CHAPTER XIV
A further acquaintance with Antioch did not destroy the impressions of the first evening. The more I wandered through the narrow paved streets the more delightful did they appear. Except the main thoroughfare, which is the bazaar, they were almost empty; my footsteps on the cobble-stones broke through years of silence. The shallow gables covered with red tiles gave a charming and very distinctive note to the whole city, and shuttered balconies jutted out from house to house. Of the past there is scarcely a vestige. Two fine sarcophagi, adorned with putti and garlands and with the familiar and, I fancy, typically Asiatic motive of lions devouring bulls, stand in the Serāya, and one similar to these, but less elaborate, by the edge of the Daphne road. I saw, too, a fragment of a classical entablature in the courtyard of a Turkish house, and a scrap of wall in the main street that may certainly be dated earlier than the Mohammadan invasion--its courses of alternate brick and stone resembled the work on the Acropolis. For the rest the Antioch of Seleucus Nicator is a city of the imagination only. The island on which it was built has disappeared owing to the changing of the river bed, but tradition places it above the modern town. The banks of the Orontes must have been lined with splendid villas; I was told that the foundations of them were brought to light whenever a man dug deep enough through the silt, and that small objects of value, such as coins and bronzes, were often unearthed. Many such were brought to me for sale, but I judged them to be forgeries of an unskilful kind, and I was confirmed in my opinion by a Turkish pasha, Rifa't Agha, who has occupied his leisure in making a collection of antiquities. He possesses a fine series of Seleucid coins, the earlier nearly as good as the best Sicilian, the later nearly as bad as the worst Byzantine, and a few bronze lamps, one of which, in the shape of a curly-haired Eros head, is a beautiful example of Roman work. The Agha presented me with a small head, which I take to have been a copy of the head of Antioch with the high crown, and though it was but roughly worked, it possessed some distinction borrowed from a great original.
Forty years ago the walls and towers of the Acropolis were still almost perfect; they are now almost destroyed. The inhabitants of Antioch declare that the city is rocked to its foundations every half-century, and they are in instant expectation of another upheaval, the last having occurred in 1862; but it is prosperity not earthquake that has wrought the havoc in the fortress. The town is admirably situated in its rich valley, and connected with the port of Alexandretta by a fairly good road; it might easily become a great commercial centre, and even under Turkish rule it has grown considerably in the past fifty years, and grown at the expense of the Acropolis. To spare himself the trouble of quarrying, the Oriental will be deterred by no difficulty, and in spite of the labour of transporting the dressed stones of the fortress to the foot of the exceedingly steep hill on which it stands, all the modern houses have been built out of materials taken from it. The work of destruction continues; the stone facing is quickly disappearing from the walls, leaving only a core of a rubble and mortar which succumbs in a short time to the action of the weather. I made the whole circuit of the fortress one morning, and it took me three hours. To the west of the summit of Mount Silpius a rocky cleft seamed the hillside. It was full of rock-cut tombs, and just above my camp an ancient aqueduct spanned it. On the left hand of the cleft the line of wall dropped by precipitous rocks to the valley. Where large fragments remained it was evident that the stone facing had alternated with bands of brick, and that sometimes the stone itself had been varied by courses of smaller and larger blocks. The fortifications embraced a wide area, the upper part leading by gentle slopes, covered with brushwood and ruined foundations, to the top of the hill. In the west wall there was a narrow massive stone door, with a lintel of jointed blocks and a relieving arch above it. The south wall was broken by towers; the main citadel was at the south-east corner. From here the walls dropped down again steeply to the city and passed some distance to the east of it. They can be traced, I believe, to the Orontes. I did not follow their course, but climbed down from the citadel by a stony path into a deep gorge that cuts through the eastern end of the hill. The entrance to this gorge is guarded by a strong wall of brick and stone, which is called the Gate of Iron, and beyond it the fortifications climb the opposite side of the ravine and are continued along the hill top. I do not know how far they extend; the ground was so rough and so much overgrown with bushes that I lost heart and turned back. There was a profusion of flowers among the rocks, marigold, asphodel, cyclamen and iris.
Beyond the gorge of the Iron Gate, on the hill side facing the Orontes, there is a cave which tradition calls the cave of St. Peter. The Greek communion has erected a little chapel at its mouth. Yet further along the hill is a still more curious relic of ancient Antioch, the head of a Sphinx carved in relief upon a rock some 20 ft. high. Folded about her brow she wears a drapery that falls on either side of her face and ends where the throat touches the bare breast. Her featureless countenance is turned slightly up the valley, as though she watched for one that shall yet come out of the East. If she could speak she might tell us of great kings and gorgeous pageants, of battle and of siege, for she has seen them all from her rock on the hill side. She still remembers that the Greeks she knew marched up from Babylonia, and since even the Romans did not teach her that the living world lies westward, I could not hope to enlighten her, and so left her watching for some new thing out of the East.
There was another pilgrimage to be made from Antioch: it was to Daphne, the famous shrine that marked the spot where the nymph baffled the desire of the god, the House of the Waters it is called in Arabic. It lies to the west of the town, about an hour's ride along the foot of the hills, and in the Spring a more enchanting ride could not be found. The path led through an exquisite boscage of budding green, set thickly with flowering hawthorn and with the strange purple of the Judas tree; then it crossed a low spur and descended into a steep valley through which a stream tumbled towards the Orontes.
No trace remains of the temples that adorned this fairest of all sanctuaries. Earthquakes and the mountain torrents have swept them down the ravine. But the beauty of the site has not diminished since the days when the citizens of the most luxurious capital in the East dallied there with the girls who served the god. The torrent does not burst noisily from the mountain side; it is born in a deep still pool that lies, swathed in a robe of maidenhair fern, in thickets "annihilating all that's made to a green thought in a green shade." From the pool issues a translucent river, unbroken of surface, narrow and profound; it runs into swirls and eddies and then into foaming cataracts and waterfalls that toss their white spray into the branches of mulberry and plane. Under the trees stand eleven water-mills; the ragged millers are the only inhabitants of Apollo's shrine. They brought us walnuts to eat by the edge of the stream, and small antique gems that had dropped from the ornaments of those who sought pleasures less innocent perhaps than ours by the banks of that same torrent.
