabitants, interviews with, 53. Initial point of march, 58, 59, 88, 89, 337, 338, 341. Initiative, 27. effect of fortification on, 254, 257. in operations of cavalry, 151, 161, 167. in pursuit, 301. in rencontre, 295, 296. of subordinates, 22, 25, 42, 223. Inspection of outpost dispositions, 193. Instructions, to artillery, 140, 143. to patrol leaders, 47. Interference of routes, 58, 59, 88, 89, 227, 292. Integrity of tactical units in combat, 204, 205, 217. in forming advance guard, 57, 337. of artillery, 123, 133, 140, 228, 345, 349. on outpost, 175. Interval between guns in battery, 110, 140. between main and holding attack, 209, 344, 345, 346. extended, in cavalry charge, 151. in a defensive line, 231, 233, 251, 253. in an outpost, 179, 180. Intrenchments, _See Fortification_. Invading the province of subordinates, 22, 25, 42, 223. Issues, _See Ammunition and Supply_. of rations, 81, 351, 355, 356, 366, 367, 368, 369, 375. Issue points, 356, 375.

K

Kinds of orders, 39. Kitchens, field, 365, 388. location of in combat, 256. Kites, 381.

L

Landmarks as guiding points in attack, 210, 211, 221, 224, 330, 332. for designation of targets, 332. for designation of outpost sectors, 182. in assignments of fronts, 210. in patrolling, 48, 50. preferred to map-marks in orders, 41, 223. Late arrival in camp, 87. Latitude allowed artillery commander, 142, 143, 240, 266. cavalry commander, 145, 146, 174, 240, 241, 311, 338. engineer commander, 259. flank guard commander, 74, 82. rear guard commander, 74, 295. signal commander, 341. Latrines, 256, 263. Laying, direct, 114, 126. indirect, 114, 133. Leading troops, 57, 85, 316. Led horses, 154, 233, 241. Length and speed of marches, 54, 89, 90, 101, 165, 195, 337, 377. Limbers, artillery, position in action, 119, 128, 132. Limitations of air craft, 386. Limiting ranges in attack and defense, _See Attack and Defense_. Limiting ranges of field artillery, 132. Limits of front of outpost, 177. Line of columns, cavalry, 157, 161, 163. Line of communication, 11. administration of, 362, 372. commander of, 351, 356, 362, 363. interruption of, 373. motor transport for, 388. multiple, 364. operations against, 148. service of, 363, 364. zone of, 363, 364. Line of fours, _See Cavalry_. Line of observation, outpost, 171, 173, 184, 185, 186, 187. Line of resistance, outpost, 73, 173, 176, 177, 178, 180, 182, 183, 187, 353. Line of retreat delaying positions on flank of, 73, 299. in position in readiness, 309, 311, 312, 313. in withdrawal or delaying action, 73, 74, 292, 297. multiple, 230, 292. of enemy, 204, 207, 344. of patrol, 52. position of trains indicates, 83, 95. pressure against, 344. security of, 74, 154, 183, 204, 207, 230, 235, 278, 297, 312. separation from, 207. Line, vulnerability of, 325. Lines of information, _See Signal_, 341. Linking horses, 152. Litters, 319. Living off the country, 361, 362, 363, 369, 377, 388. Loading, care in as affecting capacity of carriers, 379. Localities, capital letters in orders and messages, 41, 54. description of in orders, 41, 223. Location of outposts, _See Outposts_, 176. of works of field fortification, _See Fortification_. Long range fire in attack and defense, _See Attack and Defense_. Lookout points, _See Observing stations_. Loopholes, 258, 263. Losses in retreat over fire swept zone, 215, 289, 324.

M

MACHINE GUNS ammunition supply, 305. anti-aircraft, 138, 305, 307, 385. as supports for artillery, 121, 122, 133, 304, 307. dispersion of, 173, 255, 306. effect of artillery fire, 265. emplacements for, 255, 256, 265, 276. flank defense by, 227, 234, 235, 305, 306. immobilization of, 253, 305. in attack, 217, 218, 222, 282, 304. in defense, 173, 228, 232, 233, 234, 252, 253, 255, 256, 265, 269, 270, 276, 304, 328. in delaying actions, 74, 300, 306. in night attack, 304, 307. in pursuit, 306. in rencontre, 296, 306. mobility, 305. motor transport for, 136, 305. need of skilled operators, 305. on air craft, 307, 382, 383. on outpost, 172, 173, 180, 182, 307. pack transportation, 305. position fire, 74, 331. ranges and rates of fire, 304, 305. supports for, 157, 161, 222, 306. surprise fire by, 253, 305. vs. artillery, 265, 296, 305, 306. with advance guard, 56, 306. with cavalry, 152, 157, 159, 161, 306. with flank guard, 78. with rear guard, 71, 74, 306. Maneuvering zone, for artillery, 338. for main body, 296.