It is impossible to travel in North Syria without acquiring a keen interest in the Seleucid kings, backed by a profound respect for their achievements in politics and in the arts; I was determined therefore to visit before I pushed north the site of Seleucia Pieria, the port of Antioch and the burial-place of Seleucus Nicator. Inland capital and seaport sprang into being at the same moment, and were both part of one great conception that turned the lower reaches of the Orontes into a rich and populous market--in those days kings could create world-famous cities with a wave of the sceptre, and the Seleucids were not backward in following the example Alexander had set them. Like Apamea, Seleucia has shrunk to the size of a hamlet, or perhaps it would be truer to say that it has split up into several hamlets covered by the name of Sweidiyyeh. (The nomenclature is confusing, as each group of farms or huts has a separate title.) The spacing of the population at the mouth of the Orontes is due to the occupation in which the inhabitants of the villages are engaged. They are raisers of silkworms, an industry that requires during about a month in the Spring such continuous attention that every man must live in the centre of his mulberry-groves, and is consequently separated by the extent of them from his neighbours. After three hours' ride through a delicious country of myrtle thickets and mulberry gardens we reached Sweidiyyeh, a military post and the most important of the scattered villages. Here for the first and only time on my journey I was stopped by an officer, the worse for 'arak, who demanded my passport. Now passport I had none; I had lost it in the Jebel Zāwiyyeh when I lost my coat, and it is a proof of how little bound by red tape the Turkish official can show himself to be that I travelled half the length of the Ottoman Empire without a paper to my name. On this occasion the zaptieh who was with me demonstrated with some heat that he would not have been permitted to accompany me if I had not been a respectable and accredited person, and after a short wrangle we were allowed to pursue our way. The reason of this meticulous exactitude was soon made clear: the villages on the coast contain large colonies of Armenians; they are surrounded by military stations, to prevent the inhabitants from escaping either inland to other parts of the empire or by sea to Cyprus, and the comings and goings of strangers are carefully watched. One of the objects that the traveller should ever set before himself is to avoid being drawn into the meshes of the Armenian question. It was the tacit conviction of the learned during the Middle Ages that no such thing as an insoluble question existed. There might be matters that presented serious difficulties, but if you could lay them before the right man--some Arab in Spain, for instance, omniscient by reason of studies into the details of which it was better not to inquire--he would give you a conclusive answer. The real trouble was only to find your man. We, however, have fallen from that faith. We have proved by experience that there are, alas! many problems insoluble to the human intelligence, and of that number the Turkish empire owns a considerable proportion. The Armenian question is one of them, and the Macedonian question is another. In those directions madness lies.
It was with the determination not to waver in a decision that had contributed, largely, I make no doubt, to happy and prosperous journeyings, that I rode down to Chaulīk, the port of ancient Seleucia. I found my resolve the less difficult to observe because the Armenians talked little but Armenian and Turkish, at any rate the few words of Arabic that some of them possessed were not sufficient to enable them to enter into a detailed account of their wrongs. He who served me that afternoon as a guide was a man of so cheerful a disposition that he would certainly have selected by preference a different topic. His name was Ibrahīm, he was bright-eyed and intelligent, and his cheerfulness was deserving of praise, since his yearly income amounted to no more than 400 piastres, under £2 of English money. From this he proposed to save enough to bribe the Turkish officials at the port that they might wink at his escape in an open boat to Cyprus: "for," said he, "there is no industry here but the silkworms, and they give me work for two months in the year, and for the other ten I have nothing to do and no way of earning money." He also informed me that the Noṣairis who inhabited the adjoining villages were unpleasant neighbours.
"There is feud between you?" said I.
"Ey wāllah!" said he with emphatic assent, and related in illustration the long story of a recent conflict which, as far as it was comprehensible, seemed to have been due entirely to the aggressions of the Armenians.
"But you began the stealing," said I when he had concluded.
"Yes," said he. "The Noṣairis are dogs." And he added with a smile: "I was imprisoned in Aleppo for two years afterwards."
"By God! you deserved it," said I.
"Yes," said he, as cheerfully as ever.
And this, I rejoice to say, was all that Ibrahīm contributed to the store of evidence on the Armenian question.
The Bay of Seleucia is not unlike the Bay of Naples and scarcely less beautiful. A precipitous ridge of the hills, honeycombed with rock-hewn tombs and chambers, forms a background to the mulberry-gardens, and, sweeping round, encloses the bay to the north. Below it lie the walls and water-gates of the port, silted up with earth and separated from the sea by a sandy beach. The Orontes flows through sand and silt farther to the south, and the view is closed by a steep range of hills culminating at the southern point in the lovely peak of Mount Cassius, which takes the place of Vesuvius in the landscape. I pitched my camp near the northern barrier in a little cove divided from the rest of the bay by a low spur which ran out into a ruin-covered headland that commanded the whole sweep of the coast, and I pleased myself with the fancy that it was on this point that the temple and tomb of Seleucus Nicator had stood, though I do not know whether its exact situation has ever been determined. Below it on the beach lay an isolated rock in which a columned hall had been excavated. This hall was fragrant of the sea and fresh with the salt winds that blew through it: a very temple of nymphs and tritons. Ibrahīm took me up and down the face of the precipitous cliffs by little paths and by an old chariot-road that led to the city on the summit of the plateau. He said that to walk round the enclosing wall of the upper city took six hours, but it was too hot to put his statement to the test. We climbed into an immense number of the artificial caves, in many of which there were no loculi. They may have been intended for dwellings or storehouses rather than for tombs. At this time of the year they were all occupied by the silkworm breeders, who were now at their busiest moment, the larvae having just issued from the egg. The entrance of each cave was blocked by a screen of green boughs to keep out the sun, and the afternoon light filtered pleasantly through the budding leaves. At the southern end of the cliff there was a large necropolis, consisting of small caves set round with loculi, and of rock-hewn sarcophagi decorated, when they were decorated at all, with the garland motive that adorns the sarcophagi at Antioch. The most important group of tombs was at the northern end of the cliff. The entrance to it was by a pillared portico that led into a double cave. The larger chamber contained some thirty to forty loculi and a couple of canopied tombs, the canopies cut out of the living rock; the smaller held about half the number of loculi, the roof of it was supported by pillars and pilasters, and I noticed above the tombs a roughly cut design consisting of a scroll of ivy-shaped and of indented leaves.
The builders of Seleucia seem to have been much preoccupied with the distribution of the water supply. Ibrahīm showed me along the face of the cliff a channel some 2 ft. wide and 5 ft. high, which was cut 3 or 4 ft. behind the surface of the rock, and carried water from one end of the city to the other. We traced its course by occasional air-holes or breaches in the outer wall of rock. The most difficult problem must have been the management of the torrent that flowed down a gorge to the north of the town. A great gallery had been hewn through the spur to the south of my camp to conduct the water to the sea and prevent it from swamping the houses at the foot of the cliff. The local name for this gallery is the Garīz. It began at the mouth of a narrow ravine and was tunnelled through a mass of rock for several hundred yards, after which it continued as a deep cutting open to the air till it reached the end of the spur. At the entrance of the tunnel there was an inscription in clear cut letters, "Divus Vespasianus" it began, but the rest was buried in the rocky ground. There were several others along the further course of the Garīz, all of them in Latin: I imagine that the work was not Seleucid, but Roman.
To one more spectacle Ibrahīm tempted me. He declared that if I would follow him through the mulberry-gardens below the cliff he would show me "a person made of stone." My curiosity was somewhat jaded by the heat and the long walk, but I toiled back wearily over stones and other obstacles to find a god, bearded and robed, sitting under the mulberry trees. He was not a very magnificent god; his attitude was stiff, his robe roughly fashioned, and the top of his head was gone, but the low sun gilded his marble shoulder and the mulberry boughs whispered his ancient titles. We sat down beside him, and Ibrahīm remarked:
"There is another buried in this field, a woman, but she is deep deep under the earth."
"Have you seen her?" said I.
"Yes," said he. "The owner of the field buried her, for he thought she might bring him ill luck. Perhaps if you gave him money he might dig her up."
I did not rise to the suggestion; she was probably better left to the imagination.
Close to the statue I saw a long moulded cornice which was apparently _in situ_, though the wall it crowned was buried in a cornfield: so thickly does the earth cover the ruins of Seleucia. Some day there will be much to disclose here, but excavation will be exceedingly costly owing to the deep silt and to the demands of the proprietors of mulberry grove and cornfield. The site of the town is enormous, and will require years of digging if it is to be properly explored.
Near my tents a sluggish stream flowed through clumps of yellow iris and formed a pool in the sand. It provided water for our animals and for the flocks of goats that Armenian shepherd boys herded morning and evening along the margin of the sea. The spot was so attractive and the weather so delightful that I spent an idle day there, the first really idle day since I had left Jerusalem, and as I could not hope to examine Seleucia exhaustively, I resolved to see no more of it than was visible from my tent door. This excellent decision gave me twenty-four hours, to which I look back with the keenest satisfaction, though there is nothing to be recorded of them except that I was not to escape so lightly from Armenian difficulties as I had hoped. I received in the morning a long visit from a woman who had walked down from Kabūseh, a village at the top of the gorge above the Garīz. She spoke English, a tongue she had acquired at the missionary schools of 'Aintāb, her home in the Kurdish mountains. Her name was Kymet. She had left 'Aintāb upon her marriage, a step she had never ceased to regret, for though her husband was a good man and an honest he was so poor that she did not see how she was to bring up her two children. Besides, said she, the people round Kabūseh, Noṣairis and Armenians alike, were all robbers, and she begged me to help her to escape to Cyprus. She told me a curious piece of family history, which showed how painful the position of the sect must be in the heart of a Mohammadan country, if it cannot be cited as an instance of official oppression. Her father had turned Muslim when she was a child, chiefly because he wished to take a second wife. Kymet's mother had left him and supported her children as best she might, rather than submit to the indignity that he had thrust upon her, and the bitter quarrel had darkened, said Kymet, all her own youth. She sent her husband down next morning with a hen and a copy of verses written by herself in English. I paid for the hen, but the verses were beyond price. They ran thus:
Welcome, welcome, my dearest dear, we are happy by your coming! For your coming welcome! Your arrival welcome! Let us sing joyfully, joyfully, Joyfully, my boys, joyfully! The sun shines now with moon clearly, sweet light so bright, my dear boys, For your reaching welcome! By her smiling welcome! The trees send us, my dear boys, with happiness the birds rejoice; Its nice smelling welcome! In their singing welcome!
I remain.
Yours truly,
GEORGE ABRAHAM.
I hasten to add, lest the poem should be considered compromising, that its author was not George Abraham, who as I found in the negotiations over the hen had no word of English; Kymet had merely used her husband's name as forming a more impressive signature than her own. Moreover the boys she alludes to were a rhetorical figure. I can offer no suggestion as to what it was that the trees sent us; the text appears to be corrupt at this point. Perhaps "us" should be taken as the accusative.