Maps, 23, 41, 48, 49. corrections to, 50. for solution of tactical problems, 25, 33. Geological Survey, 34, 249. issue of attack orders from, 205. location of defensive position from, 249. location of outpost from, 192, 356. Map maneuver, _See Problems_. Map measure, 28. Map problems, _See Problems_. Map references in orders, 41, 42. March outposts at crossroads, 341. functions of cavalry, 190, 201. of a division, 341. of a patrol, 51. patrolling by, 190. placed by advance guard, 62, 190, 201. when placed and withdrawn, 190, 192. MARCHES, _See Advance, Rear and Flank Guards, etc._ abandoning selected line of, 82, 101. alternation of troops in column, 85, 337, 338. arrangement of troops and trains, 83. artillery on, 71, 83, 110, 123, 128, 136, 338. assembly of trains, 341. bridge trains, 340. by large and by small forces, 89. cavalry on, _See Cavalry_. change in direction, 80, 91, 102. data in orders, 337. days of rest, 87, 89, 337. details of start, 88, 341. disposition of trains, _See Trains_, 83, 84. early, of a campaign, 89. effects of cold and of warm weather, 91. elongation, 17, 59, 90. engineers on, _See Engineers_, 340. forced, 89, 90. habit of early starting, 86, 341. halts during, 89, 343, 377. infantry in long columns of artillery or wagons, 83, 99, 110, 339. influence of terrain, 62. in double column, 78, 79, 91, 95, 149, 339. in peace time, 83. initial point, 58, 59, 88, 89, 337, 338, 341. interference of routes, 58, 59, 88, 89. intermingling foot and mounted troops, 83, 86. late arrivals in camp, 87. length and speed of, 54, 89, 101, 165, 195, 337, 377. night, _See Night marches_. of a convoy, _See Convoys_. of a division, 337. orders, 39, 58, 59, 60, 83, 88, 89, 97, 337. passage of defiles, 63, 85, 229, 300. place of supreme commander, 85, 86, 337. reconnaissance during, _See Advance guard, Reconnaissance, etc._ regulation of, 60, 88. selection of route, 90, 100, 337. sanitary troops on, _See Sanitary_. signal troops on, 340. time of starting, 86, 88, 337, 338, 341. Marginal distribution in orders, 40. Marshes as obstacles, 176, 216, 232. Mask, artillery, 113, 133. Masked fire, _See Artillery_. Masking the fire of a defensive position, 73, 75, 231, 234, 235, 251, 290, 299, 310. Materiel, artillery, 109. demolition by artillery fire, 109, 114, 126, 133, 135, 138, 141. Meals for outposts, 175, 182, 184, 187, 192. for patrols, 48. Measuring and marking ranges, 216, 217, 230, 233, 246, 252, 253, 256, 257, 258, 259, 262, 270, 171. Meeting engagements, _See Rencontre_. Messages by cavalry, 149. by patrols, 45, 53, codes for, 150. during combat, 350. examples of, 240, 246, 274, 316, 350, 357, 360. form and verbiage of, 54. negative, 55. transmission of, 53, 54, 144, 149, 384, 388. Mil, 109, 331, 332. Military crest, 118, 298, 324. Military policy of United States, 6. MISSION change of, 22, 91. in defense, 217, 219. in estimate of situation, 18, 21. in position in readiness, 308. in pursuit, 300. in rencontre, 231, 295, 296. of advance guard, 62, 63, 64, 147, 229, 296. of artillery, 118, 120, 122, 123, 126, 128, 142, 227. of cavalry, 60, 62, 64, 81, 85, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 164, 165, 234, 338. of flank guard, 339. of patrols, 47, 51, 52. of sanitary troops, 318. plan of action governed by, 27, 219, 229, 295, 308. subordinates to be informed of, 41, 47. Mixing tactical units in combat, 205. Mobility and immobility of cavalry horses, 152, 155. Mobility as affected by supply, 362, 388, 389. as affected by motor vehicles, 87, 387, 388, 389. of heavy field artillery, 133. of machine guns, 305. of mountain artillery, 137, 138. Modern theory of war, 5. Motorcycles, 144, 150. MOTOR VEHICLES, 387. armored cars, 80, 98, 387, 388. as adjunct to aero service, 382, 389. as adjunct to rail transport, 387. as affecting mobility, 87, 387, 388, 389. as tenders for air craft, 382. communication by, 144, 150, 388. concentration of troops by, 87, 211, 387, 389. convoys of, 83, 96. distribution of orders by, 44. economic size of, 388, 389. employment in groups of same type, 96, 389, 390. fatigue avoided by use of, 387, 388. field kitchens, 388. for escort of convoy, 98. for overseas operations, 388. for staff uses, 388. for transport of artillery and machine guns, 136, 139, 305, 387, 389. good roads for, 364, 387, 388. in ambulance service, 389. in messenger service, 144, 150, 384, 388. in pursuit, 98, 301, 387. in retreat, 71, 387. in service of information, 47, 144, 150, 388, 389. in supply, 83, 96, 364, 388. interruption of movement, 387. loading, dispatch, and unloading, 387. on railroads, 389. patrolling by, 45, 47, 389. speed of, 90, 101, 377, 388. training of personnel, 389. trains of, 80, 83, 95, 96, 364, 365, 388. Mountain artillery, _See Artillery_, 136. Mountain ranges and deserts as obstacles, 277. Mounted engineers, _See Engineers_. Mounted orderlies, 46, 144, 222, 311. on outpost, 172, 181, 190. with advance guard, 56, 61. Mounted point, 61, 99. Mounted reserve, cavalry, 151, 154. Movements across country, 90, 140. by night, _See Night Marches_, 86, 87, 89, 125, 144, 168, 205, 277, 281, 289, 302. during action, artillery, _See Artillery_. in two columns, 29, 30, 31, 78, 79, 91, 95, 149, 339. Mules, pack, _See Pack trains_. maximum load, 136. Mutual support by cross fire, 233, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 258, 263, 268, 269, 276, 325, 331. Multiple lines of retreat, 230, 292.

N

Natural features of terrain, _See Terrain_. Negative messages, 55. News, good and bad in orders, 41, 246, 314. Night and day positions of elements of an outpost, 187, 191, 193, 356. NIGHT distances at, 60. marches and movements assembly, 303. by artillery, 125, 303. by cavalry, 144, 168. effect on efficiency of troops, 86, 87, 89. guides for, 87, 302, 303. in concentration, 87, 205. in pursuit, 87, 205. in retreat, 87, 205, 289. in river line attack, 277, 281. in withdrawal, 205, 289. occasion for, 87, 205. reconnaissance prior to, 302. time required for, 89. reconnaissance, _See Night attacks and Outposts_. NIGHT ATTACKS, 263, 302, 317. ammunition supply, 303. animals and vehicles, 303. artillery, 303. badges and watchwords, 303. by large forces, 303. by small forces, 205, 302. cavalry, 303. close order and simple formations, 303. counter attacks, 303. defense against, 304. depths of formation, 303. engineers, 304. false attacks and demonstrations, 304. guides, 302, 303. issue of orders, 304. machine guns in, 304, 307. of bridge heads, 304. reconnaissance prior to, 302, 303. rendezvous, 303. reserves, 303. simplicity of plan, 303. time for, 170, 188, 304. trains in, 303. use of bayonets, 303. Numerical designation of supports and outguards, 183.