It was with real regret that I left Seleucia. Before dawn, when I went down to the sea to bathe, delicate bands of cloud were lying along the face of the hills, and as I swam out into the warm still water the first ray of the sun struck the snowy peak of Mount Cassius that closed so enchantingly the curve of the bay. We journeyed back to Antioch as we had come, and pitched tents outside the city by the high road. Two days later we set off at 6.30 for a long ride into Alexandretta. The road was abominable for the first few miles, broken by deep gulfs of mud, with here and there a scrap of pavement that afforded little better going than the mud itself. After three hours we reached the village of Kāramurt, and three-quarters of an hour further we left the road and struck straight up the hills by a ruined khān that showed traces of fine Arab work. The path led up and down steep banks of earth between thickets of flowering shrubs, gorse and Judas trees, and an undergrowth of cistus. We saw to the left the picturesque castle of Baghrās, the ancient Pagræe, crowning a pointed hill: I do not believe that the complex of mountains north of Antioch has ever been explored systematically, and it may yet yield fragments of Seleucid or Roman fortifications that guarded the approach to the city. Presently we hit upon the old paved road that follows a steeper course than the present carriage road; it led us at one o'clock (we had stopped for three quarters of an hour to lunch under the shady bank of a stream) to the summit of the Pass of Bailān, where we joined the main road from Aleppo to Alexandretta. There was no trace of fortification, as far as I observed, at the Syrian Gates where Alexander turned and marched back to the Plain of Issus to meet Darius, but the pass is very narrow and must have been easy to defend against northern invaders. It is the only pass practicable for an army through the rugged Mount Amanus. The village of Bailān lay an hour further in a beautiful situation on the northern side of the mountains looking over the Bay of Alexandretta to the bold Cilician coast and the white chain of Taurus. From Bailān it is about four hours' ride to Alexandretta.
As we jogged down towards the shining sea by green and flowery slopes that were the last of Syria, Mikhāil and I fell into conversation. We reviewed, as fellow travellers will, the incidents of the way, and remembered the adventures that had befallen us by flood and field, and at the end I said:
"Oh Mikhāil, this is a pleasant world, though some have spoken ill of it, and for the most part the children of Adam are good not evil."
"It is as God wills," said Mikhāil.
"Without doubt," said I. "But consider, now, those whom we have met upon our journey, and think how all were glad to help us, and how well they used us. At the outset there was Najīb Fāris, who started us upon our way, and Namrūd and G̣ablān--"
"Māsha'llah!" interrupted Mikhāil. "G̣ablān was an excellent man. Never have I seen an Arab so little grasping, for he would scarcely eat of the food that I prepared for him."
"And Sheikh Muḥammad en Naṣṣār," I pursued, "and his nephew Fāiz, and the Ḳāimaḳām of Ḳal'at el Ḥuṣn, who lodged us for two nights and fed us all, and the Ḳāimaḳām of Drekish, who made a great reception for us, and the zaptieh Maḥmūd----" (Mikhāil gave a grunt here, for he had been at daggers drawn with Maḥmūd.) "And Sheikh Yūnis," I went on hastily, "and Mūsa the Kurd, who was the best of all."
"He was an honest man," observed Mikhāil, "and served your Excellency well."
"And even Reshīd Agha," I continued, "who was a rogue, treated us with hospitality."
"Listen, oh lady," said Mikhāil, "and I will make it clear to you. Men are short of vision, and they see but that for which they look. Some look for evil and they find evil; some look for good and it is good that they find, and moreover some are fortunate and these find always what they want. Praise be to God! to that number you belong. And, please God! you shall journey in peace and return in safety to your own land, and there you shall meet his Excellency your father, and your mother and all your brothers and sisters in health and in happiness, and all your relations and friends," added Mikhāil comprehensively, "and again many times shall you travel in Syria with peace and safety and prosperity, please God!"