O

Oblique fire, _See Fire, enfilade_. Objectives of air raids, 384. Observation and control of artillery fire, 115, 117, 122, 125, 131, 140, 383. Observation, position in, _See Artillery_. Observing stations artillery, 111, 117, 119, 129, 130, 131, 135. balloons and kites as, 381, 383. battalion, 256, 271, 276. for patrols, 51. for supreme commander, 131, 225, 226, 228. hostile, 262. in combat, 131, 212, 225, 226, 255, 256, 258, 271, 276. outpost, 186, 192. portable, 381. regimental, 255. trees as, 117. OBSTACLES air craft surmount, 386. as security for flanks, 176, 178, 207, 212, 259, 311. between flank guard and main body, 79, 81, 82. between main and holding attacks, 345. classification of, 216, 217. concealment of, 259, 262, 265. construction of, 173, 176, 234, 246, 253, 256, 258, 259, 267, 304. covering with fire, 217, 256. demolition of, 58, 252, 259. distance from firing line, 217, 259, 265. effect on formations of attack, 216, 217, 277, 345. fences as, 156, 217. field of fire as, 212, 217. forms of, 216, 217. in delaying action, 74. in night attack, 304. in position in readiness, 310, 311. influence on assumption of offensive, 176, 217, 230, 232, 299, 310. influence on density of firing line, 233. natural, 176, 216, 252, 277, 345, 386. on flank, 176, 178, 207, 212, 259, 311. on the march, 58, 62, 64, 100, 103. outpost, 171, 173, 176, 180, 182, 190, 193. removal of, 58, 98, 224, 228, 252, 256, 258, 269, 271, 272, 273, 275, 283. repair of, 265. streams as, 29, 176, 217, 275, 277. swamps as, 176, 216, 232. to be covered by fire, 217, 256. to cavalry, 156, 167, 217. trees as, 252, 253, 256, 258, 269, 275. wire entanglements, 217, 259, 261, 265. Occupation of a defensive position, _See Defensive position_. Offensive tactics, _See Aggressive tactics_. Offensive tactics in defense, _See Counter attack, Defense, Delaying action, etc._ Offsets, re-entrants and salients in a defensive line, 231, 251, 260. Operations, surgical, at dressing stations, 320. against hostile flanks by cavalry, _See Cavalry_. ORDERS, 37. a, b, c, and x, y, z, paragraphs, 39. abbreviations, 41. advance guard, 58, 59, 60. amount of information in, 41, 337. assembly, 43, 59, 89. brevity in, 38, 242. circulation or distribution of, 40, 43, 44, 220, 228, 293, 350, 388. combat, 39, 40, 205, 208, 210, 211, 220, 225, 332, 346, 350. combined, 38, 39, 42, 220. consonance with decision, 44. contingencies in, 41, 42, 314, 317. copies to superior commanders, 40. countermanding of, 42, 317. data in, 58. description of localities in, 41, 223. detail in, 25, 38, 39, 42, 43, 47, 108, 142, 143, 145. development, 346. dictated, 42, 43. division of responsibility with subordinates, 42. examples of advance guard, of a small force, _verbal_, 65. one brigade, reinforced, 67. assembly, advance guard of a division, 66. attack by a division, 351. by a small force of infantry, _verbal_, 220. enveloping, by reinforced brigade, 243. frontal, by advance guard, 238, 241. of a river line, 285, 286. camp and outpost of a division, 357. cavalry combat, small force, _verbal_, 163. change in direction of march, 92. delaying action, _verbal_, 74. disposition of trains and issues of a division, 358. fire engagement, company in, _verbal_, 334. halt and outpost order of advance guard commander, 196, 200. march of a convoy, 107. march of a division, 342. movement of division trains, 343. occupation of defensive position, by reinforced brigade, 244. outpost commander’s first order, 197, 202. outpost commander’s second order, 198. outpost commander’s small force, _verbal_, 199. position in readiness on the march, 312. pursuit, 301. retreat and delaying action, 314. retreat of a reinforced brigade, 75. withdrawal from action, _verbal_, 293. for artillery, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 142, 143, 240, 266. for cavalry, 145, 146, 174, 240, 311, 338, 356. for cavalry charge, 160. for fire engagement, 332. for flank guard, 82. for flank protection, 213, 227, 232, 235, 240, 246. for intrenching, 216. for issue of ammunition, 214, 220, 223, 300, 311, 332. for patrols, 47, 48. for position in readiness, 311, 312. for rear guard, 70, 72, 74, 75, 77. forms for, 37, 38, 40. good and bad news in, 41, 246, 314. halt, 93, 191, 355, 356. individual, 38, 39, 42, 220. kinds of, 39. landmarks, 41, 223. lists of individuals to whom delivered, 40. map references in, 40, 41. march, 39, 58, 59, 60, 83, 88, 89, 97, 337. marginal distribution in, 40. outpost, 176, 178, 181, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 196. preliminary or preparatory, 43. provisions for possible retreat, 41, 314. receipts for, 40. routine or administrative, 38, 42, 43, 181, 356. signatures to, 40. standard time to be used, 41, 189. structure of, 39. style of, 37. time of issue, 42, 59, 64, 93, 191, 304, 355, 356. time required for circulation, 43. trespass on province of subordinates, 22, 25, 42, 223. use of capital letters, 41. verbal, 38, 39, 43, 220, 293. verbiage of, 37, 38, 40. Orderlies, mounted, _See Mounted orderlies_, 46. Ordnance, _See Artillery_. Organization of defensive position, 248. of heavy field artillery, 133. of tactical and supply units, U. S. Army, 10. Outguards, _See Outposts_. OUTPOSTS, 170. all-around, 178, 183. apportionment of duty, infantry, and cavalry, 168, 171, 172, 174, 188. artillery, 128, 172, 181. assigned to reserve of advance guard, 58. barricades, 173, 180. camping arrangements, 181, 191. cavalry, _See Cavalry_. communications, 179, 184, 185, 187. composition, 170, 189. concealment, 180, 182, 183, 184. contact with adjacent outposts, 186. contact with enemy, 170, 177, 181, 185, 189. cordon and patrol systems of, 184. cossack posts, _See Outguards_. day and night positions and duties, 187, 191, 193, 356. depth of, 179. detached posts, 172, 173, 174, 178, 186. detail from advance guard, 170, 356. detail from rear guard, 170. distances and intervals, 179, 189. distance at which enemy is held, 176, 179. duties, 170, 177, 185. effect of cavalry on strength of, 171, 172, 174, 188, 189, 190. of close country on dispositions of, 171, 179, 180, 186, 188. of roads on strength and dispositions of, 170, 171, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183. engineers, 173, 193. establishment of, 187, 191. examining posts, 182, 184. exterior guards, 171, 174, 181. field trains, 58, 181, 182, 188. fires, tent pitching, 181, 182. firing on enemy, 171, 177. flanks, 176, 177, 178, 186, 189, 190, 227, 355. front covered by battalion or squadron, 171, 180. front, limits of, 177. in advance, 170. in retreat or delaying action, 73, 77, 170, 172, 317. infantry vs. cavalry, 171. inspection of, 193. integrity of tactical units, 175. interior guards, 178, 181. intervals and distances, 179, 189. intrenching, 177, 182, 183, 184. line of observation, 171, 173, 184, 185, 186, 187. line of resistance, 73, 173, 176, 177, 178, 180, 182, 183, 187, 353. preparation for defense, 173, 180, 182, 183, 187. reserve on, 177, 180. location of, 176, 353, 356. general rule for, 176. use of maps in, 192, 356. machine guns on, 172, 173, 180, 182, 307. march, _See March outposts_. meals, 175, 182, 184, 187, 192. mounted men, 171, 172, 181, 185, 186, 187, 203. night signals, 187. observation points, 186, 192. obstacles on line of resistance, 173, 182, 186, 193. of cavalry, 174, 179, 189. of small commands, 174, 178. on front of a defensive position, 180, 259. on line of a river, 176, 179, 180, 189, 281. orders, 191. day and night, 189, 191, 193. of various commanders, 176, 178, 181, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 196. outlines of, 196. time of issue, 191, 192, 193. outguards, 175, 183. at bridges, 180. classification, 183. distances, 179. intervals, 179, 180. intrenching, 184. numerical designation, 183. on roads, 182. patrolling by, 187. placing, 187, 188. reliefs for, 184. strength of, 175, 183. patrol and cordon systems, 184. patrolling, day and night, 188, 189. limited, 203. patrols, 184. classification, 185. communicating, 184, 185. concentration of, 175. day and night, 186, 187. foot and mounted, 172, 185, 187. from pickets, 187. from reserve, 185, 186. from supports, 182, 186, 187. functions, 187. in front of line of observation, 173, 174, 177, 180, 182, 185. insure vigilance of sentries, 186. on flanks, 189, 190. radii of action, 185, 186, 190. reconnoitering, 185. reduce vigilance required of outpost, 190. routes and trails for, 184, 185. reliefs for, 184, 186. standing, 172, 174. strength of, 185, 186. visiting, 184, 185. pickets, _See Outguards_. proximity to enemy, 171, 177. reconnaissance, _See Patrols_, 170, 171, 174, 177, 182, 184. relief of, 170, 188. regimental sectors, 177. reserve, 180. camp, 173, 180, 181, 187, 192. location, 184. on line of resistance, 177. patrolling by, 185, 186. special troops assigned to, 173, 180, 181. roads, effect on dispositions, 170, 171, 176, 177, 181, 182. rules for strength and location, 170, 173, 176, 177. sanitary troops, 173. security of flanks, 176, 177, 178, 186, 189, 190, 227. sentinels, 182, 183. sentry squads, _See Outguards_. signal troops, 173, 184. sketches and tables, 193. strength and composition, 170. as affected by cavalry, 171, 172, 174, 188, 189, 190. supports concealment, 182, 183. field of fire, 182, 183. function of, 185. intrenching, 182, 183. location, 176, 178, 183. number from one reserve, 183. numerical designation, 183. on roads, 177, 182. patrolling by, 182, 186, 187. sectors of observation, 182. sentinels, 182, 183. strength, 175, 181. tents and fires, 181, 182. time of relief, 170, 188. trains, 58, 181, 182, 188. vedettes, 179. Overthrow of hostile cavalry, 144, 146, 149, 165.