"Please God!" said I.
INDEX
ABĀDEH tribe, the, 23 Abana River, the, 152 'Abdul 'Aziz ibn er Rashīd, 146 Ḥamed Pasha Druby, 189, 194 Hamid Rafi 'a Zādeh, 201-219, 339 Ḳādir, the great Algerian, 145-46 Ḳādir el Aẓam, 224-27, 237 Mejīd, Kurdish zaptieh, 210-11 Wahhāb Beg, 182 'Abdullah Pasha, the Amīr, 145-49 'Abd ur Raḥmān Pasha, 239 Abraham, George, 335 Abrash River, the, 210 Abu Kbesh, castle of, 218 Zreik, village of, 101 'l Fīda, sarcophagus of, 230 Acropolis, Athens, 167; Antioch, 322, 324-25 Adana, 271 Aden, 265 'Adwān tribes, 16 Afrīn, valley of the, 288 Agha, Muḥammad 'Ali, 311-14 Reshīd, 339 Rifa't, collection of, 322-23, 325 Rustum, 311-12 Aḥmed, son of Ghishghāsh, 111-12, 128 'Ain esh Shems, 7, 217 'Aintāb, missionary schools at, 334 Ajlūn hills of, 16 'Akabah, Gulf of, 14 Al Ḥerdeh, village of, 233 'Ala, Jebel el, 276, 302, 305, 309, 310 Alāni, 314-16 Aleppo, 66, 222_n._, 232, 244, 250, 251, 256, 270-72, 311, 314; description, 260-69 Alexander the Great, 242, 336 Alexandretta, 262, 265, 270, 324, 336 Alexandria, 240 Ali id Diāb ul 'Adwān, Sultān ibn, 16 Muḥammad, Pasha of Aleppo, 148, 268 Pasha, Amīr, 145-47, 149 Allāt, 95 'Alya, Jebel el, 51-52, 64 Amanus, Mount, 336 Amereh, mound of, 26 American College, Beyrout, 208, 230 Survey, the, 77, 171, 276, 297 'Ammān, 13, 20, 27, 56, 164 'Anazeh tribe, the, 24, 25, 65, 127, 152, 172, 197 Anglo-Japanese alliance, 229 'Antara, poetry of, 59-60 Anti-Libanus, 111, 121, 159, 167 Antioch, 175, 270, 277, 278, 281, 310; description and relics, 318-27, 336 Apamea, 242, 327 Apostles' Well, the, _see_ 'Ain esh Shems Arabic inscriptions, 122, 242 Arabs, 14, 16, 23 _et seq._, 56-58, 66-67; hospitality, 32-33, 37, 55-57; customs, etc., 36-37, 42, 49, 67; poetry, 60-63; inter-tribal relations, 65-66 'Areh, village of, 81, 85 'Arjārmeh, the, 14 Armenians, 140; the Armenian question, 328-29 Asad Beg, 171 Asbā 'i, Muṣṭafa el, 148 'Asī, swamp of the, 242 Assassins, sect of the, 196 At Tabari, history of, 80 Athens, 297; the Acropolis, 167 Awād, the Arab, 121-23, 127 'Awais, Yūsef el, 160 Aẓam Zādeh family at Ḥamāh, 223-24 Azrak, Kala 'at el, 84
BA'ALBEK, 159-160; Temple of The Sun, 164-169; Temple of Jupiter, 172, 176; Basilica of Constantine, 183; Ras ul 'Ain, 187; Christian church at, 214 Bāb el Hawa, the, 297, 301 Bābiska, village, 297-98 Babylonia, 241 Baghdad, 66, 111; the railway to, 261-62 Baghrās, castle of, 336 Bailān, Pass of, 336 Baitocaicē, 214 Bāḳirḥa, ruins of, 278, 298-303 Balad, Sheikh el, 58 Barād, village of, 287-89 Barada, the Wādi, 159 Barāzi family, Ḥamāh, 224 Barāzi, Muṣṭafa Pasha el, 147, 148, 236 Bārisha, Jebel, 276, 298, 301, 302 Bashan, 84 Basilica of Constantine, Ba'albek, 183 Bāsufān, church at, 288, 291 Bathaniyyeh, 131 Bawābet Ullaḥ, the, Damascus, 133 Bedouins, 10, 23, 56, 122, 197, 256 Bedr, battle of, 62 Behā'is, religion of the, 150, 193 Beiḍa, Ḳal'at el, 34, 123-28 White Land, 108, 121 Belḳa plain, 19, 23-24; tribes of the, 23-26, 56-58 Beni 'Atiyyeh, the, 239, 240 Awājeh tribe, the, 66 Ḥassan tribe, the, 65, 68, 96 Ṣakhr, 24, 33, 38, 41, 43 Sha 'alān, the, 25 Beyrout, 99, 198, 208, 230, 231, 262 Birijik, railway at, 261-62 Birket Umm el 'Amūd, the, 25-26 Bizzos, Tomb of, 253-54, 277-78 Bḳei'a, the plain, 198 Black Sea, 8 Stone at Mecca, 96 Blunts, the travellers, 84 Boer War, the, 229 Bologna, 254 Boṣrā, 20, 74, 81 el Harīr, 229 Brāk, village of, 132 Brünnow, "Die Provincia Arabia," 34_n._, 52_n._ Būkhālih, 125 Burj el Kās, 282 Ḥeida, 292 Burjkeh, village of, 280-81 Busān, the Wādi, 107 Butler, Mr., 75, 244, 276-78, 286
CALCUTTA, 227 Calycadnus River, the, 241 Cassius, Mount, 330 Cave villages, in Caves, Namrūd's, 31-37 Chamberlain, Mr., 105 Chaulīk, 329 Circassians, 56, 132, 238-39 Coffee, customs, 19-20 Coins, Roman, 27; Seleucid, 322 Constantine, coins of, 27 Constantinople, 48, 104 Crete, Moslems of, 152 Cromer, Lord, 58, 105, 229 Crown of Thorns, the, 11 Crusaders, 205-6 Cufic inscriptions, 80, 122-23 Curzon, Lord, 229 Cyprus, 229, 328, 335