P

Pack mule, maximum load of, 136. Pack trains, 137, 145, 159, 214, 338, 355, 364, 366, 375, 376. Pack transportation for machine guns, 305. for mountain artillery, 136, 137. Packs, to be discarded in action, 223. Panic in withdrawal, 289, 291. Parados, 263. Parallel pursuit, 72, 168, 230, 301. Parking a convoy, 99, 102. Passive defense, _See Defense_. Patrol and cordon systems of outposts, 184. PATROLS, 45. advance guard, 56, 61. auto, 45, 47, 389. capture of prisoners, 51. cavalry, _See Cavalry_, 165. civilians not to precede, 50. classification, 45, 165. combat, 45, 212, 311. cavalry, 154, 155, 156, 160, 161, 212, 227, 234. conduct, 212, 213. distance from flanks, 156, 190. strength, 156, 213, 235. combat by, 51, 166, 213. composition, 45. conduct, 49. formations of, 49. inspection, 48. interviewing inhabitants, 53. leader, 45, 47, 48. action before start, 48. equipment, 48. instructions to, 47. march outposts, 51. meals, 48. messages, 45, 53, 150. mission, 52. mounted orderlies, 46. outpost, _See Outpost_. radius of action, 45, 166, 185, 186. reconnaissance on march, 49, 50. reconnoitering or information, 165, 166, 185. relay posts, 53. rendezvous, 50. report first contact with enemy, 55. road space, 49. screening or covering, _See Cavalry_, 165. security, 45, 190. standing, 172, 174, 189, 311. strategical, 45, 149, 150, 165, 166, 185. strength of, 45, 166. tactical, 45, 165, 166. Percussion fire, _See Artillery_. Pickets, outpost, _See Outposts_. Piercing an attenuated line, 206, 226. Pioneers, _See Engineers_. Pioneer training for cavalry, 153, 167. Plan of attack based on best disposition of infantry, 207, 345. Platoon columns, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329. Platoon sectors of targets, 331, 332. Plows, 262. Plunging fire, 324, 327. Police guards, 99, 102. Police of battlefield, 321, 351. Ponton equipage, _See Bridge equipage_. Portable tools, _See Tools_. Positions, artillery, _See Artillery_. Position fire, 74, 233, 255, 256, 257, 258, 282, 325, 331. danger involved in, 258. in river line attack, 282. machine guns, 74, 233. POSITION IN READINESS, 308. advance guard in, 230, 308. advanced positions, 310. advantages of single position, 310. artillery in, _See Artillery_, 310, 313, 316, 317. camp, 354. cavalry in, 311, 312, 316. concealment, 309. considerations influencing decision, 308, 309. demolition of bridges, 314, 316. engineers in, 309, 314, 316. field fortification in, 309, 310, 311, 314. framework of, 310. in retreat, 77. issue of ammunition, 311. line of retreat, 309, 311, 312, 313. location with reference to roads, 309. obstacles, 310, 311. orders for, 311, 312. rear guard in, 316, 317. reconnaissance in, 311. relation to defensive position, 308. security to front and flanks, 311, 312, 317. trains and sanitary troops, 311, 312. 317. when assumed, 231, 308. Post offices, seizure, 62. Precedents for military situations, 7, 23, 232. Preparation, batteries of, 124. for war, 5. of defensive position, _See Defensive position_. of tactical problems, 31. Prepare for action, _See Artillery_, 125. Prerogatives of subordinates, 22, 25, 42, 223. Principles of art of war, 8, 9, 24. Prisoners capture of by patrols, 51. convoys of, 104. disposal, 351. escort for, 104, 351. PROBLEMS, TACTICAL, 19. apparatus for solution of, 28. assumptions in, 22, 23, 223. decision, 19. diagrammatic analysis and synthesis, 29. estimate of situation, 18, 22, 27. examples of advance guard of a small force, 64. attack, by reinforced brigade, 225. by small infantry force, 219. battery of artillery in position, 128. camp of a division, 354. cavalry combat, small force, 160. diagrammatic analysis and synthesis, 29. division supply on the march, 368. field fortification, No. 1, 267. field fortification, No. 2, 273. form of, 20. imaginary troops, 23, 32. in field fortification to be solved on terrain, 19, 249, 267. kinds of, 19. maps for, 23, 24, 25, 33. method of solution, 27. mission in, 18, 21, 27. preparation of, 31. reality in, 20, 23, 28, 31, 33. troop leading, 19. Protection against rifle and artillery fire, distance required, 80, 176, 300, 346. of flanks, _See Attack, Defense, Outposts, etc._ Purchase of supplies, 361. of line of retreat, _See Line of retreat_. of supply depot, 373. Pursuing by fire, 121. PURSUIT, 300. advance guard in, 229. artillery in, 118, 121, 142, 301. broad front in, 301. by fire, 121. cavalry in, 144, 168, 282, 301, 369. contact during, 177, 301. decisive attack in, 300, 301. fresh troops for, 168, 211, 301. frontal attack in, 229. gaining flanks of enemy, 301. machine guns in, 306. mission in, 300. motor vehicles in, 301, 387. night movements in, 205. parallel, 72, 168, 230, 301. prompt initiation of, 301. uncovering line of retreat, 205. uncovering main body, 229.

Q

Quartermaster of convoy, 96, 97.

R

Radio, _See Wireless and Signal_. Radius of action, air craft, 381, 382, 383. patrols, 45, 149, 166, 185, 186. Radius of observation, air craft, 385. Raids, air, 384. cavalry, 144, 148, 169, 175, 373. Rail head, 320, 363, 370, 372, 388. RAILROADS capacity of rolling stock, 378. compared to motor vehicles, 387. evacuation of wounded by, 322, 369, 378. military control of, 363, 364. motor vehicles on, 389. movements of troops by, when advisable, 87, 387. supply by, 356, 363, 367, 372, 378. Rally, after cavalry charge, 158. after night attack, 304. in retreat, 230, 292, 295. Range-finders, 333, 386. Range quadrant, 110. Ranges, _See Artillery, Attack, Defense, etc._ Ranging, _See Artillery_. Rapid fire, _See Fire_. Rates of fire, 329. anti-aircraft artillery, 138. machine guns, 305. Rates of march cavalry and patrols, 54, 89, 90, 165. convoy, 101. troops and trains, 89, 90, 101, 165, 195, 337, 371, 376, 377. Rations carried by trains, 366, 367. for patrols, 48. issue of, 84, 351, 355, 356, 366, 367, 368, 369, 375. kinds of, 366, 379. of cavalry, 159. on person of soldier, 366, 367, 369. weight and volume, 379. Ravines and hollows in a defensive position, 252, 256, 258, 273. Raw troops, 204, 260. Readiness, position in, _See Position in readiness_. Reality in tactical problems, 20, 23, 28, 31, 33. Rear cavalry, _See Cavalry_. REAR GUARDS, 70. aggressive tactics by, 75. artillery with, 71, 77, 128, 138, 290, 291, 292, 316. cavalry with, 70, 147, 168, 290, 292. composition, 70, 292. conduct of, 72. contact with enemy, 72, 73. contact with flank guard, 81. counter attack by, 75. covering main body, 72, 73. detail of outpost from, 70, 170. distances between fractions, 72. engineers with, 71, 316. field trains, 71. flank detachments, 74, 75. flank positions, 73, 289, 290, 293. in delaying action, _See Delaying action_. in forward march, 70, 85. in position in readiness, 77, 308. in withdrawal from action, _See Withdrawal_. latitude allowed commander of, 74, 295. machine guns with, 71, 74, 306. of convoy, 72, 100. of cavalry, 71. orders, 70, 72, 74, 75, 77. outpost attached to, 317. proportions of infantry and cavalry, 70, 71. reconnaissance, 72. reinforcement of, 70, 73, 316. sanitary troops with, 71. signal troops with, 71. strength of, 70. subdivisions of, 71, 72. supreme commander with, 75, 86, 316. Receipts for orders, 40. for supplies, 362. RECONNAISSANCE, _See Air craft, Cavalry, Outposts, Patrols, etc._ aero altitudes at which effective, 138, 139, 384, 385. balloons and kites, 381, 383. concealment from, 119, 253, 256, 265, 286, 385. detailed observation impossible, 383, 386. duties of, 383. effect of darkness, rain, fog, etc., 149, 383, 386. in defense of a river line, 284. maintenance of contact by, 149, 386. of artillery positions, 110, 119, 131, 384. of wooded areas, 385. protection against, 138, 384, 385, 386. radius of, 381, 382, 383. supplements that of cavalry, 47, 384. use of field glasses, 385. verification by actual contact, 384. visibility of field works, 265. by advance guard, 57, 60, 64. by artillery, 111, 112, 121, 122, 125, 130, 131, 133, 141, 142, 249. by cavalry, _See Cavalry_. by escort of convoy, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 108. by flank guard, 79, 81. by rear guard, 72. combat, _See Attack, Defense, Patrols, etc._ in force, 63, 206, 213, 229. in night attack, 302, 303. in position in readiness, 311. in rencontre, 295. in selection of defensive position, 249. limited, 203. observing stations, _See Observing stations_. of defiles, 50, 62, 102, 108, 190. of houses and villages, 50. of river line, 281, 283, 284. of terrain by air craft, 384, 385, 386. by artillery commanders, 111, 125, 128, 130. by outpost commander, 192. by patrols, 50. in attack of a river line, 281, 283. prior to attack, 205, 220, 225. of woods, 50, 101, 385. officer, _See Artillery, personnel_. outpost, 170, 171, 174, 177, 182, 184. prior to attack, 205, 220, 225, 227, 230. strategical and tactical, _See Patrols_. Re-entrants in a defensive line, 251. Refilling points, 364, 366, 367, 368, 372. Refusing the flanks of a line, 209, 260, 265. Regimental aid station, 222, 224, 255, 319. Regimental sector, defensive position, _See Defensive position_. outpost, 177. Registration, _See Artillery_. Regulation, of march, 60, 88, 89. of main body on advance guard, 60, 88. Reinforced brigade as advance guard, 56. attack by, 225. composition of, 337. defensive power of, 231. order of march, 65. use in campaign, 147. Reinforcements, _See Supporting troops_. for flank guard, 82. for rear guard, 70, 73. hostile, approach of, 167, 206, 207, 224, 227, 234, 288, 291, 292, 311, 348. Reinforcing the firing line, 208, 211, 237, 238, 257, 327, 328. Relief, in construction of works of field fortification, 262. of outpost, time of, 170, 187. patrols and sentries of outposts, 184, 186. strategical patrols, 150. RENCONTRE ENGAGEMENT, 295. advance guard in, 123. aggressive action in, 231, 295. artillery in, 123, 296, 339. danger of, 297, 300. initiative in, 295, 296. machine guns in, 296, 306. reconnaissance prior to, 295. turning movements in, 296. Rendezvous for patrols, 50. in night attack, 303, 304. in retreat, 230, 292, 299. of cavalry, 174. Reports to superior commanders, 223, 317. by cavalry, 146, 149. Requirements of an artillery position, 118. of a camp site, 93, 94, 353, 354. of a defensive position, 230, 232, 248, 257. Reserves, _See Attack, Defense, etc._ Resources of a State, 5. Responsibility, division of with subordinates, 42. military, 24, 25. Rest, days of, 87, 89, 337, 365. RETREAT, _See Delaying action, Rear guards, Withdrawal_, 70. cavalry in, 147, 154, 172. conduct of, 72. contact with enemy, 72, 73. covering main body, 72, 73. danger of decisive engagement, 299. flank positions in, 73, 74, 289, 290, 293. line of, _See Lines of retreat_. location of firing line, 324. motor vehicles in, 71, 387. orders, 70, 72, 75, 77. over fire swept zone, 215, 289, 324. position of readiness in, 308. provisions for in orders, 41, 314. rendezvous in, 230, 292, 299. supply during, 376. tendency to break straight to rear, 73, 74, 155, 290, 292, 299. trains in, 71. withdrawal of outpost, 73. Reverse slopes, defilade of, 135. Rifle fire, _See Fire_. Rifle in war, 324. catechism of, 334. Right of way for artillery firing batteries, 225, 339, 340. Rivers as obstacles, 217, 277. River line, outpost on, 176, 179, 180, 189, 281. RIVER LINE ATTACK, 277. artillery in, 277, 278, 281, 282, 286. bridges, 277, 278, 280, 281, 283. cavalry in, 279, 281, 282. conduct of, 281. concealment in, 279, 280. counter attack, 281, 282. deceiving the defender, 279, 280, 281. demonstrations, 279, 282. engineers in, 283. feint, 279, 281, 284. ferries, 176, 277, 280, 283. fire superiority in, 277, 278, 279, 280. frontal attack, 278, 279. machine guns in, 278, 282. means of passage, 277. methods of, 278. movements under cover of darkness, 281, 286. night firing, 281. outpost troops, 281, 282. point of attack, 279, 280, 281. position fire, 282. reconnaissance, 281, 283. reserves, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283. separation of forces, 278, 279, 281. turning movements, 278. uncovering crossings, 280. uncovering line of retreat, 278. River line defense, 284. aero reconnaissance in, 284. artillery in, 284, 300. bridges and fords, 284. cavalry in, 189, 284. crossing the stream, 284. detecting intentions of attacker, 284. field fortification, 284. methods of, 284. reconnaissance, 284. reserve, 284. Road junctions, _See Crossroads_. Road space, of bridge trains, 340. of tactical units, 16. Roads as affecting location of camps, 353. as affecting strength and location of outposts, 170, 171, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183. for convoys, 100, 101, 102. for flank guards, 79, 82. for wagon and motor transport, 78, 83, 364, 377, 387, 388. in position in readiness, 309. Rotation of organizations in advance guard, 85, 337, 338. Rôle of field fortification, 254, 266. Rôle of machine guns, 304. Routes concealed, for movements of artillery, 140. between flank guard and main body, 79, 81, 82, 339. of advance guard, 58. markers, artillery, _See Artillery personnel_. of march, flank guard, 79, 82. for convoy, 100, 101, 102. of travel, outpost patrols, 184. to combat positions, 209, 211, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 240. Routine orders, 38, 42, 43, 181, 356. Rule, general for covering troops of convoy, 95, 96. for conduct of an active defense, 238. for guidance of supply officers, 372, 373. for strength and location of outpost, 170, 173, 176, 177. for withdrawal from action, 291. Rules of art of war, 8, 9, 24.