DA'JA tribe, the, 24-27, 40, 51, 96 Damascus, 77, 99, 128-33, 198, 231 History, 134-58; houses of, 136-51, 227; the Great Mosque, 142, 150-51, 153 Friday in, 152 Dāna, 298; tomb at, 31, 254, 259, 299 Danīdisheh family, 207 Daphne Road, Antioch, 322; shrine, 326 Dār Kīta, 286 Dark Tower, Ḳal'at el Ḥuṣn, 201 Dead Sea, 10; Dead Sea Fruit, 11-12 Decimus of the Flavian Legion, 214 Deḥes, 297, 302 Deir es Sleb, 219 Deiret 'Azzeh, village of, 297 Dera'a, cave village, 111 Derwīsh, soldier, 171, 172 Dīn, Sheikh ed, 58 Drekish, village of, 211-12 Drusūra, 95 Druze, the Jebel, 20, 43, 64, 70, 164 Druzes, the, 38, 43, 51, 58, 67, 70 Habits and customs, 79-80, 82, 83, 86, 128; the fight against the Ṣukhūr, 88-106; dread of the Mohammadans, 306-309 Dussaud, Monsieur, 75, 84, 102, 122-23, 125, 175
EFFENDI, Dervish, 227 Yūsef, 85-87, 135 Effendim, 219-220 Egypt, English rule in, 57-58 Ej Jeita, village of, in El, the God, 124 Ajlāt, 111 Bahra, lake of, 310 Bārah, village of, 245, 247, 249 Ḥayyāt, mosque of, 230 Khuḍr, Well of, 94, 96 Mughāra, village of, 255 Muwaggar, 52-54, 126 Emesa, Roman city, 181, 186 Epiphaneia, fortress of, 221 Ethreh, 84 Euphrates, the, 268 Euting, M., 84
FĀFERTĪN, village of, 274, 282 Fāiz, nephew of Muḥammad en Nassār, 107, 111-12, 128, 339 el Aṭrash, Sheikh of Kreyeh, 77, 81 Talal ul, 24, 25 Fāris, muleteer, 270 _et seq._, 302, 310 Ḥabīb, 19-20, 22, 339 Fayyād, Agha of Karyatein, 152 Fedhāmeh, village of, 111 Fellahīn, the, 56; social condition, 206-7, 217-18 Bank, the, 58 Fendi, guide, 77, 78, 88 Fīda, Abu 'l, 22 France, Baghdad railway scheme, 261
G̣ABLĀN, the Arab, 39-40, 44, 49, 52, 54, 55, 59-60, 65, 76, 339 Garīz, the, Seleucia, 331, 333, 334, 337 Gates of God, the, 133 Germany, Baghdad railway scheme, 261 Gethsemane, valley of, 4 Gharz, the Ghadīr el, 116, 121-23 the Wādi el, 125 Ghassānid forts, 34, 52, 126 Ghawārny, the, 41 Ghazu, the sport, 66-67 Ghiāth, the, 96, 119-28 Ghishghāsh, Sheikh of Umm Ruweik, 107, 111-12, 120 Ghōr, the, 11, 16-19, 23 Giour Dāgh, the, 288, 301 Greek inscriptions, 122-23, 242, 253-54 Greeks, 140
ḤABĪB, muleteer, 3, 16, 74, 112, 124, 168, 172, 270 Hadūdmadūd, 293 Haida, Dr., 171 Haifa, 19 Ḥāil, town of, 44, 47, 48, 84 Ḥājj Railway, the, 22, 34 road, the, 239-40 Ḥamād, the, 111, 112 Ḥamāh, 168 Roman road from, 218-220; description, 221-23; the Mosque, 223; people, 223-29 Hamdān, son of Sheikh Understanding, 120 Ḥamūd, 51 of Sweida, 82, 94 Hanelos, 125 Ḥārim, 306, 309-310; the castle, 310-311 Hārith, Ibn el, 62 Harra, the Burnt Land, 108 Harūn er Rashīd, 212 Ḥaseneh tribe, the, 172, 197 Hāss, Jebel el, 260 Ḥassan Beg Nā'i, 182-85 Ḥassaniyyeh tribe, the, 24, 65-70, 88 Ḥaurān, mountains of, 18, 58, 70, 75, 76 Hayāt, Kalybeh at, 131 Heart of God, 116 Ḥejāz Railway, the, 136 Ḥelbān, mud village of, 256 Hermon Mountains, 121, 159 Heshbān, 16 Hind, the land of, 195, 196 Hira, 126 Hīt, village of, 131 Hittites, the, 175 Hober, village of, 260 Holy Sepulchre, Church of the, 2 Ḥomṣ, 111, 168, 175, 176, 193-94 Castle of, 179, 181; people of, 180-81, 186-90; houses of, 182-86; the Marj ul' Asi, 186; Stony Plain of, 197 Homsi, Nicola, 266 Ḥoweiṭāṭ, the, 65, 239, 240 Hurmul, Tower of, 172, 175 Ḥuṣn es Suleimān, 213-17 Ḳal'at el, 195, 199, 201-209, 339; Greek Monastery at, 209-210
IBRAHĪM, the Armenian, 329-30, 333-34 muleteer, 3 Pasha, 36, 180 Iliān, Milḥēm, 85, 86, 96-99, 102, 105 Imtain, 70, 82, 92 Iron Gate, Antioch, 325 'Isa, Fellāḥ ul, 51, 55-57, 69-70, 164 Islāmism, 227-29 Ismailis, 195; religion, 233-35, 279 'Izzet Pasha, 149, 212-13
JADA 'llah, 69, 85 Jaffa, 8 Japanese War, 103-4, 156, 160, 182 Jebel Ḥalaḳah, the, 297 Jebeliyyeh Arabs, the, 75, 96 Jericho, the road to, 10, 11 Jerūn, oasis of, 152-53 Jerūdi, the brigand, _see_ Muḥammad Pasha, Sheikh of Jerūd Jerusalem, 4, 99, 160, 266 Jisr el Wād, bridge of, 210 Jōf, 47, 84 Jordan valley, 10 _et seq._ Judæa, 7-10