S

Safe heights for air craft, 138, 139, 384. Salients in a defensive line, 231, 251, 260. Salvo fire, _See Artillery, fire_. Sanitary equipment, _See Ambulance companies and Field hospitals_. Sanitary requirements of a camp site, 93, 354. Sanitary stations in combat, 319. battalion collecting stations, 224, 256, 270, 319. dressing stations, 222, 224, 225, 228, 235, 263, 312, 319, 320, 349, 350. regimental aid stations, 222, 224, 255, 319. slightly wounded stations, 224, 225, 320, 350. Sanitary troops, _See Ambulance companies and Field hospitals_. evacuation of wounded, _See Wounded_. general duties, 318. in position in readiness, 311, 312, 317. in retreat, 71, 350. on outpost, 173. police of battlefield, 321, 351. with advance, rear, and flank guards, etc., _See these subjects_. Savage and guerrilla warfare, 8. Scientific progress, effect on warfare, 24. Scouts, aeroplane, 382. artillery, _See Artillery personnel_. ground, 155, 156, 160, 167, 213. Screen, aero, 138, 384, 385. cavalry, 144, 146, 148, 149, 164, 165, 174. Screening patrols, _See Patrols_. Sea as a frontier, 6. Searching fire on ground occupied by hostile reserves, 115, 116, 120, 122, 228, 237, 265. Sectors, of defensive line, 232, 254. of observation, outpost supports, 182. regimental, of outpost, 177. Security of flanks in combat, _See Attack, Defense, Patrols, etc._, 212. of flanks of outpost, 176, 178. of line of retreat, _See Line of retreat_. service of, _See Advance, Rear, and Flank guards, Cavalry, Outposts, etc._ to front, during organization of a defensive position, 213, 234, 259. in position in readiness, 311. prior to combat, 213. Selection of camp site, sanitary considerations, 93, 94, 354. tactical considerations, 176, 353. Selection of defensive position, 230. of flank for envelopment, 207. of outpost line, 353. of route for convoy, 100. Sentry squads and cossack posts, _See Outposts_. Separation of feint and main attack of a river line, 280. of main and holding attacks, 209, 344, 345, 346. of subordinates from their commands, 161, 220. of trains and troops, 84. Service of information, _See Cavalry, Patrols, Reconnaissance, etc._ of the interior, 361, 363. of the line of communications, 363. Shell, high explosive, 109, 263. demolition by, 109, 114, 126, 133, 135, 138, 141. tracer, 139, 386. Shelter for wounded, 320. Shrapnel, 109, 133. area of burst, 115, 327. fire, against artillery, 126, 141. moral effect, 120. of anti-aircraft artillery, 138. of heavy field artillery, 135. protection from, 135, 216, 263. vulnerability of various formations, 327. height of burst, 113, 116. ranging by, 115, 127, 141. smoke producing matrix, 115. Sight defilade, 113. Sight, panoramic, 109. Sights, battle, 115, 331. combined, 331. Signal commander, discretionary powers of, 341. Signal equipment, _See Wireless_. of air craft, 382, 383, 384. of artillery, 109, 131. of cavalry, 145, 150, 340. Signal troops in combat, 224, 228, 346. on march in division, 340. on outpost, 173, 180, 184. with advance guard, 56, 337, 340. with cavalry, 145, 150, 340. with flank guard, 78, 340. with rear guard, 71. Signals for advance to attack, 346. of air craft, 384. of outpost, 187. of patrols, 49. Signatures to orders, 40. Simplicity in tactical procedure, 27, 32, 63, 74, 204, 303, 332, 334. Single range, fire at, _See Artillery_. Site, angle of, 116. Situation change in, 59. estimate of, 18, 21, 22, 27, 44, 64, 65, 191, 192, 220, 225, 226, 297, 308. general, 20, 32, 273. precedents for, 7, 23. special, 20, 273. Size of armies as affecting problem of supply, 362, 388. of motor vehicles for military use, 388, 389. Sketches and tables, outpost, 193. Skilled operators for machine guns and air craft, 305, 382, 383. Skirmishers, line of, vulnerability, 325, 327. cavalry, 150, 151. Sky line, 324. Slashings, 217. Slightly wounded, 319, 320. Slightly wounded station, 224, 225, 320, 350. Slopes, effect on vulnerability, 326, 327. Slope of fall, field artillery, 132. Slopes, reverse, defilade, 135, 324, 325. Small forces in attack of convoy, 96. in combat, 224, 225, 231, 232, 248. in defensive position, 248. in night attack, 205, 302. marches by, 89. outposts of, 174, 178. security of flanks of, 178, 232, 248. terrain exercises of, 19, 23, 24. turning movements by, 205, 278, 345. Smoke bombs, 384. Soil, character of as affecting time for excavation, 261. Soup kitchens, motor vehicles for, 388. Sources of supply, 361. Sources of information, 21. Spare parts for aeroplanes and motor vehicles, 382, 390. Special situation, 20, 273. Special troops on outpost, 180. Speed of air craft, 381, 382. of motor vehicles, 101, 377, 388. of troops on the march, 89, 90, 165, 337. of wagon trains, 90, 101, 371, 376, 377. Spies, 21, 59, 150, 185. Splinter-proof, 258. Splitting artillery units, 123, 133, 140, 228, 345, 349. organizations in combat, 205, 217. on outpost, 175. to form advance guard, 57, 337. Squad columns, 325, 326, 327. Staff duty, air craft and motor vehicles in, 384, 388. Staffs of various units, 11. Stampede of cavalry horses, 152, 154. Standing patrols, _See Patrols_. Starting a march, _See Advance guards and Marches_. Stations, observing, _See Observing stations_. sanitary, _See Sanitary_. Step by step defensive, 77, 168, 235, 292, 299, 308. Stock cars, 378. Streams, _See Rivers_. Strength of column, how estimated, 52. of organizations in U. S. Army, 10, 16. of various bodies, _See reference in question_. Style of orders, 37. of messages, 54. Subdivisions, battery of artillery, 109. for action, time of, 123. Subordinate commanders, assembly of, 220, 293. trespass on province of, 22, 25, 42, 223. “Successive bounds,” 50, 63. Successive positions in withdrawal or delaying action, 77, 168, 235, 292, 299, 308. Successive ranges, fire at, _See Artillery_. Successive thin lines, 326, 327, 328. Sunrise and sunset, times of, 88. Supplies amount obtainable from a community, 377. issue of, 356, 366, 368, 370, 375, 376. issue points, 356, 375. motor transport for 364, 372, 388. obtained in theater of operations, 361, 362, 367, 372, 375, 377. pack transportation, 364. payments and receipts, 362. purchase and requisition, 361, 362, 369. rail and water transport for, 363, 364, 372. refilling points, 364, 366, 367, 368, 372. reserves of, 363, 377. Supply data, 378. depots, _See Advance supply depots_. division, 360. during retreat, 376. effect on division tactics, 359. ideal conditions of, 372. problems in, with solutions, 368, 370. problem of, as affected by size of armies, 362, 388. sources of, 361. trains, _See Trains_. unit, 360, 364. Supporting points, _See Defensive position_. Supporting positions in withdrawal, 289. Supporting troops, 20, 62, 99, 103, 108, 148, 149, 206, 207, 212, 220, 229, 250, 290, 348, 353. Support, mutual, in defense, _See Defensive Position_. Support trenches, _See Fortification_. Supports, _See Attack, Defense, Outposts, etc._ for artillery, 121, 122, 127, 129, 133, 140, 181, 224, 226, 291, 304, 307, 314. for machine guns, 157, 161, 222, 306. for wire entanglements, 265. Supreme commander artillery officer with, 113, 126, 128, 130, 142, 225. controls operations of independent cavalry, 146, 147, 338. designates front covered by advance cavalry, 174. estimate of situation by, 44, 225. general functions of, 362. in combat, 225, 228. influences course of action by use of reserves, 211, 346. in withdrawal from action, 295. observing stations for, 131, 225, 226, 228. on the march, 85, 86, 337. orders disposition of packs, 223. orders issue of ammunition, 223, 300, 311. provides for flank protection, 213, 227, 232, 233, 235, 246. reports to, _See Examples of orders_, 317. with advance guard, 62, 85, 86, 225, 230, 297, 337. with rear guard, 75, 86, 316. Surprise advance guard protects main body from, 296. by artillery fire, 62, 80, 97, 101, 103, 127. by machine gun fire, 253, 305. in attack, 209. in counter attack, 236. in operations of cavalry, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160. in rencontre, 295. Surrender of initiative, 27, 151, 161, 257. Swamps and morasses as obstacles, 176, 216, 232. Sweeping fire, _See Artillery_. Switching and overlapping fire, 331.

T

TABLES distribution of troops on outpost, 193. equipment of patrol leader, 48. estimate of situation, considerations in, 18. marching rates of troops and trains, 90. organization, U. S. Army, 10. ranges, weights, etc., of field artillery materiel, 132. time, tools, and personnel required for works of field fortification, 261. times of sunrise and sunset at Gettysburg, Pa., 88. troops passing a point in one minute, 52. war strength, road spaces, and camp areas of tactical units, 16. weights of rations and forage and capacity of containers, 379. Tactical considerations in selection of camp site, 176, 353. Tactical problems, _See Problems_. Tactical rides and walks, 20. Tactical units integrity of in combat, 205, 217. in forming advance guard, 57, 337. in forming outpost, 175. organization of in U. S. Army, 10. Tactics, _See Artillery, Cavalry, etc._ as influenced by motor transport, 387. as influenced by supply, 365, 373. division, 337. of air craft, 381. Targets designation, 330. identification of, 330. platoon sectors, 331, 332. Task, intrenching, size of, 261. Telegraph and telephone, _See Wireless_. advance guard seizes, 62. equipment of artillery, 109, 135. of balloons, 383. of signal troops, 15. in defensive position, 255. military control of local lines, 62, 63. reports by, 223, 317. service on line of communications, 363. timing the advance in combat, 346. use for messages of patrols, 55, 150. use on the march, 340. Tendency of troops to rapid fire, 300, 329. to break straight to rear in retreat, 73, 74, 155, 290, 292, 299. TERRAIN as affecting advance guard tactics, 60, 62, 64. as affecting dispositions of outpost, 170, 171, 176, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 186, 188, 192. as affecting operations of cavalry, 151, 154, 155, 159, 230. detailed knowledge from aero reconnaissance, 384, 385, 386. examination of by artillery commander, 111, 125, 128, 130. by outpost commander, 192. from enemy’s point of view, 249. prior to issue of attack orders, 205, 220, 225. exercises, 19, 31. limited to smaller units, 19, 23, 24. favorable for counter attack, 237, 238. features affecting march, 62, 64, 90, 100, 101. fortifications to be located on, 249, 267. in estimate of situation, 18, 23. utilization of natural features as cover in attack, 209, 210, 212, 216, 217, 250, 260, 269, 280. as cover in defense, 256, 257, 309. as obstacles, 207, 216, 217, 256, 259, 273, 277, 310. in field fortification, 250, 252, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 266. Theater of operations, 361. Thin lines, _See Successive thin lines_. Tiers of fire, 256, 257, 325. TIME and distance in tactical problems, 22, 29, 79, 309. fire, _See Artillery_. for night attacks, 304. for relief of outpost, 170, 187. for starting a march, 86, 88, 337, 338, 341. of issue of ammunition, 214, 220, 223, 332, 366, 375. of issue of orders, 42, 59, 64, 93, 191, 304, 355, 356. of issue of supplies, 356, 368, 370, 375. of sunrise and sunset, 88. required for construction of field fortification, 256, 261. required for deployment, 344. required for issue of ammunition, 214. required for preparation and circulation of orders, 43. required to mount and dismount, 152. standard, to be used in orders, 41, 189. that small forces can delay larger, 231. that troops can subsist without trains, 84, 367.

Timing the advance, 345, 346. Tools, park and portable for fortification, 215, 217, 255, 261, 268, 270, 271, 272, 273, 276, 361. Training for war, 6. TRAINS, _See Convoys, Issues, Supply, etc._ access to by troops, 57, 84, 144, 145, 159, 169, 181, 183, 365. administrative, 365. ammunition composition and capacity, 366. in combat, 84, 119, 124, 132, 214, 234, 349, 369. in withdrawal, 291. mountain artillery, 137. on the march, 369, 370, 376. armed men with, 78, 84, 97, 317, 341. assembly for march, 341. auto truck, 80, 83, 95, 96, 101, 364, 365, 388. auxiliary, 365. bakery, 361, 372. bridge, _See Bridge trains, etc._ classification of, 365. combat assembly of empty wagons, 214, 222, 225, 228, 234, 241, 255. empties used to transport wounded, 234, 241, 255, 321, 350. ammunition carried by, 214. artillery, _See Artillery_. cavalry, 145, 159, 361. flank guard, 78. mountain artillery, 137. replenishment, 291, 351, 375. separation from troops, 83, 214, 366. commander of, 350, 375, 376. division, authorized number of wagons, 360, 361. division, on the march, 341. division into sections, 355, 376. engineer, 349, 355, 360, 361, 376. escort for, 62, 78, 84, 86, 293, 317, 341, 376. field, 71, 365, 366, 370. animal transport for, 390. arrangement on the march, 83, 84, 341, 365. artillery, 109, 110, 123, 129. baggage section, 355, 365, 366, 373, 375. in action, 220, 225, 228, 376. in position in readiness, 311. in retreat, 71. join organizations at end of march, 84, 375. of advance cavalry, 181. of advance guard, 57, 58. of escort of convoy, 96. of flank guard, 78. of outpost, 58, 181, 182, 188. on march in division, 365, 376. ration section, 355, 365, 366, 373, 375. replenishment of, 366, 368, 369, 370, 372. flank guard, 78, 79. general supply, 365, 367. good roads for movements of, 78, 83, 364, 387, 388. halts, 377. in action, 84, 225, 228, 349, 396. in camp, 354, 373, 375. in change of direction, 92. in double column, 78, 91, 95. in flank march, 78, 79, 83, 84, 92, 95, 376. in night attack, 303. in position in readiness, 310, 311, 317. in retreat, 71, 376. in withdrawal from action, 289, 291. infantry in long columns of, 83, 99, 339. location in camp, 355. mounted troops with, 84, 168, 341. on the march, 78, 79, 83, 376. pack, 137, 145, 159, 214, 338, 355, 364, 366, 375, 376. passage of defiles, 84, 376. personnel of, 15, 368. position of indicates direction of retreat, 83, 95. rate of march, 90, 101, 371, 376, 377. regimental, 365, 367. release of in combat, 349, 350, 376. sanitary, _See_ _Sanitary_. size of in campaign, 360, 365. supply commander, 375, 376. composition and capacity, 366. of mountain artillery, 137 on march, 368, 376. radius of operations, 370. refill and rejoin, 372. time of starting march, 86. with cavalry, 144, 145, 159, 169, 188, 338, 375. Transportation by motor vehicle, 387. by rail, 363, 364, 372, 373. by water, 363, 364, 372, 373. data, 378. of animals, 378. of wounded, _See_ _Wounded_. organization of, 15, 16. Traverses, 253, 255, 263. Tread of artillery carriages, 109. Trees, removal from front of defensive position, 258, 261, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275. Trenches, _See_ _Fortification_. Trespass on the province of a subordinate, 22, 25, 42, 223. Troop leading problems, 19. Turning movements, 345. against small forces, 232, 248. by advance guard, 63. by cavalry, 153, 168, 205. by small forces, 205, 278, 345. in attack of a river line, 205, 278. in rencontre, 63, 296. inducing enemy to make, 298, 310. Types of aeroplanes, 382.

U

Universal military service, 5. Unloading details, 378. Untrained troops, in offensive operations, 204. Usurping prerogatives of subordinates, 22, 25, 42, 223. U. S. Army, organization of, 10. U. S. Geological Survey, maps of, 34, 249.