KABUL, 227 Kabūseh, village of, 334, 335 Kadesh, 176-79 Kāf, 84 Ḳais, Amr ul, 59, 60, 67 Kalam, Mushḳin, 148, 149 Ḳalb Lōzeh, church of, 278, 302-6 Kalōteh, 282, 285; church of, 286-87 Kāmu'a Hurmul, 172, 175 Ḳanawāt, 164; the basilica, 111; illustrations, 108, 112, 115 Ḳantarah, the, 119 Kāramurt, village of, 336 Karyatein, oasis of, 152 Ḳaṣr el Ahla, _see_ Ḳaṣr el 'Alya 'Alya, 52 Banāt, 255, 256 Ḳasṭal, 34, 126 Katurā, 282 Kbēs, Monsieur, 222-24, 230, 231 Kbeshīn, hamlet of, 273 Kefr 'Abīd, 260 Anbīl, 244, 246 Lāb, 292-95 Nebu, 288 Keifār, village of, 288 Kerak, 205-6 Khabbāz, Hanna, 194 Khālid Beg 'Aẓam, 227 Kharāneh, ruins of, 54 Khayyām, Omar, 23 Khirāb esh Shems, 282, 283; church at 285-86 Khīrbet Hass, village of, 244-45 Khittāb, 112, 119, 128 Khuḍr, prisoner, 196 Khureibet es Sūḳ, temple and mausoleum, 28-31 Kiāzim Pasha, Vāli at Aleppo, 262-66 Kiepert, maps, 168-71, 259, 260, 273 Killāni family at Ḥamāh, 224, 227, 235 Killāniyyeh Tekah, Ḥamāh, 224, 227 Killiz, 261 Knights Hospitallers, 205-6 Knights Templars, 206, 211 Konia, 171, 270 Kreyeh, 78, 81 Ḳṣeir, town of, 172-75 Ksejba, village of, 297 Ḳūbbeh in Mosque at Ḥamāh, 223 Ḳubbet el Khazneh, the, 141, 147, 148 Kuda'a, tribe of, 139 Kuleib, 83 Kulthūm, Ibn, song of, 139 Ḳur'ān, reading of the, 233-34 Kurds, 103, 273-74, 288, 291-96 Kurumfuleh, the, 160-63 Kuruntul, monastery of, 11 Ḳuṣeir es Sahl, 28 Kutaila, dirge of, 62 Kuweēk River, the, 259 Kweit, 48, 265 Kymet, the Kurdish woman 4-35
LAHITEH, 132 Laodocia ad Orontem, 176 Larissa, town of, 235 Lava, 121, 124, 126 Lebanon, Mount, 163, 164, 176 Lebīd, poetry of, 60, 61 Lebweh, ruins at, 171 Lejā road, the, 132 Littinann, Dr., 75, 77, 123_n._ Loculi, 329, 330 Lütticke of Damascus, 134 Lyall, Sir Charles, 63_n._ Lysicrates, monument of, 297
MA'ALULA, monastery of, 209 Ma'ān, 13, 14, 22, 239 Mabūk, the Arab, 14 Mādeba, 16, 22, 24, 26 Maḥmūd, Ḥājj, the zaptieh, 231-46, 250, 252, 259, 272, 339 Malek ed Dāher, Sultan, 206 Manuscripts, illuminated, 148 Mār Eliās, church of, 182 Mar Saba, monastery of, 15 Marāh, teut marks, 127 Marj ul 'Asi of the Orontes, 186 Marlborough Club, the, 196 Masyād, 217-19 Maṭkh swamp, the, 259, 269 Mazār of Sheikh Serāk, 123 Mecca, 265 Railway, 13, 171; pilgrims, 68; 239; the Black Stone at, 96; customs, 259 Medā'in Ṣāleh, 239 Medīna, 239, 259, 265 Meḥes, 297, 302 Meidan, the, Damascus, 133, 151 Mersina, 262 Mesopotamia, 135, 279 Meskīn, 37 Metawīleh sect, the, 160, 168, 171 Mezērib, 111 Mikhāil, the cook, 3, 4, 12, 14, 15, 19, 21, 43, 73, 78, 82, 88, 92, 101, 112, 116, 120, 128, 131, 160, 168, 172, 175, 217-19, 243-46, 256, 270-72, 297, 302, 306, 314, 317-19, 336-40 Milḥēm, Emir Muṣṭafa, 219 Moab, 10, 38 Mohammadan invasion, seventh century, 76, 77 Morris, William, 254 Mosaics, 260 Mosul, 293 Mounds, 26-28, 52, 54, 122, 219, 221, 223 Moyemāt, village of, 259 Mshitta, 24, 28, 34, 45, 47, 48, 126 Mu'āwiyah, 134 Mudīk, Ḳal'at el, 231, 238; ruins of, 241-43 Mughāra Merzeh, mud village, 256 Muḥammad Effendi, Muftī, 229-30 el Aṭrash, Sheikh, 69, 79 muleteer, 3, 16, 43, 56, 82, 172 Pasha, Sheikh of Jerūd, 152-57 Sāid ul Khāni, Ḳāḍi, 189-94 Bedouin, 120 the Agha Khān, 196-97, 233 uncle of Ibn er Rashīd, 14, 48 Mujēmir, Sheikh, 51 Mūsa, Kurdish guide, 279-82, 285, 288, 291-97, 339 Mushennef, Temple at, 111, 116 Musil, 55_n._ Mutanabbi, poetry of, 108, 208 Muwaggar, _see_ El Muwaggar Muwāli tribe, the, 212, 256
NABATŒAN necropolis, 75; inscriptions, 80 Nahār, Sheikh, 37-39, 43 Nahr el 'Awāj, the, 133 Najēreh, ruins, 54 Najīb, Ḥājj, zaptieh, 272-73, 285, 297-98, 301, 302, 305, 306, 314, 317-19 Nakshibendi, Sheikh Ḥassan, 143, 145, 155, 157 Namrūd, Abu, guide, 19, 20, 26-41, 44, 50-52, 56-57, 339 Napoleon III., 146 Nasīb el Aṭrash, Sheikh of Ṣalkhad, 84-85, 93-99 Naṣṣār, Muḥammad en, 81, 82, 96, 102-106, 339 Nāzim Pasha, Vāli of Syria, 135-39, 141-45, 156-57, 268 Nebi Mendu, Tell, 175-79 Negroes, 38 Nejd, 14, 47, 84, 139 Nejha, village of, 133 Noṣairis, the, 175, 190, 210-13, 233-35, 329 Noṣairiyyeh, the Jebel, 176, 195, 198
OG, King, 84, 111 Olives, Mount of, 7 Omar, Amīr, 149, 159 Omer, 111 Oppenheim, book of, 102, 112, 125, 168 Ormān, village of, 100, 154 Orontes, the, 171, 172, 176, 186, 221, 222, 232, 235, 242, 244, 310, 320, 322, 326-28, 330
PALMYRA, 28, 111, 129, 176, 209 Petra, 14 Pieria, 241 Poets of the Ignorance, 60-63, 208 Princeton archaeological expedition, 256