V

Vegetation, allowance for in determining visibility, 140. Vehicles, _See_ _Trains_. allowance of to a regiment, 365. capacity of, 366, 379. motor, _See_ _Motor vehicles_. vulnerability to fire, 95, 96, 101, 103. with cavalry force, 145, 159, 169. with infantry division, 360. Verbal orders, 38, 39, 43, 220. Verbiage of orders and messages, 37, 40, 54. Verification of reconnaissance by direct contact, 384. Vertical cover for flash defilade, 113, 133, 140. Villages, reconnaissance of, 50. Visibility of target, effect of on dispersion of fire, 330. of works of field fortification to aero reconnaissance, 265, 266. Visibility problems, 24, 140. Volley fire, _See_ _Artillery_. Volplaning, 383. Vulnerability effect of slopes on, 326. of air craft, 134, 138, 139, 383, 384, 385, 386. of cavalry to attack in flank, 156. of convoy, 95, 96, 101, 103. of infantry to cavalry attack, 153. of led horses of cavalry, 151, 154, 241. relative, of airships and aeroplanes, 139, 385. to rifle fire, of various formations, 325. to shrapnel fire of various formations, 327. effect on of enfilade fire, 326. effect of slopes, 326, 327.

W

Wagons, _See_ _Vehicles_, _Trains_, _etc._ War as an art and science, 5, 9, 24. game, 20. modern theory of, 5. preparation for, 5. strength of units, U. S. Army, 10, 16. training for, 6, 7, 8. Warfare, detachment, 147. savage and guerilla, 8. Waste of ammunition, 135, 215, 300, 329, 333. Watchwords in night attacks, 303. Water supply, _See_ _Camps_. Water transport, 363, 364, 372, 373. Watering animals, 48, 50, 101, 378. Weapons employed by cavalry, 151, 166, 168. Weather effect on aero reconnaissance, 149, 383, 386. effect on marching rates, 90. in estimate of tactical situation, 18. Weight behind teams, field artillery, 109, 132. Weights of rations and forage, etc., 379. of field artillery projectiles, 132. Wire entanglements. _See_ _Obstacles_. Wire sections, signal, 340. Wireless, communication by, 150. Wireless equipment, _See_ _Signal_. dependability, 150. of air craft, 382, 383, 384. of cavalry, 145, 150, 340. range of operations, 150. WITHDRAWAL FROM ACTION, 288. ambulance companies and wounded, 289. artillery in, 289, 290, 291, 292. cavalry in, 289, 290, 292, 293. distance of supporting position from firing line, 290. duties of commander, 295. flank positions in, 289, 290, 293. general rule for, 291. infantry, 70, 73, 298. long range fire in, 290. multiple lines of retreat, 292. occasions for, 288. of outpost, 73, 77, 308. of part of force, 288. order of, 291. panic of troops, 289, 291. rear guard, 292. rendezvous, 292. reserves, 289, 290, 292, 347. successive positions in, 77, 292. time to commence, 298. trains, 289. under cover of darkness, 205, 289. Withdrawal of cavalry behind outpost line, 148, 174, 179, 181, 188, 189, 190, 192. Wooded areas, reconnaissance of, 50, 101, 385. WOUNDED abandonment of, 318, 351. ammunition on persons of, 321. as prisoners of war, 318. civilian assistance in care of, 318, 322. collection of, 318, 319. evacuation of, 214, 222, 224, 234, 241, 255, 289, 318, 321, 350, 341, 369, 378, 389. identification of, 321. motor transport for, 389. rail transport for, 322, 369, 378. shelter for, 320.

X

x, y, z, paragraphs in orders, 39.

Z

Zone beaten, of machine gun fire, 305. beaten, of shrapnel fire, 115, 327. fire swept, 120, 205, 211, 215, 289, 324, 327, 329. maneuvering, for artillery, 338. for main body, 296. of the advance, 362, 364. of line of communications, 363, 364.

THE TECHNIQUE OF MODERN TACTICS

FOLLOWING ARE SOME REVIEWS OF SERVICE JOURNALS AND A FEW CHARACTERISTIC COMMENTS CLIPPED FROM LETTERS OF OFFICERS WHO HAVE READ THE BOOK

BY MAJOR GENERAL, J. FRANKLIN BELL, U. S. ARMY

“The book is excellent. It consists of an unusually complete and sound digest of tactical principles, outlines of points to be considered in formulating tactical decisions, manner of drafting and models of field orders and instructions, methods of procedure to be followed in carrying out tactical decisions, power and limitations of all mobile units, etc. All statements and deductions appear to be based upon the best accepted tactical ideas of the present day.

“While in its opening chapter the text introduces an officer to the proper method of pursuing the applicatory system of study, it is in fact a clearly concise presentation of all the essential points of tactics and logistics, assembled and arranged for a rapid review. It should, therefore, save an officer, concerned with some particular tactical problems, hours of poring over 'regulations’ and lengthy textbooks.

“The English of the book is clear and to the point. The chapter on 'Field Orders’ is very well written, and the chapter on 'Artillery Tactics’ is particularly good.”

BY BRIG. GEN. A. L. MILLS, U. S. ARMY

“While this volume contains much that is original in its subject matter, it seems to be especially characterized by the large field covered by its contents as well as by the simplicity with which the whole subject is presented. It is believed that no other book is available in which so many valuable military facts, principles, and suggestions are included within one volume as is the case in this publication. And it is not only the amount of material that is contained in the volume, but also the manner in which it is presented which enables the work to offer the student such valuable study. The book will also be useful to the soldier in the field as a book of reference. Especially valuable is the 'estimate of the situation' appearing on page 18. It is easily conceivable that the possession of this one page at the proper time might have a most material effect upon an important action.

“The authors are to be congratulated on having given this work to the American Army and it is believed that the more widely it becomes known, the greater will it be in demand.”

REVIEW OF THE JOURNAL OF THE U. S. INFANTRY ASSOCIATION

“The authors present an excellent epitome of the tactics taught today in The Army Service Schools at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. The principles and considerations which should govern in the marching, fighting and securing of all bodies of troops, from a patrol to a division, are concisely stated, yet in greater detail than can be found in any other single volume of our language. For each form of map or maneuver problem the reader is furnished minute instructions to guide him in determining the best solution, followed by examples of solutions and orders that have been used in like problems at the Service Schools, and all is made clear by sketches and diagrams. The striking characteristic of the text is the quantity of precise information as to what experience teaches should or should not be done to obtain the greatest probability of success, and the total lack of vague discussion, followed by tentative or uncertain conclusions, so familiar in many other modern writings.

“Formations and orders for patrols, advance, rear and flank guards, outposts, marches, changes of direction, convoys, the various types of combat, and the leading of the troops concerned, are discussed and illustrated. Other chapters deal with the tactics of light and heavy field and mountain artillery, cavalry, sanitary troops, the organization and fortification of a defensive position, the use of the rifle in war, the supply of our infantry division, orders in general, and the preparation and solution of tactical problems, and are of peculiar value to the general reader because their contents can otherwise be obtained only by search through a number of technical volumes.

“This book will be absolutely beyond price to anyone entering the Service Schools and those concerned in the preparation or solution of problems in the Garrison Schools. It will also be of great value to all officers for careful study at first reading, and then, because of the wide range of subjects to be found between its covers, as an extremely handy book of reference.”

REVIEW OF THE JOURNAL OF THE U. S. CAVALRY ASSOCIATION

“The purpose of this work, as stated in the readable and interesting introduction, is to furnish a guide to those engaged in the study of practical problems in tactics, and a convenient ready reference for officers charged with the preparation and conduct of field maneuvers, tactical rides, war games, etc.

“The solution of tactical problems is treated in a masterly manner in