RĀ'IB Effendi el Ḥelu, 213 Railways Ḥājj, 22, 34; Ḥejāz, 136; Mecca, 13, 171; Rayak-Ḥamāh, 261; Baghdad, 261-62; the French, 222 Rājil, Wādi, 101 Rāmeh, 111 Rās Ba'albek, 171 Ras ul 'Ain, Ba'albek, 185 Rashīd, Ibn er, 14, 25, 44-48 Rayak, 261-62 Redīfs, the, 14, 16 Rhodes, island of, 136 Riāḍ, 14, 47 Riza Beg el' Ābid, 211-13, 339 Rolandino, monument in Bologna, 254 Roman coins, 27, 219; camps, 34; tanks, 35; roads, 74, 160, 218, 219, 297; forts, 125 Rōẓah, the, 233 Ruḥbeh plain, the, 107-12, 123 Russia, pilgrims, 7-9 Ruwalla, the, 146, 175 Ruweiḥā, the churches at, 253-55, 277-78
SACHAU, M., 250 Sacrifice, Feast of, 68-69 Ṣafa, the, 96, 105, 107-128 Safaitic inscriptions, 122 Ṣāfiṭa Castle, 210, 211 St. Peter, Cave of, 325 St. Simon Stylites, church of, _see_ Sim'ān, Kala 'at St. Stephen's Gate, 4 Ṣalaḥiyyeh, 136, 152, 155 Salamis, Gulf of, 167 Salcah, city of, _see_ Ṣalkhad Ṣāleh, guide, 82-83 Ṣāleh village, 101-6 Salisbury, Lord, 105 Saikhad, 60, 82-100 Salkīn, town of, 310-14 Sallūm, Syrian doctor, 230-31 Salt, village of, 16, 18-19, 22-23 Samaria, 266 San Gimignano, 181 Sanctuaries, 95-06 Sandūk, the Sāhib es, at Ḳal'at el Housn, 206 Sāneh, village of, 107 Sa'oud, Ibn, 14, 44-48 Saphathenos, Zeus, 124 Sarut, the River, 219 Safīnet Nuh (Noah's Ark), 176 Seijar, Kal' at es, 232, 235-38 Seijari, Sheikh Aḥmed, 235-38 Selemiyyeh, 195 Seleucia, Bay of, 329-30 Pieria, 327-36 Nicator, temple and tomb of, 241, 313, 322, 327, 330 Selīm Beg, 141, 147, 148, 155-57 Seljuk, 206, 230 Selmān, 81 Serāk, Sheikh, 123-24 Serāya, the, Ḥomṣ, 182; Antioch, 322 Serge, Archduke, 135 Serjilla, town and ruins, 249, 250, 252 Sermeda, plain of, 297, 302 Sēs, Jebel, 126 Shabha, village, 76 Shabhīyyeh, village, 76 Shahbah, 132 Shakka, the Kaisarieh at, 131 Shām, Wādi esh, 111 Shāmmaṝ, the, 14, 25, 47, 48 Sheikh Barakāt, Jebel, 280, 297 Sheikhly, 111 Shekīb el Arslān, 151-52 Sherarāt tribe, the, 38-41, 96 Shibbekeh, 111 Shibly Beg el Aṭrash, 77, 309 Shuraik, 125 Sidr bushes, the, 11-12 Siena Cathedral, 181 Silk industry, 313-17, 330 Silpius, Mount, 321, 324 Sim'ān, Ḳal'at, 274-81; the villages, 276-96 Sīr, the Wādy, 23, 25 Sirhān, the Wādy, 77, 84 Sitt Ferīdeh, the, at Ḳal'at el Ḥuṣn, 202, 206 Slime Pits of Genesis, the, 12-13 Smātiyyeh Arabs, the, 235-38 Smyrna, 8, 99 Soktan, Sheikh, 35 Sommar, Mon. Luiz de, 164 Spina Christi, legend, 11 Stones, lettered, 122 Suḳ Wādi Barada, 159, 161 Ṣukhūr tribe, the, 14, 25, 31, 65, 88 Sukkar, Yūsef Effendi, 19-21 Surkanyā, village, 281-82 Sweida, 82, 85, 92, 164 Sweidiyyeh, the, 327, 328 Sykes, Mr. Mark, 3, 4, 164, 218 Syria, rule in, 140-41; condition of the poor, 206-7; the term, 228 Syriac inscriptions, 292
ṬĀHIR, the Amīr, 147 ul Jezāiri, Sheikh, 147 Tārafa, poetry of, 61 Ṭarutīn, ruins at, 256 Teifūr family at Ḥamāh, 224 Tell esh Shīh, 78 Tell Selma, 259 Tellāl, Abu, of Shahba, 82 Temples Khureibet es Sūḳ, 28-31; Mushennef, 111, 116; the Sun, Ba'albek, 164, 168; the Lebweh, 171; Jupiter, Ba'albek, 172, 176, 214; Ḥuṣn el Suleimān, 213-17 Theleleh, 49 Thelelet el Hirsheh, 49 Tigris, 242 Ṭneib, mound of, 20, 26, 27, 32 Tombs Yadudeh, 26-28; Bizzos, 253-54; Seleucia Nicator, 330 Tripoli, 195, 197 Gate, the, 195 Tufa, 115-16, 181 Tulūl, 259 es Safa, the, 121 Turkey, rule of, 14, 16, 22, 35, 44-48 85, 86, 139-41, 207, 267-68 Turkmān Jāmi'a, the, Ḥomṣ, 182 Turkshān, the, 81-83, 309
ULLAḤ Beha, Persian prophet, 148 'Umar, Amīr, _see_ Omar Mosque of, Jerusalem, 1 Umm ej Jemēl, ruins, 70, 74 er Resās, ruins, 54 Rummān, village, 69-70, 78-79 Ruweik, village, 107, 111 Ummayah, house of, 135 Understanding, Sheikh of the Ghiāth, 120 Uneif, Kureyt ibn, 99 United States, emigration to the, 17-18, 163, 211 Urfa, on the Euphrates, 19 Uthail, 62
VAN, lake, 4 Victoria Hotel, Damascus, 133 Vogüé, Monsieur de, 76, 125, 131, 244, 250, 297
WAD el Ḥassan'yyeh, 18 Waddington, M., 250 Wall of Lamentation, Jerusalem, 17 Wa'r Ḥomṣ, 197 White Castle of the Knights Templars, 211
YADUDEH, tombs of, 26 Yaḥfūfa, the, 160 Yahya Beg el Atrāsh, 81, 309 Yaḳit 'Ades, 272 Yemen, 126, 229; the insurrection in, 13, 82, 262; the soldier in, 240 Yezīdis, beliefs of the, 279, 282, 293-94 Yildiz, 268 Yūnis, Sheikh of El Bārah, 250-53, 255, 339 Yūsef, zaptieh guide, 23, 26, 100, 103
ZA'BIEH, family of the, 207 Ẓābit, the, at Safita Castle, 211-13 Zādeh, Reshīd Agha Kakhya, 311-19 Zāwiyyeh, Jebel, 244 _et seq._, 256, 276 Zebdāny, 159 Zerka River, the, 51, 56 Kala'at ez, 74 Ziza, Roman tank at, 35 Zuhair, poetry of, 61